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Algorithm
Step1: Read the data such as line data, specified power, specified voltages, Q limits at the
generator buses and tolerance for convergences
Step2: Compute Y-bus matrix.
Step3: Initialize all the bus voltages.
Step4: Iter=1
Step5: Consider i=2, where i is the bus number.
Step6: check whether this is PV bus or PQ bus. If it is PQ bus go to step 8 otherwise go to
next step.
Step7: Compute Qi check for q limit violation. QGi=Qi+QLi.
7).a).If QGi>Qi max ,equate QGi = Qimax. Then convert it into PQ bus.
7).b).If QGi<Qi min, equate QGi = Qi min. Then convert it into PQ bus.
Step8: Calculate the new value of the bus voltage using gauss seidal formula.
i=1 n
Vi=(1.0/Yii) [(Pi-j Qi)/vi0*- Yij Vj- YijVj0]
J=1 J=i+1
Adjust voltage magnitude of the bus to specify magnitude if Q limits are not violated.
Step9: If all buses are considered go to step 10 otherwise increments the bus no. i=i+1 and
Go to step6.
Step10: Check for convergence. If there is no convergence goes to step 11 otherwise go to
step12.
Step11: Update the bus voltage using the formula.
Vinew=Vi old+ (vinew-Viold) (i=1,2,..n) i slackbus , is the acceleration factor=1.4
MATLAB program
data=[1 1 2 10-j*20
2 1 3 10-j*30
3 2 3 16-j*32]
elements=max(data(:,1));
bus=max(max(data(:,2)),max(data(:,3)));
y=zeros(bus,bus);
for p=1:bus,
for q=1:elements,
if(data(q,2)==p|data(q,3)==p)
y(p,p)=y(p,p)+data(q,4);
end
end
end
for p=1:bus,
for q=1:bus,
if (p~=q)
for r=1:elements
if((data(r,2)==p&data(r,3)==q)|(data(r,2)==q&data(r,3)==p))
y(p,q)=-(data(r,4));
end
end
end
end
end
a1=input('enter p2 in MW:');
b1=input('enter q2 in MVAR:');
a2=input('enter p3 in MW:');
b2=input('enter q3 in MVAR');
pu=input('enter the base value in MVA');
p2=(a1/pu);
q2=(b1/pu);
p3=(a2/pu);
q3=(b2/pu);
dx1=1+j*0;
dx2=1+j*0;
v1=1.05;
v2=1+j*0;
v3=1+j*0;
iter=0;
EXERCISE
1
0.02+j0.04
256.6Mw
0.01+j0.03
0.0125+j0.025
110.2
Mvar
3
Slack bus
V=
1.05<0
138.6 MW
45.2 Mvar
Figure shows online diagram of a simple three-bus system with generation at bus 1. The
magnitude of the voltage at bus 1 is adjusted to 1.05 per unit .the Scheduled loads at
buses 2 and 3 are as marked on the diagram .line impedances are marked in per unit on
a 100 MVA base and the line charging susceptance are neglected.
Determine the voltage at the load buses 2 and 3.
The Newton Raphson method requires that a set of linear equations be formed expressing
the relationship between the changes in real and reactive powers and the components of the
bus voltages as follows:
Algorithm
Step1: Input the total number of buses. Input the details of series line impendence and line
charging admittance to calculate the Y-bus matrix.
Step2: Assume all bus voltage as 1 per unit except slack bus.
Step3: Set the iteration count as k=0 and bus count as p=1.
Step4: Calculate the real and reactive power pp and qp using the formula
P=vpqYpq*cos(Qpq+p-q)
Qp=VpqYpa*sin(qpq+p-a)
Evalute pp*=psp-pp*
step5: If the bus is generator (PV) bus, check the value of Qp*is within the limits.If it
Violates
the limits, then equate the violated limit as reactive power and treat it as PQ bus. If limit is
not isolated then calculate,
|vp|^r=|vgp|^rspe-|vp|r ; Qp*=qsp-qp*
Step6: Advance bus count by 1 and check if all the buses have been accounted if not go to
step5.
Step7: Calculate the elements of Jacobean matrix.
Step8: Calculate new bus voltage increment pk and fpk
Step9: Calculate new bus voltage ep*h+ ep*
Fp^k+1=fpK+fpK
Step10: Advance iteration count by 1 and go to step3.
Step11: Evaluate bus voltage and power flows through the line .
Procedure
Enter the command window of the MATLAB.
Create a new M file by selecting File - New M File.
Type and save the program in the editor Window.
MATLAB program:
clc;
gbus = [1 2.0 1.0 0.0 0.0
2 0.0 0.0 0.5 1.0
3 1.5 0.6 0.0 0.0];
ybus = [5.882-j*23.528 -2.941+j*11.764 -2.941+j*11.764
-2.941+j*11.764 5.882-j*23.528 -2.941+j*11.764
-2.941+j*11.764 -2.941+j*11.764 5.882-j*23.528];
t= 0.001
v1=1.04+j*0;
v2=1+j*0;
v3=1.04+j*0;
del3=angle(v3);
del1=angle(v1);
del2=angle(v2);
%abs(ybus(2,1))
%abs(v2)
for i=1:10
p2=(abs(v2)*abs(v1)*abs(ybus(2,1))*cos((angle(ybus(2,1)))+del1-del2))+
(abs(v2)*abs(v2)*abs(ybus(2,2))*cos(angle(ybus(2,2))))+
(abs(v2)*abs(v3)*abs(ybus(2,3))*cos((angle(ybus(2,3))+del3-del2)));
q2=-(abs(v2)*abs(v1)*abs(ybus(2,1))*sin((angle(ybus(2,1)))+del1-del2))abs(v2)*abs(v2)*abs(ybus(2,2))*sin((angle(ybus(2,2))))(abs(v2)*abs(v3)*abs(ybus(2,3))*sin((angle(ybus(2,3)))+del3-del2));
p3=(abs(v3)*abs(v1)*abs(ybus(3,1))*cos((angle(ybus(3,1)))+del1-del3))
+abs(v3)*abs(v3)*abs(ybus(3,3))*cos((angle(ybus(3,3))))+
(abs(v2)*abs(v3)*abs(ybus(3,2))*cos((angle(ybus(3,2)))+del2-del3));
delp20=gbus(2,4)-gbus(2,2)-p2;
delp30=gbus(3,4)-gbus(3,2)-p3;
delq20=gbus(2,5)-gbus(2,3)-q2;
J(1,1)=(abs(v2)*abs(v1)*abs(ybus(2,1))*sin((angle(ybus(2,1)))+del1-del2))+
(abs(v2)*abs(v3)*abs(ybus(2,3))*sin((angle(ybus(2,3)))+del3-del2));
J(1,2)=-(abs(v2)*abs(v3)*abs(ybus(2,3))*sin((angle(ybus(2,3)))+del3-del2));
J(1,3)=(abs(v1)*abs(ybus(2,1))*cos((angle(ybus(2,1)))+del1-del2))
+2*(abs(v2)*abs(ybus(2,2))*cos((angle(ybus(2,2)))))+
(abs(v3)*abs(ybus(2,3))*cos((angle(ybus(2,3)))+del3-del2));
J(2,1)=-(abs(v3)*abs(v2)*abs(ybus(3,2))*sin((angle(ybus(3,2)))+del2-del3));
J(2,2)=(abs(v3)*abs(v1)*abs(ybus(3,1))*sin((angle(ybus(3,1)))+del1-del3))+
(abs(v3)*abs(v2)*abs(ybus(3,2))*sin((angle(ybus(3,2)))+del2-del3));
J(2,3)=(abs(v3)*abs(ybus(3,2))*cos((angle(ybus(3,2)))+del2-del3));
J(3,1)=(abs(v2)*abs(v1)*abs(ybus(2,1))*cos((angle(ybus(2,1)))+del1-del2))(abs(v2)*abs(v3)*abs(ybus(2,3))*cos((angle(ybus(2,3)))+del2-del3));
J(3,2)=(abs(v2)*abs(v3)*abs(ybus(2,3))*cos((angle(ybus(2,3)))+del2-del3));
J(3,3)=-(abs(v2)*abs(ybus(2,1))*sin((angle(ybus(2,1)))+del1-del2))2*(abs(v2)*abs(ybus(2,2))*sin((angle(ybus(2,2)))))(abs(v3)*abs(ybus(2,3))*sin((angle(ybus(2,3)))+del3-del2));
end
J
inv(J);
A=[del2;del3;abs(v2)];
delA0=[delp20;delp30;delq20];
delA1=inv(J)*delA0;
delA1;
b0=abs(v2);
A1=[del2;del3;b0]+delA1
A1=delA0
if((A1-delA0)<=t)
break;
RESULT:
THEORY:
Active power control is one of the important control actions to be perform to be normal
operation of the system to match the system generation with the continuously changing
system load in order to maintain the constancy of system frequency to a fine tolerance level.
This is one of the foremost requirements in proving quality power supply. A change in system
load cases a change in the speed of all rotating masses ( Turbine generator rotor systems) of
the system leading to change in system frequency. The speed change form synchronous speed
initiates the governor control (primary control) action result in all the participating generator
turbine units taking up the change in load, stabilizing system frequency. Restoration of
frequency to nominal value requires secondary control action which adjust the load reference set points of selected ( regulating) generator turbine units. The primary objectives
of automatic generation control (AGC) are to regulate system frequency to the set nominal
value and also to regulate the net interchange of each areas to the scheduled value by
adjusting the outputs of the regulating units. This function is referred to as load frequency
control (LFC).
PROCEDURE:
1.Enter the command window of the MATLAB.
2.Create a new Model by selecting File - New Model
3.Pick up the blocks from the simulink library browser and form a block diagram.
4.After forming the block diagram , save the block diagram.
5.Double click the scope and view the result.
EXERCISE:
1. A two area system connected by a tie line has the following parameters on a 1000MVA
common base
AREA
SPPED REGULATION
Load coefficient
Inertia constant
BASE POWER
Governer time constant
Turbine time constant
1
R1=0.05
D1=0.6
H1=5
1000MVA
Tg1=0.2sec
Tt1=0.5sec
2
R2=0.0625
D2=0.9
H2=4
1000MVA
Tg2=0.3sec
Tt2=0.6sec
The units are operating in parallel at the nominal frequency of 60Hz. The synchronizing
power coefficient is computed from the initial operating condition and is given to be Ps = 2
p.u.loadchange of187.5MWoccursinNarea1.
(a) Determine the new steady state frequency and the change in the tie-line flow.
(b) Construct the SIMULINK block diagram and obtain the frequency deviation response for
theconditioninpart(a).
RESULT:
Finally, became familiar with modelling and analysis of the frequency and tie-line flow
dynamics of a two area power system without load frequency controllers.
THEORY:
Active power control is one of the important control actions to be perform to be normal
operation of the system to match the system generation with the continuously changing
system load in order to maintain the constancy of system frequency to a fine tolerance level.
This is one of the foremost requirements in proving quality power supply. A change in system
load causes a change in the speed of all rotating masses ( Turbine generator rotor systems)
of the system leading to change in system frequency. The speed change form synchronous
speed initiates the governor control (primary control) action result in all the participating
generator turbine units taking up the change in load, stabilizing system frequency.
Restoration of frequency to nominal value requires secondary control action which adjust the
load - reference set points of selected ( regulating) generator turbine units. The primary
objectives of automatic generation control (AGC) are to regulate system frequency to the set
nominal value and also to regulate the net interchange of each areas to the scheduled value by
adjusting the outputs of the regulating units. This function is referred to as load frequency
control (LFC).
PROCEDURE:
1.Enter the command window of the MATLAB.
2.Create a new Model by selecting File - New Model
3.Pick up the blocks from the simulink library browser and form a block diagram.
4.After forming the block diagram , save the block diagram.
5.Double click the scope and view the result.
EXERCISE:
1. A two area system connected by a tie line has the following parameters on a 1000MVA
common base
AREA
SPPED REGULATION
Load coefficient
Inertia constant
BASE POWER
Governer time constant
Turbine time constant
1
R1=0.05
D1=0.6
H1=5
1000MVA
Tg1=0.2sec
Tt1=0.5sec
2
R2=0.0625
D2=0.9
H2=4
1000MVA
Tg2=0.3sec
Tt2=0.6sec
RESULT:
Finally, became familiar with modelling and analysis of the frequency and tie-line flow
dynamics of a two area power system with load frequency controllers .
PROCEDURE:
1. Enter the command window of the MATLAB.
2. Create a new M file by selecting File - New M File
3. Type and save the program.
4. Execute the program by either pressing Tools Run.
5. View the results.
EXERCISE-1:
The fuel cost functions for three thermal plants in $/h are given by
C1 = 500 + 5.3 P1 + 0.004 P1^2 ; P1 in MW
C2 = 400 + 5.5 P2 + 0.006 P2^2 ; P2 in MW
C3 = 200 +5.8 P3 + 0.009 P3^2 ; P3 in MW
The total load , PD is 800MW.Neglecting line losses and generator limits, find the optimal
dispatch and the total cost in $/h by analytical method. Verify the result using MATLAB
program.
200p1450
150p2350
100p3225.
RESULT
Thus the fundamentals of economic dispatch and solve the problem using classical method
with and without line losses understood.
PROCEDURE:
1. Enter the command window of the MATLAB.
2. Create a new M file by selecting File - New M File
3. Type and save the program.
4. Execute the program by either pressing Tools Run.
5. View the results.
EXERCISE-1:
The fuel cost functions for three thermal plants in $/h are given by
C1 = 200 + 7.0 P1 + 0.00 P1^2 ; P1 in MW
C2 = 180 + 6.3 P2 + 0.009 P2^2 ; P2 in MW
C3 = 140 +6.8 P3 + 0.007 P3^2 ; P3 in MW
The total load , PD is 150MW.Neglecting line losses and generator limits, find the optimal
dispatch and the total cost in $/h by analytical method. Verify the result using MATLAB
program.
10p185
10p280
10p370.
clc;
data=[200
180
140
%const
7.0
6.3
6.8
%beta
.008
.009
.007
%gamma
10
10
10
%pmin
85
80
70
%pmax
.000218;
.000228;
.000179;]
#ploss
const=data(:,1)
beta=data(:,2)
gamma=data(:,3)
pmin=data(:,4);
pmax=data(:,5);
ploss=data(:,6);
lambda=input('Enter the assumed value of lambda : \n')
p=zeros(3,1)
loss=0
demand=input('Enter the demand : \n')
deltap=1
iteration=0
while abs(deltap)>.0001
iteration=iteration+1
for i=1:3
p(i)=(lambda-beta(i))/(2*[gamma(i)+lambda*ploss(i)])
loss=loss+ploss(i)*p(i)^2
end
deltap=demand+loss-sum(p)
RESULT
Thus the fundamentals of economic dispatch and solve the problem using classical method
with line losses understood.
Apparatus
Rheostats
Type
Wire wound
2.
Voltmeters
3.
Ammeters
4.
5.
Multimeter
Tachometer
MI
MI
MI
MI
MC
Digital
Digital/Analog
Range
700/1A
400/1A
52/5A
0-500V
0-250V
0-10A
0-1A
0-1A
0-10000RPM
Quantity
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Observations:
Field
current
If Amps
Terminal
voltage V
volts
S. no
Short
circuit
current Isc in Amps
Voltage V in Current
Volts
Amps
in Z2 = V
----3 I
Voltage V in Current
Volts
Amps
in Z0 = V
----3I
Average Z0= ___
Aim:
To determine break over voltage of given dielectric oil, using H.T testing kit.
Apparatus:
Theory:
The dielectric strength of an oil is the potential at which it starts behaving as a
conducting medium. In the HT testing kit, the oil to be tested is placed in an
acrylic box consisting of two metal electrodes. By varying the distance between
electrodes and by applying high voltage across the electrodes, the break over
voltage of the oil is determined.
Dielectric strength of oil =
Break over
voltage of oil
(KV)
Dielectric strength
of oil =
break over voltage
distance
(kV/cm)
1
Result :
The break over voltage of the dielectric oil is determined by using HT testing kit