Ch31

Due:11:59pmonMonday,October3,2016
Youwillreceivenocreditforitemsyoucompleteaftertheassignmentisdue.GradingPolicy

Kirchhoff'sRulesandApplyingThem
LearningGoal:
TounderstandtheoriginsofbothofKirchhoff'srulesandhowtousethemtosolveacircuitproblem.
ThisproblemintroducesKirchhoff'stworulesforcircuits:
Kirchhoff'slooprule:Thesumofthevoltagechangesacrossthecircuitelementsforminganyclosedloopiszero.
Kirchhoff'sjunctionrule:Thealgebraicsumofthecurrentsinto(oroutof)anyjunctioninthecircuitiszero.
Thefigureshowsacircuitthatillustratestheconceptofloops,which
arecoloredredandlabeledloop1andloop2.Loop1istheloop
aroundtheentirecircuit,whereasloop2isthesmallerlooponthe
right.Toapplytheloopruleyouwouldaddthevoltagechangesofall
circuitelementsaroundthechosenloop.Thefigurecontainstwo
junctions(wherethreeormorewiresmeet)theyareattheendsof
theresistorlabeledR3 .ThebatterysuppliesaconstantvoltageVb ,
andtheresistorsarelabeledwiththeirresistances.Theammeters
areidealmetersthatreadI1 andI2 respectively.
Thedirectionofeachloopandthedirectionofeachcurrentarrowthat
youdrawonyourowncircuitsarearbitrary.Justassignvoltagedrops
consistentlyandsumbothvoltagedropsandcurrentsalgebraically
andyouwillgetcorrectequations.Iftheactualcurrentisinthe
oppositedirectionfromyourcurrentarrow,youranswerforthat
currentwillbenegative.Thedirectionofanyloopisevenless
imporant:Theequationobtainedfromacounterclockwiseloopisthe
sameasthatfromaclockwiseloopexceptforanegativesigninfront
ofeveryterm(i.e.,aninconsequentialchangeinoverallsignoftheequationbecauseitequalszero).

PartA
Thejunctionruledescribestheconservationofwhichquantity?Notethatthisruleappliesonlytocircuitsthatareina
steadystate.

Hint1.Atthejunction
Thinkoftheanalogywithwaterflow.Ifacertaincurrentofwatercomestoasplitinthepipe,whatcanyousay
(mathematically)aboutthesumofthethreewatercurrentsatthisjunction?Ifthiswerenottrue,waterwould
accumulateatthejunction.
ANSWER:
current
voltage
resistance

Correct

PartB
Applythejunctionruletothejunctionlabeledwiththenumber1(atthebottomoftheresistorofresistanceR2 ).
Answerintermsofgivenquantities,togetherwiththemeterreadingsI1 andI2 andthecurrentI3 .

Hint1.Elementsinseries
ThecurrentthroughresistanceR1 isnotlabeled.YoushouldrecognizethatthecurrentI1 passingthroughthe
ammeteralsopassesthroughresistanceR1 becausethereisnojunctioninbetweentheresistorandtheammeter
thatcouldallowittogoelsewhere.Similarly,thecurrentpassingthroughthebatterymustbeI1 also.Circuit
elementsconnectedinastringlikethisaresaidtobeinseriesandthesamecurrentmustpassthrougheach
element.Thisfactgreatlyreducesthenumberofindependentcurrentvaluesinanypracticalcircuit.
ANSWER:
=

I = 0 =

I1 I2 I3

Correct
IfyouapplythejuncionruletothejunctionaboveR2 ,youshouldfindthattheexpressionyougetisequivalentto
whatyoujustobtainedforthejunctionlabeled1.Obviouslytheconservationofchargeorcurrentflowenforcesthe
samerelationshipamongthecurrentswhentheyseparateaswhentheyrecombine.

PartC
Applytheloopruletoloop2(thesmallerloopontheright).Sumthevoltagechangesacrosseachcircuitelementaround
thisloopgoinginthedirectionofthearrow.Rememberthatthecurrentmeterisideal.
ExpressthevoltagedropsintermsofVb ,I2 ,I3 ,thegivenresistances,andanyothergivenquantities.

Hint1.Elementsinserieshavesamecurrent
ThecurrentthroughtheammeterisI1 ,andthiscurrenthastogothroughtheresistorofresistanceR1 because
thereisnojunctioninbetweenthatcouldaddorsubtractcurrent.Similarly,thecurrentpassingthroughthebattery
mustbeI1 also.Circuitelementsconnectedinastringlikethisaresaidtobeinseriesandthesamecurrentmust
passthrougheachelement.Thisfactgreatlyreducesthenumberofindependentcurrentvaluesinanypractical
circuit.

Hint2.Signofvoltageacrossresistors
Indeterminingthesigns,notethatifyourchosenlooptraversesaparticularresistorinthesamedirectionasthe
currentthroughthatresistor,thentheenditentersthroughwillhaveamorepositivepotentialthantheendfrom
whichitexitsbytheamountI R.Thusthevoltagechangeacrossthatresistorwillbenegative.Conversely,ifyour
chosenlooptraversestheresistorintheoppositedirectionfromitscurrentarrow,thevoltagechangesacrossthe
resistorwillbepositive.Lettheseconventionsgovernyourequations(i.e.,don'ttrytofigureoutthedirectionof
currentflowwhenusingtheKirchhoffloopdecidewhenyouputthecurrentarrowsontheresistorsandstickwith
thatchoice).

Hint3.Voltagedropacrossammeter
Anidealammeterhaszeroresistance.Hencethereisnovoltagedropacrossit.
ANSWER:

(V ) = 0 =

R3 I3 R2 I2

Correct

PartD
Nowapplytheloopruletoloop1(thelargerloopspanningtheentirecircuit).Sumthevoltagechangesacrosseachcircuit
elementaroundthisloopgoinginthedirectionofthearrow.
ExpressthevoltagedropsintermsofVb ,I1 ,I3 ,thegivenresistances,andanyothergivenquantities.
ANSWER:
(V ) = 0 =

Vb + (I1 R1 R3 I3 )

Correct
Thereisonemoreloopinthiscircuit,theinnerloopthroughthebattery,bothammeters,andresistorsR1 andR2 .If
youapplyKirchhoff'sloopruletothisadditionalloop,youwillgenerateanextraequationthatisredundantwiththe
othertwo.Ingeneral,youcangetenoughequationstosolveacircuitbyeither
1.selectingalloftheinternalloops(loopswithnocircuitelementsinsidetheloop)or
2.usinganumberofloops(notnecessarilyinternal)equaltothenumberofinternalloops,withtheextra
provisothatatleastonelooppassthrougheachcircuitelement.

Problem31.4

PartA
Whatisthemagnitudeofthecurrentinthe12resistorinthefigure?
Expressyouranswertoonedecimalplaceandincludethe
appropriateunits.

ANSWER:
I

= 0.8A

Correct

PartB
Whatisthedirectionofthecurrentinthe12resistorinthefigure?
ANSWER:
fromlefttorightthroughtheresistor
fromrighttoleftthroughtheresistor

Correct

Problem31.6

PartA
WhatisthepotentialdifferenceacrosstheR1

8resistorinthefigureifR2

= 20

Expressyouranswertotwosignificantfiguresandinclude
theappropriateunits.

ANSWER:
V

= 4.3V

Correct

PartB
WhatisthepotentialdifferenceacrosstheR2

20resistorinthefigureifR1

Expressyouranswertotwosignificantfiguresandincludetheappropriateunits.
ANSWER:

= 8

= 11V

Correct

Problem31.7

PartA
Whatistheresistanceofa1700W(120V)hairdryer?
ANSWER:
8.47

Correct

PartB
Whatisthecurrentinthehairdryerwhenitisused?
ANSWER:
14.2 A

Correct

Problem31.8

PartA
HowmuchpowerisdissipatedbytheR1

resistorinthefigureifR2

= 14

= 24

Expressyouranswertotwosignificantfiguresandincludetheappropriateunits.

ANSWER:
P R1

= 1.4W

Correct

PartB
HowmuchpowerisdissipatedbytheR2

resistorinthefigureifR1

= 24

= 14

Expressyouranswertotwosignificantfiguresandincludetheappropriateunits.
ANSWER:
PR2 = 2.4W

Correct

Problem31.14

PartA
WhatisthevalueofresistorRinthefigureifV

= 6.5V

Expressyouranswerusingtwosignificantfigures.

ANSWER:
R

= 40

Correct

Problem31.20

PartA
WhatisthevalueofresistorRinthefigureifV
I = 6A?

= 7V

Expressyouranswerusingtwosignificantfigures.

ANSWER:
R

= 1.4

Correct

and

SeriesAndParallelConnections
LearningGoal:
Tolearntocalculatetheequivalentresistanceofthecircuitscombiningseriesandparallelconnections.
Resistorsareoftenconnectedtoeachotherinelectriccircuits.Findingtheequivalentresistanceofcombinationsofresistors
isacommonandimportanttask.Equivalentresistanceisdefinedasthesingleresistancethatcanreplacethegiven
combinationofresistorsinsuchamannerthatthecurrentsintherestofthecircuitdonotchange.
Findingtheequivalentresistanceisrelativelystraighforwardifthecircuitcontainsonlyseriesandparallelconnectionsof
resistors.
Anexampleofaseriesconnectionisshowninthediagram:
Forsuchaconnection,thecurrentisthesameforallindividual
resistorsandthetotalvoltageisthesumofthevoltagesacrossthe
individualresistors.
UsingOhm'slaw(R =

V
I

),onecanshowthat,foraseries

connection,theequivalentresistanceisthesumoftheindividual
resistances.
Mathematically,theserelationshipscanbewrittenas:
I = I1 = I2 = I3 =. . .
V = V1 + V2 + V3 +. . .
Reqseries = R1 + R2 + R3 +. . .

Anexampleofaparallelconnectionisshowninthediagram:
For
resistors
connected
inparallel
thevoltage
isthesame
forall
individual
resistors
because
theyareall
connected
tothesame
twopoints
(AandBon
the
diagram).
Thetotal
currentisthesumofthecurrentsthroughtheindividualresistors.Thisshouldmakessenseasthetotalcurrent"splits"at
pointsAandB.
UsingOhm'slaw,onecanshowthat,foraparallelconnection,thereciprocaloftheequivalentresistanceisthesumofthe
reciprocalsoftheindividualresistances.
Mathematically,theserelationshipscanbewrittenas:
V = V1 = V2 = V3 =. . .
I = I1 + I2 + I3 +. . .
1

+. . .

1
Reqparallel

1
R1

1
R2

1
R3

+. . .

NOTE:Ifyouhavealreadystudiedcapacitorsandtherulesforfindingtheequivalentcapacitance,youshouldnoticethatthe
rulesforthecapacitorsaresimilarbutnotquitethesameastheonesdiscussedhere.
Inthisproblem,youwillusethetheequivalentresistanceformulastodetermineReq forvariouscombinationsofresistors.

PartA
Forthecombinationofresistorsshown,findtheequivalentresistancebetweenpointsAandB.
ExpressyouranswerinOhms.

ANSWER:
Req

= 9

Correct
Theseresistorsareconnectedinseriesthecurrentthrougheachisthesame.

PartB
Forthesetupshown,findtheequivalentresistancebetweenpointsAandB.
ExpressyouranswerinOhms.

ANSWER:
Req

= 2

Correct
Thisisaparallelconnectionsincethevoltageacrosseachresistoristhesame.

PartC
Forthecombinationofresistorsshown,findtheequivalentresistancebetweenpointsAandB.
ExpressyouranswerinOhms.

Hint1.Howtoapproachthequestion
Youcannotsaythatallthreeresistorsareconnectedeitherinseriesorinparallel:thiscircuithastobeviewedasa
combinationofdifferentconnections.
Findtheequivalentresistanceofthe"4Ohm12Ohm"combinationfirst.

Hint2.Whatkindofconnectionisthis?
The2Ohmresistorisconnected:
ANSWER:
inserieswiththe4Ohmresistor
inserieswiththe12Ohmresistor
inserieswiththecombinationofthe4Ohmandthe12Ohmresistors
inparallelwiththe4Ohmresistor
inparallelwiththe12Ohmresistor
inparallelwiththecombinationofthe4Ohmandthe12Ohmresistors

ANSWER:

Req

= 5

Correct
Inthiscase,youcannotsaythatallthreeresistorsareconnectedeitherinseriesorinparallel.Youhavea
combinationofaseriesandaparallelconnection.
Somecircuitsmaycontainalargenumberofresistorsconnectedinvariousways.Todeterminetheequivalent
resistanceofsuchcircuits,youhavetotakeseveralsteps,carefullyselectingthe"subcombinations"ofresistors
connectedinrelativelyobviousways.Goodrecordkeepingisessentialhere.
Thenextquestionhelpsyoupracticethisskill.

PartD
Forthecombinationofresistorsshown,findtheequivalentresistancebetweenpointsAandB.
ExpressyouranswerinOhms.

Hint1.Howtoapproachthequestion
Findseparatelytheequivalentresistancesofthetopandthebottombranchesofthecircuitthencombinethem.

Hint2.FindReq forthe"4612"combination
Whatistheequivalentresistanceforthe"4ohm6ohm12Ohm"combination?
Expressyouranswerinohms.
ANSWER:
Req4612

= 2

Hint3.FindReq forthetopbranch
Whatistheequivalentresistanceforthetopbranchofthecircuit(betweenCandD)?
Expressyouranswerinohms.
ANSWER:

Reqtop

= 6

Hint4.FindReq forthebottombranch
Whatistheequivalentresistanceforthebottombranchofthecircuit(betweenEandF)?
Expressyouranswerinohms.
ANSWER:
Reqbottom

= 6

ANSWER:
Req

= 3

Correct
Thenextlevelofanalyzingacircuitistodeterminethevoltagesacrossandthecurrentsthroughthevariousbranches
ofthecircuit.Youwillpracticethatskillinthefuture.
Ofcourse,therearecircuitsthatcannotpossiblyberepresentedascombinationsofseriesandparallelconnections.
However,therearewaystoanalyzethose,too.

Problem31.28

PartA
Whatisthetimeconstantforthedischargeofthecapacitorsinthefigure?
Expressyouranswerwiththeappropriateunits.

ANSWER:
2.00ms

Correct

Problem31.30

PartA
A30.0Fcapacitorinitiallychargedto30.0Cisdischargedthrougha2.50kresistor.Howlongdoesittaketoreduce
thecapacitor'schargeto15.0C?
Expressyouranswerwiththeappropriateunits.
ANSWER:
52.0ms

Correct

Problem31.49
Theammeterinthefigurereads9.0A.

PartA
FindI1 .
Expressyouranswertotwosignificantfiguresandincludetheappropriateunits.
ANSWER:
I1

= 3.0A

Correct

PartB
FindI2 .
Expressyouranswertotwosignificantfiguresandincludetheappropriateunits.
ANSWER:

I2

= 12A

Correct

PartC
FindE .
Expressyouranswertotwosignificantfiguresandincludetheappropriateunits.
ANSWER:
E

= 72V

AnswerRequested

Problem31.54

PartA
WhatisthebatterycurrentIbat whentheswitchinthefigureis
open?
Expressyouranswertothreesignificantfiguresandinclude
theappropriateunits.

ANSWER:
Ibat

= 8.00A

Correct

PartB
WhatisthepotentialdifferenceVab betweenpointsaandbwhentheswitchisopen?
Expressyouranswertothreesignificantfiguresandincludetheappropriateunits.

ANSWER:
Vab

= 8.00V

Correct

PartC
WhatisthebatterycurrentIbat whentheswitchisclosed?
Expressyouranswertothreesignificantfiguresandincludetheappropriateunits.
ANSWER:
Ibat

= 9.14A

Correct

PartD
WhatisthepotentialdifferenceVab betweenpointsaandbwhentheswitchisclosed?
Expressyouranswerasanintegerandincludetheappropriateunits.
ANSWER:
Vab

= 0V

Correct

Problem31.64

PartA
WhatpowerisdissipatedbytheR2

resistorinthefigureifR1

= 1.5

= 3.0

Expressyouranswertotwosignificantfiguresandincludetheappropriateunits.

ANSWER:
P2

= 0.38W

AnswerRequested

Problem31.66
A12Vcarbatterydiesnotsomuchbecauseitsvoltagedropsbutbecausechemicalreactionsincreaseitsinternalresistance.
Agoodbatteryconnectedwithjumpercablescanbothstarttheengineandrechargethedeadbattery.Considertheautomotive
circuitofthefigure.

PartA
Howmuchcurrentcouldthegoodbatteryalonedrivethroughthestartermotor?
Expressyouranswerwiththeappropriateunits.
ANSWER:
I

= 200A

Correct

PartB
Howmuchcurrentisthedeadbatteryaloneabletodrivethroughthestartermotor?
Expressyouranswerwiththeappropriateunits.
ANSWER:
I

= 14.5A

Correct

PartC
Withthejumpercablesattached,howmuchcurrentpassesthroughthestartermotor?
Expressyouranswerwiththeappropriateunits.
ANSWER:
I

= 199A

Correct

PartD
Withthejumpercablesattached,howmuchcurrentpassesthroughthedeadbattery?
Expressyouranswerwiththeappropriateunits.
ANSWER:
I

= 3.93A

Correct

PartE
Withthejumpercablesattached,inwhichdirectioncurrentpassesthroughthedeadbattery?
ANSWER:
downward
upward

Correct

Problem31.70
A200Fdefibrillatorcapacitorischargedto1500V.Whenfiredthroughapatient'schest,itloses95%ofitschargein40ms.

PartA
Whatistheresistanceofthepatient'schest?
Expressyouranswertotwosignificantfiguresandincludetheappropriateunits.
ANSWER:
R

= 67

AnswerRequested

EnhancedEOC:Problem31.76
Theswitchinthefigurehasbeenclosedforaverylongtime.
Youmaywanttoreview(

pages909912).

Forhelpwithmathskills,youmaywanttoreview:
SolvingEquationsUsingNaturalLogarithms

PartA
Whatisthechargeonthecapacitor?
Expressyouranswerusingtwosignificantfigures.

Hint1.Howtoapproachtheproblem
Aftertheswitchhasbeenclosedaverylongtime,whatisthecurrentinthecircuit?Whyisitimportanttowaita
verylongtimetofindthecurrent?
Whatisthevoltagedropacrosstheresistors?Whatisthevoltagedropacrossthecapacitor?Howisthevoltage
acrossacapacitorrelatedtothechargeonthecapacitor?Whatisthechargeonthecapacitor?

ANSWER:
= 80 C

Correct

PartB
Theswitchisopenedatt

= 0 s

.Atwhattimehasthechargeonthecapacitordecreasedto15%ofitsinitialvalue?

Expressyouranswerusingtwosignificantfigures.

Hint1.Howtoapproachtheproblem
Whentheswitchisopened,howdoesthecurrentflowsoastodischargethecapacitor?
Whichresistorsdoesthechargeflowthrough?Whatistheeffectiveresistanceoftheseresistors,whicharein
series?
Whatisthetimeconstantfordischargeofthecapacitor?Whatistheequationdescribingthechargeasafunction
oftimeforadischargingcapacitor?
Whatisratioofthechargeofthecapacitorattimettotheinitialchargeonthecapacitorbeforetheswitchwas
opened?Howcanyousolveanequationwithexponentstofindthequantityintheexponent?
ANSWER:
t

= 0.19 ms

Correct
ScoreSummary:
Yourscoreonthisassignmentis77.3%.
Youreceived79.65outofapossibletotalof103points.