3.1.

Introduction
3 Behavior of Vertical Subsystems
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Shear Wall Subsystem
3.3. Shafts(Tubes) Subsystem
3.4. Rigid Frame Subsystem
3.5. Lateral Deflections

Fig. 7-1 Shafts and Rigid Frame subsystem

Many structural solutions are combined

with four basic types:
(1) Shear wall subsystem
(2) Vertical shaft(tube)
(3) Rigid beam-column frames
(4) Pin-connected slender columns

Fig. 7-2 Some combined basic subsystem types

Fig.7-3 Schemes with internal shear resisting

core shafts

Fig.7-4 Bracing exterior columns reduces deflection

Fig.7-4 Bracing exterior columns reduces deflection

The advantage of using heavy trusses at

the top and possibly at middle of a
building is to brace the exterior columns
against a core shaft. This can achieve a
frame-like action in the shaft for reducing
deflection under horizontal loads.

3.2. Shear Wall Subsystem

When the walls are braced by floors or
roofs, they can provide excellent
resistance to vertical and horizontal loads
in the plane of the walls.

If the section area of wall is

bxh=9m x 0.3m, then
Ib=bh/12,

Ih=hb/12

Ib/Ih=h/b=900/1
Therefore, Ih can be ignored.

Overall design of shear wall:

Fig. 7-5
Different shear
wall layouts
considering to
against possible
torsion

Mmax=wL/2
I=bh/12
fmax=Mmax/(I/c)
v=V/(bh), vmax=1.5v

Fig. 7-6 Overall design of shear wall

Fig. 7-8
Combination Shear
wall and slit wall

Fig. 7-6 Overall design of truss shear wall

3.3. Shafts(Tubes) Subsystem

Vertical shafts(tube structures) generally
have a rectangular, square or circular
sections.

Fig 3-15 Building as space structure

Subsystem against
Vertical Forces
Shear Forces
Bending Forces
(Strength+Stiffness)

Fig 3-16 Vertical loads transferred axially

Fig 3-17 Horizontal loads on tube structure

Fig 3-18 Interaction of vertical and

horizontal subsystem of tube structure

Fig 3-21 Horizontal subsystem increase

stiffness of vertical subsystem

Fig 3-19 Tube structure = H section in bending

Fig 3-20 Horizontal subsystem applied loads over h

Fig 3-22 Vertical subsystem transfer wind loads to

Horizontal subsystem

Summary of tube action

-Very good in strength and stiffness
-One part of tube takes bending
moment75%
-Another part of tube takes shear 90%
-Horizontal and vertical subsystems work
together to achieve tube action

Fig 3-23 Tube action achieved by core design

Summary of tube action

The core tubes can carry most of the
vertical loads and provide all of the shear
and overturn resistance.
The enclosing subsystems need only carry
a small part of the total vertical load and
to pick up and transfer local increments
of the horizontal load to the horizontal
subsystems.

Example: The Knights of Columbus Building

If h/d<3, it is a shear-resisting problem.

If h/d=3-5, it is a bending control problem.
If h/d> 5, it is a bending dominant problem.
If h/d>7, the tube is excessive flexibile and
may require two or more shafts together with
heavy connectors to get mega-frame action .

Fig. 7-9 Rough calculation of a tube

If the cutout area of a shaft is not more

than 50%, it can be regarded as a frame
tube and its rigidity should be reduced
accordingly.
If the cutout area is small than 30%, the
rigidity should not be reduced in
preliminary design.

Frames
3.4. Rigid Frame Subsystem
3.4.1 Rigid frame under vertical loads
3.4.2 Rigid frame under horizontal loads

Fig 3-24 Space structure of column and frame

Buildings conceived as columnar space

structures by considering a simple
rectangular space-form enclosed by four
slender columns.

Fig 3-25 The pin connection cannot restrict the displacement

Fig 3-26 The fix corner portal frame prevents the displacement

-The pin connection cannot restrict the

displacement.
-The fix corner portal frame prevents the
displacement, where rotation is being
restricted.

Frame action
With fixity between horizontal beam connectors
and columns, the beam connectors can resist
independent cantilever rotation of the column
tops and cause them to bend in opposite
directions from top to bottom.
The bending reversal (Point of Inflection) causes
each column to act as two short components, to
improve the buckling resistance and to reduce
the horizontal deflection.

Total frame action

Stiffness of beam connector should be large
enough.
(Stiffness of beam should be more than 4 times
larger than the stiffness of column)

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Fig 3-27 Total cantilever action and total frame action

Fig 3-28 The relationship of aspect ratio and axial forces

Fig 3-29 Total frame action (Method 1 to improve the

frame stiffness by additional horizontal stiff edges)

Fig. 3-32 Frame stiffness increased by increasing depth

of column(Method 3, the deflection reduces to 1/27 if the
dc increases to 3dc)

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Fig. 3-33 The stiffness of frame will always be less than

that of a tube design

Fig. 3-37 Perforated tube and tube structure

(Shear Lag Action)

Fig. 3-34 Frame stiffness can be increased with more

connectors(Method 4)

Fig. 3-38
The combination
of different
vertical and
horizontal
subsystem

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3.4.1 Rigid frame under vertical loads

With simplified moment distribution
methods.

The approximate analysis will be possible

to provide an overall scheme and sizing of
members for the computer analysis of
structure in detail design stage where
precise analysis is necessary.

Fig. 7-10 Rigid frame rough calculation

The simplified analysis is based on

assumptions:
-neglecting side-way due to asymmetry in
loading and stiffness,
-uniform I values for each member,
-elastic behavior of all members and joints,
-member affected only by the member
connected directly to it.

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The relative stiffness of members around

one end is determined by the rigidity of far
end.
-The carry over moment is 1/2M when
far end is fully fixed(K2/K1>=4);
-The carry over moment is about 1/3M
when far end is partially fixed(K2/K1=1-3);
-The carry over moment is 0 when far
end is fully free(K2/K1<1).

3.4.2 Rigid frame under horizontal loads

-Portal Method
solving the moment and shear
distribution at the columns and beams
over the frame
-Cantilever Method
solving the axial forces in the columns
caused by the overturn moments

Fig.7-11 Example of moment distribution

in frame

Portal Method assumes:

(1)Each bay of a bent acts as a separate portal
frame with two columns and girder;
(2) The point of inflection for all columns is at
mid-height, and for all girders is at mid-span;
(3) The shears in each exterior columns is half
the shear on an interior column.

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Fig. 7-12 Basic portal frame

Fig. 7-13 Multi-bay frame

Fig. 7-14 Multi-story frame

Fig. 7-15 Multi-bay and multi-story frame

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Fig. 7-16 Girder moment determined

by exterior column moments

Fig. 7-17 Girder moment determined

by interior column moments

Fig. 7-18 Cantilever method for frame column forces

Cantilever Method
is to determine the axial loads on the columns
produced by overturning moment.

Cantilever Method assume

that its stress in each column is proportional to
its distance from the center line of the building
and the moment in column is neglected in the
analysis .

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Example 7-4 Example of rigid frame analysis

M and Q with portal method,
N with cantilever/footprint method

3.5. Lateral Deflections

The reasons of limiting lateral deflection
are:
- To avoid damage problem in building
associated with racking and vibration.
- To avoid uncomfortable horizontal
movement of the occupants.

Case 1:The deflection of a short solid wall

mainly caused by shear

Case 2: The deflection of a tall solid wall

mainly caused by bending

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Horizontal deflection for shear wall:

Fig. 7-19 Shear and moment bending deflections

For h/b<2, if concentrated load V

s = 1.2Vh/GA,
G = 2E/5 for steel and concrete
For h/b>5, if cantilever shear wall
m= whxh/(8EI)
For 2<h/b<5
= s +m

Case 3: The deflection of two slender wall with lintels

mainly caused by lintel deflection

If lintel bending
m= h
= VL/(12EI)

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Case 4: The deflection of frame

Horizontal deflection:
Exterior joint
c=Vc h/(12E Ic), g=Vg hL/(12E Ig)
te=c+ g=Vc h(h/Ic+2L/Ig)/(12E)
(Vg=2Vc)
Interior joint
c=Vc h/(12E Ic), g=Vg hL/(12E Ig)
ti=c+ g=Vc h(h/Ic+L/Ig)/(12E)
(Vg=Vc)
total= nx(te)/2

Case 5: The
deflection of
truss

Vertical deflection:
Simple supported beam,
=(5/384)wLL/EI (Uniform load)
=(1/48)WL/EI (Concentrated load)
Continuous beam,
=(1/384)wLL/EI (with fixed ends)
=(3/384)wLL/EI (normal conditions)
=(1/192)WL/EI (Concentrated load)

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Homework 2
An approximate rigid-frame analysis is to
be made for 2 buildings, under the
actions of vertical and horizontal loads as
shown in attached figures. The moment
drawings of frames should be given as the
analysis results. The Mmax should be
found out as design conditions.

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