Risk Language

RISK, LANGUAGE
AND IDENTIFICATION
IN THE NETWORK SOCIETY
THE IMPACT OF NEW MEDIA
ON INTERCULTURAL
COMMUNICATION
Ana Maria Munteanu, Aida Todi, Constantin Ioan Mladin
Risk, language
identification
in the network society.
ANA and
MARIA
MUNTEANU
The impact of new media on intercultural communication
AIDA TODI
CONSTANTIN IOAN MLADIN
RISK, LANGUAGE
AND IDENTIFICATION
IN THE NETWORK SOCIETY
THE IMPACT OF NEW MEDIA
ON INTERCULTURAL
COMMUNICATION
EDITURA UNIVERSITAR
Bucureti
3
Colecia FILOLOGIE
Redactor: Gheorghe Iovan

Ana Maria
Munteanu,
Tehnoredactor:
Amelua
Vian Aida Todi, Constantin Ioan Mladin
Coperta: Angelica Mlescu
Editur recunoscut de Consiliul Naional al Cercetrii tiinifice (C.N.C.S.)

Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Naionale a Romniei
MUNTEANU, ANA-MARIA
Risk, language and identification in the Network Society : the
impact of New Media on intercultural communication / Ana Maria
Munteanu, Aida Todi, Constantin Ioan Mladin. - Bucureti : Editura
Universitar, 2011
Bibliogr.
ISBN 978-606-591-337-0
I. Todi, Aida
II. Mladin, Ioan
81
DOI: (Digital Object Identifier): 10.5682/9786065913370
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Risk, language and identification in the network society.

CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION .......................................................
PART I LANGUAGE AND SOCIETY IN THE

GLOBAL TECHNOLOGICAL AGE ...........................
15
Chap. 1: Language from the perspective of the

network ontology .....................................................
17
Identification in virtual environments ....................
29
Material imagination: the communication in any

space defined as nonspatial .................................
30
Social platforms and e-communities .....................
32
Bibliography .............................................................
35
Chap. 2: Texting language noise, interference or

recoding of written language? ............................... 41
Texting language and the rising of the youth
culture .......................................................................
41
Texting language and its transnational

commonalities ..........................................................
44
Texting in Romanian ................................................
51
Some linguistic and sociolinguistic aspects of

the online chat ..........................................................
63
The chat as communication system: how does it

works? ......................................................................
70
Bibliography .............................................................
84
Chap. 3: Steps to an ecology of language ............
93
Network ontology and cultural heritage a

possible reunion? ....................................................
93
Normalizing the noise ............................................. 102

Bibliography ............................................................. 111
PART II LANGUAGE SPACE IDENTITY ................ 115
Chap. 4: Who I am? The sense of belonging in a
free society ............................................................... 117
Between border and cross border paradigms ...... 120
Radical alterity vs Cultural alterity in inter/
intraregional identification ..................................... 127
The actor-observer bias .......................................... 129
Ingroup/outgroup bias and the alterity figure of
speach ....................................................................... 131
Bibliography ............................................................. 136
6

Chap. 5: Language and sustenability of community

life in contexts shaped by massive migration.
Online platforms in Romanian ................................ 139
Methodological background ................................... 141
Language and culture from the perspective of
the category of daily life ...................................... 148
Online narratives psychological readings that
follow a pattern ........................................................ 153
Life stories, identification images and genres of
communication ........................................................ 161
Conclusion ............................................................... 171
Bibliography ............................................................. 176
GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY ..................................... 183

Introduction
In post communist countries the media coverage of
changing processes has frequently been reduced to the
theatrical production of the truth behind the disease1:
corruption, mentalities, political, administrative inefficiency, etc., and this dramatization of politics has
emphasized the difficulties encountered by the European
project (a complex idea correlated with legal instruments
and structural adjustments) competing against the
conflicts of interests of the media corporations, thus the
positive effects of the EU integration have passed
unnoticed2, being obscured by media sensationalism by
conflicts and scandals, simulacra of a real public debate
area. In this context of crisis, the youth have been
massively drawn towards the Internet, a real imaginary
in-between space, where the constraints of the everyday
life, the disintegration of the authority or the gap between
words and realities are suspended. The voice of young
people from former communist countries made a distinct
mark among critical opinions on globalization in the
1
M. Foucault, Biopolitic i medicin social, Cluj, Idea Design

& Print, 2003, p. 50.
2
Preuteasa M.,Romania, in R.Udovicic (ed), TV PrimeTime
Domestic News-Monitoring and Analysis of News Programs, 10
SEENPM, Countries-Indicators of Public Interest, Media Plan
Institute, Sarajevo.
context of a broader debate led by Anthony Giddens at

BBC Reith lectures following issues like democratization,
family, tradition, environment3. Their position was in favor
of globalization driven by the opportunity to get out of
isolation or crisis, to be connected with others, to travel,
study, work, etc. This motivation and the massive
migration flow that followed and still continues explain the
boom of Internet used primarily with the purpose of
socializing and of knowing other people and, after the
year 2000, for communicating with family members or
close friends. The growth rate was of one million users
each year, users aged between 18 and 34 being the most
active category4. Another indicator concerning this
dynamics is blogging, a creation of space through online
communication. At the end of 2006, Pricewaterhouse
Coopers5 registered 26.458 active sites compared to
18.158 in January 2006. It seems that virtual space is the
most dynamic part of Romanian society, created through
embeddedness6 and virtual orientation, so we ask
3
Treated in his book Runaway World: How Globalization is

Reshaping Our Lives, Anthony Giddens lectures are posted on
http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/reith1999/lecturer.shtml (accessed
on january 2011).
4
According to data from Thinkdigital, an European network
specialized in advertising, in Romania since 2008.
5
Apud MediaWebDesign, www.mediawebdesign.ro, data
posted on the site in dec. 2006 accessed in December 2010.
6
The concept of embeddenes related to the weak tie where
introduced in 1985 by Mark Granoveter in Economic Action
and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness, Ame-
10

ourselves whether we have at our disposal the adequate

research tools in order to understand the manner in which
the social identity is constructed throughout these virtual
interactions?
In what way are language/thinking/ interaction/
identification correlated, transferred and eventually
transformed into environments by social networking on
digital platforms? To what extent is the concept of
numerical individual relevant for this issue?
In his book We never been modern published in
1991, Bruno Latour, a science anthropologist, develops
an antimodernist-nonmodern reaction arguing against the
modern gap between past and present and the fallacies
due to the modern belief in abstractions. Contrary to the
distinctions subject/object, nature /society he defends the
old categories of spirit, rationality, liberty, society, God, or
even the past and attempt to reestablish symmetry
between science and technology, on the one hand, and
society, on the other. The refutation of subject/object
categories is accompanied by an effort to forge a new
paradigm based on knowledge, work and circulating
rican Journal of Sociology, n 9, p. 481-510; a larger panorama
on the New Economic Sociology in Swedberg, Richard (1997),
New Economic Sociology: What has Been Accomplished,
What is Ahead?, Acta Sociologica, n 40, p. 161-182, that may
be associated with an anthropological perspective in R. Caston,
(1998), Life in a Business-Oriented Society: A Sociological
Perspective, Allyn & Bacon, Boston.
11
reference. The actor-network theory explains the current

processes in terms of actor-network sense-making
system reassembling the social through extended fields
of interaction between human and non-human actors
and web of relations. An actor who interacts with such a
web becomes part of the networks energy (Entelechy).
So his illuminating work offers us the possibility to
understand that the global cyber community emerges
not only from the iteration by design of a numeric
individual, conceived as actor-player in several networks,
but also from the active interactions between individuals
and groups generating new webs of life and energy. So, a
simplified definition of social culture or global
citizenship which is already embedded within the new
environments and communities (networks) generated
by the de(re)contextualising, relocating, freeing oneself of
a group, as well as of the set identity constraints, needs to
be redefined taking into consideration alternative models
of reality. However the efficient steps to an ecology of
mind, remains a challenging issue because of the
necessary quest to evaluate the social forms emerging
from these processes, as survival/developmental niches
for current and future generations. It is of crucial
importance to decode how the release of the network
energy developed by the multiplication of communicative
action continues or not to reflect the symbolic figure of
the norm that regulates social life regardless of the scale,
spaces or events and not less the symbolic figure of the
community even in a delocated pattern. We hypothetically
12

assert the importance of the language in mapping the

space of global networks, as a multiverse construction of
the national culture, hence the linguistic pattern is not only
an opportunity but also a condition to re-assemble the
social even in a delocated mode specific to the digital era.
But emphasizing language and culture makes necessary
the ascribing of a certain value of legacy to them.
13
14

Part I
LANGUAGE AND SOCIETY IN THE
GLOBAL TECHNOLOGICAL AGE
15
16

Chap.1: Language from the perspective

of the network ontology
Why the globalisation submits the cultural environment resulted from the content oriented communities7 to
a permanent pressure? Besides the problem is imprinted
in our contemporary scientific and technological cultures
premises8.
The development of the computer science is based
among others on the model of the unlimited possibilities to process information offered by the language9.
Nevertheless, framing the issues of the language reveals
the bias between the cognitive theory10, on the one hand,
7
N. Paskin, The Digital Object Identifier System: Digital

Technology Meets Content Management, http://www.doi.
org/sun_pap2.html, posted on august 1998, accessed on
december 2009.
8
R.Penrose, The Emperor's New Mind: Concerning Computers,
Minds and The Laws of Physics , Oxford University Press,
Oxford,1989; and the response to the debate R.Penrose,
Shadows of the Mind: A Search for the Missing Science of
Consciousness, Oxford University Press, 1994.
9
S.Lloyd
10
According with Chomski, the language is an organ of the
body having exclusive biological foundations Chomski, Three
factors of the language design and acquisition of the language,
WiresCognitive
Science,
14
May,
2004
17
and the cultural (ethno) lingvistic approach that explores

the relationship between language, culture and concepttualization, on the other.11 The risk of distorsion was firstly
reported by Gregory Bateson, whose research was further
developed by his collaborators as a risk of inadequate
decoding between analogue (emotional) and digital
(abstract, rational) modes of communication embedded in
human mind which are responsible for the paradoxes of
12
social behaviour recorded by the micro-social pathology .
In the early 90s, Robert Penrose has pointed out the
problem but at the (meta) level of a cuantum theory of
mind. He also argued the fundamental distinction between
human determined systems and algorithmic ones
during a longue debate with Marvin Minski and Mark
Tegmark. Against Minskis stance on human machine
http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1162/002438905
2993655
11
Wierzbicka, Anna (Semantics, Culture, and Cognition:
Universal human concepts in culture-specific configuration. New
York: Oxford University Press, 1992. Trabant, J., Lantinomie
linguistique: quelques enjeux politiques, Politiques & Usages
de la Langue en Europe, ed. Michael Werner, Cond-surNoireau: Collection du Ciera, Dialogiques, ditions de la Maison
des sciences de lhomme, 2007; Underhill, James W.,
Humboldt, Worldview and Language, Edinburgh University
Press, 2009.
Underhill, James W. Creating Worldviews, Edinburgh:
Edinburgh University Press, 2011.
12
P.Watzlawick, J.H.Beauvin, D.Jackson, Pragmatic of Human
communication. A study of interactional Patterns, Pathologies
and paradoxes, Norton & Company, New York, 1967.
18

theory humans are, in fact, machines, whose

functioning, although complex, is fully explainable by
current physics13, Penrose has stated that the
human consciousness is non-algorithmic, and thus is not
capable of being modeled by a conventional Turing
machine-type of digital computer. Another problem, in a
certain sense related to this discussion, was reported by
N. Paskin as the inner dilemma of the DOI Initiative:
The digital technology community takes, as its
starting point, all digital mechanisms, and views
intellectual content mechanisms as a sub-set. In
contrast, the intellectual content community takes as
its starting point all creative works, and views digital
mechanisms as a sub-set. In principle has to
accept that While the digital world has necessarily
worked with defined and well-structured concepts,
the content world has not (until now) found it
necessary to be so rigid: standard numbering (of
books, serials, and recordings) and product bar
codes have been useful but there is no widely
accepted data model defining all creative and
publishing acts.
This bias produces a longue series of conesquences. One of the most important for this study is the
blurring of the interdependency between the standard
13
M.Minski, Conscious Machines.Machinery of Cosciousness,

th
Proceedings national Research Council of Canada, 75
Anniversary Symposium on Science and Society, June 1991.
19
language and the modern institutions, based on complex

relationships between language, thought and reality14.
This, in turn, has decreased the role of the reflexive
(critical) attitude competed by the algorithmic approach of
human communication which was translated to the global
system of communication and its impacts on the
local/national cultures. According to many authors15, what
is irreversibly changing is not only the culture, but the very
society which may no longer be imaginarily restored,
except in a dislocated, non-geographical virtual shape,
with a distinct and replicable informal, counter-culture or
subculture (globalized) pattern in spite of individual
current status. The individuals gradually free themselves
from the normative character of language, creating
interplay connotative units-buzzwords, maps, passwords,
for short-time uses, as part of the virtual interaction
designed process.
Unlike virtual networks, culture and the linguistic
pattern are located, even centred in the social
representation as a place depending on its balances
14
Whorf Benjamin, L., Thought and Reality: Selected Writings,

in John B. Caroll(ed) Cambridge, M.I.T. Press, Massachussets,
1984.
15
Turkle, S.,The second self Computers and the human spirit,
Simon & Schuster, New York,1986, Stone A.R, Will the real
body please stand up, in M.Benedict (ed.) Cyber space: First
steps, MIT Press, Boston, 1992, Haraway, D., Modest_
witness@second_millenium.femaleman.meets__oncomous:Fe
minism and technoscience, Routledge, London 1997.
20

between the cognitive stock and the sensitivity16 towards

external factors, mapping a region of the social
representation with an important role in interlinking
horizons of current generations with predecesors and
the futures ones. While the numerical individual is
designed as a player that can relocate himself by virtue of
the numerical image (a virtual identity card), he may opt
(only) between roles assigned by an ephemeral
production of community models or simulated reals,
resulted from an invasion of digital forms of interaction
over the physical world.17. Yet Seth Lloyds question
how can we understand society in terms of its ability to
process information18 makes sense in anthropology
provided the information is defined in terms of something
that makes the difference19. Hence, reinventing the
identity through interactive games as logic of catenation,
means being able to play or to be equally phantasmal or
pragmatic. The mutation from the fixed to the shifting
identity is the result of certain changing processes
including mental block and mistrust of the membership, in
(modern and postmodern) society as a tool of survival
16
Fr. Laplantine, Le social et le sensible: introduction une

anthropologie modale, ditions Tradre, Paris, 2005.
17
Halavais, Alex, Profssor at Arizona State University, cited in
Science Focus BBC, No 8, sept.-oct. 2002, p.39.
18
S.Lloyd, Interview: The Computational Universe: Seth
Lloyd, Edge Foundation, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edge_
Foundation,_Inc
19
Apud G Batesons cybernetic model of communication, 1974
21
(Y.Friedman 1980)20. Since disfunctionalities are not the

mere passing result of political change, but also the
cumulative effect of multiple-way interference, the virtual
gradually becomes a niche of development, while the
entire edifice of the real life barely sustains the survival of
its heritage. This statement remains valid even in the
process of differentiation of communicative platforms as
virtual "meeting places" for Romanians at home and in the
fluid Diaspora created by the global market. The driving
force behind this online social networking is represented
by the interfaces, which are set up by entrepreneurs
grouped in associations and companies21.
As baggage, that connects to the predecessors and
successors horizons, but also to the multiple horizons of
20
Y. Friedman, About Critical GroupSize, The United Nations

University, printed in Japan, GPID20, 1980, http://www.
transcend-nordic.org/doc/10%20GPID-UNU%20Working%
20Papers/HSDR-GPID20.pdf (accessed on february 2010).
21
FEDROM The Federation of Associations of Romanian
Immigrants in Spain. Portals such as www.fedrom.org, or
www.romaniinlume.com include links to specialized sites
covering mainly the recruitment and placement of the labour
force in various Western countries, for example the site of EGVRecruiting specializes in placing young physicians from
Romania and the Diaspora in Germany, France, Britain,
Sweden, Norway the EGV site not only promotes the
company image, but it also develops an access platform to the
European market designed for a category of users with a high
training profile.
22

consociates through shared culture22, the language

practices of migrants activate the cognitive dimension of
interactions within the virtual community, also by
modelling, which serves as an example offered to the
others. Among these, we mention that of a good speaker,
someone concerned with the accuracy and expressiveness of the language, a condition for the confirmation of the cultural membership and a condition also to
remain "inside", while being physically "outside" Romania.
The linguistic context and its expressiveness explicitly or
implicitly acquire in this situation a patrimonial value. This
value extends to language uses in characteristic work and
career situations, symbolically coating the indexical world
of success and contingencies, despite the physical
distance and splitting representation between "there and
here", all under the label of "outside Romania". But
precisely because it betrays the crisis of that "home" in
the real space, cultural identity marks become clearer in
the virtual space, the uses of linguistic material in selfnarratives reflect the adequacy of the paradigm of the
intangible patrimony introduced by Christian Wulf23.
22
A. Schtz, 1982, Life forms and meaning structure.

(Lebensformen und Sinnstruktur.) Translated by Helmut R.
Wagner, Routledge & K. Paul, London.
23
In Globalization and Intangible Cultural Heritage.
Opportunities, Threats and Challenges, The Regional Meeting
on the promotion of the Convention for the Safeguarding of the
Intangible Cultural Heritage for countries of Europe and
Northern America (Kazan, Russia, 15-17 December 2004), also
included in the Proceeding of the International Workshop:
23
Everyday life lived outside the country is submitted to a

psychological re-reading pattern. Individuals build their
community in the virtual environment by narrating
themselves, a value which is self-oriented towards confirmation, an orientation which motivates the search for a
familiar environment the online language community.
The cultural framework reinforces the accessing motivations as a significant tendency to translate and re-code
the "real" from the categories of daily interaction to the
mediated ones, the vehicle being the meaning shared by
fellow countrymen. The linguistic material sent and
received in de-located multi-centred communication, is
processed cognitively, the language being more than a
mediation-interposition tool, i.e., a connector (bridge) for
independent individuals and networks. Facilitating cognitive and sensitive relational nucleations of the web of life
and linking type among various referents of the same type
of personal journey, the world of words becomes a "social
place" of transformation and interpersonal convertibility of
adjustment and cross-cultural contact experiences,
negotiation of identity and difference, as micro-social
functions in the process of social structuring. At the micro
level of cultural expression and self-image the online
environment portals provides through the portals of
Romanians especially those in the European area
attractive new cognitive resources (stock of knowledge) of
the mother tongue communication, enriching the
"Identity and Globalization" (Bucuresti, 2005, coord. Lavinia

Brlogeanu).
24

language as social capital (in the sense of Putnam24)

shared by users, as members of the online community.
Online mediation the level of the emerging
community expressing itself on the horizon of the
language created by the predecessors within certain
limits, typifies alternatives to confusion and identity crises
that can affect, to a larger or smaller extent, the destiny of
Romanian language in the construction of everyday
experiences. Speaking the mother tongue during online
interactions tipicalizes some features of the virtual
community through communicative actions as the
mutually share of the linguistic norm25 that becomes a
condition of access to a valued expression of personal
self and equally to a "back of recognition" by fellow
countrymen, a-circularity and an implicit mutual component of socialization. Besides the distinction between
social facticity and highly normative theory of justice,
Habermas enables us to understand the process in which
the communicative actions are paradoxically in the core of
the modern understanding of the law but distinct from the
strategic communication, a process in which the social
norms are mutually shared and the linguistic framework
24
The concept of social capital in R. Putnam, 2002,

Democracies in Flux: The Evolution of Social Capital in
Contemporary Society (Edited by Robert D. Putnam), Oxford
University Press.
25
Habermas, J., The theory of the communicative action,
Volume 2: Lifeword and System: A Critique of Functionalist
Reason, Beacon Press, 1985.
25
ritualized through ephemeral discussions. This phenolmenology of the communicative behaviour covers the
double edged issue of standards: they faces the social
facticity but like a leverage tool to meet order and justice
in everyday life situations to a certain extent shaped by
the influence of the networks and the users attitude
towards language.26
The semiotic mapping the level of culture
redistributes, "rearranges" the cognitive elements by
production and reading of personal narratives, selected
and presented as they express exemplary (vicarious)
experiences and routes. This level the culture of
existential change and the crisis that accompanies it
reflects the social and national identity crisis, as liminality
(in the sense of social crisis, especially in the van Gennep
-Turner model27), a passage rite ich is practiced in
interpersonal communication in the online space - from
the lack of horizon of the life "back home" to regaining the
self in a new career, job, etc. in Western countries. The
crisis moments succeed one another in stories, they
create a common pattern with a symbolic function as well,
26
Habermas, J., Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law

and Democracy, Polity Press, Cambridge, 1996. Habermas, J.,
Moral Consciousness and the Theory of the Communicative
th
Action, MIT Press, 6 edition, 1999.
27
The rite of passage, in A. van Gennep, The Rites of
Passage, Pinguin, London 1977; V. W. Turner, The Ritual
Process, Penguin, London; V. Turner, 1982, From Ritual to
Theatre: The Human Seriousness of Play, PAJ Publications.
26

as personal narratives become an (interpersonal) cultural

resource. The cognitive content intersubjectively mobilezed provides important tools to reason and overcome the
existential crisis, by following the example of those who
have succeeded and by resorting to direct interactions
and those mediated in the community of fellow
countrymen28, by relatives and friends.
In this way the online platform takes part in a sociodynamics richer of information and knowledge, promoted
by individuals and culturally connected networks, the
correct and the expressive use of the language conditionning the membership to the online community. The
reinvention of the self outside the everyday life is related
to the development of online communities generating a
spectacular multiplication of social networking platforms,
blogs and online publications.
These processes and issues appear as a series
of links united, depending on each other as if linked
together. The high rate of developing sites inside
Romania reflects a need for communication and selfconstruction outside the real life marked by existential
constraints and the crisis of the public and political
discourse. The online communities outside Romania offer
28
A. M. Munteanu, A. Todi, 2010, Language and identification

of the self on the sites of Romanians abroad, International
Symposium, Romanian Culture and Identity. Current trends
and their impact on the Diaspora, Institutul de lingvistic A.
Philippide, Iai, 22-24 sept. 2010.
27
alternative stages to the reinvention of the self, especially

in the European space. In an overview of the processes,
both worlds are connected through the same linguistic
frame which has the role of maintaining the connection
(concatenation) through language, as a niche of identification, construction and access to valued knowledge
outside the everyday life, together with or despite
emerging realities, political crisis, or constraints. The
distortions of language in global communication, according to different authors and also our own research,
reflect frustrations against the real Romanian society in
terms of the gap between political promises, mass media
agenda and subjective interpretation of the facts. It
appears first as a significant correlation between the
language behaviour and negative attitudes towards realities, motivating the creation of virtual niches-theatralized
as home, and secondly, concerning language, as a
concatenation of two different worlds connected through
words and cultural material. This material is mostly
represented by narratives of the self, used for circulating
knowledge and sharing it with the other members of an
(online) language community. These aspects highlight
new functions of the national language, as institution the
tool of survival and development in the virtual space
maintaining the routes between the worlds of the subject
and the conscience paradigm and the online communities with the pragmatic aims of being in contact with
others, as tool for integration in an European space based
on the mutual understanding paradigm.
28

The role of language in the online socialization and

integration is not yet sufficiently known. Our research
points at the importance of language, as a tool for
integration through virtual networking under the pressure
of global flows of migration, for purposes of the
reinvention of the self, as subject and member of an
online community.
Identification in virtual environments
According to Anita Hammer29, the production of the
virtual space is achieved through operations analogous to
the real life production. The construction of the virtual
space as home is achieved by valorizing the self through
continuously reinvented signs in order to support an
enhanced display and perception of singularity. Virtual
interactions similar to Dionysian rites generate a meaning
shared by the participants to the experiences outside the
real life which may repair the negative impact of the real
on the self-image. In the virtual environment individuals
compress and re-define the social distances by avoiding
group restraints. Networking modifies by design the
relations (concatenation) between the micro-social
networks and the macro-social levels in both directions:
diminishing and relaunching/ reaffirming the
29
Anita Hammer, Weaving Trickster: Myth and Tribal

Encounters of the World Wide Webb, in E.Rothenbuhler,
M.Coman, (eds), Media Anthropology, Routledge, Thousen
Oaks, London, New Dehli, 2005, p. 260-261.
29
influence of the language, as value-oriented pattern in the

cultural identification and self-construction processes. But
our aim was to observe, besides the new settings resulted
from the massive flow of interaction released by
technology, the resilience of the language within various
microspaces of dialog and debate on Internet, namelly to
take seriously its capacity to articulate the community
even in a delocated form.
Material imagination the communication in
any space defined as nonspatial
Richard Schechner considers that the transformation of a space into home implies a dramatization of
the self by cultural deliniations and marks which
create visibility and make identifications possible. The
building of the immaterial space playing with the material
imagination30 follows the same procedures applied for the
real space, and the state of being in the process of
creating a new immaterial space has a deep psychosocial
meaning, the virtual space modifying the social distances
between individuals31. The virtual has a series of
30
This concept proposed by G.Bachelard was considered

illuminating by Hammer for the understanding of practices not
necessarily ascribed to the aesthetic frame can be viewed as
imges of matter (Hammer, p.262).
31
R. Schechner, Performance theory, New York, Routledge,
1994, p. 156.
30

distinctive features, which underlie cognitive operations

and identifications:
- it is not limited to the purely informational aspect
formulated within the scientific concept of reality, but it
psychologically and psychosocially involves the user in
play-frames;
- the virtual space is a collective mental arena, a place
that the participants share with other minds32;
- online communities are based on interactive rites
characterized by simplicity (the users couldnt participate
in the virtual game if they were not provided with an
informal, familiar meeting environment);
- the Internet is considered a ritual environment whose
purpose is to reinforce the belief system within which the
human interaction and shared participation experiences
outside the daily life may create an organizing meaning
and sense;
- the liminal stage consists in the separation of the rite
subjects from the rest of the society, not as physical
separation, but as mental isolation in the day to day life, in
environments, products, institutionalisations and context,
enlarging the personal autonomy and space of
development.
32
M. Wertheim, The pearly gates of cyberspace, London,

Virago Press, 1999, p. 231.
31
Social platforms and e-communities

According
to
Merriam-Webster
Dictionary
concatenation si defined to mean a series of
interconnected or interdependent things or events, series
of links united, order of things depending on each other as
if linked together. If values, stable meanings, and
cultures are shared links of meanings integrating
societies, as Clifford Geertz stated in The interpretation of
cultures, then the combinatory game of meanings
whereby the virtual identifications are carried out, depart
from the operational model of social identity in its
dependence on the cultural history, as institutional frame
taken for granted by individuals, and reflect linked
associations (concatenation) with place (territory, and
proximity) and past, mediated by language and culture. In
a virtual context, the normative character becomes
invisible, being included in the service provided by the
website administrator, the outlining of a strategy
depending upon the communicative level. The fluidity of
the virtual interaction field generates behaviours different
from those defining the image of a problematic state. It
interferes with the technological beliefs (decentralization,
transgression of limitations), it shifts the interest from
values and contents to the interactive game where the
individual submitts himself at the shelter of his masks.
The form of a social communication network is rhizomatic,
it does not depend on the negotiated recognitions of the
self others, and, furthermore, it manifests itself as a
dramatization of an ambiguous self-referential and
32

fictitious self33. The denotation of meaning by rational

and moral calculations and choices is replaced by
interplay and empathy which transcend the borderline
between acceptability, mutual acknowledgement and
discovery of a largely imagined interlocutor, impacting on
the consistency of communication. Its precisely these
transformations that R. Rorty avoids when he states that
speaking of cognition, rationality, morality etc. means
reference to a linguistic construction and the social
mechanisms whereby it is validated in a certain culture
and period of time34. The contingency of language
proposed by Rorty35 strongly rejects the idea of a truth
established within language, beyond the perceptible
experience, in other words he rejects the power of
ontological foundation of a language which leads to
different perspectives on politics, morals or philosophy.
According to Davidson, the way in which language works
has nothing to do with the way in which cognition works36.
Insofar as a person seeks solidarity, he or she
does not question the relation between the practices
of the chosen community and something outside
33
G. Lindquist, Playfull power and ludic spaces: studies in

games of life, Focaal, European Journal of Anthropology, n
37, Amsterdam, 2001, p. 13.
34
R. Rorty, Contingency, irony, and Solidarity, quoted in
R.Neculau, ibid., p. 112.
35
D. Davidson, Truth and Meaning, quoted in R.Neculau,
p. 111.
36
Ibid., p. 111.
33
this community. Insofar as he or she seeks

objectivity, he or she distances himself/herself from
the persons around, since he/she apprehends
himself/herself not as a member of an imaginary
group, but through a relation connecting him/her to
something that may be described without reference
to a particular human being37.
In this respect, the numerical image is a convenient
description of the consumers identity similar to the
identity card attesting the citizenship and position in a
system built on sociological categories (age, sex,
residence, etc.), but not in view of controling his
movement in a strictly delimited space (in the 18th century
when the need to control the movement of the population
appears), nowadays released from the negative
connotations of the borderline, but also for various
commercial uses of information which, although apparently protected by the right to confidentiality guaranteed
by website administrators, raises a number of issues
(technical, legal, protection of privacy, security, etc.).
The numerical image underlies the operation of resemantization of the valuables merchandize, services,
the image of politicians and stars, names of authors,
artwork albums, etc. The numerical image feeds the
prototypical categorizations and participates automatically
in the selection of information and images (as well as of
37
R. Rorty, in Neculau, p. 113.
34

compatible partners) available to the user, and the time

spent on the Internet tends to reduce the importance of
the social environment, to blur the cultural particularities
and differentiation, with the advantage of operability and
the obvious disadvantage that anything that is not valued
and present in the virtual does not become a valuable
object. It gives rise to a duality of the real individual, and
the construction of the self-image of the identity, is
released from the conventions and constraints of the real
(local/ national framework of institutions, values and
norms as well as constraints and blockages) world with
the result that anything that does not serve this freedom
of exposure of the self is cast into the shadow or becomes
obsolete. The memory, the institutions, the connections
from the real world are undervalued or even absent in the
virtual socialization. The systems capitalizing time and
historicity are vulnerable, as demonstrated by the
language uses on the Internet.
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December 2004), also included in the Proceeding of
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39
40

Chap. 2: Texting language noise,

interference or recoding of written
language?
Texting language and the rising of youth culture
During the last decade the dynamic of this
phenomenon was recorded by a large number of sources
and types of data, from statistics and reports to
pluridisciplinary studies. The contribution to the mapping
of the topic came from the global industry itself (reports
that have recorded the tendencies of regional markets)
and on the other hand from the sociological research, as
illustrated by the collection of studies Mobile
Communication and Society: A Global Perspective,
published in 2007 by Castells and his collaborators. As
one of the most influential theorists of the network society,
Manuel Castells38 has identified a mobile youth culture
emerging in Europe, the Americas, Africa, and the Asian
Pacific. His attempt was to know how the cultural
diversity was fit into the pattern of mobile communication
and how it was strengthened by the communication
technology. According to Castells the emergence of a
38
Castells, The Network Society: A Cross-Cultural Perspective.

Cheltenham, UK; Northampton, MA, Edward Elgar, 2004,
p. 127.
41
global youth culture finds, in the mobile communication,

an adequate form of expression and reinforcement of
some peculiarities. Contrary to Mc Luhan who ascribes to
the new media a break from previous culture and
lifestyles, Castells asserts that the technology, all
technologies, diffuse only to the extent that they resonate
with pre-existent social structures and cultural values.
The easy access in terms of costs, the liberation from
timespace constraints correlated with unlimited opportunities to connect and to be connected within transnational
networks, as spaceflows and timeless time, have
stimulated the development of an entirely new language,
a private exclusive SMS language of the young texters
that Castells welcomes as a mobile youth culture. But if
we take in consideration Castellss fundamental
hypothesis the CT does not determine in the sense
used by Mc Luhan, but nourishes the social change
then the private language developed by young texters
from all over the world, as a component of mobile youth
culture is rooted in the mass communication age and its
self-massification culture (Castells, 2007).
Hence, it appears that the technology itself, made its
contribution to a recoding of the written language, as
texting, in connection with more complex forces including
the development of the informal economy with its
consequences for the segmentation of the market itself in
the net years. Therefore, the distance between Mc
Luhan's model of the technological determination of the
cognition and social organization and Castellss more
42

nuanced theory of the technological factor that only

contributes to the activation /multiplication of a certain trait
that preexists as valence of a social environment, has
allowed Campbell and Park to develop a new theoretical
insight on the rise of the symbolic meaning of the mobile
phone:
The proliferation of mobile phones and other
wearable media has challenged traditional
conceptualizations of the relationship between
communication technology and the body. Mobile
phones are unique from most other interactive
media because they can be worn on the body.
Laptops are portable, as are mobile phones, but
there is an important distinction to be made between
portability and wearability. Both offer increased
flexibility in where and when one can connect with
others; however, the latter affords communication
while physically in motion, which contributes to the
personalization of the mobile telephony.
Contrary to the highly prevalent opinion of the digital
divide, Campbell and Park have argued in their study
The Rise of the Personal Communication Society39 the
continuity between the mass age and the age of the
network society, the latter supposed to be a natural
extension, more informal and personalized. This shift in
39
This title paraphrases Castells's trilogy The Rise of the

Network Society.
43
social organization was characterized by descentralized,

flexible, network nodes based on shared interests rather
than shared geographic space40. Passing from a general
framework to a more detailed view, the research on the
role played by the increasing facilities to communicate
and by the ownership of devices - as an exclusive/
inclusive factor in social networking, have highlighted
the strong connections between the industry and the
youth culture41.
Texting language and its transnational
communalities
Our approach aims to trace down some basic
features of a new form of language, (cyberl@nguage),
generated by the short-text messaging flow in Romanian.
The linguistic perspective will be forged by taking into
consideration the techno-social and cultural dimensions of
the online communication effected through diverse types
of messages and the connection between new media and
the global development of the non-voice uses of wireless
communication42 such as SMS, e-mails, chat forums,
40
Campbell, Park, p. 373.

Thanks to SMS young people have created their language
to communicate through short messages of 160 characters
Castells.
42
Castells, p. 135-136.
41
44

other online discussions or articles posted on Blogs43.

Are linguistic peculiarities developed by the new forms of
written communication NFWC44 or is the texting
language45 a new type of communication, a specific
mobile culture or a temporary change (distorsion) due to
current limitations of the text-messaging system itself,
having a life expectation similar to any (ephemeral)
cultural goods? And, if so, what are the consequences
from the perspective of the sustainability of language as a
complex system of communication?
The SMS language (texting language or texto in the
French literature) has been subject of several linguistic
studies that pointed out certain similarities, even there is
not a single form of SMS. Kobus et ali argue that the
43
The term is a contraction of (port-manteau for) Web and log

and designs a very fashionable device of publication on Worl
Wide Web consisting of discrete entries ("posts") typically
displayed in reverse chronological order (the most recent post
appears first). The peculiarities developed by other types of
online communication are in a lesser extent specific to blogs.
The language is more accurate, closer to standard version. Until
2009 blogs were usually the work of a single individual, more
recently "multi-author blogs" (MABs) have developed, with
posts written by large numbers of authors and professionally
edited (Wikipedia, consulted on 10 oct. 2011).
44
Crystal, 2001; Vronis, Gumier de Neef, 2006.
45
The texting language (or SMS language) has been the
subject of several linguistic studies (Anis, 2001; Fairon et al.,
2006).
45
messages addressed to relatives or peers, are written on

the spur of the moment, using interfaces, each with its
specific constraints (computer keyboards, PDAs,
mobilephones keypads), are characterised by massive
and systematic deviations from the orthographic norm, as
well as by a nonconventional use of alphabetical
symbols46. According to Gouws, Hovy and Metzler this
user generated content has to be defined 1st through the
opposition noisy vs standard texts and 2nd by reference to
the external conditions of the interpersonal exchange:
the text found in these media can deviate wildly
from the standard rules of orthography, syntax and
even semantics and present signicant problems to
downstream applications which make use of this
noisy data. In social media this noise might result
from the need for social identity, simple spelling
errors due to high input cost associated with the
device (e.g., typing on a mobile phone), space
constraints imposed by the specic medium or even
a users location (Gouws et al. 2011). In machinegenerated texts, noise might result from imperfect
inputs, imperfect conversion algorithms, or various
degrees of each.
But how valid is the noise hypothesis?
46
Kobus, Yvon, Damnati, 2008, p. 82.
46

A counter-argument is the differentiation of functions

assigned to texting in relation to youth culture. For
example, invention and creativity associated with this
new technique is illustrated by a whole story with a funny
style and obvious literary pretentions which was written in
French language texto [MARSO, p. 1]47.
47
As an illustration, we give a short excerpt, putting in brackets

the standard translation in French and separating sentences
with a slash: 3h mat [3h du mat]... / La f1 me gayTe [La faim
me guette]. / 3j, emR ds l WC. JaV b cout la FM, person
ne tchat sur moa [Trois jours emmurs dans les wc, javais
beau couter la radio, personne ne parlait de moi]. / Soud1 !
[Soudain !] / 1 brui me f bondir 2 la kuvett d WC [Un bruit me
fait bondir de la cuvette des wc]. / J rv ? [Je rve ?] / Le mr
Cfondra sous 1 AVALanch 2 kou 2 pioch [Le mur seffronda
sous une avalanche de coup de pioche]. / Le boss m1tRpl [Le
patron minterpelle]: / John Wilson Bred, j vs chRch part [John
Wilson Bred, je vous cherche partout]. / Moa, pa ! [Moi, pas !]
/ G bes1 2 vs [Jai besoin de vous]. / PRmT, j tRmine ce
ke G fR [Permettez, je termine ce que jai faire]. / Ok ! 5
mn, pa + [O.K. ! Cinq minutes, pas plus]. / Mafoin, vs t venu
me coler 1 mRd 2 + ? [Mafoin, vous tes venu me coller une
emmerde de plus ?] / Dpch vs ! [Dpchez-vous !] / Minut
! [Minute !] / 3h30. On me trna jusq 2vant le komissR. Mafoin,
mexplik ! [3h30. On me trana jusque devant le commissaire.
Mafoin, mexplique !] / A 0h00, on a sr 1 typ avk un s@kpoubel [A minuit, on a coinc un type avec un sac-poubelle]. /
KL le bl ? [Quel est le problme ?] / Le s@k kontenet 100
mgo 2 6garett [Le sac contenait des mgots de cigarette]. /
C 1 Dli, Mafoin ? [Cest un dlit, Mafoin ?] / Yes ! On le plank
2pui 1 moa [Ouais ! On le planquait depuis un mois].
47
Instead of imperfect inputs, Kobus, Yvon, Damnati

nuance the explanation of deviations as an effect of
interpherence during the texting process generated by a
meta-discourse reinforced by mediation.
In fact, letter and punctuation marks are not only
used to conventionally encode a phonetic content,
but also to introduce meta-discourse, and to signal
emotions, verbal effects (eg. laughters), or attitudes
(humor, derision, emphasis etc). If each media
enforces its own set of constraints and promotes
idiosyncratic forms of writings, these new types of
texts nonetheless share a lot of commonalities.
Our own research48 is an attempt to approach
texting as a new (transcultural) slang, that materializes a
set of features (1) the personal desire to be connected
with (2) the flow of messages and under (3) the pressures
to accomplish the act of communicating quickly, due to (4)
the immediacy of the situation and its constraints speed,
costs, (5) the symbolic value attributed to the psychological wellness experimented as flow49 and also to the
48
We have focused our attention especially on mini-phone

messages SMS (Short Messages System) conveyed by the
GSM respectively: (1) on their general and specific peculiarities,
(2) on their morphological and syntactic characteristics (often
non-homogenous and contradictory!).
49
Cskszentmihlyi, M., Finding Flow: The Psychology of
Engagement With Everyday Life, Basic Books, 1986;
Csikszentmihalyi & Nakamura, Mihaly & Jeanne (2002), The
48

technical device as a body extension, etc. each factor,

as well as their mixed influence outweigh the concern for
the linguistic form.
The first methodological step was to identify and list
some features of the text messaging as following50:
(1) the messaging is achieved by rapid sequences
of reading / response operations.
Consequently it maintains the illusion of real time
immediacy, thus reading the message and replying is
expected within a short time
(2) they perform an important function especially
communicative and interactional, as highly effective tools
to boost particularily the young peoples sociability51. The
posts have become a trendy mode to share passions, to
Concept of Flow, The Handbook of Positive Psychology: Oxford

University Press, pp. 8992
50
it is un entirely new language [Vienney, Melian]. The term is
used in the context as a synonym of cyberl@nguage even we
are aware of the variability manifested within the texto language
51
through multiplying online interactions social media have
generated a habitus, a current mode to avoid incertainty, a
digital antidepressant creating a strong dependence on it
[Huret].
49
make friends... or even more, to gain a larger social

exposure (for young or less young users)52.
(3) a flow of messages enhance an almost immediate reaction of the interlocutor, hence the abundance of
questions, compelling twists, bits of dialogue.
(4) the statements are intended as temporary, due
to the limited lifespan information disseminated through
interactions wishes, timely information, feedback about
past or future events nearby also the manifestation of
the rule of the least linguistic effort is more and evident in
our technological contemporary societies shaped by a
dramatic twin phenomena of immediacy and
instantaneity 53.
(5) texting language has points in common with the
orality conveys the emotions of the speaker, who has
deliberately a playfull nature (Internet users, chatters and
SMS-istes rediscovering their language, de-dramatizing it
because they realize that they can play with and invent,
making it alive otherwise54); nevertheless, we cannot
52
There is no more borderline between work and private life.

At the office I do nothing else than to react : responding to
faxmessages, phonecalls, or e-mails. During travels I
communicate. As soon as a get home I start to work (Il ny a
plus de frontire entre le travail et la vie prive. Au bureau, je ne
fais que ragir: rpondre des fax, des coups de fil, des mails.
Dans les transports, je communique. Arrive la maison, je
travaille) [HURET].
53
Real time prevails both on real space and geosphere .
[Virilio].
54
Lorca.
50

ignore the fact that the adoption of a style of oratory is not

specific only to digital writing. Other types of written
correspondence (ticket or postcard, for example) also
contain trademarks of orality55.
(6) it indicates that the desire to communicate is
stronger and faster than the concern for the linguistic form
and reduces the inhibitions against writing, the new
technologies stimulating paradoxically the interest for
writing, as current practice56.
Texting in Romanian
The topic has already attracted both the scholars, as
well as the non-specialists attention. Some popular books
and very numerous articles were published in the national
and regional newspapers and electronic media,57 several
scientific journals have published consistently research on
this topic58, largely discussed in radio and television.
55
Marcoccia.
GRIMM-GOBAT.
57
See for Romanian language: ARMANCA, BOICEA,
CPLESCU, CINTEC, COLTUC DINIC, CONSTANTINOIU,
DRAGOMIR, LIMBA ROMN, LIMBAJUL IRC, LIMBAJUL
SMS, MATIE, MIHILESCU, MOISE, PDURARU, CHIOP,
SMS-UL, ULMANU, VORBII MESAGEREZA, VORBII
MESENGEREZA.
58
On the same topic see, also: FERENCZ, GROSSECK
NEGRU, MLADIN 2005, MLADIN 2005a, MLADIN 2009b,
MOISE, POMIAN, URUCIUC, VLAICU.
56
51
The topicality of the theme authorizes us to assert

that the SMS language still conquers its letters of
noblesse59. We have found in Romanian texting about
forty words or more complex constructions (now, I hope I
love you, thank you ...) with at least ten variants60. Some
examples of (allomorphs) variants for Romanian are: bn /
bne bine [well], cnv / cnva cineva [somebody],
dk / dak dac [if], e besc / betzk / tbesk te iubesc !
[I love you], ma plk / mplk m plictisesc [I get bored],
mzk / muzik muzic [music].
Linguistically, the extension of the use of written
communication based on the electronic communication
networks causes significant changes in language
practices, at different scales, and leads to the emergence
of a curious paradox61: on the one hand, there is an
obvious regression of the mastery of standard language62,
especially from the part of young users, so the magnitude
of the phenomenon legitimizes the discussion on a real
young acculturation63; on the other hand, we are aware
that the new media has contributed to an exponential
59
LANDROIT.
DORZE.
61
DACOS.
62
Obviously the number of recurring deviations
approximations / clumsiness / lexical, orthographic, grammatical
- morphological and syntactic, stylistic slippages are
increasing. However, not only the young but the adults, even
teachers, use the texting language forms.
63
CASTELLS, p. 127-169.
60
52

multiplication of texting productions on the Internet, chat,

forums and SMS64.
These mutations graphics, morpho-syntactic and
lexical produced by the development of electronic
communication could be systematized as follows65:
1. The preference for brief interventions tailored to
respond to the immediacy of the speech acts within the
conversation flow, suggests the relatedness with some of
the language forms that were already used in ads and
telegrams:
(a) very short phrases
(b) expressions entirely ritualized, reduced to
specific acronyms and fixed structures66 (BVM brbatul
visurilor mele [the man of my dreams], cf ce faci ?
[what?], cj ce joci? [what game do you play?], cmbp
64
Statistics recorded an exponential growth of the flow in early

2000 providing important insight about how important was the
role of electronic messaging in people's lives: in 2003 the
emailing occupied about 20% of global communications, more
than 200 billion messages being annually sent worldwide
65
That it is quite rare to find in the selected texts all the
processes we have approached in this context in analytically
pure state, the texters usually combine them. Some
deviations identified are: the reduction consonantal skeleton +
truncation (imd "Imediat"), spelling + reduction consonantal
skeleton (km "cam" knd "Cand" kndv "cndva"), etc.
53
cele mai bune prietene [best friends], cmf ce mai

faci? m [how are you?], cmrp cele mai rele
prietene [the most bad girls], cmz ce mai zici ? [how
about?], cp cu plcere ! [with pleasure], csmz ce s
mai zic [what can I say], cv ce vrei ? [what do you
want?], dc de ce ? [why?], lma la muli ani! [Happy
Birthday!], nb noapte bun! [good night!], OVIC ochii
vd, inima cere [the eyes see, the heart demands], scm
s creti mare [grow up], scz scuze , su somn
uor ! [ sleep tight], TLS tnr, liber, singur [free,
single, young woman], TNVBR te invit la o bere [lets
take a beer], TNVBTR te invit la o buturic [lets take
a drink], TNVCNM te invit la cinema [lets go out to a
movie], TNVKF te invit la o cafea [lets go out to take a
coffee], TNVPRJ te invit la o prjitur [lets go out to
take a cake]) Decoding this abbreviations is a very
complicated operation some ofthem need a polysemantic
(dc de ce / dac [why], ms multumesc [thank
you] / Microsoft ).
(c) the words: (c1) curtailed by truncation, by
removing : (c1. 1.) can be the final part of the word (aj
ajutor , apr aproape , bl blog , pr prieten /
prieten , sp spune ), (c1. 2.) or its first part (betzk te
iubesc! [love you], e besc te iubesc! ), or (c2)
restructured by agglutination (compacting plus troncation
and phonetic): nush nu tiu 67, (c3) the reduction
consonantal skeleton + truncation (imd "Imediat"), spelling
67
Trends for long time attributed to the young users.
54

+ reduction consonantal skeleton (km "cam" knd "Cand"

kndv "cndva"), etc.
(2) the high occurrence of interjections /
onomatopoeia (often non-specific for Romanian),
frequently substituting the phrase segments (muah te
srut [kiss you], neh nu [no], yep da [yes])
(3) a relative simplification / recount of graphic
production, which is reflected in:
(a) the return to basic writing, consisting in the reuse
of resources of English, French or Romanian alphabet
from a phonographic perspective:
(a1) the elimination of vowels because they carry
less than the information amount transmitted by
consonants: (bn bine [well], cnv cineva
[somebody], crz crezi [think], cv ceva [something],
dk dac [if], mn mine [mine], mzk muzic
[music], nmk nimic [nothing], plc plec [live], pn
pn [till], scz scuze [excuses], tr tare )
[hard] we can quoting also structures that do not usually
respect the principle of abbreviation : bv bravo, mf
marf [cool];
(a2) systematic suppression of the vowel e, after d
and c (note k), the vowel recovered during the process of
reading the spelling of consonants already mentioned (d =
de, k = ca) ; (a3) borowed from English:
55
(a3. 1.) of the diagramm oo /u/ (poop pup [kiss

you]), sometimes reduced to o (molt mult ) !,
(a3. 2.) from the letter w /u/ (pwp te pup , yobb:X
te iubesc ) eventually taking the value of [ju] (wby =
iubit/iubit) [lover],
(a3. 3.) of the letter q /cu/ (aqm acum [now]);
(a4) the substitution of by j, following a phonetic
crash that is to say, a deviant voluntarily pronunciation to
suggest that the pronunciation/discourse was affectet ( >
j: cine jtie cine tie [who knows], ejti eti ) [you are]
the same remark for the use of lexical forms took from the
children language / baby talk.
(b) The resolute alteration of punctuation particularly
regards:
(b1) the removal of specific Romanian diacritics (,
, , ) and their partial replacement by combinations of
letters borrowed from English (for sh : asha "ASA" nu sh
"nu STIU" [I dont know], shtiu "STIU" shy "i" [and],tz for
: atzi obs "ATI observat" [you noticed] atzi putea "ATI
putea" [would you like] ftz "Fa" [face], FTZe "Fie"
[whims], intrbtzi "ntrebai") [ask],
(b2) the use doest respect the standard of the
exclamation mark (!for i:! Nt3Rn3t "Internet" @! "ai" @!
UR3 @ "aiurea" v! t0r "viitor"),
56

(b3) the separation of the non-standard words:

(SUNTEMcateodat.INFL.saSCRIEMprescurt.dinLIPSAde
TIMPsauDEspatiu,darEUnuPREAfolosescLIMBAJULsms.
InSCHIMBsuntTENTsaFOLfeteleMESS).[WEareSometim
esforcedtoabbreviatlackofTIMEandSPace,butIdontfreque
ntlyusethe
smsLANGUAGE.InsteadofIAMattemptedtouseMESS]
4) The construction of a new vocabulary, full of
neologisms, following a large use of computer jargon and
invaded by anglicisms (dl Download , eof End Of
File , eom End of Message , isp Internet Service
Provider , pw Password ), this tendence became out
of control.
5) The abundance of non-lexical forms, that is to
say, a strong orientation towards processes of non-verbal
and para-verbal coding (messages to transmit exploit all
graphical means to represent the expressive intonation
and mimogestualit) what makes this hybrid language
more mobile, more flexible.
The texters have at least four alternative graphical
means at their disposal to express a state of mind
(happiness, sadness, anxiety, etc.) or to indicate the
relationship they want to establish with their readers or
even to help recipients to better interpret statements
(Smiley blink of an eye, for example, allows the ironic
ambiguities or humorous statements):
57
(a) the use of ideographic signs (smileys,

emoticons), that is to say pictograms done automatically by direct insertion of the image, or by inserting indirectly
the character 22 [combinations of characters ASCII used
graphically to form a face.] (slt -> pq tapel pa (;:-Q ~ [I
smoke]:-Q [I'm smoking]:-p ~ [heavy smoker]:-J [ironic
commentary]). They are used mostly in emails in SMS.
(b) the possibility of changing the spelling: (b1)
through repetition of characters, or, more precisely,
through translating into graphics the vocal form: biiine,
nuuuu,
paaa,
you
roooog,
viiiin;
consonant:
hmmmmmm]); (b2) capitalizing and both operations
mentioned above at the same time (HHHHUUUUMMMM);
(b3) through expressive punctuation.
(c) the combination and substitution of letters with
numbers in Romanian: (c1) for the equivalent phonetic
value of words in Romanian (C8 "copt" u2t "iubit" U2TA
"iubit"); (c2) entire phrases replaced by combinations of
numerals and adverbs commonly rendered by letters in
written standard language (n2 "noi doi"[both of us]
nici1[none] "niciodat"[never] TFK 1FLM? "te fac un
film?"[do you want to come with me to a movie?] ; v2 "voi
doi" [the two]; (c3) for some aesthetic effects, also quite
questionable but motivated by the intention to save effort
when hitting the keys (0 for o: T0t @ L "total" [total]; 3 for
e: dR3pt @ T3 "dreptate"[ justice]).
58

(d) the use of some unusual logograms as: (d1)

sharp # (number sign or hash engl.) under metonymy
pound - ton (B # "concrete") ; (d2) @ ampersand(sign &)
for the vowel (BAI @ / @ BAI "Baiat Baiat of" [boy], FR @
E "frate"[brother] TRB @ "Turbat"[mad]) ;
(d3) Dollar symbol for the consonant s $ ($ SC
"success").
According to several authors of linguistic studies on
SMS language, notably French texting (Anis, 2001;
Fairon et al. 2006) one of the peculiarities highlighted by
all of them is the extraordinary orthographic variability
of lexical forms. They explain this variability as:
(1) a result partly from the mixing of several
encoding systems: in SMS, the usual alphabetic system
competes with a more phonetic type of writing (e.g., rite
for right1), as well as with traces of a consonantic
spelling (vowels are deleted,as in wrk for work or cn for
can), and with non-conventional use of letters or numbers,
sometimes used to encode the phonetic value of their
spelling, as in ani1 for anyone. These spelling systems
can also be mixed as in Rtst (for artist) or bcum (for
become)
(2) as a result of an informal style of communication, which licenses many deviations from the
orthographic (simplification of repeated consonants, use
of nonconventional abreviations) and grammatical
(absence of case distinction, erratic use of punctuation
59
marks, non-respect of agreement or tense markers, etc)

prescriptions, notwithstanding truly unintentional typos.
(3) the practitioners of the texting language excel in
devising acronyms which condense, sometimes in a
radical way, multi-word units: this is for instance the
case with afair, which stands for as far as I recall.
They conclude that from the point of view of NLP
(Natural Language Processing Performance), these
messages contain an abnormally high rate of out-ofvocabulary forms, and an aggravation of the existing
ambiguity of forms of words, these two factors having a
large contribution to a continous degradation of the
natural languages processing tools.
The attempt to better understand the process
depends on a more precise knowledge concerning the
way in which the linguistic behaviour was influenced by
technology.
3. SMS circumscribe a private space, comparable to
letter writing and telephone calls and function as
interpersonal communication between partners who know
each other in advance and have a certain level of
intimacy, while the chat is a collective communication in
principle, but essentially interpersonall in its current
functioning68.
68
Anis 2002.
60

3.1. the benefits of SMS in terms of utility are: (1)

the speed of transmission (2) the low price of the service
which makes it very popular among young people the
cathegory the most innovative in the useof the language
2 the non-restricted availability in terms of space
and time limitations; the messsages can be sent /
received everywhere within the network and at any time
(always a rule),
3.2. the system is designed for
(1) short formats, limited by the performances of the
mobile phone, the message may contain up to 160
characters.
It is almost the same in the case of chat (especially
the chatting on the most frequented platforms) The
longest message cannot exceed a number of three rows,
but the majority of them are no longer than one row.
Some of the current SMS characteristics are very similar
to the previous use of telegrams for example the
calculation of costs depending on the number of words
recorded per message
(2) the display is organized on the scroll mode,
which requires a rereading on a small screen.
(3) the device (mobile phone) is very ergonomic,
since it usually involves repeatedly hitting a key for each
character.
61
(4) a certain extent of typographical variation is

possible depending on the software, but only a few
typographically rich presentation is pemitted (you can
choose only to change the font size and use of diacritical
letters). By contrast, for chat, servers offer a degree of
variation concerning the: (a) color (Here, Yahoo,
Caramail) marker bears a distinctive function and
identification, (b) thickness (Yahoo) - always ensure a
distinctive identification function and (c) the letter
dimension (Yahoo, Caramail) both having an
expressive value.
Regarding the SMS, the choice between uppercase
and lowercase, as well as the access to the characters is
particularly long (partially, this disadvantage is offset by
the dexterity of some users who choose to enter texts by
typing intuitively part of words).
Following the technological determinism thesis, the
process of differentiation / convergence of the linguistic
practices could be attributed to:
a) the design of the network;
b) the time pressure, as a differentiation factor (real
time texting or delayed communication);
c) the technological innovation (for example, a
phone plan or another setting/organizing function offered
by a certain device, or a new generation of devices
comparing to older ones).
62

If sociological variables (gender, social/financial

status, education, culture) remain important, the new
media is stimulating the interpersonal /informal type of
networking, mainly emotionally and socially oriented.
Some linguistic and sociolinguistic aspects of the
Online Chat
According with wikipedia69 online chat may refer to
1. any kind of communication on the Internet, that
offers a real time direct transmission of text-based
messages from sender to receiver, including the delay for
visual access to the sent message shall not hamper the
flow of communications in any of the directions.
2. online chat between two or occasionally more
users of a display-based communications system,
3. synchronous conferencing, a formal term for online
chat, SMS chat, a form of Text messaging.
Real-time text allows the other person to read
immediately, without waiting for the sender to finish
composing his (her) sentence/message. The most
important aspect emphasized is that the real-time text
messaging allows a conversational use of text, very alike
from real-time speach.
69
Consulted on 3aug.2011.
63
In an article published a few years ago70, we have

analyzed some of the cognitive representations of online
chat texters from the most active category (young users
aged between 14 and 19 years).
The research was carried out using a questionnaire,
whose structure included questions concerning:
personal data (age, sex, education, occupation,
hobbies),
conditions and manners
frequency and location,
of
use,
accessing
how young texters define the chat : expectations

and interest, function and motivations,
the behavior of the communicator: a) role, b) how
to choose a nickname (virtual identification), c)
criteria in choosing chat partner, d) if he (she)
knows and obeys the rules of civility on the Internet
(chat),
content of messages: topics addressed, accuracy
of personal information that a chat user provides to
70
Aspecte lingvistice i socio-lingvistice ale comunicrii n

spaiul virtual: chatul (Linguistic and socio-linguistic issues of
communication in cyberspace: the chat texting) in Annales
Universitatis Apulensis, seria Philologica, Alba Iulia, 8/2007,
p. 206-211.
64

someone sometimes an interlocutor often

unknown during the communication flow,
written standards in chat texting, linguistic and
extralinguistic features,
factors perceived as maintaining / disturbing chat71
In the following we develop some of the findings from
the study quoted above.
As it appears from the data recorded, the chat is
perceived and appreciated as:
a meeting place: a place to meet different kinds
of people', 'a place to meet more people in the
country and talk about a particular subject', 'a
virtual meeting place for adolescents; a place to
meet more people in the country and talk about a
particular subject',
a facility to connect that overcomes space
constraints: 'a means of communication way to
meet people in the country or in other
countries'; 'a way to communicate with distant
friends' is useful when you want to talk to friends
or relatives who are far away' 'an opportunity to
meet people from around the world or
71
See also Todi 2004.
65
communicate with relatives or friends out of the

country',
a channel more efficient than others and even
more than the face-to face (non-mediated)
communication: a place where you can talk to
people easier and cheaper than on the phone
or even simpler than living a quick way of
learning about other people and the binding
friendships', 'a quick communication with
friends'' a more useful communication, 'a good
thing, you can find out more about well-known
people or unknown and so on', 'a more useful
communication and an opportunity to meet
new people',
a means allowing a wider social exposure of
the individual, managed by himself: a way to
converse with someone without looking ahead',
a method to socialize, to expand social
contacts, a hobby: to cling someone unknown,
to make friends, to chat, to banish the boredom
so 'an opportunity to meet new people', 'way
conversation with different people, you can make
friends', 'chat can be called a hobby as it is a very
interesting occupation: you can chat with different
people and you can make many friends".
66

a facility to access networks otherwise

inaccesible: a way we can make new friends
and converse with famous people',
a way to converse simultaneously with several
people, passing from simple to multiple
interactions: a way of communication between
several people
a way to share knowledge with other people: 'a
way to talk to more people, learn new things
'how to know more people and make new friends,'
a way to talk with other people and to learn
new things, you can learn new things
a way to have fun: 'a virtual conversation and
fun', a more modern and elegant to gossip, a way
of relaxation and amusement reason'; 'it can be a
daily pleasant conversation with friends'.
In these attempts to define the chat texting, the psychosocial and cultural concerns appear to be more or less tied
to the awareness of the link between a) being in the flow
experience and b) the appropriate use of the device and
the facilities offered by the companies. It seems that one of
the most important characteristics of chat is its information
and communicative dynamics the reactivity being a
powerfull engine of the network. But the liberation of the
informal energy of networks is also the result of the design
of an ideal player a (hyper) active communicator, user,
67
mediator, then node between multiple users and networks.

It's probable that, the power of psychologic flow, as
developed by the communicative attitude, is in fact more
complex than explained. The reactivity/sensitivity of users
has substituted the push and pull models of
communication, specific to modern institutions, but which
can be related to the innovation continually embedded
within social networks. For example the aim to release
from any custody and constraint of adults and their norms,
that our study revealed, developes a symbolic value that is
competing with any social constraints, as fixed score of
acceptable or permitted situations, roles defined by
obligations, rules, or predetermined codes. These virtual
environments (escapes) associated with the mobile
(telephony) emergence, reflect more than a set of facilities
and tools to communicate, but a poetics of space in the
sense defined by Manovich, and also by Castells as a
mobile youth culture, competing with the role of the
norms as such are related to the local contexts and
institutional niches within the nex of ties responsible for the
sense of reality. As expected, the respondents do not
perceive the separation between the psychological
construction of the "meeting place" and a certain concern
for the language, the latter being blurred by both the
emotion oriented behaviour and the quasi conversational
style of texting, as written langage.
As an apparently paradoxical feature, when asked to
describe their use of chat, the respondents were mostly
neutral, objective in the attempt to construct their expe68

riences, similarly to subjects treated in a dictionary,

apparently not guided by emotional or subjective criteria
("an efficient mode to communicate and an opportunity to
meet new people', 'good thing, you can learn more about
yourself that people know or do not know'; 'useful to share
knowledge; a way of relaxation and fun', 'a program of
enjoyable conversations with friends'). This obvious transition from personal motivations to a set of functions
interlacing the responses could give clues on a new culture
that tipicalyzes expectations and behaviour in connection
with common shared practices and values.
Most definitions emphasize on how new and modern
is this type of communication reflecting an open attitude
towards innovation and change. Although rare, the reserved or unfavorable attitude concerning the topic still exists.
One of the respondents sees chat as a 'waste of time',
sometimes accompanied by a derogatory epithet 'a more
modern and elegant equivalent to gossip'.
Some definitions are complex attemps to capture
multiple facets of the phenomenon, warn explicitly or
implicitly the danger of adiction sometimes is a waste of
time, can also mean fun, but can reach a vice' or the
overconfidence either in the flow of communications or in
the chat partner - a virtual meeting place for adolescents,
a method of hanging, made friends, chatting, etc. to ward
off boredom, but also a danger for the gullible persons'.
69
The chat as communication system: how does it

works?
There is a language of chat almost inaccessible to
the uninitiated, but the chat partners can familiarize
themselves with time, especially since on some sites are
posted full pages of lists - dictionaries and information in
several languages -.
Exploring the relationship between 2 variables: the
personal interest of beginners to be connected and the
rapid assimilation of texting language in the case of the
age group observed, led us to conclude that
chat works as a linguistic code somewhat
autonomous, with its own rules and norms,
shared tacitly, endorsed and enforced by new
users, having as motivation the desire to be
accepted by other users that plays an important
role in the process of shaping the new linguistic
form.
the way in which the linguistic form is determined
is not only by the senders intention to conform to
the receivers requirements (Slama-Cazacu 1961)
but also by the conformity needed to acces a
larger network, as an imagined community.
ignoring the code can lead to a risk sometimes
higher than to be /not to be accepted in a face to
face situation of interpersonal communication. It is
70

about the risk to be rejected by other chat users

or by any virtual interlocutor as a possible chat
partner.
although there are many situations where older
users of chat sites are able to provide the latest
information (including metalinguage) on this new
code of written language that appears to be
similar to a socializing process,
establishing this new language as a framework in

text-messaging, chat groups seem to work as
active self-help networks that develops a sort of
internal conformity and a symbolic value of the
membership based on the flow of communications
as a completely focused motivation72 (to be in the
moment, present, in the zone, on a roll, wired in,
etc.)
3. There are some relevant aspects from a lingvistic

perspective:
a. English texters who "started" and developed this
new written language have contributed with the most of the
terms and abbreviations, based on English, as framework
of international communication language. Other languages
have also listed chat abbreviations. The abbreviations used
72
Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi: Creativity, fulfillment and

flow on YouTube; presentation at the February, 2004 TED
conference.
71
by Romanian texters were borrowed, ot a large extent,

from English (ASAP: As Soon As Possible = See you soon,
BAK: Back At Keyboard = I write when I get back, LOL:
Laughing Out Loud = dying of laughter; ASL: Age Sex
Location = age, Sex, Location - I have mentioned only the
most common). The abbreviations may come from
Romanian - as words which have been removed, usually
vowels, and possibly some consonants also: vb: speak
(English talk) bv bravo. Since chat partners often belong to
different languages and cultures, insufficient knowledge of
English (or other languages that virtual partners agree to
use) can lead to misunderstandings and, ultimately, to the
abandoning of the dialogue.
b. Spelling and orthoepics gain new dimensions:
figures correspond to sequences of words, and uppercase
phonetic have often nominal value (that of the alphabet).
Romanian spelling is simplified by removing diacritics and
through the use of specific transcripts: rum. s becomes sh,
t> ts or tz, ca and c > k; addressing interjection m is
transcribed in the mah etc.
c. Writing a word or a sentence in uppercase (English
caps) is equivalent in the chat language with to shout or
yell at someone; the administrators of networks strongly
recommend to avoid this procedure. Although it is posted
on different chat platforms, the recommandation was not
mentioned by any of the respondents, who either did not
pay attention to the recommandations, being focused on
their own objectives or due to the weak concern for the
72

norm, as a result of the general attitude to avoid a rule

during a conversation, attitude shared by many of the
interlocuters who use the platforms73.
1. Paraverbal elements (mimics, gestures indispensable auxiliary for the verbal language, are always adding
a value to the sense articulated by verbal means (SlamaCazacu 1961), are a supplement, an underline, a further
nuance brought to the word (the statement) that arrive to
have a special value for the caller (Slama-Cazacu 1961).
As a specific chat language peculiarity, these are not used
instinctively, but absolutely consciously and intentionally,
which put ithe issue into a new light due to psycholinguistics research.
Chat-text messaging are often accompanied (especially in absence of a camera), by nonverbal elements
designed to complete verbal information itself: symbols
called emoticons / smileys (played sometimes by a combination of punctuation marks and / or letters, sometimes
with drawings, figures expressing emotion)74 illustrate
moods, emotions, mimic or gestures smiles, laughter,
sadness, confusion, irony, disappointment, anger, disbelief
and so on and stresses not only what-information is sent
73
http://abc-netmarketing.com; http://kitten.joey.free.fr/Communicate/
Regles
74
See also Krassimira Petrova, 2001: Emoticons in on-line
communication, in Slama-Cazacu, T. (ed), Human and Computer.
Verbal communication and interaction via computer, Constanta,
Europolis, p. 141-149.
73
by a source to a human/non-human receiver but add a

psychological
dimension
of
the
message
(the
needs/intentions to express feelings, attitudes, etc.) as a
socially oriented production of real-time messages. The
user as actor/player shares with other actors/players a
symbolic valued content that shapes continuously the
written linguistic form75.
2. As in any conversation, one of the rules is civility
(politeness), that many Internet pages76 include, either
some simple recommendations, or the statement that for
the use of vulgar words, the user will be excluded;
therefore the use of these sites requires a minimal
compliance with these recommendations which can be
regarded as well as warnings not to use or accept
vulgarity:
dont use bad language; dont get into arguments
with or answer anyone who use bad language; dont
answer if someone says something that makes you
feel uncomfortable or that you feel is bad; if
someone is doing something bad, you should tell
75
http://fr.messenger.yahoo.com/emot.html; http://tchateuses.free.fr/
smiley.htm; etc.
76
http://www.fr-dawson.com/chat.htm; http://web.icq.com/;
http://www. ploiesti-chat.org/reguli;
http://chat.net4u.ro/regulament.html;
http://tchat.voila.fr; http://www/fr-dawson.com/chat.htm;
http://www.abc-netmarketing.com/article;
http://kitten.joey.free.fr/Communicate/Regles;
74

your parents right away; but dont turn off the

computer or log out of the area where the person is
doing something bad (the adult can then find the
person and report his activities as a terms of service
violation.77
3. Violence of language is condemned at least
declaratively. The strategy to avoid slippages is either to
warn the interlocutor, or to interrupt temporarily or
permanently the dialogue. Here are some responses to the
question if chat partner uses violent language how do you
handle the situation?
'Ignore it', 'or I sign him or tell him I'm done with it',
'or let him or give him ignore", 'closed channel, 'shut
the computer', 'give ignore', 'I tell him simply that I do
not want to converse with him', 'do not talk to him',
they gave ambiguous answers such as' depends on
situation', I ignore him or I disconnect.
We should mention here that if some rules of
politeness coincide with those of the classic dialogue
(Ionescu-Ruxndoiu 1999); some of it are peculiar to this
new way of communication, for example, the excessive
use of capitalization, which, according to use of chat, itself
means to shout or yell at someone.
58 Rules of the Internet Roadan agreement between you and your

child, on http://members.tripod.com/~ComputerLab/chat2.htm.
75
However, subjects did not say anything about this

contradiction, which proves either the rule is not known, or
they do not see it as an inconvenience, in maintaining a
dialogue.
The sites also prohibit incitement to violence or racial
hatred.78
Time
Content
Behaviour
Fig. 2. Contribution factors to the maintaining/interruption

of dialogue
78
Positive elements
Disturbing elements
that contribute to
that interrupt the dialogue
maintaining dialogue
pleasant manner of inappropriate attitude and behavior
approach, appropria- -vulgar language (most common
te mode of exprecause), lying, hiding intentions,
ssion, communicatend partner invasion of privacy
tive orientation of
excessive insistence partner in
both partners
finding the details, attitude, appearance, illiteracy, lack of respect
common subjects of
exhaustion topics conversation,
conversation and
suddenly changing the subject,
hobbies affinities and
boredom occurs sometimes in
similarities of
conversation
behaviour common
interests, commun
friends
time availability
lack of time
http://www.coupdepoucepc.com/modules/freehtml/?page=chat.htm
76

Another rule to be followed in chat is rather technical,

focusing on graphical accuracy. For the efficient
transmission of messages it recommends not "flood"
(English to flood) [flood = "sending multiple messages
unrelated to the topic in a short period of time"; flood
category also includes excessive use of drawings in flashy
colors, the term flood is synonymous with engl. spam /
spamming.
Technical means to jamm or to stop this type of
conversation were rarely invoked by the respondents while
chat sites condemn them without exception ('They use
advanced software to flood me or disconnect me'). An
interruption of the dialogue sometimes occurs explicitly the respondents either send a clear message to their chat
partners that they do no longer want to continue the
conversation - sometimes the end of the call occurs
silently, without an explanation. Here are the answers:
'I give ignore' and 'no longer respond'; 'simply not
talk', 'I tell him simply that I don't want to keep in
touch with him / her', 'he cannot contact me because
I no longer respond', and in some cases I use
different pretexts', for example since I'm chatting
during the night I tell them that I'll go to sleep'.
Some chat sites even offer the possibility to prevent
permanently through certain settings the access of
undesired users.
77
4. The context in a broad sense has an important

role in any type of communication. As a peculiarity of the
interpersonal communication even when the explicit
context-verbally and auxiliary- seems to be satisfactory, the
implicit context of communication as information on
transmitter available for the receiver could block the
dialogue (Slama-Cazacu 1961). As an acknowledgement
of the theory the preference declared by many respondents
to hide their real identity was motivated by the attempt to
avoid the risk of being rejected or avoided by current
interlocutors in future conversations. The desire to escape
into a virtual world by creating new identities was reported
by others that do not forget to mention that could lead to
chat dependency and as a consequence, to lose contact
with real world. Those who responded so have not failed to
mention that the excess can lead to chat dependency as
an inverted relationship between virtual and real, as well as
between desire and real constraints. The possibility that
bad intentionned people use a false identity in cyberspace
became soon a powerfull risk for the security of person,
especially for children and adolescents as one of the most
vulnerable categories.
Policies on this specific risk of relationships with
unknown persons without supervision by parents and other
relatives are posted as public interface of host
companies on sites administrated by them, which
correlated with the prevention of slippages to vulgarity and
violence highlights the satifactory evolution from a simple
hosting service to a communication contract between
78

administrators and users in terms of social(corporate)

responsibility, as seen in the following warning posts:
Make sure you child doesnt doesnt spend all of his
of her time on the computer; people, not computers,
should be their best friend and companions; keep the
computer in a family room, kitchen or living room, not
in your childs bedroom; watch your children when
theyre online and see where they go; make sure that
your children feel comfortable coming to you with
questions; encourage discussions between you and
your child about what they enjoy online; discuss
these rules, get your children to agree to adhere to
them, and post them near the computer as a
reminder; get to know their online friends just as you
get to know all of their other friends; warn them that
people may not be what they seem to be.79
In this respect chat sites develop their own risk
awareness campaigns:
use a fun name when youre online, not your real
name; never give your real name, address, school,
parents names, friends names, where your parents
work; never show your picture online to someone
without your parents consent; dont put any
information in your online service profile without your
79
Some basic parenting tips for parents with a child on the Internet, in
http://members.tripod.com/~ComputerLab/chat2.htm.
79
parents consent; never give out your password

etc.80
In conclusion online chat as real-time (text)
messaging produces new contexts and provides a
framework for socializing, an entirely new space where the
young are not controlled or censured by adults and where
they decide to expose themselves either to avoid it using
nicknames and virtual identities. The use of this new
language is part of the flow experience. So the chat written
language - among other text-messaging variants (SMS
language, others) contains marks that reflect spaceflows
and timeless time (Castells, p.127) derived in part from the
conversation (non-directive) oriented communication.
However in addition to this role the chat language differrentiate between young and adults, between those who
use the system and other that do not, between members of
the network and outsiders. From the perspective of
linguistics this new language is characterized by large
deviations from standard language but at the same time
these deviations are encoded as cultural difference
drawing a line of demarcation between age groups and
social networks.
The chat user is a hyperactive communicator for
whom the technology and the device offer unlimited
opportunities to be connected and new methods to multiply
80
Rules of the Internet Roadan agreement between you and your

child, ibidem.
80

the interactions (chat use multiple users) to intensify (as

time spent "on chat") or to deepen these more or less
incidental relationships.
The chatting activity, as a result of online
communicative dynamic in connection with the facilities
offered by technology, becoms critical due to its
rhyzomatic grow for the standard language the deviation
being recorded by computation linguists as noise
requiring new methods to normalise language
The development of new forms of written
communication
the
texting
language
(the
cyberl@nguage / cyber-writing) need to be approached
as a process of radical change in relation to a given
medium. This interdependence generates an entirely new
language that raises a number of issues and aspects,
difficult to be parameterized (because of its many
variations and transient circumstances), since it is pushed
and pull by the technological environment to find effective
solutions simultaneously: (1) to meet the standard (in
order to fulfill its function of communication), (2) to cope
with physical difficulties imposed by a specific contexts,
(3) to be permeable to the fashionable trends stimulated
by the design of the digital networks, by the marketing
campaigns and the ways in which the texters themselves
use the facilities as well as the limits of the new technical
devices. At the same time, there is a convergence
between the modes of communication mentioned above
which can be explained by: (1) the time pressure which is
81
common, (2) the nature of their content mainly emotionnal and relational than logic (3) the social dimension
(users belong to a group sharing common cultural
values).
If the evolution of the language as a part of social
order reflects a relationship between language and power
(economic / political / social / cultural power(s)81) then the
interdependence between language and the communication technology need to be nuanced and even
methodologically reconstructed in what it follows using an
interdisciplinary framework. Bootstrapping methods and
arguments but mantaining an anthropological perspective
will draw attention to the fact that such massive deviant
forms from the standard language have more than a
technological explanation in terms of facilities and
spacetime reframing but also develop a pivotal force in
terms of sense and topicality. This symbolic power
pushes texters and other users towards a legitime
recoding in the linguistic practices that will make
normalising operations as designed by computation
linguistics more difficult than they appear. According with
Campbell and Parks, the very act of using a mobile
phone involves the simultaneous engagement with more
senses than we use for other computational devices as
we simultaneously touch, hear and see via the mobile
phone in order to keep in touch with our boddies. This
integration with the senses and corporeal attachment
81
GUU 2010, p. 237.
82

opens up new forms of emotional attachment and

possibilities for symbolic representation of the self.82.
This is one a reason for which some authors see a divide
effect of the communication technology (concieved not
only as a pure technological determinism but taking in
consideration also the growing power of global corporations in the construction of the sense of the real) as a
gap in the socialization process, limiting the influence of
institutions, the language being itself an institutionalized
practice that develop not only a certain competence but a
sustainable framework of the community life and of even
larger social units like the nation, the social order, etc.
Some other authors, on the contrary, emphasize virtual
opportunities of learning and to link pop culture as an
expression of the young culture to the new digital elite
groups that theoretically make effective their role in
normalizing the massive deviations from the standard
language as transnational /transcultural phenomena. In
this respect, the different studies put in connection the
texting language with the new technological devices and
the facilities embedded within the microsocial networks
which have liberated the interpersonal communication
not only from geografic constraints but also from the
constraints of the standard language, an issue that must
be reframed taking in consideration the risk and
complexity. The breaking the code of the Romanian
written language advance as a risk warning will be put in
82
CAMPBELL, PARK 2008, p.373.
83
balance with other digital environments developed in the

recent years whose importance for the forging of the
sense of identity need to be explored and clarified.
This exploration allowed us to formulate at least one
question:
To what extent the standard language shaped by
critical thinking and cultural and intellectual history will
balance with the massive deviations that the digital
dynamic replicates as an alternative encoding?
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92

Chap 3. Steps to an ecology of language

There are connections that can be imagined
between the concern for the risk of degradation of the
standard language and a more active watch, awareness
and change in the perception of a certain legacy value
assigned to modern languages? Would it work in
segmented environments (markets) and biased culture
modeled by technological opportunities, and migration?
Whether and how to normalize it? Would be by design
or through public education? Who or what are the human
and non human agents who assume the objectives?
Among multiple dillemas is the maintenance of the
modern language as axis of identification and
sustainability of social niches in the network society with
its far for echilibrium states.
Network ontology and cultural heritage a
possible reunion?
As Favell (2004) have described83, the global
context is characterised by the frequent back and forth
movement of migrants, ideas, knowledge, information,
and skill sets that is now a routine part of contemporary
transnationalism. Mahroum (2000) has argued that the
83
Favell 2008:
93
international mobility of scientists is both a driver and a

consequence of processes of the increasingly global
forms of organization of knowledge production and
distribution84 Thinking about transnational mobility has
been argued to require a network ontology that focuses
on the circulation of innovative personnel and knowledge85, rather than a scalar approach tied to fixed work
sites, or geographic locations (Coe, Bunnell 2003: 454).
Even the place occupied by science in our contemporary
societies is beyond all question the innovation itself
works" in social contexts shaped also by factors of
irreducible complexity such as culture, language, public
institutions and other actors.
The framing of the issues of global challenges and
European integration processes from the perspective of
the Romanian language and culture as heritage, has
addresed as well a problem of sustainability of institutions,
among them the language itself. The spatial and the
digital turn and the paradigm shift that followed is partly
illustrated by the transnational/ international framework of
research and thinking designed by Institutul de Filologie
Romn Al.Phillipide /Al. Phillipide Institute of Romanian Philology (Iasi) on the bases of yearly symposiums
and international conferences a space of inter and
transdisciplinarity and intercultural dialogue between
Romanian research community and transnational networks of knowledge.
84
85
Mahroum 2000.
Coe, Bunnell 2003.
94
95
86
Metaphors
of
emerging
Contemporary
Migration. National/
International
in
Romanian
Language and Culture
LITERARY
HISTORY AND
CRITICISM
SOCIAL SCIENCE
ANTHROPOLOGY
SECTIONS
TOPICS, NEW CONCEPTS AND

THEORIES REFLECTING A
TRANSNATIONAL FRAMEWORK OF
RESEARCH
Romanian Migration and Identity: Past/

Present/ Future
Cultures in Motion: the Effects of
Migration in the Romanian Linguistic and
Literary Space
Routes of Romanian Migration: Themes
and Perspectives
Migration and Memory
The Experience of Alterity: Studies in
Imagology, Sociology, Culture Morphology
Information available on the Al.Phillipide Instituts website.
2011
YEAR
SHARE OF
PARTICIPATI
ON OF
REPRESENT
ATIVES OF
DIASPORA
(AND R.OF
MOLDOVA) IN
RELATION TO
THE
COUNTRY
26%
Fig.1 Major issues, dilemmas and questions addressed in the agendas of the conferences
86
organized by the Romanian Academy Iai the Institute of Romanian Philology Al Phillipide) ,
Romanian Culture
and
Identity.
Present-day
tendencies
as
reflected in the
Romanian
Diaspora
Workshop:
Linguistic,
literary
and
ethnologic
lexicography
in
European Context
The
Romanian
Cultural Diaspora
linguistic,
literary
and ethnofolkloric
paradigms Workshop:
Cultural
2010
2009
LACK OF
DATA
26%
LINGUISTICS
ANTHROPOLOGY
Romanian Diaspora: Identity as a

Memory Exercise
Romania Seen through Diasporas Eyes
(Socio-cultural Reflections)
Literary Contacts in the Perspective of
Romanian Translations Abroad 2
Scholar Studies as a Migration of Ideas:
Synchronization of Romanian Philology
with the European Research
The problems of Romanian contemporary diaspora and current migration
approached from different angles
(sociology, ethnology, cultural anthropology, (socio)linguistics, literary history
and criticism).
Workshop: Linguistic, Literary and
Ethnologic
Lexicography
in
the
European Context, which is meant as a
debate about the tendencies of
modernizing
Romanian lexicography, in order to
establish a dialogue among Romanian
and foreign specialists in this area of
interdisciplinary research
Several sections focusing on the
contemporary migratory phenomenon
approached from different angles
(cultural, educational, academic, spiritual
as well as economic and social).
We shall also organize a section meant

96
2007
2008
97
Romni majoritari/
romni minoritari:
interferene
i
coabitri lingvistice,
literare i etnologice
migration vs. the

culture of migration
Contemporary
circuits, practices
and
meta-morphoses
of
Romanian
migration
Distorsions
in
Romanian
linguistics,
literature
and
ethnofoklore in the
context
of
the
integration process
35%
23%
LINGUISTICS
ANTHROPOLOGY
LITERARY
HISTORY
to debate the problems encountered by

the Romanian departments in foreign
universities, by the Romanian cultural
institutes as well as by Romanian
schools and churches for the diaspora
as main institutions engaged in the
process of promoting Romanian culture
abroad.
Media and the standard Romanian
language
Romanian language and computational
challenge;
European Day of Languages, between
tradition and modernity
Romanian
language,
Romanian
language in old papers and the new
dialogue between centuries and cultural
spaces, Literature and European
integration
Intercultural communication between
promises and reality
Majority-Minority
d
iscoursive
cohabitation within public debate
The influx of anglo-american origin
Adaptations vs laxity
New forms of the linguistic globaliyation
proposed by DOOM
2005
2006
INTERCULTURAL
COMMUNICATION
AND EUROPEAN
INTEGRATION
ROMANIAN
IDENTITY
IN
EUROPEAN CONTEXT
Lack of data
34%
98
LANGUAGE AND
COMMUNICATION
ETHNOLOGY
IDENTITY
LITERARY
CRITICISM
LINGUISTICS
LANGUAGE AND COMMUNICATION

Communication and language
1. There is a coherent Romanian
language policy towards European
integration? What are the challenges for
Romanian language that can bring the
process of European integration?
What linguistic identity means today? Is
this a goal in the Romanian diaspora?
Maintaining
ethnic
identity
and
promoting national culture through the
Plurilinguism and native language

Multiculturalism and the cultural canon
Does it exist a literature of the ring
zone?
Romanian communities around the
world
Translation and internet - vectors of
European
integration,
Romanian
language - structure and dynamics,
Language, culture, identity.
Romanian language in the European
context, linguistic interference
"Minor" literature and globalization;
Literature and the marks of national
identity;
Landmarks of Roman literature
CulturaI interference and national
identity

99
COMMUNICATION AND LITERATURE

Intercultural Communication in the
Romanian language literature outside
the current borders of the Romanian
state and links to literature written in
Romania.
Romanian language, with the development of meansmodern communication.

The
contribution
of
information
technology to the preservation and
promotion of the linguistic identity:
Creating working tools (dictionaries,
atlases, corpora of texts, etc.).
Electronically.
Planning and language policy in relation
to scientific research in the field.
The issue of adoption of European
regulations on the protection of minority
languages.
Romanian language taught in specialized lectures in France, Germany,
Austria, Spain, England, Holland,
Sweden, Belgium, USA, Canada etc.
Need for adequate working tools
(dictionaries, encyclopedias and so on).
Situation of the Romanian language
and its dialects in Albania, Bulgaria,
Greece, Macedonia, Serbia, Croatia,
Ukraine, Hungary, Moldova, Turkey.
LITERATURE AND
COMMUNICATION
Identity / alterity in relations between

Romanian literature Romanian language
and the literature from other countries. If
younger generations are interested to
preserve the national identity?
To what extent current periodization of
literature written in the present territory
of Romania is consistent with the
literature written in Romanian territories
of other countries?
Translation - an essential tool in the
reception of Romanian literature.
How would it perceives reader (amateur
or professional) in Romania the
Romanian literature written in Romanian
from other countries?
Is bilingualism a factor of hybridization?
Ideology and geopolitics of Romanian
language and literature
Preservation of national identity in the
popular culture and the intercultural
dialogue.
Does the popular culture preserve the
national identity in the European
integration process and how?
If there is exist a coherent institutional
strategy to promote Romanian traditions
in Europe?
The role of Diaspora in safeguarding
Romanian spirituality.

100
2004
Spaiul lingvistic i
literar
romnesc
din
perspectiva
integrrii europene
51%
LINGUISTICS
LITERATURE
ANTHROPOLOGY
ROUND- TABLE
CULTURAL
DIALOGUE
ETHNOLOGY
Romanian traditional folk heritage of

spirituality contribution to European
culture.
Romanian folklore in Central and
Eastern European context: connections
and specificity.
Hybrid folk forms.
Views and findings of foreign ex
perts, including Romanians in the
diaspora, about the ethno-Romanian
folkloric
immaterial/material
legacy
Intercultural clues in the current
Romanian folk culture.
Generalia Romanica
Linguistic geography
From endonims to exonims
Romanian literature beyond borders
Identity and Otherness in Romanian
spirituality
Cultural
identity
and
European
integration
101
Normalising the noise

In certain cases, the Internet users themselves tend
to censure, incorrect or deviant linguistic forms, making
interesting comments on certain articles on various topics
on blogs of journalists and on forums of various online
publications. In a previous paper, we showed that the
language employed by Internet users to sanction language mistakes most frequently by irony or apostrophe,
occasionally with xenophobic touches although varies a
lot. It depends on linguistic and extra linguistics factors,
such as: the type of mistakes condemned for example,
we found a certain tolerance towards exceptional
mistakes, but minimal tolerance for the use of certain
neologisms without full grasp of its meaning or useless
neologisms for which there exists an equivalent
Romanian term; the users level of cultural level and
public oriented behaviour (a correlation that was treated
by Habermas87) education; their studies or competence in
the field it appears that, in general, those with solid
knowledge express themselves in a more adequate
manner, being mainly preoccupied with providing logical
arguments, occasionally with scientific references, in
support of a certain point of view, while others exhibit a
rather emotional behaviour, sometimes going beyond the
limits of civility implied by this type of communication;
87
Habermas, Theory of Communicative Action, Lifeworld and

System A critique of the functionalist reason, Vol. 2 Beacon
Press, 1987.
102

some use their theoretical knowledge, while many rely on

linguistic intuition. The few online journalists, who
frequently demonstrates explicitly a concern for the
linguistic quality of the articles posted, provide a good
example that readers take and multiply as permanent or
occasionally (interactive intensified) interest to observe or
criticise distortions and deviations from the standard
(correct) use of the language. But often it can be seen
that among those who take a stand by censing certain
linguistic deviations, are users that make themselves
mistakes, simplify, even transform or take for granted
some deviations that characterise the written language
used on chat (some of them do not follow the new
orthographical rules with and sunt or the rules of the
new DOOM; others use, instead of diacritics which
sometimes are not properly displayed on the internet, tz
for and sh for ; others unwarily use Anglicisms,
although, for some of them, there is a manifest ironical
intent behind their use)88.The linguistic opinions on the
discussion forums of various online publications should
represent for the journalists and for the content
management of the publications concerned a warning
signal. The research aim of our paper is the impact of the
Internet on the linguistic beliefs and practices of Romanian speakers as Internet users. We considered that
category of speakers of Romanian who, in one way or
another, want to express their linguistic opinions through
88
Todi 2009.
103
the discussion forums. The materials that we want to

display have been extracted from two categories of
Internet sources:
a. forums dedicated especially to the topic of the
current use of Romanian language;
b. feed-backs, comments and observations made
by readers of various newspapers on forums
hosted by newspapers and other media.
The users frequently notice, highlight and penalize,
sometimes using hard, uncensored words, other times
flexibly, even providing reference to bibliographic sources,
on language mistakes of any kind but particularly penalize
the abuse of neologisms (correlated, sometimes, with the
improper use of the terms), the incoherence in media
discourse (as lack of a connection between the content
and the title of the incriminated article as more or less
intentionally misleading of virtual readers); or - by
monitoring of the quality of the debate itself made by
users that adress not the article itself, but - the mistakes
made during discussions by the participants being already
consistently readears of digital press.
This new practice related to digital forums is based
on current exchange of opinions between (mostly young
and very young) users. It has gradually replaced the
older interactive radio and television broadcasts focused
on linguistic topics in past decades, generating new
104

ritualized framework for an interactive linguistics, in the

respect of some specific characteristics identified: most
frequently, the opinions are not requested; the reactions,
sometimes violent, are responses to flagrant deviations
from the correct use and to repetitive errors remained
unsanctioned and frequently made both by journalists and
by their guests; the participants are signalizing on their
own initiative, mistakes the lack of expertise being
compensated by references to scientific sources (DOOM,
grammars, various dictionaries, etc.); the discussion is not
constrained in any way, the participation is voluntary, etc.
As a general statement, most cases are a new type
of interactive linguistics with its own characteristics: most
frequently, the participation is voluntary and spontaneous
manifested by reactions, sometimes violent, to obvious
and frequent deviations from the norm that an increasing
number of journalists or interlocutors are currently
making. The frequent controverses reflect the lack of
expertise of participants, the socially non-ritualized situations of interactions (manny cases just happen purely
accidental and the absence of a moderator to frame the
diversity of opinions expressed during debates). In some
cases these roles are substituted by more or less explicitly references to scientific papers (DOOM, grammars,
dictionaries etc.). But the peculiarity of the online forums
is to be not constrained in any way that is critical for the
scope to sanction the wrong use and to re-establish the
rule as mutually shared by the participants.
105
Because language, like many other aspects of

contemporary society, is subject to various forms of
violence, the sites of online newspapers incorporate sets
of indications aiming to regulate these issues through
guidelines to readers89, as the site cotidianul.ro intending
to maintain a civilized discussion as follows:
We invite those who post comments on articles
comply with the following rules: 1. To use a civilized
language, to avoid xenophobic, anti-Semit or racist.
2. Just refer to the article to which you post
comments 3. Refrain off topic attacks adressing to
the authors of articles. The failure to follow these
rules will lead to delete comments without warning
and without explanation. Repeated violations will
result in banning ('delete messages' - Ed).
Also, every comment posted joins the indication
Report abuse of language. Despite these warnings, the
frequency of rude, defamatory, vulgar messages is quite
high. The violent language which occurs frequently on
forums (fortunately, a lesser comments when the subject
is the language problems themselves) has been reported
by Vasilescu (2008). We inventoried below, some
problems reported even by Internet users;
The most interesting comments on forums are
caused just by posted articles, a few number among them
89
www.cotidianul.ro.
106

framing issues related to Romanian language. Participants' interest did not focuse on the correctness of the
written language as illustrated by the article (probably
because thats assumed that the author must be a
competent person in question), but with the purpose to
add and complete with examples providing from personal
findings and experience.
In the article-report How is distorted spoken Romanian language on radio and TV.?" (Cum se mai stlcete
exprimarea la radio i TV. Limba romn, victima unei
game largi de perversiuni90) are inventoried a number of
"mistakes and aberrations" collected during the
monitoring lead by a team from the Institute of Linguistics
of the Romanian Academy, in collaboration with the CNA
(Consiliul National al Audiovizualului). The author of the
article points out himself various forms of negligence and
ignorance: pleonasms and clichs, disagreements
between subject and predicate, increased errors or
spelling, the misuse of the relative pronoun, the adverb
"more" misused in the genitive case, the errors in written
short texts displayed on TV screens like comma between
subject and predicate, or incorrect duplication of letters.
Thus, the comment titled Bilingual illiterate refers
primarily to the use of a non-existent word in Romanian (a
colanta to stick a bumper sticker on a car ") but touching
90
http://www.gandul.info/media/limba-romana-victima-uneigame-largi-perversiuni.html.
107
other neuralgic points in the use of the Romanian

language; the irony is obvious, the user interposing,
intentionally English or other words and making frequent
allusions to cosmopolitanism that users exhibit some
Romanian language.
Concerning this topic some readers have expressed
their view that media must contribute to the illuminating
the audiences not to their increasing ignorance:
[...] The language of Bessarabia is a Romanian
dialect, and I heard more grammatical errors commited by
journalists from TVR than made by their colleagues from
Chisinau.91
II. Other articles on various topics offer also an
occasion to approach language problems which are
addressed by users. They sometimes comment on them,
condemning errors or offering alternatives.
1. Many of the observations made by readers are
general, it refers simply, to how erroneous use of the
language can be find reading the press discourse.
2. the abuse of neologisms especially Anglicisms
is criticized by many of them, as, for example, following
91
[...] limba vorbit n Basarabia e grai romnesc, iar eu am

auzit mai multe greeli gramaticale la TVR dect la televiziunea
de la Chiinu.
108

a post on the forum administrated by Gandul a national

newspaper92...
3. A reader of the electronic newspaper 9 AM
expresses her indignation produce by the use, made by a
journalist of the word strawberry picker (referring to
Romanian workers in Italy). Her comment relating to a
headline that presents the President Basescu, addressing
to Romanians with strawberry pickers 'Ill wait you to
come back at home in my second mandate as president!'
she states: Shame on you!; arguing that in Italy even
there are no strawberry pickers however journalists use
the term in a mocking sense, whenever it comes to all
people laboring over borders, no matter where they work.
In Italy there are strawberry picker and journalists use the
term in the sense mocking, whenever it comes to those
who laboring over borders, no matter where they work.
Shame on you!;
92
Poate cea mai grav deformare a limbii romne vine din

partea anglofonismelor [anglicismelor n.n.] gratuite, a
pronuniilor inutil englezite i a expresiilor copiate dup limba
englez: :s ne focusm, el asumeaz c o s i rspund,
cretere dramatic, vreau s fac urmtorul punct, reuniunea
din staiunea elveian Deivs, aciunea a avut loc n orasul
francez Dunkirk, conform postului maghiar MTV (pronunat
EM TI VI), sfntul Velntain, trenul francez de mare vitez TI
GI VI, etc., etc... Limba romn se sufoc tot mai mult n anglosaxofoneli ridicole. Vorba noilor snobi: situaia e patetic"
(http://www.gandul.info/media/limba-romana-victima-uneigame-largi-perversiuni.html).
109
The topic of the language the linguistic normativity

and as well as the socio-linguistic perspective
apparently irrelevant in digital environments prove to be
paradoxically of special interest for the readers of the
digital press, one of the readers highlights that the
grammar must be respected even by the digital press.
5. Often a mistake which was identified in an article
becomes a good occasion for readers to review diverse
language errors encountered in current media, but also in
everyday speech, a practice that can be welcomed as a
form of learning and criticism93.
Other readers respond in the same tone, condemn
the reproduction indiscriminately of words borrowed from
other languages especially from English ("there is no
room in Romanian to close before trend, smart, top,
hill ...), and recommend to consult a dictionary.
There are also the opposite view, that the change in
language is necessary and inevitable, as, for example, the
comment by a reader that assert that Romanian
language is not a 'dead language', so is changing:
93
Thus, the comment titled "Bilingual illiterate" refers primarily

to the use of a non-existent word in Romanian, but touching
other weak spots in the use of the Romanian language; the
irony is obvious, as well as the intentionally interposition of
English words;
it makes frequent allusions to the
cosmopolitanism of giving some evidence of Romanian users.
110

"How else to evolve if no trough continous changing,

we do accept linguistic inventions' of which some
remain viable, others disappear in the fog This is
reality".
7. And slang is also sanctioned by readers,
especially when it appears in an article with claims
information, not entertainment.
Despite the informal nature of these interventions,
they are or at least should be beneficial (as the one
quoted above Internet users "who has ears to hear"),
excepting some factors including the inelegant way in
which some of the readers submit their views revealing
the absence of moderators warning whencivilized limits
are exceeded. But these linguistic opinions and debates
on the forums of various online publications would provide
to journalists and editors a feedback to be taken seriously,
given the importance of the topic due to the deviations
recorded also by linguists. But networks provide also a
learning potential through developing the micro-social
sensitivity that push the topic on forums, shape the
climate of debates, linking concerns and arguments into
micro-flows that contribute to the awareness of the
importance of the linguistic norm in public discourse
launched by the articles of newspapers and forums
hosted by national news papers on their digital platforms.
111
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Spatializing knowledge communities: towards a
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DEX 1996: Academia Romn, Institutul de lingvistic
Iorgu Iordan, Dicionarul explicativ al limbii
romne, ediia a II-a, Univers Enciclopedic,
Bucureti, 1996.
DN 4: Florin Marcu, Noul dicionar de neologisme, Editura
Academiei Romne, Bucureti, 1997.
DOOM 1: Academia Republicii Socialiste Romnia,
Institutul de Lingvistic din Bucureti, Dicionarul
ortografic, ortoepic i morfologic al limbii romne,
Editura Academiei, Bucureti, 1982.
DOOM 2: Academia Romn, Institutul de Lingvistic
Iorgu Iordan Al. Rosetti, Dicionarul ortografic,
ortoepic i morfologic al limbii romne, Ediia a II-a
revzut i adugit, Univers Enciclopedic,
Bucureti, 2005.
Favell 2008: A. Favell, The New Face of East West
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Graur 1968: Alexandru Graur, Tendinele actuale ale
limbii romne, Editura tiinific, Bucureti.
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Guu Romalo 2000: Valeria Guu Romalo, Corectitudine i

greeal. Limba romn de azi (versiune nou),
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Mahroum 2000: S. Mahroum, Highly skilled globetrotters:
mapping the international migration of human
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Todi 2004: Causes and Consequences of the
2004 (7th Congress of International Society of
September 2004) [prof. univ.: Tatiana SlamaCazacu, Renzo Titone, Leonor Scliar-Cabral,
Janusz Arabski].
Todi 2007: Aida Todi, Aspecte lingvistice i sociolingvistice ale comunicrii n spaiul virtual: chatul, n
Annales Universitatis Apulensis. Philologica, Alba
Iulia, 8/2007, p. 206-211.
Forumurile de discuie ca spaiu virtual de exprimare
a opiniilor privind problemele limbii romne (Internet
and European Integration The posts on digital
forums and trends of opinion related to public use of
the Romanian language), in O. Ichim (ed.) Actele
Simpozionului
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Distorsionri
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comunicarea lingvistic, literar i etnofolcloric
romneasc i contextul european, Institutul de
Filologie Romn A. Phillipide (25-27 Septembre
2008, Jassy), Jassy, Editura Alfa, p. 359-372.
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Vasilescu 2008: Mircea Vasilescu, n contra forumistului

romn, www.dilemaveche.ro, anul V, no 239, 11
September.
http://www.philippide.ro/pages/manifestari_stiintifice.
html
www.9am.ro
www.capital.ro
www.cotidianul.ro
www.dexonline.ro
www.gardianul.ro
www.kudika.ro
www.plugin.ro
www.stiripescurt.ro
114

PART II
LANGUAGE AND SPACE IDENTITY
115
116

Chap. 4: Who am I? The sense of

belonging in a free society
In this context we adress an issue outlined in an
academic discussion with reference to the attitude of
young Romanian users towards dialects, according to
their posts on online forums94 , aiming to deepen the
analysis on the base of an extended corpus. Specifically,
we draw attention on some aspects that reflect how they
perceive, acknowledge and value their identity in
connection to a cultural space and territory. More
specifically, the issues are related to certain aspects of
ethnic and intra-national systems of belonging. The
exemples were grouped in a corpus of texts taken
exclusively from the Internet, mostly fragments of debates
on some forums hosted by online publications95. Our goal
94
Acest articol este deocamdat un ciot. ncercare de

monitorizare a prezenei graiurilor daco-romne pe Internet(This
articol is at the moment a stub An attempt to monitor the
dialects on Internet) Al XII-lea Simpozion Naional de Dialectologie, Universitatea de Nord din Baia-Mare, Societatea de
tiine Dialectologice din Romnia, Baia-Mare, 5-7 mai 2006.
95
[1]
[http://forum.romportal.com];
[2]
[http://forum.
softpedia.com]; [3] [http://poliaek.rdstm.ro]; [4] [http://ro.
wikipedia.org]; [5] [http://romaniapolitica.ro]; [6] [http://tzam.
blogspot.com]; [7] [http://www.antena1.ro]; [8] [http://www.
cafeneaua.com]; [9] [http://www.capital.ro]; [10] [http://www.
117
is not to question the complex idea of national identity as

a whole, but to reveal the hidden figure of space which
marks the new rethoric of the national which is quite
different from our (preconceived and often general) ideas
in relation to this subject. In other words, we consider the
following issues as a set of assumptions just waiting to be
discussed, amended and deepend through a further
interdisciplinary research by historians, anthropologists,
political scientists, in order to be confirmed or invalidated.
We note also that some of our findings - and some of the
suggestions that we have made on this base- start from
the premises that the language is one of the most
important vector of the concept of cultural heritage itself.
But a language, raised to the status of "national language"
as a supra-dialectal form, is vested with a unifying force
within a national society either in virtue of converging
interests and aspirations of its members but also, as a
paradigmatic framework which interlaces with other
institutions and thus, articulates a complex niche for the
different forms of creativity and innovation and as well for
the social memory. Language is a necessary tool in
building the sense of reality. Therefore the attempt to
cafeneaua.com]; [9] [http://www.capital.ro]; [10] [http://www.
computergames.ro];
[11]
[http://www.cotidianul.ro];
[12]
[http://www.evenimentul-zilei.com]; [13] [http://www.jurnal.md];
[14] [http://www.moldova.net]; [15] [http://www.phg.ro]; [16]
[http://www.poliaektimisoara.ro]; [17] [http://www.rapitori.ro];
[18]
[http://www.romanialibera.com];
[19]
[http://www.
ziuadevest.ro].
118

frame the issues of the national language in globalised

contexts requires good questions and appropriate
methodological tools. These are necessary to avoid an
essentialist perspective but still respecting the irreducible
complexity of the socio-economic and political realities of
the national language. Our analysis takes in consideration
the fluidity of opinions but in a more nuanced sense
including the peculiarities of the new media. Even the
most conflictul and biased forms of identification reflect a
value attributed to the national identity encoded as very
empathetic form of regionalism (multiculturalism), a very
predictable assemblage of small pieces customs, traits,
behaviours-, a place theatralized as home, developing,
depending on the circumstances, different forms of
inter/outgroup biases, a civilizational otherness (opposed
attitudes, mentality, habits, traditions and culture). The
multiplication of online forums relating to the topic of the
language may be approached both as a micro-social
sensitive dynamics stimulated by contents posted by the
digital press but also as a new interactive culture whose
links with the institutionalized knowledge and the
European values remains susceptible and critical. The
large distribution of regional marks and, in some cases, of
stereotypes concerning the regional alterity within national
and transnational identifications (the Moldovans in the
West vs Moldovians near the Mother Russia, Banateans
vs other Romanians in different locations and
environments Germany, Italy, Italia, Australia, etc.)
119
reflects the important role played by the regional

operator of distinctiveness within these micro-flows
(opinions, arguments, or confessions, essays) which
tipicalyzes asymmetry and biased space representations
of the national identity in delocated networks and
emerging online environments as a new dimension of the
public sphere that develops the actor-network sensitivity
using both the properties of the network and the
atractiveness of the laguage topic within these networks.
Between border and cross border paradigms

As expected, the geopolitical factor had a
schismogenic effect on social representations that the
online (non-geographical) communication makes transparent. As a matter of fact, the political borderline (between
Romania and The Republic of Moldova) was not only
connected to different cultural institutions but to the power
system reflecting the borderline paradigm in the current
mapping of the cultural difference even the borders
instrumental role has decreased, as proved by the next
argument :
Bessarabian Moldovans have a separate identity,
we often do not want or, more correctly, like it or
not: We had a different childhood, we listened to
other songs, we read other books, we looked at
other films. We cannot say "Forget Russian it is the
120

language of the invader, of the brainwasher etc."

that would be a brainwashing also, this time from
the Romanians part. As for me, Vsotki is more
exciting and more fun than Anca Turcasiu, and the
"Djentelmeni udaci" than any Romanian comedy.
That's the reality, and if you try to impose my to
think and feel differently, it doesnt work! What you
want to do, is to eraise Russian from my memory,
as well as the readings, and songs that I love. I think
to be an attempt to brainwash96.
Another example reveals the users capacity to
decode the boomerang effect of the essentialist identity
discourse on the intergroup distorted perception as an
error attribution bias:
I do not deny that there the collective mind stupid
arrogance in inter-provincial relations.It is not our
merrit that I we were part of the Habsburg Empire or
96
Moldovenii basarabeni au o identitate aparte, vrem ori nu

vrem sau, mai corect, va place sau ba. Noi am avut o alta
copilarie, am ascultat alte melodii, am citit alte carti, ne-am uitat
la alte filme. Nu poti sa-mi ziceti "Uita rusa, ca e limba a
cotropitorului, spalatorului de creieri etc", pentru ca ar fi o
spalare de creier de asta da din partea romanilor. Pentru mine e
mai emotionant Vasotkii decat Anca Turcasiu si mai amuzant
"Djentelmeni udaci" decat orice comedie roamneasca. Asta-i
realitatea, iar daca incerci sa-mi impui sa gandesc si sa simt
altfel, nu merge! Ceea ce vreti voi sa faceti, adica sa-mi stergeti
din memorie limba rusa, lecturile, melodiile pe care le iubesc
este o tentativa de spalare de creier. [13].
121
the Moldavians or Regenilor fault that of being

under Turks. The pride is not even justified in the
bad sense communism leveled everything and after
the revolution wages and living standards have
reached higher level in Bucharest. [8]; If this forum
will continue to fix the old idea that the Ardealu 'and
Banatu' do not what they have to do and the Mitici,
Russians, Turks, Americans, Afghans and Polynesians must and they not... is a dj vu, an
expired message... Believe me... this idea of pride is
unfounded and raises questions. [17] The things are
changing around us and it is important to give up
local pride97.
The examination of the corpus allows us to identify
at least three types of attitudes and registrations of intranational / inter-regional identification as related to space,
97
Nu neg c exist n mentalul colectiv o arogan stupid n

raporturile inter-provincii. Nu-i meritul nostru c am fost parte a
imperiului habsburgic i nici vina moldovenilor i regenilor c
au fost sub turci. Aerele de acuma nici mcar nu-s justificate
comunismul a nivelat n sens ru tot, iar dup revoluie salariile
i nivelul de trai au ajuns mai mari n Bucureti. [8]; Daca si pe
forumul asta apare ideea ca ardealu si banatu nush ce a facut
si miticii, rushii, turcii, americanii, afganii si polinezienii nush ce
n-au facut... ma apuca burta... un deja vu expirat rau de tot...
credeti-ma... idee obosita, nefundamentata si care ma face sami pun personal semne de intrebare. [17]; Se schimba ceva in
jurul nostru si este important sa renuntam la orgoliile
locale. [19].
122

identity and culture.Very schematically, all allegations that

verbalize this topic can be divided into three types of
attitudes shaped by both attribution biases(1,2) and an
intercultural balance(3):
(1) opinions which advocate an unconditional
respect for traditions and practices as taken for granted
(2) opinions, opposite to pervious, that reflects a lot
of frustrations and can become, violent, rude or
chauvinistic
(3) balanced attitudes towards regional otherness
Some of these representations on regional
belonging are marked by suspicion against any change in
the established order Typically, these attitudes take the
form of confessions posted on social media platforms,
therefore having a wide public exposure and sometimes
evolving as controversial essays.
The following argument reflects a double bind
mechanism98. A cognitive deficit in the attempt to cover
the topics is doubled by an intuitive understanding of the
lack of avoiding conflict strategies :
98
Watzlawick, Beauvin, Jackson, Pragmatics of Human

Communication: A Study of Interactional Patterns, Pathologies
and Paradoxes, 1967
123
The Romanians personality is contradictory

because they have an internal conflict of the self.
That sort of problem becomes visible during a
footbal match (for example Poly-Steaua, PolyArge, Poly Iai, etc.). The competition between the
two teams evolves as a conflict between galleries.
The fans express hostility using ethnic (negative)
stereotypes, the slogans shouted by both galleries
contain insulting expression against opponents, the
conflict being a natural mode to define otherness
[8])
The speaker attributes erroneously an internal bias
in the perception of the national identity to a supposed
essentialist trait that identify Romanians among other
groups. But in his attempt to explain the distorsion he
uses a very simple cognitive metaphor: people who
assume a regional identity behave like football teams fan
galleries who create artificial borders, and manifest
aggressivness raising imagined differences that finally
divide them.
In many cases, users (speakers) argue through
controversial discussions a natural connection between
national and regional identity. The recourse to historical
myths or arguments and flash-backs into the deep layers
of social memory reveal deep ties between the current
regionalist stereotypes and the nationalist rethoric.
124

I am Ardelean (from Transivania) and I am proud of

it, but first of all I am Romanian. I assure you that I
love Avram Iancu but the greatest historical figures
of the Romanian people is Stephen the Great and
Michael the Brave. You will not find in Romania, any
Oltenian,
Wallachian,
Dobrujan,
Banatean,
Transylvania who speaking Romanian to not
consider him(her)self Romanian. Why you do
otherwise, is at least an enigma. 13]; As Moldovan
from Iasi I am Romanian et punctum 13].99
The same essentialist mechanism used to express
an exocentric model of the national identity is confessed
by another subject: I am very proud that I come from
Banat and Timioara. There is not in the country a man
more proud than us (Timioreni and Bneni) [16]) .
Aiming to balance the negative portrait instead to
add a new black detail to the hole it is assumed the
resilience of some (Oltenians) comparing with the inability
of others (Transylvanians, Banateans).
99
Eu m-is ardelean si m-is tare mindru de asta, dar inainte de

asta sunt roman, va asigur ca-l iubesc pe AVRAM IANCU dar
cele mai mari personalitati istorice ale neamului romanesc sunt
STEFAN CEL MARE si MIHAI VITEAZUL, BRAVUL. Nu veti
gasi in ROMANIA, un oltean, muntean, dobrogean, banatean,
ardelean ori moldovean de limba romana care sa nu se
considere roman, de ce voi romanii basarabeni procedati altfel,
este cel putin o enigma. [13]; Ca Moldovean din Iasi, sunt
Roman "et punctum". [13].
125
Dearest ones, you can see that we, Oltenians, are

finding relatives wherever we are. And you,
Transylvanians or Banateans, can you manage the
same? I think not. [1]100.
The same schemata predetermine the distribution
and assemblage of positive/negative features, the
speaker reminds to Munteniens the precariousness of
their education, their chaotic mess, attributed to Balkan
influences (the last negative stereotype,
was
deconstructed by Todorova as a recurrent cognitive bias
in Imagining the Balkans.101)
As mentioned above the third category includes
those statements that express a conciliatory attitude,
although quite shy, without denying the existence of some
failures and some inconsistencies in the discourse on
national idea and stigmatizes excesses manifested in the
debates on regional identities;
It's easy to put kindling on fire Manuel ! My parents
are Oltenians and Oltenians are treated similar to
Moldavians and Transylvanians. What you say are
unimportant things which all pass. So many called
me the "olteanu".Even now, here on, even
100
Dragilor precum vedeti noi oltenii ne gasim rude pe oriunde

ne-am afla. Voi ardelenii sau banatenii reusiti asta? Nu cred.
[1].
101
M. Todorova, Imagining the Balkans, Oxford University
Press, Oxford, 2000.
126

Moldovans here so tell me, but howimportant is

that? Still, as I said, do not take things seriously. If
you take them seriously it means that you act like a
child or you have a child's mind.Let's face it! [13]
Brothers, its time to finish with all that grammar
stuff. I do not think it's so important.
The sense of legacy is strenghthend by some
smaller or larger incursions in the past.
There are differences from area to area... by
influences, but that does not prevent Romania to be
a national identity. My opinion! [14] among the
Romanians... Moldovans are poorer... dreamers,
are more romantic... but no one in Transylvania or in
Oltenia will not deny that there are good people at
heart and more welcoming than other Romanians.
Radical
alterity vs
cultural
inter/intraregional identification
alterity
in
Joep Leersen102 draws attention on the ties between

Ethnocentric and the registrations of the cultural
difference which have tended to stratify into a notion that,
like persons, different nations (regions) each have their
specific peculiarities. However the current biased regional
102
J. Leerssen, Imagology The cultural construction of the

literary representations of national character, in Hugo Diserinck,
Joep Leersen,(eds), Studia Imagologica,Amsterdam Studies on
Cultural Identity, 1997.
127
identity registrations are not directly or entirely explained

by a return to multiculturalism of the Romanian
Principalities103 but to a greater or lesser extent reflect a
sort of revival of the intelectual (illuminist) tradition of the
characterological systematization and sometime stigmatization through listed stereotypes and anecdotal
knowledge concerning manners and customs104
Banatean by culture and "bercenar" (located in
Berceni, a district of Bucharest) by adoption I was
and continue to be, unfortunately, horrified by the
gossip attitude and negative behavior of my
countrymen. So, privileged those who despise the
other beside him, privileged drunks for their
incontinence, privileged the stray dogs, privileged
the homeless people of all ages, privileged those
without education and good manners,In my case I
am tripping of all above, being someone who is
offered the privilege of being offended! In our case
the responses range from "living in a small town
where things are easier to fix", or to "leave", to go
and-so." [5]105.
103
Cornel Ungureanu, Postfa, in Adriana Babei, Corne Ungureanu, Europa Centrala Dileme, Nevroze, Utopii, Polirom,1998.
104
Ilustrated among others by the Austrian Volkertafel or
Tableau of Nationalities (Stanzel et al. 1999).
105
Bntean prin cultur i bercenar prin adopie, eram i mai
sunt, din pcate, oripilat de mahalagismul verbal i comportamental al concitadinilor. Privilegiai cei care dispreuiesc pe
128

According to the attributional bias theory systematic

errors may occur when people evaluate and try to find
reasons for their own and others behaviours. The authors
have identified 3 types of biases fundamental error bias,
actor-observer bias and hostile attribution bias.
According to Hewston (1990), people generally favor
dispositional explanations of an in-group member's
positive behavior and situational explanations for an outgroup's negative behavior. a cognitive bias defined as
intergroup attribution biases106
The actor-observer bias
Oltenians are more temperamental, more nimble,
more Balkan (partly due to geographical location)...
Transylvanians are ot so open, but richer... and tiny
bit cheaper than... but there are significant regional
differences between Transylvania (Banat, Maramures, those from Hateg and Bihor... differ greatly
and both in attitude and accent). [14]; What seems
cel de lng ei, privilegiai beivii incontineni, privilegiai cinii
maidanezi, privilegiai boschetarii de toate vrstele, privilegiai
mrlanii i mitocanii, privilegiai grobienii de care te impiedici tu,
cel cruia i se ofer privilegiul de a fi ofensat! La noi aa ceva
nu exist! zic eu cui are rbdare s m asculte. Rspunsurile
variaz de la vii dintr-un ora mic unde lucrurile se rezolv mai
uor, pn la las ca merge i-aa!. [5].
106
Hewstone, M. The 'ultimate attribution error'? A review of the
literature on intergroup causal attribution. European journal of
social psychology, 20(4), 1990, p.311-335
129
to me clear is that there is a lot of "regional pride".

Transylvanians are considered by themselves better
than Regatenii. The same for Banateans ("all
Banatu's the head"). Even in the Kingdom,
Moldovans are somewhat disregarded (I speak here
of Romanian Moldova), and between the two wars
Bessarabians were disregarded107.
An example of hostile bias is expresses by disdain
for the people who come from certain regions is
associated with the space stigma (Goffman):
The most terrible news are generally of Moldova
and Oltenia. Watch the next old woman rape, incest,
etc. Do a statistic and see where are more
107
Sunt diferentze de la zon la zon... n functzie de

influientze, dar asta nu impiedic Romnaia s fie o identitate
natzional. Parerea mea! [14]; ....n rndul romanilor moldovenii
sunt mai sraci...mai vistori, mai romantici...dar nimeni n
Ardeal sau n Oltenia nu va nega c sunt oameni buni la suflet
i mai primitori dect ali romni. Oltenii sunt mai temperamentali, mai iui, mai balcanici (parte datorit aezrii
geografice)...ardelenii mai nchii, mai bogati...i puintel mai
zgrcii...dar i ntre ardeleni exist diferene regionale
semnificative (bneni, maramuraeni, cei din Haeg i
Bihor...difera mult i ca atitudine i ca accent). [14]; Ce mi se
pare mie clar este c exist "mndrii regionale". Ardelenii se
condider mai "tari" dect regatenii. Bnenii la fel ("tot
Banatu-i fruntea"). Pn i n Regat, Moldovenii sunt un pic
desconsiderai (vorbesc aici de Moldova Romneasc), iar ntre
cele dou rzboaie Basarabenii erau cei desconsiderai.
130

events . [10] Watch quitely the news at PROTV

and ANTENA (proteviste / anteniste), where journalists Provide The poor local stations in Transylvania
hardly find a topic that would be suitable for this
tabloid format ie murder, rape, suicide, etc. And
that's only if you are lucky enough to have lost some
Moldovan through Transylvania. [11]108.
Ingroup / outgroup biases and the alterity

figures of speach
Banateans vs Transylvanians and Oltenians vs
Muntenians:
I'm a little tired of your self-apreciations, you
Transylvanians ! The reality is that for many of them
the mental map of their country stops at the
Carpathian frontier beyond which there are only
Ragateni. What limited vision have you guys on
Romania, arent you ?!
108
tirile groaznice sunt n general din Moldova i Oltenia. Nu

cer 100%, cer >70%. Uit-te la urmtorul viol de babe, incest,
etc.. f tu o statistica i vezi de unde s mai multe. [10]; i putei
privi n linite la tirile proteviste/anteniste, n care smanii
jurnaliti de la staiile locale din Ardeal abia de gsesc un
subiect mai de Doamne-ajut, care s se-ncadreze n formatul
emisiunii? adic o crim, un viol, o sinucidere etc. i asta numai
dac au norocul de a se fi rtcit vreun moldovean prin
Transilvania. [11].
131
Banat vs.Transylvania (rarely):

I have met too many Banatians who feel offended
when I called Transylvanians, although one had
done with the best intention [10]).
Banat / Transylvana; Moldavia / Bessarabia
In Transylvania and Wallachia for ordinary people to
be Moldovan there's like wearing the inscription
"idiot" on the back. For many Moldovan the accent
that betrays them makes life a nightmare and they
feel better among strangers. [14]; I just knew
Banatians who said all sorts of ugly stuff about the
Moldavian among others boast that if they speak in
dialect I will not understand it and I gave examples
of regionalisms.They have a kind of disdain for the
Moldovans (of Milcov and Prut) and do not consider
them brothers (countrymen) at all. But even they felt
offended that they lived in the same country with
him. [14]).
The center/province out-group bias
Romania from around or Capital vs. Province:
The opposition is related to the type of asymmetry
derived from the modern categories of space
defined until recently in terms of center / perphery
opposition. The user deconstructs with a certain
accuracy this system of categorization translated
into the center/province representation of the
132

national territory as related to specific registrations

due to scalar representations of space.
There is no difference between Romanians They
are not sorted by skills except perhaps how
Bucharesters define themselves in relation to
others. They tend to look at us from above as the
province around the capital. [13]. They had a kind of
hatred against Moldovans (of Milcov and Prut) and
do not consider them brothers, but he felt offended
that they live in the same country with him. [14]),
Romania from around, Capitals vs. Province: There
is no differentiation between Romanians The
Romanian qualities are all from Bucharest. The
Bucharesters tend to look at us from top to down
where the province is always located. [13]109.
109
M-am cam saturat de autoaprecierile ardelenilor. Realitatea

este ca pentru muli dintre ei harta mentala a tarii lor se oprete
la Carpai dincolo de care gseti doar rgeni. Viziune
restrns asupra Romniei mai avei frailor! [11]). Banat vs.
Transylvanie (rarement) (Am ntlnit prea muli bneni care sa
se jigneasc cnd i-am numit transilvneni, dei o fcusem cu
cea mai bun intenie [10]). Banat / Transylvanie vs. Moldavie /
Bessarabie (In Transilvania i n Valahia pentru oamenii simpli
de acolo a fi moldovean e ca si cum ai purta inscripia de "idiot"
pe spate. Pentru muli pe care i trdeaz accentul
moldovenesc viaa e un comar, iar de simit se simt printre
strini. [14]; Pur si simplu am cunoscut bneni care ziceau tot
felul de chestii urte despre moldoveni si printre altele se lauda
ca daca el vorbete bneana eu n-o s-l neleg si-mi ddea
133
It became clear for all, specialists and nonspecialists, that the problem of Romanian identity is
ultimately influenced by the socio-economic status of
Romanians inside and outside the country without
inevitably being experienced as such:
Well what to do? ... I'm Moldovian, and here (in
Moldova) I grew up. During childhood, when looking
over the Prut I saw mother Russia. Oh, what a
great joy was then! But growing, I left the country
togo in the West because there was a great poverty
in Moldova. The question is whether the West gets
me or just jokes with me? But if West gets me, what
shall I do from now?!... [17]110.
exemple de regionalisme, aveau un fel de ura pe moldoveni

(dintre Milcov i Prut) i nu i considera frai, dar se simea jignit
ca acetia triesc intr-aceeai tara cu el. [14]), Roumanie vs.
Bessarabie, capitale vs. Province: Nu se face difereniere ntre
romni, romnii nu vin pe caliti, cu excepia bucuretenilor. Ei
au tendina de a ne privi de la nlime pe noi cei din provincie.
[13].
110
Dapi i s fai....Io mi-s moldovian, aii am crescut. Di
mic, cnd m duiam la Prut, vidiam pi mama Rusia. Maaari
bucurie mai era atunia. Amu, ca am mai crescut o r, m-am
dat cu viestul.... De, aea-i romanu, mai lis moldovianu, ca
aiia-i srie mare. ntrebarea ar hi, da m primeti vestul,
sau uguie cu mini? Dapi, dac m primeti, i-o s fac eu
amu?... [17].
134

If the uncertainty emerges from time to time so

strongly into the virtual space, it is probably because is
perceived as a way to get out of troubles and difficulties in
the daily life increasingly burdened with innequities and
frustrations of any kind for a large majority of people.
These flash-backs, imaginary reflexes of regional
multiculturalism dating from the time of principalities
are like a plunge into deep layers of social memory. Even
in a distorted mode these regional imaginary reflect a
value attributed to the territory by people who often refer
to their experience of immigrants in which they design a
controversial or even devaluated regional alterity. The
current space-labeling reveals a bizarre intolerance even
in denying regional alterity, which allow us to identify the
dylemmatic figure of the national/regional space
embedded in the current, supposed globally oriented
psycho-social mirror of the daily life. This reflects a quest
for legitimity extended into virtual evironments, and a
paradoxically modern need to 'process incessantly and
tirelessly through inter-weaving bits, features, actions,
characters or symbols the identity/alterity markings and
redistributing them into the global space of the digital
networks..
As a general finding, the current identification
maintains a strong connection to hierachical construction
of space, that can be related to the modern history
production of geopolitical labels tipicalyzed through
negative regional stereotypes, but also to the
135
national/subnational layers(nodes) of the national territory.

These registrations can be approached also in terms of
space with multiple definitions grouped in clusters of
differentiation in terms of intra/inter-regional marks and
schematizations due to the rapid development of virtual
space emerging from interactions, and given the
oportunities offered by the social platforms and forums to
participate, to argue, to face other opinions, attitudes and
arguments, in the convergence/ divergence stimulated by
articles and other content related to the topic of the
langauge posted by digital media journalists. The
interregional bias and the regional based cultural
differentiation within the perception of the national identity
are doubled by a reversal tendence to record in many
ways, modes and posts the value of the language. This
point out its crucial role in maintaining a minimal level of
sustainability of the society in the current production of
meaning within various networks and spaces.
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Romnia. Studiu filologic, Casa Editorial Demiurg,
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138

Chap. 5: Language and sustainability of

community life in contexts shaped by
massive migration. Online platforms in
Romanian
We live in a globalized world where borders seem to
have a diminishing importance, which leads to a
multiplication of both movement opportunities and its risk.
Determined by various reasons (work, studies, marriage
and family reunion, career etc.), over the last decade the
people of the mergent states have chosen to leave in
large numbers, temporarily or permanently, to developed
countries in the European Union. Socio-economic
unsecurity of broad categories of population, a persistent
economic gap compared to the states, regions and
developed EU markets, differences in the development of
various areas of the national territory, as well as the
difficulty of finding jobs for graduates specializing in
higher education, have reduced expectations in terms of
earnings and career opportunities in Romania. Only in
2010, according to data centralized by the World Bank,
2.77 million Romanians (13.1% of the population)
emigrated to Italy, Spain, Hungary, Israel, USA, Germany,
Canada, Austria, France and the UK (Newspapers.ro,
November 1, 2010). The final result of the transition does
not coincide with a revival or even an overpassing of the
139
liminal period, of the confusion felt at the scale of the

society. For those who left on the background of the
global financial, economic, political and social crisis,
the asymmetry of the intercultural relation increases the
pressure felt in everyday life, marked by the politicization
of cultural difference in media discourse. Romanians, both
in the country and abroad, face an extension of and a
diversified liminality, from political instability to intellectual
confusion and liminality incorporated into unprecedented
structures of decay of the image of Romanians abroad
(for meanings of the concept of liminality, see Thomassen
2009).
Ulrich Beck mentions something disturbingly
through its simplicity. Awareness of risk creates the
community, in various forms of expression (Beck 2000:
50-51). What about its latency? Spatial challenge and
widespread use of the new communication technologies
raise conceptual inter-and transdisciplinary framing
problems and represent a test for the explanatory
relevance of research tools. The condition in order to
understand and explain these processes in terms of
language is to build the methodological bridge between
micro-and macro processes, and the world of messages
and virtual / real communities (geographically connected
extensive network broadcasting in the digital environment). How does Romanian transnational migration as a
movement develop cultural markings of the construction
of meaning as production of we-worlds, diasporas
respectively? How to develop these diasporas as
140

communication
niches?
This
modalization
has
implications for the sociology of language. How do the
interactions actor / relocated networks stabilize and
enhance by using messages in Romanian to be able to
speak of a tipicalization (institutionalization)? What is the
role of cultural identification in these processes and how
can be evaluated continuity, connection, convergence as
properties of the cultural space, namely topological
properties?
Our research aims to define the subject through a
methodological nuancing of the relationship between
culture as multiplicity vs. binary (two-way) as defined by
Deleuze and Guattary in Thousend Plateaus (1987) in
relation to the book-thought-world analogy and community, a concept defined by Ulrich Beck in The Brave New
World of Work (2000), as related to risk awareness.
Methodological background
The importance of the interdisciplinary scientifically
rooted theme is grounded in developmental psychology
and cultural anthropology which grants the mother tongue
and culture a status of key concepts of human ecology
(Worthmann 1994, Super, Harkness 1986, 1999, 2002,
Harkness, Super 1992, Weisner 2002).
Language and culture are factors of social organization, with a systematic regularity; they offer many
141
opportunities of learning and re-arrangement of elements

(settings) in an appropriate manner to meet the
challenges and pressures of external factors. Perceiving
time as a commitment to action, communicating emotions,
caring for others, the value of personal autonomy, are
passed as key elements of systems of meaning. The
concept of contemporary redundancy explains how
language and culture connect various components of
family and community micro-niche with a broader cultural
context, integrating them into an intergenerational and
spatial dynamics.
Another dimension of the phenomenon studied is
digital interaction between actors and networks expanded,
relocated, approached through the concept of communication an action encompassing the idea of good
practice model and that of the multiplier agent, the weak
link theory (Granovetter 1973), with the meaning of informal tipicalized link, e.g. the link between someone who
buys the daily newspaper and the kiosk vendor, the poor
(informal) connection having the role of a bridge, the
transitivity property being crucial in the process of
diffusion of new knowledge and the adoption of innovative
behavior in situations of uncertainty. Succeeding in
another country involves reducing cognitive dissonance
(Heider, Newcomb), adopting innovative behaviors and
learning interpersonal aspects related to trust (social
capital) and experiencing otherness. The weak link
allows interconnection, and for the case analyzed by us,
142

an extensive and rapid movement of the stock of

intercultural understanding through daily use of information in the digital environment. Language and culture
can be considered in terms of diffusion like a book, or an
assemblage of segments, nodes, lines, connections
(bridges). Deleuze-Guattari warn of the risk to address
these connections using a dichotomous logic, this being
still dominant in linguistics, psychoanalysis, and even
information sciences, emphasizing the relevance of all, of
the multiplicity (Deleuze, Guattari 1987: 5-6). This is a
warning for those who produce texts and those texts
outside of the space in which they move, or of the
exteriority in which texts open and multiply potentialities
and typologies become / transform contexts.
Fig.1. The weak A-B connection is a chanal for the difusion of

news and a bridge for otherwise unconnected networks (after
Granovetter 1973)
Granovetter emphasizes the risk of niche closure by

strong congruence (circularity) between A-B-C under the
influence of A and B, namely of the formal connection
between them and the forbidden triad model.
143
Fig.2. The forbidden triad (after Granovetter 1973)
Projecting both requirements we obtain a significant

aspct. Adapting to new contexts involves ambivalence: on
the one hand, a search for matching, on the other hand, a
limitation of this network to maintain the transitivity and
permeability of information flow.
If at the micro level language stabilizes standardized
links (linguistic rules) between members of a group
(Habermas 1987), and these links have an important role
in human ecology, the study of linguistic practices in the
virtual environment involves an appropriate definition of
the concept of network to include and the role of
technology. Actor-network theory (ANT) defines networks
through converging actions of some human and nonhuman actors involved in the production of meaning.
Bruno Latour, one of the authors, compared the concept
of network to that of rhizome defined by Deleuze and
Guattari (1987) and proposed replacing the term theory
with rhizomatic ontology, defined on the basis of the
binome materialsymbolical. Among the authors
shocking statements we include that according to whom
actors and networks reunion generates a process in
which words tend to be token / quasi objects (Latour
144

2005, Law, Hassard 1999) because whenever one actor

interacts with a network an entelechy occurs, like a move
aimed at updating a potentiality. ANT, as sociological
theory, distinguishes between intermediaries, agents that
cause the movement of forces without interest for the
transformations produced, and mediators, entities that
produce and multiply differences. Knowledge is the key
element in differentiating networks; it produces communication niches rich in information and stabilized by the
effect of strengthening and the force of a form (gestalt,
pattern). According to the theory of communicative action
(Habermas 1987), the study of language uses allows us
to enrich the concept of rationality (in the the middle of
reflexive modernity), and on the other hand, it regulates
the subjective perception and personal development in
relation to mutually shared values; it draws routes through
multiplicity. In this way, the actor who interacts with the
network is not only a user in a purely operating,
technical manner, but also a subject with psychological
depth, relationally projecting himself into the surface of
discourse, adopting various positions of communicative
action.
This study is based on a corpus of research already
explained in a previous article (Munteanu, Todi 2011),
which we have approached this time in a trnasdiciplinary
manner, integrating elements of performative anthropology, weak link theory, cognitive psychology, actorsnetworks theory and sociology of risk.
145
The manner in which self perception and culture

materialize in message exchanges on the Internet in and
through linguistic material generated within virtual
interaction as critical mass of messages reflects both the
growing share of this channel among those used by
immigrants and by the people intending to work abroad,
and how cognitive resources and identifying images can
be put to work in a larger space than that of national
territory in online communication platforms, having a role
in the integration process.
The sites made by and for Romanians abroad are
numerous; online communication generates virtualized
social fabric, open interactional space free of constraints,
but not of models and knowledge resources, oriented
towards interpersonal effectiveness and pragmatic
attitudes appropriate to the new context. The analyzed
sites can be placed within the actors-network category, of
corporate website type, higher education youth recruiting
agencies and online media. In terms of roles (actors
network theory), it falls into the category of intermediaries
they address the need of useful information for
obtaining the tracked facilities, but also that of the
mediators, who produce / disseminate cultural material
that differentiates and multiplies differences (relative to
the Romanians remaining in the country). The method
chosen to promote the offer or, for online media, to
provide the public with identification models, is personal
example and self-disclosure, which become the source of
a schematization of role, situation, personal and
146

professional journey, representing the differential

message for compatriots and pragmatically oriented
knowledge circulated in online networks and beyond.
Dramatic life stories with happy endings and stimulating
assemblies are re-arrangements of cultural material to
overcome the liminal period making use of microsocial
tracks. These stories reveal a motivation of self
valuation and confirmation in the community of those
caught in the same circumstances, with similar hopes and
frustrations and who speak the same language. The
repetition of the motif for struggle to overcome difficulties
and achieve existential goals unattainable in the country
suggests the importance of the in between phase to
create structures of meaning through actor-network
synergies, the structure (the set of valued meanings)
opposing the antistructure collectively and preliminarily
lived in the country as well as postliminnarily, through new
cycles of crisis and uncertainty, in the new contexts.
Finally, it is revealed a cultural mediation focused on
individual case and therefore its promotion as a model
and axis of multiplication of the valued setting. If on a
daily basis, interculturality manifests itself fractally,
through segmentation and hybridization (Appadurai
1996, Abdallah-Prtceille 1986), as not cultures get in
contact, but individuals, groups belonging to different
cultures (Abdallah-Prtceille 1986), Romanians mobility
in Europe reconfirms the older idea Preiswek and Perrot
(1975) formulated: Culture has no descriptive value but
description nevertheless facilitates the analysis of the
147
relationships established between companies and the

difficulties that may arise on this occasion. Paradoxically,
the cross-cultural background and the crisis of
representation seem to reinforce the concern for the
quality of spoken and written language in online
interactions on these platforms, which can be a key for
access to valued space and a remaking of the elites in
relocated contexts, by high pragmatic value models which
can be a force to pivot out of the crisis, to a new identity,
so having a dual role of intermediary of the set (the
equivalent of a code) of identification in the new situations
and environments that produce positive changes through
personal example.
Language and culture from the perspective of
the category of daily life
Constructivist anthropology revealed that the
cultural and linguistic baggage preserves the connection
between predecessors and contemporaries and affects
the future of successors. What happens when the crisis is
experienced at the level of an entire society and the
phenomenon of migration is massive and continuous?
The corpus selected for analysis focuses on Internet
narratives as linguistic medium designed to hold various
expectations constructing a theatrical space of the self
(home). We have been interested in the evolution of the
use of Romanian together with cultural identity markers;
148

the images that help identity ritualization and personal

fulfillment in the new conditions of free movement and
massive migration; the manner in which the symbolic
extension of the personal self beyond the power of
cultural institutions and the way in which the proximity
horizon can generate community and also how online
platforms as weak ties networks (weak ties, quoted
Granovetter 1973) model communication rituals and
practices. Our hypothesis is that the linguistic medium
and expressivity receive in these circumstances an
implicit or explicit heritage value, and that value extends
to language use in situations specific to work and career,
symbolically lining the index world of succes and
contingencies, despite the physical distance and the
division of the representation between there and here,
under the heading of outside Romania. But precisely
because they betray the crisis of home in real space,
idemity markings are becoming clearer in virtual space;
the uses of the linguistic material in the confession-stories
reflect the adequacy of the paradigm of intangible
heritage introduced by Christian Wulf in Globalization and
intangible cultural heritage. Opportunities, threats and
challenges at the Regional meeting to promote the
Convention on the protection of intangible cultural
heritage of the countries of Europe and North America
(Kazan, Russia, 15-17 December 2004) International
Colloquium papers presented in the section Identity and
Globalization (2005 , ed. Lavinia Brlogeanu).
149
According to Alfred Schtz, the social world is a

structure with four interweaving regions:
1. the predecessors expectations - they are no
longer physically present, but to whom contemporaries
remain bound by the structure of meanings within which
the identification takes place. Generating daily life draws
carving routes in the tree of memory, which generates
pressure on the imagined borders, those that define the
in-out mechanisms;
2. the successors expectations of the generations
to come;
3.the consociates expectations of the individuals
who share the same environment as we;
4. the contemporaries expectations of those who
share the same space.
He believes that subjective reflexivity through
which individuals live and filter daily experiences is related
to acts of interpretation through which tipicalizations occur
(operations for determining a minimum / optimal number
of structural and functional invariants for types of cases,
quoted Voiculescu 2012: 32), which derive from common
experience and practices (Lebenswelt) and the partition
of the same experiences leads to a familiar environment
(taken for granted), circularly repeated at the level of
perception. Thus, life lived with the same expectations is
150

perceived as self-created, the expectations and the

standardized perception reflected in language, mediation
being dependent on the stock of knowledge, the channel
of communication and the self-images circulating in the
internal network, online communication with the property
of quickly transforming the cultural capital (language,
common expectations, recognoscibility) in capital in a
virtual form (connection, generation of digital networks)
and which multiply practical opportunities (aid and access
to information, etc.). This stock faces, confirms or
invalidates and modalizes expectations regarding actions
as projects or in an ongoing phase, developed under two
types of networks of meaning (instrumental and
symbolic), both related to the experiences, practices and
interactions lived and shared. In an environment foreign to
home it is the language and the risk that create the
community.The manner in which Schtz conceives the
typical factor to be subject to the stock of knowledge
practically generated and multiplied in communication
circuits that support life ensures the durability
(maintenance, as repair and operation) of the connection
to action through the interpretation of the results
(feedback) and is different from the ideal-type theorized
by Max Weber - a kind of eidetic essence governing
practical life. Legitimating the primacy of cultural sciences
over natural sciences, the ideal can be defined today as a
verticalizing operator in the same way in which imaginary numbers relate to real numbers in mathematical
151
thinking (Nicolescu 2008), this being a strong reason not

to abandon the multi-dimensionality of communication
and language. Unlike the Weberian approach, Schtz's
model places the symbolic factor in relation to practical
common sense.
What happens when ordinary expectations are
fractured in contexts placed away from the national
territory provided with the frame of the institution
supporting identification, and especially when liminality is
integrated into these institutions? What happens when the
relationship between the symbolic and practical common
sense is far from clear, in critical situations that multiply,
restore, expand?
The development of the relocated networks of users
of communication platforms in Romanian illustrates the
need for new expectations, strong enough, the language
being such a ritualized framework of interactions and an
operator of differentiation / identification. With Schtz and
later with his disciples Berger and Luckmann, the Social
construction of reality, the tipicalization (the institutionnalization) displays standardized lived experiences and
perceptions related to the expectations of the community.
It follows that the fundamental role of the community, the
connection between the linguistic norm and the
developing subject are as a sum of fine and flexible
connections (petit liens, quoted Laplantine 2005).
152

Online narratives psychological readings that

follow a pattern
Individuals living in a familiar social environment
(taken for granted - a given, familiar context) use the
stock knowledge circulating and formulate standardized
expectations developed according to certain institutionalized meanings connected to two main networks of
concepts, namely: a) motivations related to future goals,
purposes (in order-to motives) and b) motivations related
to past cases (because motives).
The first network articulates prospective intents,
while the second category corelates a chain of elements
of past experiences as psychological readings of events.
Addressing the online environment by means of this
model reveals certain methodological limitations that we
approach being aware of them. The typical factor is
transfered into an ever expanding online environment
which is equivalent to the creation of a society in
constructivist theories. The premises of this strategy are
understandable, the model keeping its relevance to
explain the generation of online space by a combination
of the practical and symbolical figures (in this study,
concrete individuals who reveal themselves become
sources of knowledge and models for compatriots), which
engenders the media and the virtual community. The
multiplication of the virtual meeting places of Romanians
in the country and in the Diaspora is achieved in the
153
process of functional differentiation of communication

platforms, crossroads (points of suture, knots), among
self-images, useful information, interpersonal rituals of
some users and motivations, perceptions, needs of
knowledge and identification of other users. The engine of
this online social is represented by the communication
interfaces initiated by entrepreneurs grouped in
associations and companies i.e. FEDROM the
Federation of Associations of Romanian immigrants in
Spain.
Portals
such
as
www.fedrom.org
or
www.romaniinlume.com are equiped with links to
specialized sites covering especially recruitment and job
placements in various Western countries, for example
EGV-Recruiting, specializing in placing young doctors in
Romania and in the diaspora in Germany, France, UK,
Sweden, Norway the EGV site is not restrained only to
promoting the company's image, but it also develops an
access way to the European market designed for a class
of users with a high degree of specialization profile.
Besides the identifying marks of the recruitment
agency, application guides for various positions, suggestions on how to approach career, other items are posted,
such as success stories of young doctors as short
narrative that evokes both past actions and motivations
related the present (in order-to / because motives), the
effort to adapt rapidly, the equal treatment enjoyed in
comparison to other professionals in host countries in
relation to other immigrants, the superior pattern of
organization of the medical system in countries like
154

Germany, the Northern countries, which triggered their

professional respect and the sharing of values. The
narratives posted are variations of the same argument
the success guaranteed by changing the professional
environment for young professionals recruited by the
company, the didactic (schematic) account of each of
these cases does not exclude the sincerity and sensitivity
of the person that reveals himself/ herself for the benefit
of those who accesses the site. The change for the better
is invariably a result of the intervention of the agent the
recruitment firm - but the stories are credible reports,
sincerely exposed experiences of passages and passing
thresholds (Turner, in the preface to Schechner 2002)
between the two times of crisis overlapping and
conditioning each other to give rise to the action, the
narratives following a pattern:
1. the crisis at the macro level of the health system
in Romania [the motivation to leave the country shared
with others, taken for granted, implicit (taken for
granted)] 2. the lack of personal expectations, a state
of uncertainty about future prospects 3. the decision to
leave the country, the individual seeking another way
4. the help of the firm occurs and this leads invariably to
this solution 5. Consequently, uncertainty is reduced
through effective guidance of intermediate steps that 6.
reduce the gap between expectations, desires, and the
successful integration takes place in the new position 7.
the implicit conclusion is that the confession-story self
155
disclosure is worth being imparted to others, making it

useful as a possible role model and way out of the crisis.
The space in which these narrative operations are
inscribed not being fictional (Romania, Germany, France,
Sweden), the signs refering to institutions and specific
locations extend the regime of the evidence suggesting
the disappearance of the division between virtual
(potential) - real.
Dr. Mihaela Jardan, Neurology resident Mecklenburg
Vorpommern:
"I will soon get to the end of the probation
period, its incredible how time passes ... I managed
to integrate myself quite well into the German
system and I love order and the Germans way of
working. I'm sure that you can get quality and safe
medical practice in other countries such as France
or Italy and the language would be easier to learn,
of course, but as much organization and
correctness as here, I dont think you can find
anywhere else. I was a bit afraid at first, however,
the shifts are very different from those at home.
Here I learned what true responsibility towards a
patient means. Here you have very many available
diagnosis and treatment methods and you should
use them rationally, to be able to help the patient. If
something went wrong, you share part of the blame.
On the other hand, now I feel professionally fulfilled.
156

I no longer have that feeling of frustration from back

home that, look, I know how to do it in theory, but
unfortunately I have no chance to put my knowledge
into practice."
Dr. Louise Dicu Resident physician, Internal
Medicine Saxony Sachsen
Adjustment to the new job was a little difficult
at first, because it was an entirely new environment
for me, but still it was pretty fast. My colleagues
helped me a lot. It amazed me that most residents
are foreigners. Romanian colleagues are also
numerous and they helped me with adjustment to a
foreign country and a new job. Right now I cant say
that I met with great hurdles at the new working and
living environment, everything went smoothly.
Thank you for this opportunity to try something new
and for all the support and help you gave me.
Dr. Veronica V.
My name is Veronica V., I am 34 years old
and I'm from Iai. For almost three years Ive been
working as a consultant in the field of obstetricsgynaecology. Since September Ive been living in
Germany, on a work contract in my field in a clinic in
Bavaria. My collaboration with the recruitment
company actually started in May with the interview
in Iai, of which I was given proper notice. I admit
157
that at first I was a bit sceptical, but later on, I was

impressed by the responsibility and professionalism
shown by the crew.
I dont know if it was my luck or if it was
entirely the companys merit, probably a bit of both,
but in a very short time I got various job offers in
Germany. To all my worries and questions I
received a prompt answer every time, so, with the
support and the ground prepared, I could take off for
Germany in a short time. Here I had the pleasant
surprise to get to know Mr. Dietmar Adam who
supported me throughout the interview, the success
of my employment at the clinic where I currently
carry out my activity is certainly due to him. After
that, things developed fast, I was promptly informed
about all the documents and formalities necessary
for my authorization as a physician in Germany, so
in September I took off again and right now I am
living my dream. My collaboration with EGV
company din not end with my arrival in Germany, I
continue to receive a prompt answer to any
question. There is an ''engine'' that sets into motion
immediately for anyone with an earnest desire to
work abroad, in this case in Germany, and I think
that, for physicians, being in contact with the
medical world abroad is important."
These diverse expressions of the same theme,
which are mutually confirmed in the argument of the
158

solution as personal opportunity to work in the EU,

confirming and strengthening, in fact, through multiple
scenarios, a unique (successful) decision model, would
contribute to an extension of the theory of communicative
action and to the possible openings towards the actornetwork theory, respectivley towards a reconsideration of
the material symbolical relation as material / immaterial
(digital)-symbolical, goals of future research. The
differentiation of the information and language offer is
made in connection to the labor markets and to the niche
of communication whose development allows schematizations, multiplication of knowledge, intersubjective
validation, warning signals, reducing uncertainty and
adaptation in an environment with high demands. The
same portal displays, under the title All About
Strawberry, a set of materials that cover both general
and specialized information: technical details, ways of
cultivation, crop areas and features of Spainish areas,
organizations, companies, contacts, employment offers,
etc. The package structure, the wealth of information and
specialized language reflect the degree of market
development in contrast to media stereotypes about
Romanian strawberry gatherer exposed to all the
hardships and humiliations of illegal work, a symbolical
image (negative) influential at the level of ordinary
representation in the country. Engering the common
interpretation framework for the benefit of individuals and
Romanian communities by redistributing information and
stock knowledge legislation, conditions, facilities, and
always firstly, employment offers, plus access to events,
159
political, social, cultural, religious, etc. is recommended

by the portal of Actualitatea Romneasc trust,
www.actualitatea-romaneasca.ro, the online version of
Ziarul Romnilor de pretutindeni, broadcast in 12
countries in Europe. The same trust edits the weekly
Magazinul romnesc. Both publications, through the
dissemination area, but also thanks to the quality of the
online version, contribute to their best to the structuring of
the common expectations by sharing the same
information environment, the pronoun we, discourse
deictic marker, having a double role: it is the social morror
of the individual self according to the model developed by
G.H. Mead (1967), but is also expresses the orientation
towards action, an extended we, revealing a communicative orientation specific of a region, a landscape
created by flows, facilitating the transfer of knowledge
between individuals and networks using online platforms
in Romanian. Thus the meaning of ethnoscape is
maintained but in relation to new media, a reflection of
Appadurai's theory (1996) in the broader frame of social
networks, a topology whose properties are related to
identification documents associated with current uses of
language and to a cultural material specific to such a type
of virtual environments. In a multilingual context, cultural
differentiation occurs in relation to cultural authenticity.
The plaforma analysed has a broad cognitive orientation,
distancing itself from the tabloid format preferred by
readers in the country, a distance defined by the
relevance and objectivity of the political, economic,
cultural analyses, by the valuable resources, the balanced
160

character of the reports on politics and culture, by

successful models provided, the identification being
equally open to Romanians everywhere, implicitly to those
in Romania, the target audience being, however, the
Romanians in the diaspora. In the case of the analyzed
case connecting to knowledge networks through platforms
in Romanian confirms not only new types of interculturality and a user profile benefiting from European
experiences and education, but it also retains its cultural
identity, an issue with important consequences, not only
socio-cultural ones, and which were not adequately
conceptualized for the the dimension of the new
phenomenon registered.
An unusual site, not a public radio, from the
perspective of institutional management, nor a commercial one, but community-oriented, aspiring to cultural
unity across the geographical dispersion is Radio Dor de
ar, registered in England. The radio operates on a very
low budget for 1500 euros a year (!), which is likely to
explain the reduced amount of information, compensated
by the quality and diversity of the musical programs with
songs of all ages.
Life stories, identification images and genres of
communication
The favorite genre in which somones life becomes
a resource of knowledge is the interview-portrait. The
portrait of the person being interviewed is an opportunity
161
to decipher the world by switching from stories and

confessions to evaluations of systems and institutions.
The profile of the virtually exposed self corresponds to a
processing in order to become an alternative organizing
self-image for the figure damaged in contexys of media,
political, cultural discourse, or in response to the
vicissitudes of everyday existence. This image of the
succesful Romanian becomes typical as it best answers
standardized expectations. Narratives are portraits
through which the self-exposure of the individual is
achieved on sites and portals in the frame of directly
experienced stories, are symbolical figures that unite
expectations with reality, trace new routes within multiplicity, crosses levels, changing the focus of identification
from crisis and confusion to success and confirmation.
The oscillations of the phases of change allow
comparisons and generalizations, provide information of
general interest about life opportunities, professional
environment, but also about contact situations in which
individuals are faced with self-images gamaged both by
direct interactions and by contexts of media, political and
conversational discourse. Everyday life lived away from
the country becomes anthropological ground subject to a
psychological analysis / reading and becomes fixed
through the reflections of an exemplary story.
The language uses reflect concerns regarding the
accuracy of expression, as in other Romanian cultural
publications as well. The interviewees, chosen as they
have managed to establish in the new country, talk about
162

the difficulties of the beginning, in contexts of

differentiated policies within which access to social
hierarchy is subject to equivalent studies and skills and
the acknowledgement of diplomas. For example, in Italy
the system does not encourage highly skilled immigrants
and the prejudices regarding foreigners are powerful and
politicized. However, there are plenty of those who
overcome this barrier by providing an example of
determination and work, as reported in the interview by
journalist Graiela Filip from Gazeta Romneasc.
Essentially, self disply and personal narrative as a way
of exploring some typical situations for immigrants are
involved in a textual game - of choice / selection /
challenge of moments and interest plans for a
psychological reading merging various cognitive
dimensions (motivations, difficult moments overcome with
conviction, decisive experiences, knowledge resources in
circulation, tests converging towards a form of wisdom,
etc.).
Title
A Romanian resident in Ancona wanted at all
costs to validate her studies completed in
Romania and work in accounting.
Informative utterance
Gabriela Nicoleta Bncil is 33 years and was
born in Caracal. After graduating from high school
in Craiova, Department of Mathematics and
163
Physics, she attended the Faculty of Economics of

Craiova, specializing in International Transactions.
After graduating in 2001 she settled in Italy. She
decided to validate her studies and enrolled in
college in the hope that in the future she could
achieve professionally recognition in Italy as well.
Switch from information to narrative
- "I chose the Faculty of Economics and
Commerce of Ancona "Universita' Politecnica delle
Marche", one of the most selective faculties in
Italy, where they were quite drastic regarding
validation of 4 years studies completed in
Romania. I had to complete three more years of
college and in 2006 I graduated with the score of
106/110.
During college I decided to opt as well for the
compulsory term of professional practice in the
profession of chartered accountant dottore
commercialista which takes another three years.
I was lucky because I was able to attend university
and complete the part-time practice term at the
same time. In 2008 I graduated from college laurea specialistica with the maximum score of
"110 e lode" and I can say that it was my first
professional achievement."
164

Evaluation by the duality of the relationship "us them" (Italians)

-
Have you encountered difficulties due to the

fact that you were Romanian?
- "In the beginning it was quite difficult, as for all

Romanians coming to a foreign country, because
you have to get by, to start from the bottom and
my only support was my husband who is
Romanian as well and has been living in Italy for
some time already. It was quite hard to find a
studio where I could complete the compulsory
professional practice. In Italy the practice
tirocinio formativo is not paid. I completed it at
Studio Pellegrini where I went several times to
speak with the permanent holder of the position
and after almost a year he finally agreed.
For Italians it seemed quite strange that a
Romanian would carry out such a profession. Not
many people with high qualifications come to Italy,
as happens with other immigration countries, such
as the United States or Canada, due to the
difficulties encountered in the validation of studies.
If, in other countries, people who have completed
college are welcomed with open arms, its not the
case in Italy. Italians complain that most immigrants form an unskilled labour force, as we all
know that we are good at nothing except cleaning,
165
elderly care, on construction sites etc. Foreigners

with high qualifications wishing to settle in Italy are
clearly discouraged by the Italian system and
bureaucracy, and if they settle here in time most of
them give up on the validation of their studies. "[...]
Evaluation by the duality "I/me - us"
Whats your opinion
community in Italy?
about
the
Romanian
"In my opinion, the media have distorted the facts

and manipulated public opinion to divert the
Italians attention from the real problems the
country faces, such as the economic crisis and
rising unemployment rates. It's true that the
actions of Romanians in the Peninsula leave much
to be desired, but I think that if the law were
applied more strictly, these cases would be
isolated. Who broke the law, must carry out his
sentence. My advice to all Romanians is to never
forget where they started and even if you are
successful you need to show a lot of modesty in
everything you do. "
In the online version of the newspaper Gazeta
Romneasc Daniel Neamu posts in October 5. 2010
(5:02 p.m.), the story of the Romanian actress La ballata
della badante elettrica. The subtleties of the journalists
166

strategy consist in the achievement of a connection

between two planes: the destiny of the real person and
the symbolic double, the character, in which people
recognize and project themselves. The technique of
theatrical origins (Antonin Artaud, Theatre and its Double)
implements Peter Brook's axiomatic claim that the power
of theatre language comes from the ability of the sign to
open a multiplicity of meanings (qtd. in Monique Borie,
The Ghost and Doubt in Theatre, 1997). Daniel Neamu's
story articulates a definite referent with the theatrical sign,
obtaining a cultureme, an aggregation of signs entwined
with everyday life that reveal a style, an identity and a
perception widely shared and replicated, in the society:
the Romanian female immigrants profile and the scenes
in which the real person becomes, turns theatrical
character and crosses social realities, the theatrical sign
underlying representation and identification. The role of
the journalist is related to operation of cutting, route
tracing in the tree of details, of switching between styles:
informational, narrative, analytical and between a
psychological and a sociological reading of the situation of
migration, priming real symbolical, cognitive-pharmacological dualities (with the meaning of a redistribution of
self-knowledge and communication circuits in everyday
life).
Informative introduction (utterance)
Elena Sava, a graduate of the Faculty of Theatre in
Trgu Mure, emigrated to Rome in 2007. The foreign
167
caregiver in Italian families, the so-called "badante [the

typified Romanian immigrant profile], becomes the main
character in a play entitled "La ballata della badante
elettrica", which for two years has been performed in
theatres all over Italy. [reality-theatre articulation
utterance] The actress who plays the part of the badante
actually worked for a while as a badante. She is a 31year-old Romanian, Elena Sava, a graduate of the Faculty
of Theatre in Trgu Mure. Elena emigrated to Italy three
years ago. She gave up on the status of actor at the
theatre of Piatra Neam, where she had been assigned,
and started from scratch in Rome.
Narrative ellipse, "the true story" the narrative
space is defined (furnished) by the oscillation between
two concrete defining contexts in terms of personal
fulfilment "at home, in Trgu Mure (ascending,
studies), in Italy (descending, underpaid jobs below her
qualification).
Elena Sava graduated from the Faculty of Acting in
2004, in Trgu Mure. After her mothers death, she
realized that she can no longer live on the miserable
salary at the theatre and decided to emigrate to Italy. "I
had been having contacts with Italy for a long time, my
mother and sister had been living there for many years,
they had put me through college. In 2007 I settled
permanently in Italy. I had been visiting Italy since 2002,
spending one month there every summer, but in 2007 I
stayed for good. Because I could no longer afford to live
168

in Romania on a 100 euro salary, which was what I

earned at the Theatre of Piatra Neam, where I had been
assigned after graduation. This is the salary in Romanian
theatres, what everybody earns".
A long period of time when Elena Sava discovered
the hardships of immigrant life followed: "The first three
months I did the cleaning in a bar. For a month I was a
badante as well, I replaced a girl who was caring for an
old man of nearly 100 years. It was hard: a lot of work,
little money. Then I worked in cleaning by the hour, I was
moving around Rome all day, changing buses and the
tube, swinging from one end of the city to the other for a
few euros. During that time I was very lucky I had my
sister. She has been living in Italy for 18 years, and she
put me up for a year without me paying anything. It was a
very difficult period, which lasted for a year", Elena told
us.
Change of destiny favourable career development:
Later on, she managed to find a decent job, as
financial consultant in a firm in the centre of Rome in
charge of credits and real estate brokerage. "I took up a
course in financial advising, then I managed to get a job
here. I had a total change in career, and if I am doing well
now, I owe it entirely to my boyfriend who has always
supported me".
Passage towards a higher level of professional
achievement and articulation of the real destiny with the
dramatic character
169
After having experienced these difficulties

personally, Elena Sava had a first contact with the world
theatre in Rome. She attended an event organized by a
Romanian cultural association, at Passo Scuro, where
she was invited by the writer Laura Masielli, the author of
the "Badante Electrice". Thus she found out that they
were looking for a Romanian actress to play the part of a
badante: "She liked me after seeing how I recited a few
poems by Eminescu, in Romanian. She asked me to
recite in Romanian, but afterwards to translate the
meaning of the lyrics. Then she offered me the part of the
housekeeper in "Badante Elettrica", for which I am paid as
a professional actor.
Informative insert:
For nearly two years, the play has been performed
in cities across Italy. So far there have been around 50
performances.
Cut-out by re-contextualisation of the story from the
perspective of another double portrait: the expert
(sociologist) and the author of the play, while preserving
the convention of the actual story where characters take
turns to confess, giving rise to a circularity that reinforces,
disambiguates contexts, selects and typifies:
The writer Laura Masielli, the author of the play "La
Badante Elettrica", is a sociologist by formation. She told
us that the idea of a play whose main character is a
170

housekeeper came to her when she noticed that "the

traditional Italian family was not prepared to receive a
foreign badante amidst them. It was something new. I
witnessed many scenes in Italian families, where the
presence of a badante gave rise to jealousy or even
pathologically racist feelings", declared Laura Masielli.
The informative insert on the expansion of the theatre
project results to other contexts
The author also mentioned that the play was well received
by Romanian and Polish audiences, especially in cities
with large numbers of immigrants, such as Ladispoli and
Perugia.
Intervention of argumentative
informative to the cognitive area
pivoting
from
the
Laura Masielli wrote two books about migrant

communities in Italy, "Nero ma non troppo" and "Tintillo,
ovvero l'arte di non possedere nulla", both published by
Armando Printing House. The author hopes that "La
Badante Elettrica" will become "a wide project involving
more the Romanian community in Italy."
Conclusion
The online narratives convey positive and pragmatic
images of the self, maintain and motivate the identification
in a definite context of correct and expressive uses of
171
Romanian, ensure the cultural and social regeneration of

the capital the world becomes a fable with a happy
ending; the stories intersect, reorganize the perception of
difficult realities in the fellow citizens communication
group niche. The self-portrait story and interview are
genres of communication tipicalized in various online
formats. Information of a broad range of use is forwarded
thematically and focused on pragmatic attitudes,
accelerating the rapiduty of getting a work permit, other
documentation, on facilitating contact with the authorities,
on conditions for rapid integration. The functional uses
develop the stock of [practical] knowledge, accelerating
the penetration of some terms and the lexicalization. As
parallel mass cultural mediation in a territorial frame, it is
an alternative rich in information created through the
crossing of various communication channels within and
outside the national space, language being a resource of
the relocated community. At the micro level that of the
expression and self-image the online medium offers
through sites in Romanian especially those in Europe
new resources of identification in the field of communication in the mother tongue. Online mediation has a
stabilizing role the level of the emerging community
which expresses within expectations of the language
created by the predecessors - within certain limits,
tipicalizes alternative routes to the confusion and identity
crisis that can affect to a greater or lesser extent the
destiny of the Romanian language in building daily life;
the speaking of the mother tongue in the linguistic frame
172

of the virtual community becomes a norm of access, of

valued expression of personal experiences, not least, of
recognition by compatriots (back of recognition), a
mutual component, implicit in the socialization and
exchange of information. At a symbolical level, narratives
redistribute, rearrange affective and cognitive elements
in stories and models of success valued by the
community of Romanians abroad, combining structures of
knowledge / reflexivity, learning from experiences and
paths for overcoming difficulties and access to social
acknowledgement and training, overcoming the immigrats status. At this digital level, the corpus analysed
reflects the orientation of the digital interactions according
to rites of passage (the van Gennep-Turner model), the
interview portrait and self storytelling as ways of
understanding aimed at sharing liminal experiences
widely lived by Romanians, the society being exposed to
prolonged crisis. Moments of crisis are recurrent in
stories, creating a gallery of images and models that are
circulating and shared; the biographical narratives
become an (interpersonal) cultural resource for a possible
overcoming of the limen. The cognitive content
intersubjectively focused offers thinking tools to overcome
the existential crisis by taking the example of those who
succeeded and through the resources of the direct and
mediated interactions in the community of the countrymen. In this way, the online platform participates in a rich
socio-dynamics of information and knowledge, spread by
individuals and culturally connected networks, the correct
173
speech and expressive language as a condition of

membership of the online Romanian community. Identification involves connecting and rearranging meanings
and creating intersections (Hall 2000) that intensify the
processes of exchange of information and transfer of
energy, language being a form web of life (Sebeok 1994).
The heterogeneous referents of the same type of route,
that of the immigrant, patterned in analogy with the
American Dream in the narratives analyzed by us are
integrated through schemes generating orders and
intersubjective guidance, relocated, reorganized in and
through the world of words as space of communicative
interactions. If the intercultural paradigm revealed, as
previously mentioned, segmentation and hybridization
trends as well as the suggestion to define rather cultures
than culture (Abdallah-Prtceille 1986) in terms of
integration and, therefore, the protection of linguistic
diversity, the problem is defined mainly by the manner in
which to differentiate and develop new cross cognitive
structures in differentiated cultural contexts, an issue
discussed by Victor Turner: the same cognitive structure
matrix articulates diverse cultural experiences (Turner
1969: 4). Online environment as a place of social self
theatrical display allows observation of imaginative and
emotional richness, cultural and linguistic community
recreation witihn the insufficiently explored dimensions of
cosmopolitanism (Beck 2006). It is not without
consequences the way in which we imagine the virtual
form of communities the ark, with Douglass meaning,
174

an interaction platform (Deleuze, Guattari 1987), a

propeller hub or a cloud of public opinion, etc. the
tension between formalization (in terms of the binary: yes
/ no), being significant, respectively, between numerical
architecture, algorithmical and practical orientation and
the complex ambiguous, non-determined, autopoietic
anthropological dimension, language and culture being
both concepts and forms of life redefined in relation to
flows, power and counter-power, technology, spatial
scales, crisis and risk (Castells 1997, 2004, Beck 1992,
Beck, Grande 2010, Latour 2005).
While the intercultural paradigm revealed since the
90s a trend toward fragmentation and hybridization
suggesting to define globalization in terms of cultures
rather than culture (Appadurai, 1996, Abdallah-Prtceille
1986),
European
integration
process
involves
responsibility for the protection of linguistic diversity and
cultural heritage. With remarkable sustainability, the
languages and cultures are frameworks (niches) of
establishing the social and cultural life, imprinting
systemic regularities as adequate settings to meet daily
challenges and pressures and to reassemble knowledge
in order to connect to networks larger than the
community. The perception of time as commitment to
action, the communication of emotions, the concern for
others or the value attributed to personal development,
are key elements of sense systems (code) that connect
the members of a linguistic community, facing risks and
175
uncertainty. Ulrich Beck asserts that risk recreates

community (2002). The response to the question: how to
succeed in a developed country overcoming the barriers
and obstacles and to become socially integrated, depends
in the case of millions of Romanian immigrants in
European countries on the capacity of individuals to adopt
innovative behaviours and to capitalize intercultural
learning. The use of Romanian language on digital
platforms multiplies interactions and ritualizes a home,
helping individuals and groups to exceed exclusion and
psychological tresholds mobilising convergence through
the disemination of cultural material practical
knowledge, good practices and success stories , as a
transversal agent of integration within globalized contexts.
The study confirms Victor Turners argument in the digital
environment: the language and culture continue to work
as a cognitive matrix able to articulate culturally
differentiated experiences shaped by transnational
processes that the methodological shift recommended by
the cosmopolitan theory makes visible.
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202

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RISK, LANGUAGE

Ana Maria Munteanu, Aida Todi, Constantin Ioan Mladin

Redactor: Gheorghe Iovan

Editur recunoscut de Consiliul Naional al Cercetrii tiinifice (C.N.C.S.)

Distribuie: tel.: 021-315.32.47 /319.67.27 / 0744 EDITOR / 07217 CARTE

Risk, language and identification in the network society.

PART I LANGUAGE AND SOCIETY IN THE

Chap. 1: Language from the perspective of the

Identification in virtual environments ....................

Material imagination: the communication in any

Social platforms and e-communities .....................

Chap. 2: Texting language noise, interference or

Texting language and its transnational

Texting in Romanian ................................................

Ana Maria Munteanu, Aida Todi, Constantin Ioan Mladin

Some linguistic and sociolinguistic aspects of

The chat as communication system: how does it

Chap. 3: Steps to an ecology of language ............

Network ontology and cultural heritage a

Normalizing the noise ............................................. 102

Risk, language and identification in the network society.

Chap. 5: Language and sustenability of community

Ana Maria Munteanu, Aida Todi, Constantin Ioan Mladin

Risk, language and identification in the network society.

M. Foucault, Biopolitic i medicin social, Cluj, Idea Design

Ana Maria Munteanu, Aida Todi, Constantin Ioan Mladin

context of a broader debate led by Anthony Giddens at

Treated in his book Runaway World: How Globalization is

Risk, language and identification in the network society.

ourselves whether we have at our disposal the adequate

Ana Maria Munteanu, Aida Todi, Constantin Ioan Mladin

reference. The actor-network theory explains the current

Risk, language and identification in the network society.

assert the importance of the language in mapping the

Ana Maria Munteanu, Aida Todi, Constantin Ioan Mladin

Risk, language and identification in the network society.

Ana Maria Munteanu, Aida Todi, Constantin Ioan Mladin

Risk, language and identification in the network society.

Chap.1: Language from the perspective

N. Paskin, The Digital Object Identifier System: Digital

Ana Maria Munteanu, Aida Todi, Constantin Ioan Mladin

and the cultural (ethno) lingvistic approach that explores

Risk, language and identification in the network society.

theory humans are, in fact, machines, whose

M.Minski, Conscious Machines.Machinery of Cosciousness,

Ana Maria Munteanu, Aida Todi, Constantin Ioan Mladin

language and the modern institutions, based on complex

Whorf Benjamin, L., Thought and Reality: Selected Writings,

Risk, language and identification in the network society.

between the cognitive stock and the sensitivity16 towards

Fr. Laplantine, Le social et le sensible: introduction une

Ana Maria Munteanu, Aida Todi, Constantin Ioan Mladin

(Y.Friedman 1980)20. Since disfunctionalities are not the

Y. Friedman, About Critical GroupSize, The United Nations

Risk, language and identification in the network society.

consociates through shared culture22, the language

A. Schtz, 1982, Life forms and meaning structure.

Ana Maria Munteanu, Aida Todi, Constantin Ioan Mladin

Everyday life lived outside the country is submitted to a

"Identity and Globalization" (Bucuresti, 2005, coord. Lavinia

Risk, language and identification in the network society.

language as social capital (in the sense of Putnam24)

The concept of social capital in R. Putnam, 2002,