CHAPTER ONE

GENERAL INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
Bangladesh, a sub-tropical monsoonal country, lies in the Indo-Gangetic plain of South
Asia. It is bordered by India on the west, the north and the north east by China, Bay of
Bengal on the south and Burma on the south east. It is bounded between 20034" and
26038" north latitude and 88001" and 92041" east longitude. The total forest area in
Bangladesh is estimated at 2.53 million ha corresponding to 17.50% of the surface area of
the country. However, only 0.84 million ha (about 5.8%) of the state forest land has
acceptable forest vegetation (Mondal et al., 2004). (FAO, 2001) states that up to 2000, the
forest area of the country was 10.2% of the total land area. An indiscriminate felling of
trees mainly from the hill forests have resulted in a serious depletion of tropical forest tree
species causing a serious degradation of native ecosystems. Most of the hill forests areas
have been lying denuded of forest cover for decades. Forest covered area declined at 3.3%
annually since the past two decades (Ahmed, 2010). Although Bangladesh Forest
Department has undertaken reforestation programmes in some of these degraded hill
forests through the World Bank and Asian Development Bank aided projects
(Misbahuzzaman, 2004),no satisfactory results have so far been achieved either in respect
of a successful establishment of plantation or in terms of the area brought under tree cover.
The majority of forest plantations worldwide are monocultures, with a small number of
tree species of common use (FAO, 2001). Monoculture is the dominant forestry practice
because it has some advantages over mixed plantations, i.e. to concentrate resources on the
growth of a desirable species, the simplicity of nursery practice and stand management,
and the production of uniform harvest (Evans and Turnbull, 2004). However, monocultures
have been criticized for having negative impacts on local environments and its services
(Lamb et al., 2005; Erskine et al., 2006), and for not providing many traditional forest
goods used by local people (Evans, 1999).
Moreover in contrast, many studies have shown that mixed plantations are the most
appropriate strategy for providing a broader range goods and environmental services, such
as protection, biodiversity conservation, and restoration of degraded areas (Cusack et al.,
1

2004). The Chittagong University Campus occupies a land area of 526 hectares and 60%
of the area is covered by hills. The altitude of these hills ranges from 14 to 87 meters from
mean sea level. The hills consists of sandy soil and very hardly of rocks (Ahmed, 1990).
The campus lies approximately in the longitude of 9050 east and latitude of 2230 North
under the Fatikchari- Sitakunda hills ranges with very irregular topography (Gafur et al.,
1989).
The area covered by forest in Chittagong University campus was cleared in past due to
various biotic and abiotic factors such as illegal felling, fire wood collection, soil erosion
and landslides. The original vegetation of hilly area has tremendously changed to barren
area where mostly shrubby plants are dominant. With the aim of reforesting the denuded
and semi denuded hills of the campus by economically important and ecologically suitable
tree species the Chittagong University authority initiated a small scale plantation scheme
in 1973.In 1982 the responsibility of afforestation program was given to the Institute of
Forestry and Environmental Sciences, Chittagong University (Ahmed and Towhid, 1996).
Most of the plantations of the Chittagong University campus are of mixed type comprising
of both indigenous and exotic species in various proportions. These species are Chapalish
(Artocarpus chaplasha) Dhaki jam (Syzygium grande), Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus
camaldulensisi,) Gamar (Gmelina arborea) Garjan (Dipterocarpus turbinatus), Jam
(Syzygium spp), Jarul (Lagerstroemia speciosa), Kala koroi (Albiziu lebbeck), Sil koroi
(Albizia procera). Mahagony (Swietenia mahagony). Pitraj (Aphanamixis polystachya),
Pine (Pinus caribaea), Teak (Tectono grandis). Telsur (Hopea odorata). Kanthal
(Artocarpus heterophyllus). Sonalu (Cassia fistula),Akashmoni (Acacia auriculiformis)
and Chickrassi Chukrasia tabularis (Ahmed, 1990).
Chukrasia tabularis and Aphanamixis polystachya are important native endangered
species. The growth performance of both species are excellent in lower altitude of the hill.
Moreover, the growth performance of Chukrasia tabularis is better than Aphanamixis
polystachya.
This paper describe the growth performance of two endangered native species Chukrasia
tabularis and Aphanamixis polystachya seedlings at three altitude of the hill at eastern part
of Begum Khaleda Zia Hall ,Chittagong University Campus.

1.2 Objectives of the study

This study is an attempt to estimate the growth performances of two endangered native
species Chukrasia tabularis and Aphanamixis polystachya seedlings planted eastern part of
Begum Khaleda Zia Hall at Chittagong University Campus .The main objectives of this
project paper are :

To investigate survival (%) of two endangered species Chukrasia tabularis and

Aphanamixis polystachya seedlings.

To measure the growth performance of Chukrasia tabularis and Aphanamixis

polystachya seedlings at different altitude of the hills at Chittagong University
Campus.

To investigate fertilizer effect on Survivability and growth performance of two

native endangered species Chukrasia tabularis and Aphanamixis polystachya.

CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Basic Concept of Growth Studies
Tree growth occurs in two ways. Growth from the root and shoot tips resulting in increases
in height and length is called primary growth. Growth that increases the thickness of stems
and branches is called secondary growth. Primary growth occurs in small areas called
apical meristems. All leaves, height growth and increases in the length of branches and
roots are the result of growth at the apical meristems. Here one or more leaves are
produced at a region called a node, followed by a section of stem that is called the
internode (Franklin and Mercker, 2009). Growth causes trees to change in weight and
volume (size) and in form (Husch, 1982). Generally growth of a tree depends on Genetic
Variation, Stand density, Stand age and Environmental factors.
2.1.1 Effect of Genetic Variation in Tree growth
Currently, genetic variation is probably the most important basic resource for plant
biology. In addition to the variation artificially generated by mutants in model plants,
naturally occurring genetic variation is extensively found for most species (Koornneef,
2004). Tree growth is influenced by genetic capabilities of a species interacting with the
environment. Heredity affects on tree growth. Plantations of Chukrasia tabularis and
Aphanamixis polystachya were raised in the study area of which seed source were different
in different times. So genetic variation could be expected.
2.1.2 Stand Density
Broadly, we may define stand density as- A quantitative measure of tree cover on an area,
i.e., the amount of tree material per unit area or space. Many foresters use the terms stand
density and stocking synonymously. Conventionally, measures of stand density are
accepted as being absolute and unaffected by management objectives. In contrast, stocking
historically involves comparison of a given stand with some established norm, e.g., one
established with a particular purpose of management in mind. Thus, stands are described
as overstocked, 50% stocked, understocked, etc. Because they are absolute, measures of
stand density are more precise and more useful in analysis and estimation of forest growth
4

and yield than stocking. Stand density is important in forestry because, within limits, the
more growing space made available to a tree, the less competition it will face and the faster
it will grow. Thus, an important role of the forester is to regulate stand density through
initial planting spacing, thinning and other silvicultural practices. Estimates of stand
density are made to express the degree to which the growing space available for tree
growth is utilized. Thus, stand density is a function of three elements (Brack, 2001).
2.1.3 Stand Age
Stand age is an important factor for the increment of trees. The rate of growth is generally
very slow at the phase of establishment and it increase after that phase rapidly and again it
falls down at a decreasing rate (Evans, 2004).
2.1.4 Environmental Factors
Environmental factors include climatic factors (air, temperature, precipitation, wind and
insulation): soil factors (physical and chemical characteristics, moisture and micro-organisms);
topographic characteristics (slope, elevation and aspect) and competition (influence of other
trees, lesser vegetations and animals). The sum of all these environmental factors are expressed
as site quality, although competition is less important than the other factors.
2.2 Description of studied species
2.2.1 Chukrasia tabularis A Juss.
Vernacular name: Chickrasi
Species Authority: A. Juss.
Family: Meliaceae
2.2.2 Botanical Description
Chukrasia tabularis is an evergreen or deciduous tree up to 30m with a straight bole that is
branchless up to 25m (Islam, 2009). It is usually found scattered in evergreen Dipterocarp
rainforest, moist semi-evergreen forest and mixed deciduous forest at altitudes from 20 m
to 1500m from mean sea level (Noshiro and Ho, 2003). Chukrasia tabularis is native in
Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Sri Lanka,
Thailand, and Vietnam. It is exotic in Cameroon, Costa Rica, Nigeria, Puerto Rico, South
Africa, US. Within Bangladesh it is found in Forests of Chittagong, Chittagong Hill Tracts,
Cox's Bazar and Sylhet. C. tabularis usually avoids heavy and wet soils. It is regarded as a
5

pioneer species and common in former shifting cultivation areas. It thrives in areas with
uni- as well as bimodal rainfall regimes (Juss, 2009). For optimum growth of Chukrasia
tabularis the mean temperature are ranges from 2027C (Le and Phi, 1999). The mean
rainfall are 1800-3800mm (Lemmens, 1995). This species is light demanding. However,
young seedlings in natural regeneration may tolerate some degree of shading. It is a
dominant tree occurring mostly in the top canopy in natural forests (Nguyen, 1996).
Chukrasia tabularis should not be planted on sites with heavy soil or excessive moisture.
An impenetrable soil layer less than 60 cm below soil level may cause failure of
plantations (Lemmens, 2005).
Natural regeneration of Chukrasia tabularis is generally good where there are gaps in or
near the edge of the forest where sufficient light is available.

In China, natural

regeneration is adequate in semi-deciduous and in evergreen monsoon forests in lowlands

(Zeng, 1999).

Map 2.1: Distribution Map of Chukrasia tabularis

C. tabularis is monoecious, flowers are unisexual. Flowering normally begins when the
tree is 8-9 years and in some places there is a masting period every 2-3 years. It flowers
and fruits annually; in Southeast Asia, the tree is leafless from December to March.
6

Flowering starts in April and continues until June/July and the fruits ripen in JanuaryMarch. The winged fruits are disseminated by wind. The total number of individual
flowers per inflorescence varied from 131 to 399, and flowers are 13.9 mm to 19.5 mm
long (Pinyopusarerk and Kalinganire, 2001).
Seed collection time varies with locality but is mainly from November to January.
Collection of seed should be directly from the tree, because mature fruits (capsules) will
split open and the seed is then dispersed by wind. Fruits can be harvested with a long
bamboo pole once they turn brown. Capsules are then dried in the sun for 2-3 days on a
tarpaulin until they split open and seed can be removed by shaking or pounding and then
winnowing. Collection from over-mature fruits was avoided as germination tends to be
poor and the resultant seedlings have high mortality (Nguyen, 1996).
Seeds of Chukrasia tabularis were tested for germination capacity after being subjected at
different storage regimes. At room temperature (4C) and in the freezer (-16C). It was
found that seeds which were stored under these conditions stored at room temperature had
a mean germination capacity of 79% (Pinyopusarerk and Kalinganire, 2001).
Seedlings can be raised in different ways such as direct sowing, containerized stock
planting, bare rooted planting, stump planting and mixed planting. Fair success has been
attained through direct sowing and this method is not recommended by Nguyen because of
poor yield of seedlings and the painstaking tending required after germination (Nguyen,
1996). For container planting the area is disc-ploughed twice in a grid pattern one month
before planting time. Planting holes, 2530 cm 2530 cm 2530 cm, are dug. Seedlings
are removed from their containers before putting them in the holes. The most suitable time
for planting containerized seedlings is during the wet season (Ram, 2000).
Bare rooted planting is not widely used. Planting is recommended in spring or rainy
season. Stump planting is not conducted in our country but it is practiced in China and
India. To minimize the shoot borers problem Chukrasia tabularis is recommended mix
plantation with some other fast growing species.
Chukrasia tabularis is a valuable multipurpose tree genus, distributed mainly in South and
Southeast Asia. The timber is highly prized for high-grade cabinet work, decorative
7

paneling, furniture, musical instruments, interior joinery such as doors, windows and light
flooring, sporting goods and for carving. It is also used for railway sleepers, ship and boat
building, packing boxes and general construction. Flowers contain a red and yellow dye,
bark and leaves contain commercial gums and tannins and the astringent bark has
medicinal uses (Delonix, 2013).
2.2.3 Floristic Account of Chittagong University Campus
Chittagong University Campus is rich in forest resources(Alam, 1999) conducted a survey
on the angiosperm plant diversity of Chittagong University Campus through repeated field
trip in different season. They conducted their survey ten year. A floristic survey was carried
out during the period 1977-1997. Typically the area was then with secondary succession.
The original vegetation was badly affected by human interference and the grazing of
animals. Some of the places were prominent with Impereta cylindrical, Andropogon
aciculatus and some other members of Gramineae (Alam, 1999).
2.3.4 Experimental Studies about Chukrasia tabularis
Author (s) (Year of
publication)

Relevant notes of the paper

Remarks

C. tabularis is fast growing and a Although C. tabularis is

heavy but irregular seed producer. It fast growing species but
is a pioneer tree capable of colonizing irregular seed producer. So
(Kalinganire and

bare land and can tolerate some it is necessary to produce

Pinyopusarek, 2000)

degree of shade in the early stages. It abundant seedlings through

has an ability to coppice and produce vegetative propagation to
root suckers. It can be easily conserve this species.
regenerated in natural forests.
Bark and leaves of Chukrasia

Chukrasia

tabularis

has

tabularis inhibit lipid peroxidation important medicinal value

(Rajbir et al.,2009)

in remarkable percentage. Lipid along with good timber

peroxidation causes cell damage production.
and associated with cancer, heart

(Kalinganire and

disease, stroke, and aging.

Chukrasia tabularis shows better When a species planted its

Pinyopusarerk,

performance in in-situ conservation natural habitat then its

2000)

rather the ex-situ conservation.

8

called in-situ conservation.

Hence C. tabularis shows

better performance in insitu

conservation

so

it

should be planted in in-situ

conservation.
C. tabularis is planted as a shade C. tabularis is used as a
tree for Tea and coffee plantations shade tree of Tea and
(Zeng, 1999)

in India and is being domesticated coffee.

for agroforestry and green manure
in China.
C. tabularis is a gregarious species C. tabularis capable of
capable of invading gaps in the invading gaps vigorously in
forest. It is common in former the forest. . It is common in

(Appanah and

shifting

cultivation

areas

and former shifting cultivation

Weinland, 1993)

occasionally occurs as a colonist of areas

bare land, including road cuttings

and

occasionally

occurs as a colonist of bare

land,

including

road

cuttings
C. tabularis is moderate light C. tabularis has sensitivity
demanding

and

shade

bearing to light. Its growth depends

species. However, young seedlings on light along with other

(Nguyen, 1996)

in natural regeneration may tolerate factors.

some degree of shading. It is a
dominant tree occurring mostly in
the top canopy in natural forests
C. tabularis occurs on loamy, red- Soil

required

for

C.

yellow, brown-red and brown- tabularis is loamy, red(Ho and Noshiro,

yellow soils derived from basalt, yellow,

1995)

limestone,

schist

and

mica brown-yellow

schistose. It is most common on derived

limestone.

limestone.

2.3 Aphanamixis polystachya (Wall.) Parker

9

brown-red,
from

and

and
soil
basalt,

Vernacular name: Pithraj

Family: Meliaceae
Species Authority: Authority: (Wallich) R.N. Parker
2.3.1 Distribution
Aphanamixis polystachya (Pitraj) a widespread species found in Indo-China and western
Malaysia. It is native to Indonesia; Malaysia; Singapore; Taiwan, Province of China
(IUCN, 2014). A. polystachya are distributed in Bangladesh in the forest of Chittagong,
Coxs Bazar, Chittagong Hill Tracts, Sylhet, Dhaka-Mymensingh and Dinajpur. It is also
found in village groves throughout the country (Alam, 2001).
2.3.2 Description
Aphanamixis polystachya is a medium sized, evergreen tree with a dense spreading crown,
young parts tawny pubescent. Bark greyish brown, exfoliating in circular warty pieces,
inner bark red with streak of lighter issues, aromatic, exuding milky resin. Leaves uni-and
imparipinnate, crowded at the end of the branches, 30-60 cm long very green; leaflets 919, opposite, 7-25 cm long, oblong or obovate, acuminate, base very oblique, lateral veins,
12-16 pairs, slender, prominent beneath, petioles 2-3 mm long. Flowers greenish or pale
yellow, sessile, males forming spikes arranged in glabrous auxiliary panicles, bisexual
flowers in single many flowered axillary puberulous spike, male spikes are long as the
leaves. Female much shorter. Fruit a capsule, obovate, yellow or radish brown when ripe,
smooth, 2.5 -3 cm in diam. 3 valved, pericarp thick leathery. Seeds 1-2, rather large,
oblong, black, shinning, completely enclosed in fleshy scarlet arillus (Das, 2001).
Aphanamixis polystachya will be a suitable species for hill bottom and gentle slope or flat
areas. On the contrary, Dipterocarpus turbinatus could be planted on moderate or lower
slopes (Jashimuddin, 2005). Crude seed extracts of Aphanamixis polystachya were
evaluated for their repellency, feeding deterrence, contact toxicity and oviposition
deterrence to rice weevils. The extracts had strong repellent and feeding deterrent effects
on rice weevils. Aphanamixis polystachya seed extracts were moderately toxic to rice
weevils. An ethanol extract was the most toxic of four extracts tested and showed the
lowest LD50 and LT50 values. The ground leaves, bark and seeds at a 2.5% ratio provided
good protection for rice grains by reducing the F1 progeny emergence and the grain
infestation rates (Talukdera, 1994).

10

2.3.4 Experimental Studies about Aphanamixis polystachya

Author (s) (Year of
publication)

Relevant notes of the paper

Remarks

Aphanamixis polystachya will be a Aphanamixis

suitable species for hill bottom and polystachya shows better
(Jashimuddin et

gentle slope or flat areas. On the growth performance at

al.,2005)

contrary, Dipterocarpus turbinatus lower slope of the hill

could be planted on moderate or and almost same at the
lower slopes.
Crude seed extracts of Aphanamixis

middle and upper slope.

Ground plant materials

polystachya have strong repellent, provided good protection

feeding deterrent and toxic effects on for wheat flour, pulses
(Talukder and
Howse, 1995)

insects and strong growth inhibition and

rice

grains

effects on fungal species. Ground reducing

by
insect

leaves, bark and seeds were tested oviposition

and

seed

for lethal and sub-lethal effects on T. infestation rates.

castaneum, C. chinensis, S. oryzae
and S. granaries
Aphanamixis polystachya has got Aphanamixis
significant positive relationship with polystachya
(Jashimuddin et
al.,2005)

are

soil organic matter and negative positively

relationship with slope.

organic

related
matter

negatively

to

planation

different

forest 80%, in Lawachara- 67%, ecological

and

related

slope.
Survival rate of A. polystachya in Experimental
different agro ecological zone: in Sal at

to

zone

agro
show

Keochia-83% and HQ nursery BFRI- that the survival rate of

(BFRI Report, 2008- 55%.

Aphanamixis

09)

polystachya are high at

keochia 83%. That mean
this site condition is
preferred
polystachya.

11

for

A.

2.3.5 Mix Plantation

It is seems that mix plantation system to be the most appropriate for a broad range of
options, such as biodiversity conservation, production, protection and restoration of
degraded areas (Parrotta, 1999). Mix plantation produce more biomass per unit area rather
than mono plantation because competition among individual is reduce and the site is use
irregularly (Montagnini, 1995).
2.3.6 Experimental Studies about Mix Plantation
Author (s) (Year
of publication)

Relevant notes of the paper

Remarks

The vast majority of forest Monoculture are practice only for a

plantations
(FAO, 2001)

worldwide

are limited use and with some common

monocultures, with a small species

but

mix

planation

are

number of tree species of practiced for multipurpose. Mix

common use.

plantation also provide some extra

Monocultures

externality over mono plantation.

been Mix plantation has a positive impact

have

criticized for having negative on local environment. It helps to

(Lamb et al.,
2006)

impacts on local environments conserve

the

biodiversity

and

and its services and for not provide different goods and services
providing

many

traditional to the local peoples.

forest goods used by local

people
The
success

of

the Success of Mix plantation largely

establishment of mixed forest depends on appropriate design and

plantations
(FAO, 1992)

plantation

depends
design

and

on appropriate selection of species

an considering

ecological

appropriate definition of the silvicultural aspects.

species to be used, taking into
consideration ecological and
silvicultural aspects

12

and

CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This chapter of the project paper illustrated the materials and methods used in this piece of
research. However, description of the study area also described to introduce the place of
research where conducted. Moreover, materials used to conduct this research and the
methods used are described subsequently.
3.1 Location and extent
The study area located at eastern part of the Begum Khaleda Zia Hall at Chittagong
University Campus. The Chittagong University Campus (CUC) stretches over a 1300-acre
landscape of green hills, undulating valleys, moulds, plain grassland, bush, and forests.
Seventy-two percent of the campus area is hilly and comprises small hills, and the
remaining are either plains or valleys. The valleys are 15 90 m high from the sea surface.
About 30% of the hills are higher than 70 m and 60% less than 30 m high (NTNU, 2013).
The surface of the hill area is almost flat. It is somewhat sloppy to the north and south. The
hill range is covered from north to south. There are some creeks and streams within the hill
area. Geographically CUC lies between 2227' N and 9146'E (Anon, 1989).
Topographically the campus is lodged at a safe elevation from seasonal flooding
(Chowdhury and Pasha, 2001).
3.1.2 Soil
Soils are yellowish-brown to yellowish-red in color and are sandy to clayey-loam (Islam et
al, 1979). More than 60% of the campus soils are formed in moderately coarse to fine
textured, folded tertiary hill sediments. The rest are formed in coarse to fine sediments of
valleys. The surface soils are grey moist, sandy loam) loam, slightly sticky, non-friable and
plastic, many very fine and fine tabular pores. Soils in valleys are developed in recent
piedmont materials washed down from surrounding hilts.
3.1.3 Temperature Variation
The mean monthly temperature ranges from 19.55C to 30.55C. The mean annual
maximum and minimum temperature was 34C May (2013 and 2014) and 12C January
13

(2013 and 2014). The warmest month of the year is May and coldest month is January.

14

Map 3.1: Chittagong University Boundary Demarcation

Map 3.2: Experimental Site

15

Map 3.3: Location of the Study Area

16

Table 3.1: Average Temperature from January 2013 to May 2014.

Month

Year

January
March
May
July
September
November
January
March
May

2013
2013
2013
2013
2013
2013
2014
2014
2014

Average High

Average Low Temperature

Temperature
25
12
33
16
34
25
31
26
31
26
29
19
25
12
33
15
34
25
Source: http://www.accuweather.com Time: June, 2014.

3.1.4 Rainfall
Most of the rainfall takes place between June and September. Mean annual rainfall
2,914mm with monthly variation from 14-758mm. The lowest average monthly rainfall is
5mm, which occurs in January. The monsoon season from May to October receives about
90% of the total rainfall. The highest rainfall in the year 2000-2001 was 795.5cm in the
month of June (Regional Agriculture Research Station, 2002).
3.1.5 Relative Humidity
The relative humidity is generally high throughout the year with the exceptions of January
and February. The average relative humidity (10 years) is about 80.02% with a monthly
average ranges from 72.2% in February to 86.86% in July. Heavy mist and dew occurs
throughout the year.
3.1.6 Topography
The topography is hilly and constituted with high, medium high and lower hills. The
heights of hills are ranges from 50 to 250 ft. The campus stretches over a 1300 acre
landscape of green hills, undulating valleys, moulds plain grassland and lush forests.
Topographically the campus is lodged at a safe elevation from seasonal flooding
(Chowdhury and Pasha, 2001).
3.1.7 Climate
The climate of the study area is moist warm and equitable. The area enjoys tropical
Maritime-climate characterized by hot humid summer and cool dry winter. The climate
17

information given by Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics for Chittagong district for the period
of 1986-1995 is considered as standard climate for the Chittagong University Campus. The
dry summer season exists from March to April receives only about 7 percent total rainfall
from periodic thundershowers. It is hot and records the highest temperatures and the rates
of evaporation (Anon, 1979). The surveyed area enjoys a tropical monsoon climate,
characterized by hot, humid and cool, dry winter. There are three main seasons. The
monsoon (rainy) season from May-October receiving about 90 percent of the total rainfall
of the year is warm and humid. The dry season (or winter) from November to the lowest
temperatures and humidifies of the year. Chittagong University campus, Jobra and
Bhavanipur village under Chittagong District do not show any considerable difference in
respect of climate with that of Chittagong District. The extremes of climate are neutralized
to a considerable extent because the district is situated with the sea to the west and the
ranges of hills to the east. There exist high temperature with small seasonal differences,
high humidity (70-85%) and heavy rainfall concentrated during the monsoon period, from
June to September. Pre-monsoon storms from March to May, forming in the Bay of Bengal
cause severe damages to human habitations and plantations.
3.1.8 Geology and Landforms
The Chittagong University Campus occurs on the South-Eastern edge of the Sitakunda hill
range about 65% of the area is covered by steep and very steep hills or Tertiary
Sedimentary rocks and alluvial and colluvial sediments.
The hills range in elevation form about 60 to 200 feet above M.S.L. Hills with semi
consolidated and consolidated sediments. This subunit includes mostly the higher and very
steeply dissected hills that occupy the western part of the campus covering more than 35%
of the area. It comprises the geological formation of Tipam series of aid-Miocene period of
Tertiary age. It includes semi consolidated to consolidated sedimentary rocks composed of
medium to fine grained sandstones interblended with sandy shale and siltstones which
been strongly and deeply dissected giving rise to ranges of mostly steep to very steep
rugged hills with sharp edged, rather conical summits ranging from 100 to 340 feet above
M.S.L. They are subjected to severe to very severe erosion hazard in the rainy season.
3.1.9 Wind and Storm
The wind flows from South and West between March and May, from South and East
between June and September and North and West between October and February. The
18

worst cyclonic storms occur in last ten years are mainly two times like 24 May 1995 and 9
November 1986 when wind speed was 163 km/hr and 109 km/hr respectively. The most
devastating cyclone occurred over the area in 1 991 when wind speed was 223 km/hr
(Anon, 1993).
3.1.10 Vegetation and Landuse
The Primary forest of the study hills was cleared long ago and now it covered with
secondary vegetation such as thickets with a few scattered trees, thatching grasses and
some bamboos.
3.1.11 Hydrology
The most important features identifying with the hydrology of the grounds zone is the
extraordinary measures of precipitation gained throughout the months of stormy season.
Disregarding the enormous measure of precipitation, the sharp inclination of the uneven
territory encourage the facilities range to have productive surface waste frameworks. The
very permeable soils on the slopes and high valleys allow enough rain water to be put
away in the underneath permeable rock strata empowering them to issue a leakage supply
to sustain the neighborhood streams throughout the dry season. The slopes involving
something like 60% of the region stand high over the surge level. The profound porous
slopes created in unconsolidated Dupitila structuring have moderately slower run off than
with comparative incline angles however with shallow soil improvement in united Tipam
rocks. Thus, porous soils created in sandstones have slower run off than the moderately
less penetrable ones framed in shales (Islam et al., 1979).
3.2 Methods
3.2.1 Collection of Literature and Information
The relevant information and literature were collected from different books, journals and
published papers. These were collected from IFESCU library, BFRI and the most recent
information were collected from internet.

3.2.2 Reconnaissance Survey

At first a reconnaissance survey was conducted to become familiar with the studied sites
19

and to find out suitable sites for plantation of Chukrasia tabularis and Aphanamixis
polystachya.
3.2.3 Plantation Technique and Sampling Procedure for Applying Treatment
The plantation site was selected at eastern part of the Begum Khaleda Zia Hall at
Chittagong University. At first the plantation sites were cleared from weeds and seedlings
were planted at 2m x 2m spacing. Treatment were applied randomly. The sites are divided
into three slope such as Lower Slope, Middle Slope and Upper Slope. Again, each slope is
divided into three block. Chukrasia tabularis and Aphanamixis polystachya were planted
at different slope. The first block is pure Chukrasia tabularis, second block is mix
plantation of Chukrasia tabularis and Aphanamixis polystachya and third block is pure
plantation of Aphanamixis polystachya were planted on different slope and elevation.
3.2.4 Experimental design
Randomized block design were followed in this experiment, with three replicates in three
altitude each containing 3 plots. There were 28 trees in each plot spaced at 2m x 2m. Two
boundary rows of the same species were planted surrounding the experiment. Planting
holes were dug by spade and seedlings were planted on 12th June 2013.
3.2.5 Instruments and other materials
Distance tape was used for demarcating the plot size on the ground. In measuring diameter
at collar region, slide calipers were used. Meter scale was used to measure the height of the
seedlings. GPS receiver was used to get latitude and longitude data of plantation site.
Smartphone was also used to validate GPS data and to get elevation from MSL (Mean Sea
Level). Abney level was used to measure slope and pH meter was used to measure acidity
or alkalinity of the soil. Some other accessories like arrows/pegs, Dao etc. were also used
for the purpose.
3.2.6 Measurements
Two parameters were measured to determine growth performance. Those are total height
of the seedlings and diameter at collar region. The measurement of the height was taken
from the ground to the tip of the seedlings. Collar diameter was taken at 2cm above the
ground level.
3.2.7 Field work
20

The selected sites laid out in the field in a paper and seedlings were indicated with
numbers. Within the plantation site, the number and name of all seedlings were counted
and recorded on the field note book. Collar diameter and height were recorded according
to lay out of the field. Altitudes (lower than 25m from MSL, medium altitude, 25 to 45m
from MSL and high altitude 45m from MSL) and GPS location (222809.629 N and
914729.002 E) was taken in the first time when plantation was established. Parameters
(height and collar diameter) were taken on an interval of 2 month. Total 5 times data were
recorded from the field.
3.2.8 Growth experiment
To determine the growth performance of seedlings, recorded data was compared within the
plantation sites. The data are compared with different slope such as lower slope, middle
slope and upper slope. Growth data were measured at two month interval for 10 successive
months. Collar diameter measured using slide calipers at 2 cm above from the soil and
height was taken from the ground to the tip of the plants.
3.2.9 Analysis of field data
After collection of the field data the growth rate of seedlings in terms of height and
diameter at collar region of seedlings was worked out .Data were statistically analyzed by
using computer software.
3.2.10 Statistical Analysis
All the recorded data related to seed germination and seedling growth attributes were
analyzed statistically by using statistical software Minitab Version 15.0. The Analysis
Variance (ANOVA) was tested for the analysis to explore possible treatment variations.
3.2.11 Analysis of growth performance
Mean collar diameter, mean height, mean increment and morphological parameters of
seedlings were assessed to know the initial growth performance of Chukrasia tabularis
and Aphanamixis polystachya seedlings in the study.

21

CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This part of this project paper focuses the findings on the growth performances of
endangered native species of Chukrasia tabularis and Aphanamixis polystachya seedlings
planted at different altitudes of the hills at eastern part of the Begum Khaleda Zia Hall,
Chittagong University Campus.
4.1 Relative growth performance C. tabularis
Height increment comparison
The parameters considered to evaluate the growth performances of C. tabularis are height
and collar diameter at different altitude of the hill. The following result found from the
experiment.
Individual Value Plot of Height Increment vs Fetilizer, Slope
90

Height Increment

80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Slope

Fetilizer

Figure-4.1 Individual value plot of height vs fertilizer in three altitude

22

Height Increment of Chuckrasia tabularis

150
100

Height Increment (cm)

50
0

Jun-July

Aug-Sep

Oct-Nov

Dec-Jan

Feb-M ar

Month of the year

Lower Altitude

M idium Altitude

High Altitude

Figure-4.2 Height of C. tabularis seedlings at different altitude of the hill

Figure-4.2 illustrates growth in height of C. tabularis seedlings was found higher in lower
altitude of the hill (lower than 25m from MSL) than the middle (25-45m from MSL) and
higher (more than 45m from MSL) altitude. The graph shows that the growth in height of
C. tabularis seedlings are negatively related to altitude. (Gunn, 2006) found that that C.
tabularis shows positive growth at bottom of the hill. The individual highest height
increment of the C. tabularis is 1.25m within this study period (Appendix-1).
Collar Diameter increment comparison
Individual Value Plot of Collar Dia I ncrement vs Fertilizer, Slopes
0.9
Collar Dia Increment

0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
Slopes

Fertilizer

23

Figure-4.3 Individual value plot of collar dia vs fertilizer in three altitude

Collar Diameter Increment of Chuckrasia tabularis

1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1

Collar Diameter (cm)

1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
Jun-Jul

Aug-Sep

Oct-Nov

Dec-Jan

Feb-M ar

Month of the Year

Low Altitude

M idium Altitude

High Altitude

Figure-4.4 Collar Diameter comparison of C. tabularis along with slope

The figure-4.4 depicts relative collar diameter increment of C. tabularis seedlings at three
different altitude of the hills. The figure shows that the collar increment are not
significantly different among three altitudes. Moreover the, the collar diameter increment
is a little bit higher in lower altitude (lower than 25m from MSL) but not significant. The
trend of collar diameter increment of C. tabularis seedlings is higher in lower altitude of
the hill (Appendix-2) and it also negatively relate to altitude.

24

Growth Performance comparison C. tabularis with fertilizer

I ndividual Value Plot of Height I ncrement vs Fertlizer, Slopes
70

Height Increment

60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Slopes

Fertlizer

Figure-4.5 Growth Performance comprising of C. tabularis with fertilizer

Figure-4.5 depicts that the height increment of C. tabularis seedlings at different altitudes
where fertilizer applied are higher than without fertilizer (Appedix-3). But this increment
is not significantly different.

25

4.2 Growth Performance of A. polystachya

Height comparison
I ndividual Value Plot of Height I ncrement vs Fertilizer, Slope
25

Height Increment

20
15
10
5
0
Slope

Fertilizer

Figure-4.6 Individual value plot of height vs fertilizer in three altitude

Height increment of A. polystachya

100
80
60
Height Increment (cm)

40
20
0

Jun-July

Aug-Sep

Oct-Nov

Dec-Jan

Feb-Mar

Month of the Year

Lower Altitude

Midium Altitude

High Altitude

Figure-4.7 Individual value plot of height vs fertilizer in three altitude

Figure-4.7 shows that there is significant differences in height increment of A. polystachya
seedlings at three different altitudes. It indicate that the A. polystachya is showing better
growth performance at bottom of the hill than the middle and upper altitude of the hill
26

(Appendix-4). It may be due to availability of sufficient water and nutrients.

Collar Dia comparison
Individual Value Plot of Collar Dia I ncrement vs Fertilizer, Slopes

Collar Dia Increment

1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
Slopes

Fertilizer

Figure-4.8 Individual value plot of collar dia vs fertilizer in three altitude

The figure shows that the collar increment are not significantly different among three
altitudes. Moreover the, the collar diameter increment is a little bit higher in lower altitude
(lower than 25m from MSL) but it is not significant.
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0

Jun-Jul

Aug-Sep
Lower Altitude

Oct-Nov
M edium Altitude

Dec-Jan

Feb-M ar

Upper Altitude

Figure-4.9 Collar Dia comparison of A. polystachya along with altitude

27

Figure-4.9 depicts that there is no significant difference in collar dia increment of A.

polystachya at three different altitude. Moreover, the dia increment in lower altitude (lower
than 25m from MSL) is a little bit higher than the others altitude (Appendix-5).
Growth performance comparison in mixed and mono plantation
I ndividual Value Plot of Height I ncrement vs Fertilizer, Slopes
90

Height Increment

80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Slopes

Fertilizer

Figure -4.10 Growth performance comparison in C. tabularis mixed and mono

plantation
Figure 4.10 depicts that there is significant difference in height increment between C.
tabularis mono and C. tabularis mixed plantation. The increment is higher in lower
altitude (lower than 25m from MSL) than the middle and upper altitude (Appendix-6).

28

4.2.1 Growth performance comparison in mixed and mono plantation

I ndividual Value Plot of Height I ncrement vs Fertilizer, Slopes
25

Height Increment

20
15
10
5
0
Slopes

Fertilizer

Figure-4.11 Growth performance comparison in A. polystachya mixed and mono

plantation
Figure-4.11 depicts that there is no significant difference in height increment between A.
polystachya mono and A. polystachya mixed plantation. Moreover, the height increment is
higher in lower altitude than the middle and upper slope (Appendix-7).

29

4.2.2 Height Growth Performance of Mixed Plantation

I ndividual Value Plot of Height I ncrement vs Fertilizer, Slopes

Height Increment

40

30

20

10

0
Slopes

Fertilizer

Figure-4.12 Height Growth Performance of C. tabularis and A. polystachya

Figure-4.12 illustrates relative height growth performance of C. tabularis and A.
polystachya in mixed plantation at different altitudes. The figure show that there is a little
bit differences in height growth at three different altitude of the hill. Moreover, it is not
significantly different (Appendix-8)

30

4.3 Survival rate (in percentage) of planted species

4.3.1 Chukrasia tabularis

Survival Percentage of Studied Species

90%

88%
85%

85%

83%
79%
A. polystachya

tabularis
Survival PercentageC. 80%

78%

77%

75%

70%

Lower Altitude

Midium Altitude

High Altitude

Altitude Level

Figure-4.13 Survival Percentage of C. tabularis and A. polystachya in three different

altitude
Figure-4.13 illustrates that there is significant difference on survival percentage of C.
tabularis and A. polystachya at three different altitudes of the hill. It shows that the
survival percentage of C. tabularis in lower altitude (lower than 25m from MSL) is 88%,
in medium altitude (25-45m from MSL) 85% and high altitude (more than 45m from
MSL) is 78%, subsequently for A. polystachya is 83%, 79% and 77%.

31

Survival percentage comparison between mono and mix culture

Survival Percentage comparison in mono and mix culture

84%
81%

81%
78%

78%
76%

76%

75%

72%

Mix Culture
C. tabularis

Mono Culture
A. polystachya

Figure-4.14 Survival percentage comparison between mono and mix culture

Figure-4.14 illustrates that the survival percentage of C. tabularis in mono plantation
(81%) is higher than mixed culture (76%). Again, the survival percentage of A.
polystachya mono culture is (76%) is lower than mixed culture (78%).
Table: 4.1Test of Significant
Comparison between Factors
Height increment of C. tabularis comparison
among three altitudes

Significant test result

Significantly different

Height increment of A. Polystachya

comparison among three altitudes
Collar diameter increment of C. tabularis
comparison among three altitudes
Collar diameter increment of A. Polystachya
comparison among three altitudes
C. tabularis Mixed and Mono plantation in
terms of height increment
A. polystachya Mixed and Mono plantation in
terms of height increment
of C. tabularis and A. polystachya Mixed
plantation in terms of height increment

Significantly different
No Significant different
No Significant different
Significant different
Significant different
No Significant different

32

CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
In Bangladesh the land is a rare asset. Despite the fact that it is exceptionally hard to allot
new land for the afforestation program yet the nation has incomprehensible vast vacant and
degraded forest area where enhancement planting might be done. The idea of development
demonstrating is not extremely natural to the majority of us. In any case development
demonstrating is extremely essential as it predicts the development execution of the
particular species in connection to diverse components. From such a study one can select
suitable species to be planted at in specific site that is vital for a creating nation like
Bangladesh, where the interest for wood is much higher than the generation. A decently
oversaw timberland can just create high return that is the fundamental target of the manors.
Additionally, the woods have the wide capability of carbon sequestration as it can store
high measure of carbon in plant biomass, soil and in the woodland floor. The climatic state
of the nation is terrible because of the vicinity of unreasonable carbon in the environment.
Researchers cautioned about the genuine ecological fiasco within a brief span of time. So
to ensure the nation Bangladesh ought to begin timberland certification technique, which
can guarantee the quality and standard of the woods. It is a matter of trust that the
administration of Bangladesh is presently truly cognizant about the woodland and
environment and essential steps officially taken by the legislature which has got much
criticalness in importance all sectors.
The current study shows that growth of the selected species are very much dependent on
the site factors. It is also found that Chukrasia tabularis and Aphanamixis polystachya
mono plantation are showing better growth performance at lower altitude of the hill than
their mix association. So Chukrasia tabularis and Aphanamixis polystachya mono
plantation will be a suitable species for hill bottom and gentle slope or flat areas.
Chukrasia tabularis and Aphanamixis polystachya both are native endangered species of
33

Bangladesh. Moreover due to indiscriminate cutting and poor understanding of the native
endangered species including C tabularis and A. polystachya are being replaced by exotic
species day by day which may loss the native gene pool and jeopardize the native
ecosystem gradually. There is no doubt that this indigenous species are the national
heritage of the country and it is our foremost duty to preserve and conserve the native
species.
This study shows that growth performance of Chukrasia tabularis and Aphanamixis
polystachya seedlings is satisfactory at lower altitude of the hill. The survivable (%) is also
satisfactory. There are a lot of vacant and degraded forest land are available in Chittagong
University and Sitakunda valley region. Therefore, these both species recommended for
future planting at Chittagong University Campus as well as Sitakunda valley region.
The result depicts that more comprehensive study about the growth performances of other
species at the Chittagong University Campus may be carried out and intensive scientific
study is essential to recommend a species for plantation considering other related factors
that were not possible to me due to the shortage of time and fund.

34

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38

APPENDICES

Appendix-1
Growth performance of C. tabularis seedlings in terms of height increment.

Two-way ANOVA: Height Increment versus Fertilizer, Altitude

Source
DF
SS
MS
F P
Fertilizer 1 149.3 149.33 0.46 0.499
Altitude 2 11562.6 5781.32 17.86 0.000
Interaction 2 802.3 401.15 1.24 0.295
Error
78 25249.9 323.72
Total
83 37764.1
S = 17.99 R-Sq = 33.14% R-Sq(adj) = 28.85%
Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on
Pooled StDev
Fertilizer Mean ---------+---------+---------+---------+
0
33.8810 (---------------*---------------)
1
36.5476
(--------------*---------------)
---------+---------+---------+---------+
31.5 35.0 38.5 42.0
Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on
Pooled StDev
Altitude
Mean ------+---------+---------+---------+--Lower Altitude 51.3571
(-----*----)
Medium Altitude 30.4643
(----*-----)
High Altitude 23.8214 (-----*----)
------+---------+---------+---------+--24
36
48
60
Individual Value Plot of Height Increment vs Fertilizer, Altitudes

39

Appendix-2
Growth Performance of C. tabularis seedlings in terms of Collar Diameter increment.

Two-way ANOVA: Collar Diameter Increment versus Fertilizer, Altitude

Source
DF
SS
MS F P
Fertilizer 1 0.11963 0.119630 1.59 0.211
Altitude 2 0.23659 0.118296 1.57 0.214
Interaction 2 0.07469 0.037344 0.50 0.610
Error
78 5.86512 0.075194
Total
83 6.29603
S = 0.2742 R-Sq = 6.84% R-Sq(adj) = 0.87%
Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled StDev
Fertilizer Mean +---------+---------+---------+--------0
0.505476 (-----------*-----------)
1
0.580952
(-----------*-----------)
+---------+---------+---------+--------0.420 0.490 0.560 0.630
Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on
Pooled StDev
Slopes
Mean --+---------+---------+---------+------Lower Slope 0.614286
(---------*----------)
Middle Slope 0.528571
(---------*---------)
Upper Slope 0.486786 (----------*---------)
--+---------+---------+---------+------0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70

Individual Value Plot of Collar Dia Increment vs Fertilizer, Altitudes

40

Appendix-3
Growth Performance of C. tabularis seedlings in terms of Fertilizer application.

Two-way ANOVA: Height Increment versus Fertilizer, Altitudes

Source
DF
SS
Fertilizer 1 581.4
Altitude 2 5877.3
Interaction 2 226.9
Error
78 21357.9
Total
83 28043.6

MS
F P
581.44 2.12 0.149
2938.65 10.73 0.000
113.44 0.41 0.662
273.82

S = 16.55 R-Sq = 23.84% R-Sq(adj) = 18.96%

Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on
Pooled StDev
Fertilizer Mean --------+---------+---------+---------+0
30.0714 (------------*------------)
1
35.3333
(-----------*------------)
--------+---------+---------+---------+28.0 32.0 36.0 40.0
Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on
Pooled StDev
Slopes
Mean --+---------+---------+---------+------Lower Altitude 43.8929
(-----*-----)
Medium Altitude 30.4286
(-----*------)
High Altitude 23.7857 (-----*-----)
--+---------+---------+---------+------20
30
40
50

Individual Value Plot of Height Increment vs Fertilizer, Altitudes

41

Appendix-4

Growth Performance of A. polystachya in terms of height increment.

Two-way ANOVA: Height Increment versus Fertilizer, Altitudes

Source
DF
SS
Fertilizer 1 60.01
Altitude 2 991.50
Interaction 2 7.17
Error
78 2657.36
Total
83 3716.04

MS
F P
60.012 1.76 0.188
495.750 14.55 0.000
3.583 0.11 0.900
34.069

S = 5.837 R-Sq = 28.49% R-Sq(adj) = 23.91%

Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled StDev
Fertilizer Mean +---------+---------+---------+--------0
10.7619 (-----------*-----------)
1
12.4524
(-----------*-----------)
+---------+---------+---------+--------9.0 10.5 12.0 13.5
Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on
Pooled StDev
Slope
Mean ------+---------+---------+---------+--Lower Altitude 15.5000
(-----*------)
Medium Altitude 12.1786
(-----*-----)
High Altitude 7.1429 (-----*------)
------+---------+---------+---------+--7.0 10.5 14.0 17.5

Individual Value Plot of Height Increment vs Fertilizer, Altitudes

42

Appendix-5
Growth Performance of A. polystachya in terms of collar diameter increment.

Two-way ANOVA: Collar Diameter Increment versus Fertilizer, Altitudes

Source
DF
SS
MS F P
Fertilizer 1 0.68762 0.687619 6.95 0.070
Altitude 2 0.69024 0.345119 3.49 0.085
Interaction 2 0.01595 0.007976 0.08 0.923
Error
78 7.71286 0.098883
Total
83 9.10667
S = 0.3145 R-Sq = 15.31% R-Sq(adj) = 9.88%
Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on
Pooled StDev
Fertilizer Mean -----+---------+---------+---------+---0
0.542857 (--------*---------)
1
0.723810
(--------*---------)
-----+---------+---------+---------+---0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80
Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on
Pooled StDev
Slopes
Mean -------+---------+---------+---------+-Lower Altitude 0.739286
(---------*--------)
Medium Altitude 0.642857
(---------*--------)
High Altitude 0.517857 (---------*---------)
-------+---------+---------+---------+-0.48 0.60 0.72 0.84

Individual Value Plot of Collar Dia Increment vs Fertilizer, Altitudes

43

Appendix-6
Growth Performance of C. tabularis Mixed and Mono plantation in terms of height
increment.

Two-way ANOVA: Height Increment versus Fertilizer, Altitudes

Source
DF
SS
Fertilizer 1 94.30
Altitude 2 304.10
Interaction 2 20.67
Error
78 3213.36
Total
83 3632.42

MS F P
94.298 2.29 0.134
152.048 3.69 0.029
10.333 0.25 0.779
41.197

S = 6.418 R-Sq = 11.54% R-Sq(adj) = 5.87%

Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on
Pooled StDev
Fertilizer Mean --------+---------+---------+---------+P Mixed 10.3571 (------------*-----------)
P Mono 12.4762
(-----------*-----------)
--------+---------+---------+---------+9.6 11.2 12.8 14.4
Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled StDev
Slopes
Mean +---------+---------+---------+--------Lower Altitude 14.1071
(--------*---------)
Medium Altitude 10.0357 (---------*---------)
High Altitude 10.1071 (--------*---------)
+---------+---------+---------+--------7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0

Individual Value Plot of Height Increment vs Fertilizer, Altitudes

44

Appendix-7

Growth Performance of A. polystachya Mixed and Mono plantation in terms of height

increment.

Two-way ANOVA: Height Increment versus Plantation Type, Altitudes

Source
DF
SS
MS F P
Plantation Type 1 109.7 109.71 0.32 0.575
Altitudes
2 5577.2 2788.58 8.07 0.001
Interaction
2 183.9 91.96 0.27 0.767
Error
78 26961.4 345.66
Total
83 32832.2
S = 18.59 R-Sq = 17.88% R-Sq(adj) = 12.62%
Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on
Plantation
Pooled StDev
Type
Mean ----+---------+---------+---------+----C Mixed 32.4524 (----------------*---------------)
C Mono 34.7381
(---------------*----------------)
----+---------+---------+---------+----28.0 31.5 35.0 38.5
Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on
Pooled StDev
Altitudes
Mean -+---------+---------+---------+-------Lower Altitude 45.0000
(------*------)
Medium Altitude 29.3214 (------*------)
High Altitude 26.4643 (------*------)
-+---------+---------+---------+-------20
30
40
50

45

Appendix-8

Growth Performance of C. tabularis and A. polystachya Mixed plantation in terms of

height increment.

Two-way ANOVA: Height Increment versus Fertilizer, Altitude

Source
DF
SS
MS F P
Fertilizer 1 550.3 550.298 2.05 0.156
Altitude 2 1533.9 766.964 2.86 0.063
Interaction 2 441.2 220.583 0.82 0.443
Error
78 20938.6 268.444
Total
83 23464.0
S = 16.38 R-Sq = 10.76% R-Sq(adj) = 5.04%
Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on
Pooled StDev
Fertilizer Mean ----+---------+---------+---------+----0
24.4524
(-----------*------------)
1
19.3333 (-----------*------------)
----+---------+---------+---------+----16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0
Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled StDev
Altitudes
Mean -+---------+---------+---------+-------Lower Altitude 27.7857
(---------*----------)
Medium Altitude 20.1071
(----------*---------)
High Altitude 17.7857 (----------*---------)
-+---------+---------+---------+-------12.0 18.0 24.0 30.0

Individual Value Plot of Height Increment vs Fertilizer, Altitudes

46