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The Central Geological Survey of the Ministry of Economic Affairs of Taiwan sponsored a comprehensive geophysical, geological and geochemical survey in the area
offshore southwestern Taiwan (Fig. 1) where previous
geophysical data indicated that bottom simulating reflectors (BSRs) are widely distributed and that gas hydrates
may exist in the continental slope of the South China Sea
and the accretionary wedge near southern Taiwan (Liu et
al., 1999, 2004; Schnurle et al., 2002). Chi et al. (1998)
suggested that the area with BSR distribution off southwestern Taiwan may exceed 20,000 square kilometers.
The objectives of this study are to present mineralogical
and chemical data in the cored sediments in order to shed
some light on the source of these sediments. In addition
the nature of the sediments and its relationship with the
potential occurrence of gas hydrate in the study area will
be discussed.
INTRODUCTION
Taiwan Island located at the junction of the Ryukyu
and Luzon Arcs in the northwestern Pacific, was formed
by the oblique collision between the Luzon Arc and the
Chinese continental margin in Late Cenozoic about 5 Ma
(Biq, 1997; Suppe, 1981; Ho, 1988). South of Taiwan,
the South China Sea lithosphere is subducting eastward
under the Luzon arc. East of Taiwan, the Philippine Sea
plate is subducting northward under the Ryukyu arc.
Liu et al. (1997) concluded that the structural grain of
the Taiwan mountain belt trends NNE-SSW, forming an
arc convex toward the Asian continent. The orogenic
structural features are well demonstrated by a series of
stacked folds and thrust sheets verging west (Ho, 1982)
on Taiwan. These orogenic structural features are believed
to extend southward to offshore southwestern Taiwan
(e.g., Letouzey and Sage, 1988; Liu et al., 1997).
GEOLOGICAL SETTINGS
Taiwan offers a typical example of present-day arccontinent collision between the Luzon arc of the Philippine Sea Plate and the Chinese continental margin. Suppe
303
Japan
China
T.S.
K.C.
Taiwan
MD052912
MD052911
meter
MD052913
Fig. 1. Location map showing the study area and the coring sites. T.S., Taiwan Strait; K.C., Kaoping Canyon; star indicates the
coring site offshore Fanshan, southern Taiwan (Lee, 1987).
(1984) concluded that the collision, flipping and backarc spreading have been propagating along the continental margin at essentially identical rates since the late
Pliocene. The active and relict accretionary wedges on
both sides of Luzon are interpreted as resulting from two
changes in the direction of subduction by the Luzon arc
(Bowin et al., 1978).
Tectonically, south of 23N, including Southern Taiwan and offshore areas are considered in the incipient
collision zone. The Pingtung Plain of Taiwan and the
Kaoping shelf and slope region are subjected to contraction due to collision between the Luzon arc and the Chinese margin indicated by west-vergent thrust faults and
folds. On the other hand, rift-extension dominates in the
Chinese margin immediately west of the Kaoping slope
as evidenced by the absence of flexural extension normal
faults in the Pliocene-Quaternary sediments (Yu and
Huang, 2006).
The rock sequence of Taiwan Island is readily divisible into a pre-Tertiary basement and Cenozoic cover more
than 10 km thick. The basement outcrops in the form of a
304 J.-c. Chen et al.
1095
11959.284 E
1268
MD052913
2209.156 N
3044
MD052912
2221.500 N
11948.500 E
1093
Mostly homogeneous grey mud, locally with foram and shell debris, carbon-bearing materials occur below 1000 cm,
authigenic carbonates occur at 21002200 cm and 22502300 cm which contain aragonite, calcite, dolomite,
Fe-montmorillonite and pyrite, also with Pogonophora which live in a reducing environment.
Mostly homogeneous grey mud, locally carbon-bearing materials occur (20502100 cm).
Compaction seems to be stronger below 1000 cm.
Mostly homogeneous grey mud, carbon-bearing materials occur at 20502100 cm.
1076
11951.079 E
2215.617 N
2389
MD052911
Core recovery
(cm)
Station
The sediments were sampled by the giant corer Calypso on board R/V Marion Dufrense of the French Polar Research Institute in May, 2005. Cored samples obtained at three stations i.e., MD-052911, MD-052912 and
MD-052913 were analyzed in this study. The basic data
for the sampling stations including longitude, latitude,
water depth, core length and the general descriptions of
the cores are given in Table 1.
Mineral identification of bulk sediments was carried
out by X-ray diffraction on a Philips PW 1830 X-ray
diffractometer with Cu radiation and Ni filter. Sediment
samples were washed three times with distilled water by
a centrifuge to remove sea water and dried in the oven at
A NALYTICAL METHODS
Latitude
Longitude
Water depth
(m)
Description
Fig. 2. X-ray intensity ratio variations of constituting minerals with core depth. (A) Feldspar/Quartz, (B) Chl.+Kao./Quartz,
(C) Calcite/Quartz, (D) Illite/Quartz.
ple powers followed by ammonium molybdate colorimetry (Shapiro and Brannock, 1962) using a Shimadzu
UV1201 spectrophotometer. Replicate analyses of
U.S.G.S. standard rock BCR-1 indicated the precision for
SiO2 analysis is better than 1.5% of the amounts present.
MINERALOGY OF THE CORED SEDIMENTS
The cored sediments are mostly muds with >4 phi fractions averaging 97% of the total sediments. Mud content
shows little variation with core depths. Major minerals
of bulk sediments identified by XRD include quartz, feldspar, illite, chlorite + kaolinite and calcite. In core MD052911 Feldspar/Quartz intensity ratios are high at certain depths (Fig. 2) which may be related to the mineral
components of the source rocks during deposition. In core
MD-052912 Calcite/Quartz intensity ratios tend to decrease with core depth due to the decrease of biogenic
debris with core depth (Fig. 2).
Special effort was made to search for authigenic carbonates by visual and petrographic investigation because
distinct C13 values (47~55) of bulk carbonates had
been found which implied sulfate reduction by methane
which could be derived from gas hydrate (Huang et al.,
2006). Authigenic carbonates were found at 21372140
cm and 22372240 cm depths in core MD-052911; both
showed high Calcite/Quartz intensity ratios (Fig. 2c).
XRD analysis indicates that the authigenic carbonates
contain essentially aragonite, calcite, dolomite and are
associated with Fe-montmorillonite and pyrite. On the
other hand, in some core samples the high Calcite/Quartz
Fig. 5. Trace element contents of the cored sediments normalized to upper continental crust (Taylor and McLennan, 1985).
46~49
137~140
237~240
337~340
437~440
537~540
637~640
737~740
837~840
SiO2 (wt%)
Al 2O 3
FeO
55.73
17.58
6.25
56.06
16.76
5.98
57.59
17.42
6.16
56.98
17.55
6.31
57.39
17.28
5.96
55.93
17.33
6.98
57.05
16.86
6.15
56.48
17.38
6.16
57.20
16.67
6.06
MgO
CaO
Na 2O
K 2O
MnO
TiO2
P 2O 5
L.O.I.
Total
2.49
4.50
2.23
3.37
0.054
0.64
0.34
7.39
100.586
2.42
4.96
2.18
3.25
0.053
0.61
0.21
8.06
100.541
2.41
3.67
2.23
3.41
0.051
0.63
0.17
7.03
100.775
2.42
4.03
2.24
3.38
0.051
0.62
0.15
7.11
100.834
2.36
3.52
2.16
3.39
0.052
0.62
0.23
7.20
100.158
2.83
3.86
2.11
3.55
0.075
0.61
0.33
7.60
101.200
2.31
4.53
2.09
3.35
0.049
0.61
0.33
7.69
101.013
2.34
4.55
2.07
3.45
0.053
0.63
0.25
7.49
100.852
2.26
4.02
2.04
3.29
0.049
0.61
0.36
7.14
99.701
Ba (ppm)
Co
Cr
Cs
Hf
Li
Nb
Ni
Pb
Rb
Sc
Sr
Ta
Th
U
V
Y
Zn
Zr
La
Ce
Nd
Sm
Eu
Gd
Tb
Yb
Lu
Eu/Eu*
(La/Yb)N
436
14.8
93
11.5
2.05
78
21.0
40.1
19.7
154
16.0
221
1.1
14.1
2.84
129
18.4
99
79
39.6
72.7
32.0
5.8
1.07
4.30
0.58
1.89
0.23
0.66
15.0
410
13.8
90
11.2
1.94
74
19.0
40.5
19.1
151
15.2
231
1.0
13.1
2.53
121
17.4
87
74
37.8
70.3
30.7
5.5
1.04
4.14
0.54
1.77
0.23
0.67
15.3
446
14.6
93
11.8
1.94
76
20.3
40.4
20.9
158
15.6
198
1.1
13.8
2.59
126
17.9
88
76
39.4
72.1
31.8
5.7
1.08
4.32
0.55
1.86
0.23
0.66
15.2
452
15.0
92
11.8
1.82
78
19.0
40.3
21.2
160
15.7
207
1.1
13.9
2.61
124
17.1
102
70
39.5
73.1
32.5
5.9
1.11
4.39
0.56
1.75
0.22
0.67
16.1
454
14.4
90
11.8
1.96
77
19.0
39.8
21.8
159
15.4
193
1.1
13.5
2.50
123
17.5
130
75
38.2
70.9
32.0
5.8
1.08
4.44
0.55
1.82
0.23
0.65
15.0
489
17.8
101
13.0
2.50
77
19.1
44.1
25.2
168
16.4
171
1.1
14.9
2.40
127
22.1
79
93
38.1
70.5
32.5
6.0
1.14
4.92
0.65
2.25
0.28
0.64
12.2
451
14.4
89
11.8
1.87
75
18.3
36.5
21.1
156
15.4
209
1.0
13.3
2.53
123
17.5
78
74
38.0
70.2
31.4
5.8
1.06
4.39
0.56
1.82
0.22
0.64
15.0
474
14.6
90
12.1
1.96
75
19.4
38.1
21.8
161
15.6
218
1.1
13.8
2.71
125
18.0
82
75
39.1
72.1
32.5
5.9
1.12
4.39
0.57
1.88
0.23
0.67
14.9
454
13.7
89
11.7
1.67
74
18.6
36.6
20.1
155
14.9
207
1.0
13.0
2.41
123
16.1
69
65
37.1
68.5
31.2
5.7
1.06
4.28
0.53
1.70
0.21
0.66
15.6
same core.
The clay minerals in the mudstones widely distributed in southern Taiwan generally comprise 60~65% illite,
20~30% chlorite and minor to 15% kaolinite of the total
clay minerals (Chen, 1973; Chen et al., 2004).
Montmorillornite occurs in trace amounts. A similar clay
mineral assemblage was found in the Taiwan Strait shelf
sediments (Chen, 1973). In general Illite/Quartz intensity ratios show limited variations with core depth (Fig.
2), indicating relative constant I/Q ratios in the source
308 J.-c. Chen et al.
937~940
1037~1040
1137~1140
1237~1240
1337~1340
1437~1440
1537~1540
1637~1640
SiO2 (wt%)
Al 2O 3
FeO
55.15
18.01
6.56
56.23
17.74
6.33
57.67
17.15
6.35
58.27
16.77
6.49
58.31
16.90
6.38
55.89
17.17
6.79
56.04
17.27
6.59
58.34
16.20
6.07
MgO
CaO
Na 2O
K 2O
MnO
TiO2
P 2O 5
L.O.I.
Total
2.42
4.62
2.24
3.54
0.054
0.64
0.16
7.40
100.793
2.41
4.02
2.07
3.46
0.054
0.64
0.23
7.48
100.667
2.67
3.47
1.97
3.45
0.062
0.61
0.35
7.00
100.749
2.66
3.57
1.90
3.39
0.069
0.60
0.20
6.23
100.154
2.63
3.41
1.96
3.44
0.068
0.57
0.22
7.14
101.014
2.71
3.66
2.08
3.47
0.072
0.62
0.18
7.25
99.895
2.81
3.84
2.02
3.52
0.080
0.62
0.23
7.62
100.645
2.61
3.52
1.87
3.31
0.070
0.57
0.19
7.59
100.356
Ba (ppm)
Co
Cr
Cs
Hf
Li
Nb
Ni
Pb
Rb
Sc
Sr
Ta
Th
U
V
Y
Zn
Zr
La
Ce
Nd
Sm
Eu
Gd
Tb
Yb
Lu
Eu/Eu*
(La/Yb)N
480
15.4
96
12.4
1.96
77
21.2
43.9
21.5
163
16.3
225
1.1
14.2
2.61
129
18.2
104
75
40.8
75.5
33.1
6.0
1.14
4.40
0.57
1.87
0.23
0.68
15.6
487
16.4
101
12.5
2.39
77
19.4
41.7
24.4
165
15.9
173
1.1
14.7
2.45
125
20.5
81
88
39.2
72.8
32.7
6.1
1.13
4.61
0.62
2.09
0.26
0.65
13.5
491
16.3
93
12.4
2.49
76
18.6
41.6
24.9
163
15.8
175
1.1
15.0
2.44
123
21.1
80
89
38.3
71.2
32.7
6.2
1.14
4.80
0.64
2.24
0.27
0.64
12.2
488
16.5
96
12.5
2.05
76
17.8
41.9
24.7
164
15.7
163
1.0
14.5
2.09
121
19.2
75
76
36.7
69.1
31.9
5.9
1.12
4.67
0.61
1.95
0.24
0.65
13.5
501
17.3
99
12.8
2.72
76
20.2
43.8
28.1
167
16.5
174
1.1
15.7
2.41
127
22.9
112
98
39.9
73.7
33.9
6.3
1.16
4.93
0.68
2.37
0.29
0.64
12.1
472
16.3
92
12.4
2.32
72
17.4
41.0
24.7
160
15.1
161
1.1
14.4
2.22
117
20.0
88
82
35.7
68.2
31.9
6.0
1.11
4.73
0.62
2.15
0.26
0.64
11.9
471
15.0
97
12.3
2.05
79
20.9
39.9
21.6
162
16.0
202
1.1
13.9
2.62
128
18.3
89
78
40.0
74.2
32.7
5.9
1.10
4.55
0.57
1.88
0.24
0.64
15.3
493
17.3
97
12.5
2.72
74
20.0
44.1
25.3
164
16.2
171
1.1
15.5
2.42
125
22.5
93
98
39.9
73.8
33.7
6.2
1.16
4.85
0.65
2.32
0.29
0.64
12.3
clear that the cored sediments have higher FeO and TiO2,
but lower SiO2, CaO, Na2O, MnO and similar K2O contents when compared with UCC. The relatively higher
CaO found in MD-052911 cored sediments (compared
with MD-052912 and MD-052913) may be due to the
occurrence of biogenic debris and authigenic carbonates.
Figure 4 shows the CaO, Sr, Mn, and Pb of the cored
sediments tend to decrease with core depths which may
be essentially related to the decrease of biogenic CaCO3
with core depth at MD052912 since Sr, Mn and Pb may
Mineralogy and chemistry of cored sediments 309
1737~1740
1837~1840
1937~1940
2037~2040
2137~2140
2237~2240
2337~2340
SiO2 (wt%)
Al 2O 3
FeO
59.38
16.27
5.79
59.53
15.76
6.13
59.42
15.81
6.19
59.20
16.15
6.06
51.47
12.66
5.23
60.64
15.12
5.54
61.07
15.82
5.85
57.4
16.7
6.2
MgO
CaO
Na 2O
K 2O
MnO
TiO2
P 2O 5
L.O.I.
Total
2.21
3.78
1.99
3.21
0.050
0.59
0.17
7.81
101.234
2.56
3.23
1.91
3.24
0.063
0.57
0.13
7.76
41.35
2.57
3.00
1.93
3.25
0.064
0.56
0.16
7.60
41.14
2.55
3.06
1.90
3.31
0.060
0.56
0.13
7.30
41.08
2.66
11.07
1.43
2.47
0.043
0.49
0.11
12.01
48.18
2.20
4.85
1.67
2.93
0.049
0.56
0.11
7.08
40.10
2.21
4.00
1.63
3.16
0.054
0.56
0.06
6.23
39.57
2.5
4.2
2.0
3.3
0.058
0.6
0.2
7.5
100.580
Ba (ppm)
Co
Cr
Cs
Hf
Li
Nb
Ni
Pb
Rb
Sc
Sr
Ta
Th
U
V
Y
Zn
Zr
La
Ce
Nd
Sm
Eu
Gd
Tb
Yb
Lu
Eu/Eu*
(La/Yb)N
453
14.3
87
11.8
1.76
73
16.8
38.4
21.3
155
14.9
197
1.1
13.2
2.41
117
16.4
85
66
35.4
66.6
31.0
5.7
1.06
4.16
0.52
1.75
0.21
0.66
14.5
479
16.7
88
12.7
2.59
73
16.5
41.8
25.5
161
14.7
160
1.1
14.9
2.41
117
21.2
87
89
35.3
67.7
32.2
6.0
1.13
4.74
0.64
2.26
0.27
0.65
11.2
474
16.4
91
12.8
2.30
75
15.8
41.9
24.8
162
15.2
159
1.1
14.4
2.35
117
20.1
88
81
34.7
66.5
32.0
5.9
1.10
4.70
0.63
2.15
0.26
0.64
11.6
475
16.1
92
13.0
2.40
78
16.6
42.9
25.0
164
15.4
161
1.1
14.8
2.73
117
20.3
89
82
35.0
67.7
32.4
5.9
1.11
4.74
0.63
2.22
0.27
0.64
11.3
325
12.4
70
9.9
1.63
60
11.3
33.2
17.8
106
12.1
322
0.9
11.1
9.94
100
14.6
68
60
28.2
54.6
25.7
4.6
0.85
3.44
0.46
1.56
0.19
0.65
12.9
379
13.4
82
11.6
1.97
68
16.4
35.9
21.8
147
13.8
226
1.1
13.3
6.45
109
16.7
81
68
34.5
66.2
31.2
5.7
1.05
4.28
0.54
1.79
0.22
0.65
13.8
450
14.6
76
13.0
1.82
76
15.2
38.8
24.7
161
14.8
206
1.0
13.7
2.96
116
16.6
91
65
34.1
65.8
31.0
5.7
1.06
4.23
0.54
1.78
0.21
0.66
13.8
Avg.
458
15.3
91
12.1
2.12
75
18.2
40.3
22.8
158
15.4
197
1.1
14.0
2.98
121
18.8
89
78
37.3
69.7
31.9
5.8
1.09
4.47
0.58
1.96
0.24
0.65
13.6
replace Ca site in the crystal lattice (Li, 2000). For MD052911 and MD-052913 no regular chemical variation
trends were found with core depth (variation diagrams
are not shown here).
The high field strength elements (Zr, Hf, Y, Nb, and
Ta) are relatively depleted in the cored sediments (Fig. 5)
when compared to UCC (Taylor and McLennan, 1985)
which may be related to the abundance of heavy minerals
such as rutile and zircon. The chondrite-normalized REE
patterns of the cored sediments are shown in Fig. 6. It is
310 J.-c. Chen et al.
37~40
137~140
237~240
337~340
437~440
537~540
637~640
737~740
SiO2 (wt%)
Al 2O 3
FeO
59.08
15.53
6.37
58.77
15.78
6.35
57.33
16.39
6.74
58.43
15.08
6.61
53.96
17.77
6.73
54.09
17.90
6.77
53.50
18.52
7.01
55.43
18.01
6.95
MgO
CaO
Na 2O
K 2O
MnO
TiO2
P 2O 5
L.O.I.
Total
2.62
3.58
1.91
3.15
0.076
0.72
0.08
7.46
100.573
2.64
3.72
1.95
3.17
0.074
0.72
0.14
7.56
100.875
2.77
4.01
2.07
3.32
0.081
0.73
0.15
7.44
101.024
2.57
3.97
1.97
3.18
0.087
0.74
0.26
7.55
100.448
3.02
4.01
2.27
3.64
0.081
0.85
0.23
7.51
100.078
2.96
3.76
2.14
3.62
0.087
0.86
0.19
7.45
99.824
3.11
3.81
2.20
3.75
0.081
0.87
0.12
7.80
100.773
3.11
3.52
2.18
3.68
0.076
0.76
0.15
7.03
100.886
Ba (ppm)
Co
Cr
Cs
Hf
Li
Nb
Ni
Pb
Rb
Sc
Sr
Ta
Th
U
V
Y
Zn
Zr
La
Ce
Nd
Sm
Eu
Gd
Tb
Yb
Lu
Eu/Eu*
(La/Yb)N
493
15.9
87
12.5
2.38
67
17.1
41.9
27.1
161
14.3
165
1.1
14.9
1.41
115
21.8
108
91
35.0
68.6
33.6
5.9
0.91
4.18
0.69
2.27
0.31
0.56
11.1
494
15.9
88
12.4
2.25
66
17.0
42.3
29.4
162
14.3
168
1.0
14.5
1.34
115
21.2
104
89
35.2
69.1
33.5
5.9
0.92
4.29
0.69
2.23
0.30
0.56
11.3
521
16.4
77
13.0
2.32
70
17.1
44.5
26.6
167
14.6
181
1.1
14.5
1.43
118
22.1
101
92
34.2
68.1
35.1
6.2
0.96
4.76
0.74
2.38
0.31
0.54
10.3
491
16.6
89
10.5
2.56
65
18.0
45.0
25.7
n.d.
13.9
171
1.1
12.4
1.34
117
20.8
98
99
29.6
62.5
30.6
5.5
0.88
4.25
0.69
2.33
0.31
0.56
9.1
515
17.8
101
12.8
2.52
76
18.3
45.2
28.7
167
18.0
175
1.1
15.7
2.87
135
22.9
102
101
42.1
77.9
34.1
6.5
1.18
5.15
0.71
2.26
0.29
0.62
13.3
520
18.6
103
13.8
2.70
79
18.8
46.6
32.7
174
18.7
170
1.2
16.4
3.04
144
23.3
109
104
43.1
87.6
34.2
6.6
1.19
5.09
0.74
2.35
0.31
0.63
13.2
506
18.6
103
13.1
2.58
79
17.8
46.5
34.8
167
18.2
168
1.1
15.5
3.09
137
22.8
110
98
41.5
76.8
33.7
6.4
1.15
5.20
0.71
2.30
0.30
0.61
12.9
510
18.4
108
12.9
2.50
75
18.9
45.9
29.4
166
17.7
169
1.1
15.8
2.79
134
22.4
104
97
43.5
87.6
35.1
6.7
1.21
5.29
0.72
2.23
0.30
0.62
14.0
The corresponding ratios of UCC are also listed for comparison. It is clear that these ratios are similar to UCC.
Cullers (1994) and Nyakairu and Koeberl (2001) suggested that the variations of LaThSc can be used to
distinguish the source rocks for the sediments. In Fig. 8
it is clear that the cored sediments generally fall within
the field of mixed sources close to the felsic end member
(E in Fig. 8).
In the (K2O/Na2O) vs. SiO2 plots (Fig. 9) the cored
Mineralogy and chemistry of cored sediments 311
837~840
937~940
1037~1040
1137~1140
1237~1240
1337~1340
1437~1440
1537~1540
SiO2 (wt%)
Al 2O 3
FeO
55.19
18.07
6.89
54.39
19.28
6.97
54.91
18.28
6.70
56.24
18.73
6.59
55.27
18.56
6.99
55.33
18.77
7.22
53.76
19.62
6.83
54.52
19.72
6.96
MgO
CaO
Na 2O
K 2O
MnO
TiO2
P 2O 5
L.O.I.
Total
3.13
3.45
2.22
3.68
0.073
0.71
0.17
6.98
100.552
2.96
2.99
2.24
3.85
0.065
0.88
0.24
6.58
100.432
2.78
3.48
2.22
3.63
0.060
0.86
0.17
6.99
100.087
2.70
3.04
2.25
3.67
0.056
0.87
0.20
6.47
100.814
2.63
3.62
2.18
3.65
0.058
0.87
0.18
6.33
100.339
2.72
3.30
2.03
3.72
0.067
0.88
0.22
5.74
99.998
2.66
3.04
2.15
3.88
0.062
0.91
0.27
6.79
99.968
2.70
2.92
2.26
3.89
0.062
0.90
0.29
6.66
100.889
Ba (ppm)
Co
Cr
Cs
Hf
Li
Nb
Ni
Pb
Rb
Sc
Sr
Ta
Th
U
V
Y
Zn
Zr
La
Ce
Nd
Sm
Eu
Gd
Tb
Yb
Lu
Eu/Eu*
(La/Yb)N
521
18.4
100
13.2
2.71
79
18.8
44.9
27.9
168
18.1
170
1.2
16.4
3.49
134
23.0
102
102
43.2
85.3
34.7
6.6
1.18
5.26
0.72
2.29
0.30
0.61
13.5
533
17.9
104
14.0
2.38
85
18.6
45.8
28.7
176
18.6
168
1.2
15.7
3.43
143
21.2
107
93
43.0
87.8
34.7
6.5
1.18
5.15
0.68
2.14
0.28
0.62
14.4
497
16.7
96
13.0
2.40
82
18.2
44.1
26.5
165
17.7
188
1.2
15.2
4.26
137
21.1
119
93
42.7
84.5
34.5
6.5
1.17
4.97
0.68
2.17
0.28
0.63
14.1
513
16.4
94
13.3
2.11
80
18.8
42.0
24.5
168
17.7
183
1.1
15.3
3.37
140
19.5
97
85
42.7
84.9
34.7
6.4
1.18
4.97
0.66
1.98
0.25
0.64
15.5
504
16.9
96
13.2
1.87
80
18.4
43.3
26.6
167
17.4
193
1.1
14.5
2.66
136
17.9
103
77
42.1
79.4
33.5
6.2
1.15
4.92
0.62
1.81
0.23
0.63
16.7
521
16.7
95
13.2
1.97
80
18.8
n.d.
29.8
168
17.8
183
1.1
14.7
2.93
138
19.6
120
80
42.4
84.5
34.4
6.4
1.17
5.09
0.64
1.95
0.25
0.63
15.6
527
17.4
101
13.9
1.84
83
19.5
45.5
32.2
175
18.3
182
1.2
14.7
2.58
144
17.9
112
74
43.0
87.2
34.5
6.4
1.17
4.91
0.63
1.84
0.23
0.63
16.7
528
18.1
105
14.0
1.77
86
19.1
47.3
31.4
176
18.5
175
1.2
14.8
2.64
144
17.8
125
73
43.0
88.2
34.9
6.6
1.18
4.98
0.63
1.83
0.22
0.63
16.9
1637~1640
1737~1740
1837~1840
1937~1940
2037~2040
2137~2140
2237~2240
2337~2340
SiO2 (wt%)
Al 2O 3
FeO
58.11
17.91
6.29
55.87
18.81
6.84
56.71
18.36
6.50
60.25
16.19
5.89
59.63
17.39
6.15
58.58
17.83
7.13
62.47
15.96
5.68
61.58
16.82
6.42
MgO
CaO
Na 2O
K 2O
MnO
TiO2
P 2O 5
L.O.I.
Total
2.50
2.47
2.03
3.54
0.059
0.68
0.08
6.69
100.353
2.55
2.97
2.11
3.75
0.064
0.88
0.16
6.68
100.667
2.57
2.82
2.20
3.62
0.057
0.78
0.33
6.84
100.787
2.21
2.94
1.88
3.29
0.052
0.58
0.08
6.88
100.240
2.30
2.19
2.06
3.32
0.052
0.90
0.37
5.79
100.139
2.36
2.92
2.17
3.40
0.056
0.88
0.23
5.45
100.997
2.08
2.37
1.90
3.17
0.052
0.59
0.12
6.30
100.689
2.25
2.47
1.97
3.20
0.052
0.70
0.19
4.77
100.430
Ba (ppm)
Co
Cr
Cs
Hf
Li
Nb
Ni
Pb
Rb
Sc
Sr
Ta
Th
U
V
Y
Zn
Zr
La
Ce
Nd
Sm
Eu
Gd
Tb
Yb
Lu
Eu/Eu*
(La/Yb)N
512
16.2
92
13.4
1.68
75
17.9
40.7
26.5
166
17.3
159
1.1
14.8
2.36
133
17.5
98
68
40.6
75.7
32.8
6.2
1.13
4.52
0.60
1.73
0.22
0.65
16.8
525
18.6
96
13.8
1.86
80
18.6
43.7
31.8
173
18.1
176
1.1
15.0
2.94
141
18.7
109
75
42.2
80.4
34.0
6.4
1.14
4.94
0.62
1.89
0.23
0.62
16.0
519
16.4
99
13.1
1.90
80
18.0
42.8
26.8
166
17.6
169
1.1
14.7
3.01
135
18.5
104
76
41.2
77.9
33.8
6.4
1.14
4.88
0.62
1.84
0.23
0.63
16.1
494
13.9
82
13.0
1.76
73
17.9
37.3
20.7
158
15.0
177
1.1
13.5
2.24
119
16.3
84
62
33.3
64.8
30.9
5.7
1.06
4.16
0.53
1.76
0.21
0.67
13.6
470
15.3
92
11.2
1.92
77
19.1
40.3
23.6
151
16.3
155
1.2
14.4
2.64
125
17.9
93
77
41.8
86.1
34.5
6.5
1.18
4.93
0.64
1.82
0.22
0.64
16.5
493
16.1
94
12.1
2.14
77
18.5
41.7
25.4
158
17.2
175
1.2
14.7
2.99
130
19.2
107
83
42.2
86.1
34.2
6.4
1.14
4.76
0.63
1.95
0.25
0.63
15.6
473
14.3
81
11.6
1.82
72
17.8
37.6
22.2
153
14.3
160
1.1
13.6
2.39
111
16.6
84
64
35.0
68.5
32.4
5.9
1.09
4.56
0.57
1.79
0.22
0.64
14.0
464
16.0
87
11.4
2.12
71
18.0
39.3
22.4
151
16.7
162
1.1
14.6
2.94
124
18.9
94
82
41.6
80.3
33.3
6.2
1.11
4.48
0.61
1.89
0.25
0.64
15.8
2437~2440
2537~2540
2637~2640
2737~2740
2837~2840
2937~2940
3031~3034
Avg.
SiO2 (wt%)
Al 2O 3
FeO
59.10
17.33
6.10
60.26
17.08
6.42
59.66
18.32
6.15
57.95
17.69
7.14
58.50
17.73
6.22
63.95
15.36
5.71
60.14
17.20
6.17
57.51
17.61
6.56
MgO
CaO
Na 2O
K 2O
MnO
TiO2
P 2O 5
L.O.I.
Total
2.33
2.63
2.14
3.31
0.051
0.88
0.18
6.34
100.383
2.29
2.30
1.98
3.28
0.058
0.87
0.16
5.89
100.587
2.26
1.96
2.11
3.62
0.053
0.67
0.19
5.80
100.786
2.21
2.66
2.01
3.43
0.053
0.65
0.17
5.76
99.738
2.35
3.19
2.07
3.40
0.056
0.67
0.16
6.90
101.240
2.03
2.12
1.75
2.96
0.052
0.60
0.09
5.94
100.554
2.24
2.53
2.02
3.33
0.050
0.65
0.25
6.26
100.851
2.57
3.06
2.08
3.49
0.063
0.78
0.19
6.60
100.516
Ba (ppm)
Co
Cr
Cs
Hf
Li
Nb
Ni
Pb
Rb
Sc
Sr
Ta
Th
U
V
Y
Zn
Zr
La
Ce
Nd
Sm
Eu
Gd
Tb
Yb
Lu
Eu/Eu*
(La/Yb)N
472
15.5
92
11.5
2.30
73
18.8
40.0
23.3
155
17.0
164
1.2
15.1
3.24
128
20.2
100
90
43.1
84.9
34.7
6.3
1.16
4.78
0.64
2.01
0.26
0.64
15.3
461
15.9
90
11.4
2.33
73
18.9
40.7
23.2
152
16.7
153
1.2
14.8
3.04
125
20.0
95
90
43.0
86.4
34.8
6.5
1.15
4.90
0.65
2.05
0.26
0.62
15.0
485
15.8
97
13.1
1.74
79
21.5
41.0
26.2
172
16.0
146
1.2
14.6
2.12
128
16.9
95
68
41.6
79.8
33.8
6.1
1.13
4.44
0.58
1.73
0.22
0.66
17.2
464
15.6
97
11.7
2.45
78
21.0
41.4
22.4
160
15.8
180
1.2
14.9
2.73
127
20.4
95
93
42.5
87.6
34.1
6.2
1.16
4.82
0.61
2.10
0.26
0.65
14.5
431
14.1
83
10.9
2.36
70
18.0
37.9
21.3
147
13.9
145
1.1
14.3
2.66
109
18.3
81
81
37.5
71.7
34.2
6.3
1.14
4.76
0.61
1.99
0.24
0.63
13.6
451
15.9
95
11.6
2.21
76
20.2
39.9
21.4
156
15.3
156
1.1
14.1
2.43
123
18.7
77
85
40.7
81.2
33.4
6.1
1.14
4.70
0.59
1.97
0.24
0.65
14.8
496
16.5
94
12.6
2.18
76
18.7
42.5
26.6
164
16.7
169
1.1
14.8
2.67
129
19.7
101
85
40.5
79.8
33.9
6.3
1.12
4.80
0.65
2.03
0.26
0.63
14.3
466
15.9
96
12.5
2.22
79
20.9
39.9
23.9
163
15.7
164
1.2
14.6
2.38
126
18.7
91
83
41.5
82.0
33.5
6.1
1.14
4.61
0.60
2.00
0.25
0.66
14.9
S = A + B + C + D +
C=
WC( j ) X j
j =1
A=
WA( j ) X j
j =1
D=
WD( j ) X j .
j =1
B=
WB( j ) X j
j =1
37~40
134~137
242~244
337~340
437~440
537~540
637~640
737~740
SiO2 (wt%)
Al 2O 3
FeO
60.23
17.53
6.53
59.98
17.71
6.30
58.75
17.35
6.65
56.93
17.77
6.84
59.56
17.15
6.52
55.93
18.98
6.89
55.81
19.25
6.80
62.31
15.81
6.03
MgO
CaO
Na 2O
K 2O
MnO
TiO2
P 2O 5
L.O.I.
Total
2.39
2.03
1.86
3.52
0.067
0.61
0.20
5.63
100.595
2.38
2.02
1.84
3.55
0.063
0.61
0.24
5.76
100.447
2.50
2.66
2.01
3.46
0.072
0.59
0.24
6.60
100.884
2.67
3.04
1.96
3.62
0.073
0.61
0.20
6.56
100.280
2.62
2.76
1.97
3.45
0.073
0.59
0.20
6.43
101.325
2.74
2.68
1.80
3.80
0.073
0.87
0.14
5.85
99.758
2.70
2.67
1.99
3.81
0.070
0.88
0.20
6.08
100.260
2.12
2.05
1.62
3.12
0.061
0.56
0.01
6.08
99.780
Ba (ppm)
Co
Cr
Cs
Hf
Li
Nb
Ni
Pb
Rb
Sc
Sr
Ta
Th
U
V
Y
Zn
Zr
La
Ce
Nd
Sm
Eu
Gd
Tb
Yb
Lu
Eu/Eu*
(La/Yb)N
507
16.7
91
14.4
1.73
77
19.6
40.9
30.0
176
15.6
148
1.2
14.9
2.80
120
16.6
103
63
37.3
71.6
34.5
6.2
1.2
4.6
0.58
1.72
0.21
0.66
15.5
512
15.8
90
14.7
1.66
80
19.3
40.3
29.2
180
15.9
151
1.2
14.9
2.19
121
15.6
101
60
37.1
71.7
34.0
6.2
1.1
4.5
0.55
1.67
0.20
0.66
15.9
531
17.3
91
14.2
1.84
80
18.6
44.1
28.8
174
15.7
172
1.2
14.7
2.14
119
16.7
n.d.
64
35.1
68.6
34.0
6.1
1.1
4.7
0.59
1.79
0.23
0.64
14.1
507
17.9
95
14.4
2.10
83
19.3
46.4
28.3
177
16.2
178
1.1
14.8
2.28
126
18.2
129
75
36.7
71.2
34.3
6.3
1.1
4.8
0.60
1.97
0.24
0.64
13.4
496
17.5
94
13.5
1.96
77
16.8
43.9
26.0
165
17.3
170
1.1
15.0
2.44
128
17.6
103
74
39.2
73.8
32.7
6.1
1.10
4.62
0.62
1.83
0.24
0.63
15.3
519
18.4
103
14.3
2.18
84
19.4
45.9
26.3
178
18.3
171
1.2
15.6
2.82
138
19.4
103
86
42.6
87.1
34.5
6.5
1.18
4.98
0.67
2.03
0.26
0.64
15.1
520
17.5
102
14.2
2.02
84
19.4
45.3
28.9
175
18.2
170
1.1
15.1
2.36
139
18.3
111
80
43.2
87.6
33.5
6.3
1.15
4.88
0.63
1.88
0.24
0.63
16.4
484
13.8
81
14.4
1.72
65
16.8
36.6
23.8
160
13.9
149
1.1
14.7
1.46
112
16.0
99
67
35.6
69.3
30.6
5.1
0.8
3.3
0.62
1.89
0.26
0.57
13.5
during the calculation. If we know the chemical compositions of all of the potential source rocks should equal
to zero. In the model values vs. analytical results plots a
perfect fit will display all the data points falling on the
45 slope line.
In order to simplify the mixing model, we assume that
the sediments were formed from a single mixing event
involving these four end members, which may not be the
837~840
937~940
1037~1040
1137~1140
1238~1241
Avg.
SiO2 (wt%)
Al 2O 3
FeO
60.89
17.01
6.42
59.31
17.02
6.38
62.19
15.94
5.96
57.01
18.13
6.67
58.58
17.89
6.51
59.04
17.50
6.50
2.30
2.31
1.68
3.37
0.063
0.59
0.10
6.20
100.936
2.26
2.67
2.04
3.34
0.062
0.59
0.10
6.70
100.475
2.07
2.11
1.80
3.17
0.055
0.57
0.05
6.70
100.619
2.49
2.81
1.96
3.59
0.065
0.64
0.22
6.79
100.374
2.42
2.52
1.90
3.55
0.067
0.63
0.28
6.84
101.201
2.44
2.49
1.88
3.49
0.066
0.64
0.17
6.33
100.533
519
15.2
89
14.4
1.87
71
17.7
40.9
25.0
172
14.7
163
1.1
14.5
1.30
119
17.6
102
75
35.0
69.5
33.4
5.6
0.9
3.9
0.61
1.91
0.26
0.58
13.2
503
15.1
88
13.8
1.73
71
17.4
42.3
25.8
168
14.6
173
1.1
13.9
1.30
120
17.1
125
70
35.1
69.0
32.9
5.7
0.9
3.9
0.59
1.82
0.25
0.57
13.8
483
14.2
80
13.3
2.02
64
17.5
37.5
26.6
161
14.3
148
1.1
14.3
1.21
112
17.1
106
73
34.7
67.7
31.0
5.2
0.8
3.4
0.58
1.86
0.25
0.61
13.4
496
16.2
102
13.3
2.05
79
20.8
43.1
23.6
170
17.7
172
1.1
14.9
2.31
128
18.4
93
78
40.8
81.6
33.7
6.2
1.14
4.63
0.59
1.92
0.23
0.65
15.3
503
16.8
118
13.5
1.90
79
20.6
50.4
24.6
171
16.5
163
1.1
14.8
2.20
126
17.6
80
72
39.5
74.5
32.9
6.0
1.11
4.62
0.57
1.86
0.22
0.64
15.2
506
16.3
94
14.0
1.91
76
18.7
42.9
26.7
171
16.0
164
1.1
14.8
2.06
124
17.4
104
72
37.8
74.1
33.2
6.0
1.05
4.37
0.60
1.86
0.24
0.63
14.6
MgO
CaO
Na 2O
K 2O
MnO
TiO2
P 2O 5
L.O.I.
Total
(ppm)
Ba
Co
Cr
Cs
Hf
Li
Nb
Ni
Pb
Rb
Sc
Sr
Ta
Th
U
V
Y
Zn
Zr
La
Ce
Nd
Sm
Eu
Gd
Tb
Yb
Lu
Eu/Eu*
(La/Yb)N
case in nature. It should be mentioned that a single mixing event involving various end members may reach a
similar final composition as a polycycling process. For
example a polycycling process involving four end members (i.e., shale, greywacke, quartzite and limestone) may
generate final sediments which have bulk chemistry similar to those sediments produced by a single mixing event
involving these four end members but with different percentages of contributions based on the following assumption:
316 J.-c. Chen et al.
La/Th
La/Sc
Th/Sc
(La/Yb) N
MD052911
MD052912
MD052913
UCC
2.66
2.43
0.91
13.6
2.73
2.43
0.89
14.3
2.56
2.37
0.93
14.6
2.80
2.73
0.97
9.2
Fig. 8. LaThSc variations for the cored sediments (variation fields modified from Cullers, 1994). The Taiwan strait shelf
sediments (Chao and Chen, 2003) are also plotted for comparison. Shale after Govindaraju (1989), greywacke after Condie
(1993), quartzite after Meisel et al. (1990), limestone after Govindaraju (1989), mudstone (Erhjenchi) after Chang (1996).
Fig. 9. K2O/Na2O vs. SiO2 plots for the cored sediments (variation field after Roser and Korsch, 1986). Taiwan Strait shelf
sediments from Chao and Chen (2003); mudstone (Erhjenchi and Tzengwenchi) from SW Taiwan after Chang (1996); Fanshan
sediments after Lee (1987).
S1 1
r
S = [W1 , W2 , W3 ]S2 = 2
S
3 3
A
1 1 1
B
2 2 + 2 .
C
3 3 3
D
Graywacke 2 )
Quartzite 3 )
Limestone 4 )
59.23
18.82
6.91
2.01
6.91
0.35
4.16
0.66
0.16
5.97
98.87
66.3
15.5
6.2
2
3.2
3.1
2.3
0.72
0.14
n.d.
99.46
92.7
4.18
0.11
0.42
0.06
0.06
1.15
0.44
n.d.
n.d.
99.12
15.6
5.03
2.3
5.19
35.67
0.08
0.78
0.33
0.05
34.14
99.17
450
21
99
2.9
14.3
36.8
205
18.50
90
1.00
12.8
1.5
87
26.0
96
62.0
109.0
48.0
8.4
1.70
6.70
1.02
2.6
0.41
650
15
70
3.9
10
30
100
14.00
280
0.85
8.5
1.8
130
28.0
145
28.0
61.0
26.0
4.9
0.90
4.34
0.66
2.2
0.38
SiO2 (wt%)
Al2 O3
FeO
MgO
CaO
Na 2 O
K2 O
TiO2
P2 O5
L.O.I.
Total
Ba (ppm)
Co
Cr
Hf
Nb
Ni
Rb
Sc
Sr
Ta
Th
U
V
Y
Zr
La
Ce
Nd
Sm
Eu
Gd
Tb
Yb
Lu
133
1.1
86
18
n.d.
5
67
3.1
n.d.
1
6.2
2.5
n.d.
n.d.
634
17
25.7
9.8
2
0.4
n.d.
0.5
2.2
0.4
120
9
32
1.8
6.6
17.8
32
6
913
0.46
4.1
1.9
36
9.1
52
14.6
25.4
12
2.4
0.51
1.9
0.35
0.9
0.14
SiO2 (wt%)
Al2 O3
FeO
MgO
CaO
Na 2 O
K2 O
TiO2
P2 O5
Ba (ppm)
Co
Cr
Hf
Nb
Ni
Rb
Sc
Sr
Ta
Th
U
V
Y
Zr
La
Ce
Nd
Sm
Eu
Gd
Tb
Yb
Lu
M-Ex. 2
M-Ex. 3
65.60
15.71
5.94
66.07
15.52
5.90
64.21
15.35
5.74
1.89
4.47
1.85
2.86
0.67
0.14
1.89
4.23
2.01
2.76
0.68
0.13
1.96
5.58
1.55
2.90
0.65
0.13
533
16.0
82
4.67
10.7
30.3
135
14.7
193
0.9
9.8
1.75
103
24.9
167
39.2
75.1
32.5
5.9
1.14
4.82
0.77
2.34
0.39
545
15.6
80
4.74
10.5
29.9
129
14.4
203
0.9
9.6
1.77
106
25.0
170
37.3
72.4
31.2
5.7
1.10
4.69
0.75
2.31
0.39
497
15.9
82
4.83
10.6
29.8
137
14.5
197
0.9
9.9
1.75
96
23.7
171
40.4
75.9
32.9
6.0
1.17
4.79
0.78
2.32
0.39
Percentage of contribution
1)
2)
M-Ex. 1
Shale 1 )
Graywacke 2 )
Quartzite 3 )
Limestone 4 )
35.85
55.43
8.12
0.59
30.20
61.12
8.18
0.50
41.17
45.18
10.04
3.61
Fig. 10. Calculated chemical compositions vs. analyzed data of the cored sediments to test the mixing models.
CONCLUSIONS
The cored sediments are mostly muds consisting
mainly of quartz, feldspar, illite chlorite + kaolimite and
calcite. In MD-052912 sediments the Calcite/Quartz intensity ratios tend to decrease with core depth due to the
decrease of biogenic debris with core depth. Authigenic
carbonates consisting mainly of aragonite, calcite and
dolomite associated with Fe-montmorillonite and pyrite
occur in core MD-052911 which may be formed via
sulfate reduction by methane. In general Illite/Quartz intensity ratios of the sediments show limited variations
with core depth which may be due to the relatively constant abundance of illite in the source rock on Taiwan.
Authigenic pyrites are commonly found in the cored
sediments and form small elongated tubes in some cases.
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