Bộ Câu Hỏi Và Đáp Án Dành Cho Thi Sqql Máy Tàu Hạng Nhất

B VA AP AN DANH CHO THI SQQL >3000KW

I. Mn Diesel
Cu 1:
Trnh by nhng c im c bn v kt cu, h thng nhin liu, tng p v mt s
thng s khai thc ca ng c diesel lai chn vt c ln, thp tc ang c s dng
rng ri lm my chnh tu thy hin nay. Trong vn hnh khai thc, cn ch nhng
g?
Yu cu:
- Nm c kt cu c bn ca ng c Diesel lai chn vt c ln, thp tc
- Nm c nguyn tc khai thc vn hnh ng c.
Hng dn tr li:
Nu nhng c im v kt cu: Kch thc xi lanh, hnh trnh piston (hnh trnh
di hoc siu di), c patanh bn trt, t s nn cao, tc quay thp, lai trc tip
chn vt, o chiu trc tip, c tng p bng tua bin kh x, c h thng bi trn
s mi xilanh ringv thng l ng c 2 k v c th cho cng sut ln.
Nu nhng c im ca h thng nhin liu: S dng nhin liu nng (t trng
trn 0,92 150C v nht trn 180cst 500C), Nhit hm du, nht yu
cu ti vi phun, yu cu v trang thit b trong h thng (Phi trang b cc my lc
ly tm, h thng hm sy, bc cch nhit mt s thit b v ng ng, thit b iu
chnh nhit hm du hoc iu chnh nht), c im kt cu ca Bm cao
p, vi phun.
Nu cc c im ca h thng tng p: Tng p bng tua bin kh x kt hp my
nn c gii, p sut tng p cao, c lm mt khng kh tng p. Tua bin tng p
thng l kiu ng p.
Nu c im mt s thng s khai thc: p sut, nhit cng tc ca ng c,
cc thng s ca cc h thng phc v: H thng nhin liu, h thng bi trn, h
thng lm mt, h thng khi ng o chiu. Hiu sut ca cc loi ng c thp
tc cao hn so vi cc ng c trung, cao tc c nh.
Nu nhng im cn ch trong khai thc: Khi khi ng, khi tng tc , khi
khai thc trong nhng iu kin c bit, khi dng ng c.
Cu 2:
Trnh by nhng c im c bn v kt cu v cc h thng phc v ca ng c
diesel c nh, cao tc ang c s dng lm ng c lai my pht in cho tu thy
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hin nay. Trong qu trnh qun l cc loi ng c ny, cn ch nhng g? Ti sao

cc ng c Diesel lai my pht khng lm vic ch ti cao gn nh mc?
Yu cu:
Nm c kt cu c bn ca ng c diesel c nh cao tc ang s dng lm
ng c lai my pht in hin nay v cc h thng phc v ng c
Nm c nguyn tc khai thc vn hnh ng c.
Nm c c tnh ca cc thit b in
Hng dn tr li:
Nu nhng c im v kt cu: Kch thc xi lanh, hnh trnh piston (hnh trnh
ngn), tc quay cao, khng o chiu, c th c tng p bng tua bin kh x v
thng l ng c 4 k.
Nu c im ca h thng nhin liu: Thng s dng nhin liu nh, yu cu
cht lng nhin liu cao, nu mt s c im kt cu ca Bm cao p, vi phun
Nu c im ca h thng bi trn: Loi du bi trn, kiu h thng bi trn, cc
thng s ca h thng
Nu c im ca h thng lm mt: Kiu h thng lm mt, cc thng s ca h
thng lm mt.
Nu c im ca h thng khi ng: Cc phng php khi ng ng c, cc
ch i vi mi phng php
Trong qu trnh qun l cc loi ng c ny cn ch : Ch ti ca ng c,
thi gian hot ng ca ng c, ch bo dng v hiu chnh ng c.
Cc ng c Diesel lai my pht khng lm vic ch ti cao gn nh mc:
Nu c im, yu cu ca cc thit b in (yu cu v tn s, in p); Phn tch
r khi ng c Diesel lm vic ch qu ti s xy ra hin tng g v thng s
no l ti quan trng (Gim tc quay ca ng c).
Cu 3:
Trnh by thit b Indicator o thng s cng tc ca xi lanh ng c. S dng thit
b ny, ngi vn hnh c th thu c nhng dng th no m t qu trnh chy?
Cho v d v dng th c th thu c. C th s dng th ny nh gi tnh
trng k thut v cht lng qu trnh cng tc ca xi lanh ng c nh th no?
Yu cu:
Nm c kt cu, nguyn tc hot ng ca thit b Indicator
Nm c cch s dng thit b.
Nm c din bin qu trnh chy trong xilanh ng c v cc yu t nh hng
ti qu trnh chy.
Hng dn tr li:
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Trnh by kt cu ca thit b Indicator, nu nguyn l hot ng, cc ch khi s

dng.
Nu r cc dng th thu c khi o ( th cng ch th v th cng khai
trin), nu r cch thc tin hnh c th thu c 2 dng th trn.
V dng th c th thu c, gii thch th
Trnh by phng php nh gi tnh trng k thut v cht lng qu trnh cng
tc ca xi lanh trn c 2 dng th: th cng ch th v th cng khai trin,
ch r p sut cui k nn v p sut chy cc i trn th. Phn tch nguyn
nhn lm thay i cc qu trnh cng tc, nguyn nhn lm thay i p sut cui
k nn v p sut chy cc i, nu bin php khc phc.
Cu 4:
Hy trnh by cc bin php trong qun l, khai thc i vi cc h thng cung cp
nhin liu v khng kh ng c c th pht ra cng sut theo thit k. Nhng thng
s no cn thit trong khai thc nh gi mc cng sut xi lanh ng c? Nu
nguyn nhn, phng php kim tra v hiu chnh s lm vic khng ng u gia
cc xi lanh.
Yu cu:
Nm c cc yu t nh hng ti kh nng pht ra cng sut ca ng c.
Nm c c im ca h thng cung cp nhin liu v h thng phn phi kh.
Hng dn tr li:
Trnh by cc bin php trong qun l, khai thc i vi cc h thng cung cp
nhin liu v khng kh ng c c th pht ra cng sut theo thit k:
+ i vi h thng cung cp nhin liu: Chng loi nhin liu, cht lng nhin liu,
bo qun nhin liu, cc thng s khai thc: Nhit hm, nht, p sut, gc phun
sm, tnh trng k thut ca h thng lc, bm cao p, vi phun.
+ i vi khng kh: H thng tng p, p sut v nhit khng kh np, tnh trng
k thut ca ng c (piston, xilanh, xc mng, c cu trao i kh).
Nhng thng s cn thit trong khai thc nh gi mc cng sut xilanh ca
ng c: Tc quay ca ng c, v tr thanh rng, p sut ch th bnh qun (c
th nh gi qua p sut cui k nn v p sut chy cc i).
Nu nguyn nhn, phng php kim tra v hiu chnh s lm vic khng ng
u gia cc xilanh:
+ Nguyn nhn: Do p sut v nhit ca qu trnh chy khng ging nhau (Do s
khc nhau v nhin liu, khng kh, tnh trng k thut).
+ Phng php kim tra v hiu chnh: Kim tra v tr thanh rng bm cao p, kim
tra nhit kh x, kim tra p sut cui k nn, p sut chy cc i, kim tra gc
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phun sm (hoc VIT nu c), kim tra tnh trng vi phun, bm cao p. Hiu chnh
cc thng s trn cho ph hp.
Cu 5:
Th no l cng sut ch th N i,, cng sut c ch Ne v cng sut c gii N m? Cc
thng s ny c o c hoc tnh ton ra sao? Trong thc t khai thc, da vo
nhng thng s no xc nh cc loi cng sut trn?
Yu cu:
Nm c cc khi nim v cc cng sut ch th N i,, cng sut c ch N e v cng
sut c gii Nm
Nm c phng php o c hoc tnh ton cc loi cng sut trn.
C kinh nghim thc t trong vic xc nh cc loi cng sut trn.
Hng dn tr li:
Cng sut ch th l cng sut c xc nh trong xilanh ca ng c.
Cng sut ch th c th c tnh ton bng l thuyt thun ty nhng phng
php ny c sai s kh ln. Trong thc t ngi ta c th tnh ton cng sut ch th
thng qua mt s thng s o c nh tc quay, p sut ch th bnh qun theo
cng thc:
N i 0,785.
D 2 .S .n.i.Pi
(m lc ch th )
0,45.m
Trong cng thc trn:

-
D: ng knh xi lanh ( m )
S : Hnh trnh piston ( m )
n : Tc quay ca ng c (vng/pht)
i : S xi lanh ca ng c
m: H s k:
Pi: p sut ch th bnh qun (KG/cm2 )
- ng c 4 k m = 2, ng c 2 k m = 1
p sut ch th bnh qun Pi c th c xc nh da vo th cng ch th

hoc th cng khai trin, m cc th ny c c nh thit b o Indicator.
-
Cng sut c ch l cng sut c xc nh ti u ra ca trc khuu.
Cng ging nh cng sut ch th, cng sut c ch c th c tnh ton bng l
thuyt nhng trong thc t, ngi ta c th tnh ton cng sut c ch thng qua p
sut c ch bnh qun Pe
N e 0,785.
D 2 .S .n.i.Pe
0,45.m
(m lc c ch)
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p sut c ch bnh qun Pe c th tnh thng qua p sut ch th bnh qun Pi:
Pe = Pi.m trong m l hiu sut c gii
-
Vi mt ng c c th, ngi ta c th xc nh cng sut c ch thng qua v tr

thanh rng bm cao p (xem cu 44).
Cng sut c ch cng c th c o trc tip bn cc thit b o chuyn dng (o

thng qua m men xon)
Cng sut c gii Nm l cng sut chi ph cho cc tn tht c gii ca ng c,

gm tn tht cho ma st, tn tht cho lai dn v tn tht cho hnh trnh ht, x
ng c 4 k.
Cng sut c gii c xc nh bng thc nghim. Tuy nhin nu xc nh c

cng sut ch th v c ch th ta c th d dng tnh c cng sut chi ph cho c
gii:
N m = Ni Ne
Cu 6:
Trnh by cc hnh thc tn dng nng lng kh x khi tng p cho ng c. Phn tch
u, nhc im ca mi loi. Hnh thc tng p no ph hp vi ng c lai chn vt
v ng c lai my pht in, ti sao?
Yu cu:
Nm c cc hnh thc tn dng nng lng kh x cho tua bin tng p.
Nm c u nhc im v phm vi p dng tng loi.
Hng dn tr li:
Kh x ca ng c c th c tn dng cho tua bin tng p di 2 hnh thc:
S dng nng lng xung v nng lng ng p.
- Tng p xung
y l hnh thc tng p m tua bin kh x s dng nhiu nht thnh phn nng
lng xung . S dng nng lng xung l s dng trc tip ng nng cho vic sinh
cng ca tua bin. thc hin mc ch , mt s cc bin php sau y c thc
hin:
+ Trnh dn n kh x sau khi ra khi tua bin bng cch dng ng x c kch
thc nh, c tnh ton trc; tua bin t gn xi lanh.
+ Tng gc m sm xu pap x to xung kh x ln.
+ Trnh s trng hp gy nh hng ln nhau gia xung ca cc xi lanh khc
nhau, ng x ca cc xi lanh thng c ch to ring bit; s ni chung ng ng
x vi khng qu ba xi lanh c th t n cch xa nhau.
Tng p ng p:
Trong h thng tng p ng p, ton b kh x t ng c ra khi xi lanh c
a n mt bnh cha c th tch ln. Ti y, kh x thc hin mt s dn n nh
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tng th tch, ng nng kh x gim chuyn ho thnh nhit nng vi nhit tng
cao, p sut bnh n trc khi cp n cho tua bin.
Mc d khng trc tip s dng xung kh x, nhng tng p ng p li c s cp
kh n nh cho tua bin. y l iu kin m bo hiu sut cng tc ca tua bin rt
cao.
u im ln nht ca tng p xung l vic s dng trc tip xung nng lng kh
x, chnh l ng nng rt ln ca kh x trong giai on x t do. Chnh v th, tc
ca tua bin tng rt nhanh v c kh nng cung cp kh cho diesel ngay c khi
ng c hot ng ch nh ti. Tnh tng tc ca ng c s dng tng p xung
rt tt.Tuy nhin, nhc im ca tng p xung l hiu sut cng tc ca tua bin rt
km. Do cn to xung, gc m sm xu pap x tng ln nh hng n cng sut ch th
ca ng c. Tnh hiu qu ca tng p xung cng gim khi p sut tng p cng ln.
Ngoi ra, kt cu ca h thng cng phc tp hn.
Ngc li vi tng p xung, tng p ng p c hiu qu s dng nng lng ca
tua bin rt cao. Tng p ng p khng i hi tng gc m sm do tng c cng
sut ch th ng c. Tng p ng p m bo tnh kinh t rt cao ca ng c, c
bit l cc ng c c mc tng p ln khi hot ng ch ton ti. Nhc im
ln nht ca n l tnh tng tc ca ng c rt km. i vi ng c hai k khi hot
ng ch ph ti th khng c kh nng qut kh cho xi lanh. Trong trng hp
ny, h thng tng p thng phi trang b thm qut gi ph.
Tng p kiu xung thng c p dng cho cc ng c lai my pht in v cc
ng c lai chn vt c thi gian hot ng ngn, ti khng n nh.
Tng p kiu ng p c p dng cho cc ng c lai chn vt c ln, c thi
gian hot ng n nh trong thi gian di.
Cu 7:
Trnh by v hin tng ho tua bin trong khai thc ng c diesel tu thy. Trnh by
nguyn nhn, cch khc phc hin tng ho trong khai thc ng c diesel tu thu.
Yu cu:
Nm c c tnh lm vic ca my nn ly tm.
Nm c c im kt cu v nguyn tc hot ng ca t hp tua bin-my
nn tng p.
Nm c c tnh cng tc ca ng c diesel trong iu kin khai thc
kh khn.
Hng dn tr li:
Ho my nn (nh quen gi l ho tua-bin) c rt nhiu nguyn nhn:
- Nguyn nhn tim n l do cht lng qu trnh chy trong cc xilanh ca ng
c, tnh trng k thut ca t hp tuabin kh my nn tng p.
- Nguyn nhn trc tip do sng gi lm thay i ti v vng quay my chnh
mc tng i ln (khi thi tit xu).
Khi vng quay ng c tng, lu lng khng kh np vo xi lanh tng lm gim
p sut i p trn my nn. Trong khi , do qun tnh ca r to, vng quay my nn
gi nguyn lm cho tc dng khng kh qua my nn tng t ngt. Lu lng gi
tc thi tng lm c tnh sc cn tuyn np tng ln. Ngay sau , vng quay ng c
gim xung lm gim lu lng khng kh np vo ng c. iu lm tng i p
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trc my nn do lm gim lu lng ca my nn, a im lm vic ca my

nn t im A (vn rt gn im gii hn ho B) v im gii hn ho B (hnh 7.1).
Ti im B, my nn cha ho. Tuy nhin nu cng qu trnh ni trn qu ln, h
thng khng dng im B m chuyn tip v im C c lu lng m, dng khng
kh np i ngc t h thng np ra ngoi qua cnh my nn. iu ny c th xem nh
mt sng p sut ngc t ng gp khng kh np ra mi trng. Theo c tnh cng
tc ca h thng, c tnh sc cn gim t ngt lm tng lu lng ca my nn (t C
v D). Do cng ca qu trnh, s thay i lu lng v ct p khng dng im
D m chuyn t D v A.
H
B
A
Q
C
D
Hnh 7.1: c tnh thay i im lm vic ca my nn khi ho.

S thay i t ngt ca cc yu t: ct p t dng sang m; lu lng t
dng, bng khng ri sang m; dng chy vo, ng yn ri tro ngc ra ngoi my
nn lm my nn v t hp pht m thanh d i, rung ng mnh gi l ho my nn.
chng ho, hy x bt gi tng p; gim tay ga; chy qut gi ph;Nu c
iu kin hy kim tra li t hp tua-bin my nn, vi phun bm cao p, cc xupap,
Cu 8:
Trnh by nhng nguyn nhn gy sc cn trn ng np v thi ca ng c diesel.
nh hng ca qu trnh np, thi n hot ng ca ng c diesel. Trong khai thc,
bng cch no pht hin sc cn ng np v i p ng x ang tng? Nu cc
bin php khc phc.
Yu cu:
Nm c kt cu ca h thng np v thi ca ng c diesel
Nm c cc yu t nh hng n lng khng kh np vo xilanh ng
c.
Nm c s nh hng ca lng khng kh np n qu trnh chy trong
xilanh ng c.
Hng dn tr li:
- Nhng nguyn nhn gy sc cn trn ng np: Do tc bn cc phin lc kh, ng
np hoc cc xupap np b bn, tc bn sinh hn kh tng p nhng ng c c
tng p.
-
Nhng nguyn nhn gy phn p trn ng thi ca ng c: Cc xupap x hoc

ng x b tc bn, cc thit b tn dng nhit kh x nh tua bin kh x, ni hi
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kinh t b bn, gc ng m ca cc xupap b sai lch (cam b xoay hoc b mn

qu nhiu, khe h nhit qu ln).
-
nh hng ca qu trnh np, thi n hot ng ca ng c Diesel: Qu trnh

np, thi nh hng trc tip ti lng khng kh np vo xilanh ng c. Khi
lng khng kh np vo xilanh ng c gim i, h s d lng khng kh
gim s lm thi gian chun b chy ko di, lm tng kh nng chy rt, tng
nhit kh x v lm gim cng sut ng c. Mt khc, khi h s d lng
khng kh gim nhiu c th dn n hin tng chy khng hon ton, tng
thnh phn mui v c t kh x CO, gy nh hng ti tnh trng k thut my
mc v sc khe con ngi.
Cch pht hin sc cn trn ng np: p sut kh np ti bu gp kh np thp

(nu ng c c tng p), p sut cui k nn gim, nhit kh x cao, khi c
mu en, cng sut gim.
Cch pht hin phn p trn ng x: Nhit kh x tng, cng sut ng c
gim, kh x c kh nng trn ngc li pha ca ht lm nhit pha ca ht tng
ln.
Cc bin php khc phc: X l cc nguyn nhn nu trn.
Cu 9:
Trong thc t khai thc, cn quan tm n nhng thng s no ca h thng cung cp
nhin liu, bm cao p v vi phun? nht ca nhin liu tng nh hng n cht
lng phun sng v tui th bm cao p nh th no? Nu nhng vic cn lm
m bo cht lng phun sng ca nhin liu.
Yu cu:
Nm c chc nng v yu cu i vi h thng cung cp nhin liu.
Nm c kt cu, nguyn l hot ng ca cc thit b trong h thng nhin liu.
Nm c cc yu t nh hng ti hnh dng tia nhin liu.
Hng dn tr li:
Trong thc t khai thc h thng nhin liu cn quan tm n: Loi nhin liu v
tnh cht l ha ca chng, mc nhin liu trong cc kt cha, cht lng nhin
liu, nhit v nht ca nhin liu, p sut nhin liu trc v sau cc phin
lc, p sut trc bm cao p.
i vi Bm cao p v Vi phun cn quan tm n kiu loi, tnh trng k thut,
gc phun sm, v tr thanh rng bm cao p v c cu lin kt gia b iu tc v
thanh rng.
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nht ca nhin liu tng s lm tng kch thc cc ht sng nhin liu v
chiu di tia nhin liu trong bung t, dn n qu trnh chy km, tng nhit
kh x v lm tng kh nng kt cc trong xilanh ng c. nht ca nhin liu
tng cn lm tng tc mi mn cc l phun, tng ng knh l phun dn ti
cng lm tng kch thc cc ht sng nhin liu. Kt qu dn n lm gim cng
sut ng c, gim tui th ca cc chi tit nh piston, xilanh, xec mng, xupap x.
c bit, nht nhin liu ln s lm tng ti cho bm cao p, c th dn n v
ng ng cao p, v np bm cao p hoc nng hn c th xoay hoc v cam
nhin liu.
Nhng vic cn lm m bo cht lng phun sng: Phi m bo tnh trng
k thut ca bm cap p, vi phun, m bo ng chng loi nhin liu, cht lng
nhin liu v nht ng qui nh.
Cu 10:
Khi no cn phi iu chnh gc phun sm nhin liu? Nu cc phng php thng
dng khi iu chnh gc phun sm i vi bm cao p kiu piston rnh xo. Ti sao
cn phi kim tra khe h nh (top clearance) sau khi hiu chnh gc phun sm? Quan
tm n kt qu hiu chnh gc phun sm bng gc hnh hc, gc phun sm thc t
hay p sut chy pz?
Yu cu:
Nm c nh hng ca gc phun sm ti qu trnh chy trong xilanh ng c v
ti ng sut c v nhit ca ng c.
Nm c kt cu ca bm cao p kiu piston rnh xo.
Nm c s khc bit gia gc phun sm hnh hc v gc phun sm thc t.
Hng dn tr li:
iu chnh gc phun sm c tin hnh khi cn iu chnh p sut chy cc i
Pz. Trong mt s trng hp, ngi ta c th iu chnh nhit kh x bng vic
iu chnh gc phun sm nhng nht thit phi m bo p sut chy cc i Pz
khng c cao hn gi tr thit k.
Cc phng php thng dng khi iu chnh gc phun sm i vi bm cao p
kiu piston rnh xo: C th iu chnh thng qua bnh rng lai dn trc cam trong
trng hp iu chnh cho c ton b cc xilanh, c th iu chnh bng cch xoay
cam ring r trn trc cam, hoc thng thng hn c l iu chnh v tr tng i
gia cp piston-xilanh bm cao p. nhng bm cao p c VIT, vic iu chnh
thi im phun bng cch thay i chiu cao ca xilanh bm cao p. Cn nhng
bm cao p thng thng, ngi ta c th iu chnh gc phun sm bng cch thay
i chiu cao ca piston bm cao p thng qua c cu lai dn trn con i.
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Vic iu chnh bng phng php ny nht thit phi kim tra khe h nh ca
piston bm cao p, phng trng hp c th lm v np bm cao p do piston
i ln trong qu trnh phun nhin liu.
Vic iu chnh gc phun sm thc ra ch c c gi tr gc phun sm hnh hc
nhng kt qu cn quan tm phi l p sut chy cc i Pz.
Cu 11:
Th no l bm cao p iu chnh thi im u, cui v hn hp? Khi ti thay i,
gc phun sm nhin liu ca cc bm cao p ny thay i nh th no? Khi vng quay
khai thc gim i, i vi bm cao p iu chnh thi im cui, cc thng s p sut
chy cc i pz v tc tng p sut w=dp/d c th tng ln, ti sao?
Yu cu:
Nm c c im kt cu, nguyn tc hot ng ca cc loi bm cao p
Nm c cc nguyn nhn nh hng ti p sut chy cc i Pz v tc tng
p sut W = dP/ d
Hng dn tr li:
Bm cao p iu chnh thi im u l bm cao p m khi thay i lng nhin
liu cung cp cho chu trnh th thi im bt u cung cp nhin liu vo xilanh
ng c b thay i, cn thi im kt thc cp nhin liu vo xilanh ng c
khng thay i.
Bm cao p iu chnh thi im cui l bm cao p m khi thay i lng nhin
liu cung cp cho chu trnh th thi im kt thc cp nhin liu vo xilanh ng c
b thay i, cn thi im bt u cp nhin liu vo xilanh ng c th khng thay
i.
Bm cao p iu chnh hn hp l bm cao p m khi thay i lng nhin liu
cung cp cho chu trnh th c thi im bt u cp v thi im kt thc cp nhin
liu vo xilanh ng c u b thay i.
Khi thay i ti, nu coi nhin liu lun in y bm cao p th gc phun sm
nhin liu ca loi bm cao p iu chnh thi im u v hn hp s thay i,
cn loi bm cao p iu chnh thi im cui s c gc phun sm khng thay i.
Khi vng quay khai thc gim i, i vi bm cao p iu chnh thi im cui,
cc thng s p sut chy cc i Pz v tc tng p sut W=dp/d c th tng
ln v khi vng quay khai thc gim s lm gim p sut v nhit cui k nn do
ch s nn a bin n1 gim, dn n lm thi gian chun b chy ko di, kt qu l
p sut chy cc i Pz v tc tng p sut W c th tng ln.
Cu 12:
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Trnh by c im cu to ca bm cao p v vi phun ng c diesel hng MAN

B&W. V sao loi ng c ny khng cn i du FO sang du DO khi chy man?
Trong thc t khai thc, cn c vo u tin hnh iu chnh gc phun sm nhin
liu?
Yu cu:
Nm c c im kt cu v nguyn tc hot ng ca bm cao p v vi phun
ng c diesel hng MAN B&W.
Nm c nh hng ca gc phun sm ti p sut chy cc i v nhit kh x
ca ng c.
Hng dn tr li:
Gii thiu loi bm cao p (Bm cao p kiu piston rnh xo, c c cu VIT).
Gii thiu cc chi tit chnh ca bm.
Gii thiu nguyn tc hot ng ca bm.
Gii thiu cc chi tit chnh ca vi phun
Gii thiu nguyn tc hot ng ca vi phun
( Hnh v km theo)
Vi kt cu ca bm cao p v vi phun nh trn, cc ng c c ln ca hng ny c
th iu ng, ma-n m khng cn phi chuyn sang du DO v:
Du FO lun lun c hm nng ti nht yu cu (t 10 n 15cst ti bm cao
p v vi phun)
Khi ng c dng, du FO lun c tun hon lin tc qua bm cao p v vi
phun (thuyt minh nguyn l hot ng trn bn v)
Trong thc t khai thc, gc phun sm nhin liu ca cc xilanh c t ng iu
chnh bng c cu VIT theo nguyn tc: Khi tng ti ca ng c trong phm vi t
50% n 85% (thanh rng nhin liu ca bm cao p c iu khin tng ln) th gc
phun sm cng c iu chnh tng ln nhng trong trng hp ti tng cao trn
85% th gc phun sm c iu chnh gim i p sut chy cc i Pz khng qu
cao.
Trong khai thc, nu o p sut chy cc i qu cao th c th iu chnh c cu
VIT gim gc phun sm thng qua cc khp ni dn ng. Cn trong trng hp
nhit kh x cao trong khi p sut chy cc i thp th c th iu chnh VIT
tng gc phun sm.
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Cu 13:
c im cu to ca bm cao p dng van iu chnh hn hp (hai trc lch tm) ca
ng c diesel Sulzer - RDN. Cc trc lch tm trn suction valve v spill valve c
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chc nng g? p dng iu khin ng thi c hai trc lch tm v mc ch g? Ti

sao gc phun sm ca cc xi lanh (trong cng mt ng c) li c yu cu hiu
chnh vi cc gi tr khc nhau?
Yu cu:
Nm c c im kt cu v nguyn tc hot ng ca bm cao p dng van
iu chnh hn hp (hai trc lch tm) ca ng c diesel Sulzer - RDN.
Nm c cc nguyn nhn lm sai lch gia gc phun sm hnh hc v gc phun
sm thc t.
Hng dn tr li:
Gii thiu loi bm cao p (Bm cao p dng van iu chnh hn hp, tc l khi
thay i lng nhin liu cung cp cho chu trnh th c thi im bt u cp nhin
liu v thi im kt thc cp nhin liu u b thay i).
Gii thiu cc chi tit chnh ca bm.
Gii thiu nguyn tc hot ng ca bm.
Trnh by r vai tr ca trc lch tm trn Suction valve (iu chnh thi im bt
u cung cp nhin liu, tc l gc phun sm b thay i).
Trnh by r vai tr ca trc lch tm trn Spill valve (iu chnh thi im kt
thc cp nhin liu).
iu khin ng thi c hai trc lch tm nhm mc ch thay i gc phun sm
ca ng c khi thay i ti
Gc phun sm ca cc xilanh trong cng mt ng c li c yu cu hiu chnh
vi cc gi tr khc nhau m bo gc phun sm thc t ti vi phun l nh
nhau v bm cao p loi ny t thnh mt cm nn chiu di ng ng cao p
ca cc xilanh khc nhau. Ngoi ra c th k n xon ca trc khuu khi ng
c mang ti, dn n piston ca xilanh st bnh s n CT s mun hn so vi
khi ng c khng mang ti.
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ng c hng Sulzer vi bm cao p dng van c m t trn hnh 41.1.
Hnh 41.1 Bm cao p dng van, ng c Sulzer

Cc chi tit chnh trn hnh:
1. Van xut du (delivery valve);
2. Van an ton (safety valve);
3. Van kt thc cp (spill valve);
4. Trc lch tm iu khin thi im cui cp;
5. Cam v con ln (cam & roller);
6. C cu ngt nhin liu;
7. Van bt u cp (suction valve);
8. Trc lch tm iu khin thi im u cp;
9. C cu treo bm cao p;
Cu 14:
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Trong ng c MAN B&W, h thng thu lc ng m xu pp x c c im kt cu

nh th no? Hy nu cc bc kim tra, hiu chnh h thng v gii thch ngha ca
cc bc. Nu hiu chnh h thng khng chnh xc, c th nh hng n hot ng
ca ng c?
Yu cu:
Nm c kt cu, nguyn l hot ng ca xupap thy lc ng c hng MAN
B&W.
Nm c h thng thy lc ng m xupap v cch kim tra, hiu chnh h thng.
Hng dn tr li:
Gii thiu kt cu, nguyn l hot ng ca xupap thy lc ng c hng MAN
B&W, trong nht thit phi nu r c im kt cu ca piston thy lc v
piston gim chn ng m xupap
Trnh by cc bc kim tra h thng:
+ Kim tra khi bo dng xupap: Kim tra n mn nm xupap, kim tra kn kht
gia nm xupap v xupap trc v sau khi mi, kim tra tnh trng cc giong lm
kn, cc khe h hng knh ca cc chi tit khc
+ Kim tra khi h thng hot ng: Kim tra s r r du thy lc, phn tch nguyn
nhn; Kim tra ting g trong xupap, phn tch nguyn nhn
Hiu chnh h thng:
+ Hiu chnh khi bo dng xupap: Hiu chnh chiu cao ca piston thy lc v
piston gim chn bng cch thay i a m.
+ Hiu chnh h thng khi ang hot ng: Trong mt s kt cu c, nu pht hin c
ting g khi xupap hot ng th c th hiu chnh m van tit lu du thy lc
ngay trn xupap.
-
Nu hiu chnh khng chnh xc c th gy nn ting g trong xupap khi hot ng

hoc c th xupap ng khng kn, nng hn c th gy hng v chi tit.
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Cu 15:
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Mc mt cn bng cng sut gia cc xi lanh nh hng nh th no n hot ng

ca ng c? Trong iu kin khai thc trn tu thu, cn nhng thng s no nh
gi mc cn bng cng sut gia cc xi lanh ca ng c? Hy trnh by th t cc
bc o c, kim tra, nh gi v hiu chnh cn bng cng sut gia cc xi lanh.
Yu cu:
Nm c cc vn v cn bng ng c.
Nm c cc yu t nh hng ti kh nng sinh cng ca cc xilanh.
Hng dn tr li:
Mc mt cn bng cng sut gia cc xilanh nh hng n lm vic n nh
ca ng c: Tc quay ca ng c b dao ng, ng c lm vic b rung, c
th gy nn cc ng sut c lm h hng trc khuu. Nhng biu hin mt cn
bng cng sut nh vy c th thy r nhng ng c thp tc.
nh gi mc cn bng cng sut gia cc xilanh ca ng c cn kim tra
v tr thanh rng bm cao p ca cc xilanh, nhit kh x ca cc xilanh, c bit
l p sut chy cc i ca cc xilanh
Cc bc o c, kim tra, ng gi v hiu chnh cn bng cng sut gia cc
xilanh: Kim tra nhit kh x ca cc xilanh, kim tra v tr thanh rng bm cao
p, m t thit b o p sut chy cc i, cch thao tc v c kt qu. Nu c s
sai khc ln cn tin hnh hiu chnh.
Hiu chnh s cn bng cng sut gia cc xilanh:
+ Hiu chnh v tr thanh rng bm cao p qua khp ni dn ng ngay u thanh rng.
+ Hiu chnh c cu VIT (nu c) hoc cc bin php iu chnh gc phun sm khc:
iu chnh ti bm cao p, iu chnh ti cam nhin liukhi ng c dng.
Kim tra, o c, nh gi sau khi hiu chnh.
-
Cu 16:
Trnh by cc trang thit b chnh trong h thng tng p, trao i kh. Trong thc t
khai thc, cn nhng thng s no nh gi tng thit b v nh gi chung h
thng tng p, trao i kh? Hy trnh by nguyn nhn, nh hng v bin php khc
phc hin tng nc ngng t trong h thng tng p.
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Yu cu:
Nm c ton b h thng tng p v trao i kh ca ng c.
Nm c cc tnh cht ca khng kh, nh hng ca nc ngng t ti s hot
ng ca ng c v ti kh nng n mn im sng cc chi tit ca ng c.
Hng dn tr li:
Cc trang thit b chnh trong h thng tng p: Cc tm lc kh, t hp tua bin my
nn tng p, sinh hn kh tng p, ng gp kh np. Vi cc ng c 2 k c ln
cn c thm qut gi ph, (thng mc ni tip sau t hp tua bin my nn tng
p).
Cc thit b chnh trong h thng trao i kh: cc ng c 4 k gm cc cam, c
cu truyn ng v cc xupap. cc ng c 2 k qut vng l h thng cc ca
kh (mt s trng hp c th c cc van 1 chiu trn cc ca qut).
nh gi cht lng cng tc ca tng thit b cn cn c vo vai tr ca thit b
trong h thng. V d: Vi cc tm lc kh cn quan tm chnh p trc v
sau tm lc (cho ta bit bn ca tm lc); Vi t hp tua bin my nn tng p
cn quan tm n p sut kh tng p, nhit kh tng p, tc quay v s hot
ng an ton ca t hp (rung ng, n, ch bi trn, lm mt); Vi sinh
hn kh tng p cn quan tm n cc gi tr p sut v nhit trc v sau sinh
hn ca c phn kh v phn nc, chnh p trc v sau sinh hn. Vi h thng
trao i kh cn quan tm n ton b cc chi tit trong h thng v cc thng s
lm vic: kn kht, cc khe h lm vic, gc trao i kh
Cc thng s nh gi chung c h thng tng p, trao i kh l p sut v nhit
kh tng p cp vo ng c.
Hin tng nc ngng t trong h thng tng p:
+ Nguyn nhn: m khng kh qu ln, nhit lm mt qu thp
+ nh hng: Tng kh nng n mn cc chi tit.
+ Bin php khc phc: Tng cng x nc ngng t sau sinh hn kh tng p.
Cu 17:
Trnh by v phng php o c hoc tnh ton cc thng s sau y:
- Ap sut cui qu trnh nn pc (kg/cm2);
- Ap sut chy cc i pz (kg/cm2);
- Cng sut ch th Ni v c ch Ne (m lc);
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- Lng tiu th nhin liu trong mt gi G (kg/h);

- Sut tiu hao nhin liu ch th gi v c ch ge (g/ml.h).
Cc thng s ny nh gi tnh trng k thut v hot ng ca ng c nh th no?
Yu cu:
Nm c phng php o c v tnh ton cc thng s nu trn.
Nm c vai tr v ngha ca cc thng s trn.
Hng dn tr li:
p sut cui qu trnh nn Pc (kg/cm2):
+ Xc nh bng tnh ton: Vit cng thc tnh (Pc=Pa.n1-1) v gii thch cc thng s
trong cng thc.
+ o c: M t cch o, m t thit b o: S dng thit b o p sut, ct nhin liu
ca xilanh cn o. Vi cc ng c thp tc c th o c bng thit b Indicator (xc
nh trn th khai trin).
p sut cui qu trnh nn Pc thp c th do p sut kh np thp, do sc cn trn
ng np ln. ng c nhiu xilanh, p sut cui k nn ca mt xilanh no
thp c th do tnh trng k thut ca nhm piston- xc mng-xilanh km, b mi mn
nhiu hoc cng c th do tc bn c cu np, do gc ng m cc xupap b sai lch.
p sut chy cc i pz (kg/cm2):
+ Xc nh bng tnh ton: Vit cng thc tnh (Pz=.Pc) v gii thch cc thng s
trong cng thc.
+ o c: M t cch o, m t thit b o: S dng thit b o p sut, lp trn van
ch th ca xilanh cn o. Vi cc ng c thp tc c th o c bng thit b
Indicator (xc nh trn th khai trin).
p sut chy cc i Pz thp c th do p sut cui k nn Pc thp hoc gc phun sm
qu nh hoc cng c th do lng nhin liu cung cp cho chu trnh qu t. Cn
trng hp Pz qu cao c th do gc phun sm nhin liu qu ln hoc cc nguyn
nhn khc lm cho thi gian chun b chy i b ko di hoc lng nhin liu cung
cp cho chu trnh qu nhiu.
Cng sut ch th Ni v c ch Ne (m lc)
+ Xc nh bng tnh ton: Vit cng thc, gii thch cc thng s trong cng thc,
nu phng phc xc nh cc thng s trong cng thc (c bit l p sut ch th
bnh qun Pi).
+ Xc nh bng o c: M t nguyn tc o c ca thit b o.
Lng nhin liu tiu th trong 1 gi: Tnh ton v o c yu cu tng t nh
trn.
Sut tiu hao nhin liu ch th v c ch: Tnh ton v o c yu cu tng t nh
trn.
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Cu 18:
Cn c nhng g kim tra, nh gi cht lng h thng bi trn s mi xi lanh
ring? Trong trng hp no cn phi tin hnh hiu chnh lng du nhn bi trn s
mi xi lanh? Trnh by qui trnh hiu chnh lng du bi trn khi ng c mi xut
xng hoc thay mi nhm piston-xi lanh.
Yu cu:
Nm c kt cu, nguyn tc hot ng ca h thng bi trn s mi xilanh.
Nm c vai tr bi trn v kh nng trung ha a xit ca du bi trn s mi
xilanh.
Nm c qui trnh hiu chnh lng du bi trn khi ng c mi xut xng
hoc khi thay mi piston xilanh.
Hng dn tr li:
kim tra, nh gi cht lng h thng bi trn s mi xilanh ring cn cn c
vo cc vn sau:
+ Loi du bi trn ng chng loi, hm lng kim tng (TBN) m bo.
+ Cung cp ng thi im, ng p sut cn thit v ng lng yu cu.
+ Cc im phun du trn cng mt xilanh phi ng u v lng cp.
nh gi h thng:
+ Kim tra tnh trng mt gng xilanh
+ Kim tra tnh trng cc xc mng: Tnh trng b mt tip xc v tc mi mn
(kim tra khe h ming).
Cn phi hiu chnh lng du nhn bi trn smi xilanh trong cc trng hp sau:
+ Khi iu ng, ma n hoc khi ti thay i
+ Khi thay mi nhm piston-xc mng-xilanh.
+ Hiu chnh theo gi hot ng ca ng c trong thi k ng c mi xut xng.
Qui trnh hiu chnh lng du bi trn smi xilanh khi ng c mi xut xng
hoc thay mi nhm piston xilanh:
+ Nu cu to ca bm du bi trn smi xilanh, cch hiu chnh lng du bi trn
cho ton b cc im bi trn ca mt xilanh v hiu chnh ti cc im bi trn ring
r.
+ V biu hiu chnh (m t s thay i ca lng du bi trn cung cp cho
xilanh theo thi gian hot ng ca ng c)
+ Cc ch khi hiu chnh.
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Cu 19:
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Trnh by c im kt cu v chc nng ca bu gp kh x chung trong h thng

tng p ng p. Hy cho bit nguyn nhn v bin php khc phc hin tng n bu
gp kh x chung ca ng c tng p.
Yu cu:
- Nm c c im kt cu v chc nng ca bu gp kh x chung trong h thng
tng p ng p;
- Nm c hin tng n bu gp kh x; nguyn nhn v bin php khc phc;
Hng dn tr li
1. c im kt cu v chc nng bu gp kh x
- Kt cu bu gp kh x chung trong h thng tng p ng p m t hnh di y,
bao gm cc ng khuych tn kh, ng gp chung v phin lc trc TBK.
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Kt cu ng gp kh x chung - s tng p ng p
-
Chc nng chnh ca ng gp kh x chung trong h thng tng p ng p lm bnh

n dng kh x ra khi ng c diesel, t duy tr c tnh n nh dng kh x
cp n TBK. Nh dng kh n nh m ngi thit k mi c kh nng tnh ton,
thit k c TBK c hiu sut cng tc rt ln.
- Kh x t cc xi lanh i qua ng khuych tn (loe dn) vo ng gp chung c th tch

rt ln. Cc ng khuych tn c chc nng gim ng nng dng kh x c bit trong
giai on x t do. ng gp chung c th tch ln mt ln na lm n nh dng kh x
cp n TBK.
2. Hin tng n bu gp kh x
Do c im kt cu, tc v hng chuyn ng ca dng kh x ra khi xi lanh
vo bu gp chung b thay i rt ln l iu kin thun li nhng ht c khi
lng ln d dng tch ra khi dng chy. Chnh v th, khc vi ng x tng p xung,
ng gp kh x ca h thng tng p ng p li l ch m cc ht nhin liu cha chy
rt d tch t.
ng gp chung kh x s pht n khi c nhng iu kin sau y:
- Lng tch t cc ht nhin liu tng bt thng;
- Hm lng xy d tha nhiu hn bnh thng;
Hai iu kin trn y rt d xy ra ng thi khi tc khai thc ng c thay i v
cht lng phun sng nhin liu khng c tt. Thc t, khi tc quay ca ng
c v ch s thanh rng thay i (khai thc trong iu kin thi tit xu), cht lng
phun sng nhin liu s rt xu. Trng hp ngi khai thc dng t ngt my
chnh, ng x pht n gy v TBK (ngay khi my chnh dng) l v d tiu biu
nht ca hin tng ny.
Pht n ng x thc cht l hin tng bc chy cc ht nhin liu, du nhn, ... trong
ng x, to ra xung lng rt ln dng kh x thi qua TBK. Xung lng ny gy ra
qu tc r to TBK, to lc dc trc ln lm hng bc chn gy v TBK, ...
3. Khc phc
Cc bin php khc phc:
- Khng dng t ngt my chnh (t ch tc khai thc);
- Khi cn gim nhanh tc my chnh, cn kim sot thng s p sut tng p cng
gim tng ng;
- Trong iu kin thi tit xu, cn khai thc my chnh bin thay i tc
khng qu ln;
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- Duy tr tnh trng k thut tt i vi nhm bm cao p, vi phun;

- Kim tra, khc phc hin tng qut du nhn ln bung t;
Cu 20:
Thit b o nng hi du trong cc te ng c c trang b nhm mc ch g?
Cho bit nguyn nhn v bin php khc phc hin tng n cc-te ng c diesel.
Yu cu:
Nm c vai tr, c im cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca thit b o nng
hi du trong cc-te ca ng c
Nm c hin tng n khoang cc-te ca ng c, nguyn nhn, cch khc
phc.
Hng dn tr li:
Gii thiu cu to v nguyn tc hot ng ca thit b o nng hi du trong
cc-te ng c
Nu mc ch ca vic trang b thit b o nng hi du trong cc-te ng c:
Kim tra, ch bo nng hi du ti mi khoang cc-te, bo ng khi nng
vt qu gi tr cho php.
Nguyn nhn gy ra hin tng n cc-te ng c:
+ Do nng hi du trong cc-te qu ln.
+ Do cc xc mng b gy nhiu, piston xilanh b h hng hoc c th do ti qu ln
lm cho kh chy r lt xung cc-te nhng ng c khng c patanh bn trt.
+ Do cc ngun pht nhit khc nh ma st ti cc trc khuu khi mt du bi
trn, ma st ti cc bnh rng lai dn hoc s phng in gia trc khuu v bc lt
khi thit b kh in trn trc trung gian b hng.
Bin php khc phc:
+ Phng nga: Ngn chn cc nguyn nhn.
+ Khc phc: Khc phc ha hon nu xy ra; Tm ra nguyn nhn gy n cc-te,
khc phc; Kim tra li ton b ng c v cc h thng phc v, khi ng li ng
c.
Cu 21:
Hy trnh by phng php kim tra xc mng trong khi vn hnh khai thc v bo
dng, sa cha hoc thay th. V sao mt s loi ng c khng s dng xc mng
du lp cho piston?
Yu cu:
Nm c phng php kim tra xc-mng trong khi vn hnh khai thc.
Nm c kt cu ca cc loi piston, vai tr ca xc-mng kh v du.
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Hng dn tr li:
Phng php kim tra xc mng trong khi vn hnh khai thc (Kim tra qua cc
ca qut cc ng c 2 k):
+ Kim tra b mt tip xc ca xc mng: Tip xc u, b mt bng, khng c vt
xc.
+ Kim tra khe h ming ca mt s xc mng c th quan st c qua ca qut.
+ Kim tra khe h rnh ca xc mng.
+ Kim tra xem xc mng c b gy khng (qua n hi ca xc mng).
cc ng c 4 k, vic kim tra p sut cui k nn P c qu thp cng c th c
nguyn nhn do xc mng b mn, gy.
Trong qu trnh bo dng, sa cha hoc thay th:
+ Kim tra ton b cc khe h nhit ca xc mng (trnh by r phng php kim tra
khe h ming, khe h rnh v khe h lng).
+ Kim tra n hi ca xc mng.
Mt s loi ng c khng s dng xc mng du lp cho piston v l do:
+ Piston ngn, khng c phn dn hng m vic dn hng do c cu patanh bn
trt m nhim.
+ Bi trn cho smi xilanh bng h thng bi trn ring, cp nh lng, nh thi v
nh p du bi trn cho smi xilanh.
Cu 22:
Ti sao ngi thit k c xu hng nng cao nhit nc lm mt ng c diesel?
Trong khai thc, ngi vn hnh cn lm g duy tr cht lng nc lm mt? Hy
cho bit nguyn nhn v bin php khc phc hin tng xut hin cc vt r trn thn
s mi xi lanh, khu vc o nc lm mt.
Yu cu:
Nm c nguyn tc truyn nhit v ng sut nhit ca ng c.
Nm c cc bin php duy tr cht lng nc lm mt.
Nm c cc nguyn nhn gy n mn v xm thc s mi xilanh.
Hng dn tr li:
Ngi thit k c xu hng nng cao nhit nc lm mt (ch vi h thng lm
mt kn) nhm:
+ Gim tn tht nhit cho nc mt (chng minh bng cng thc).
+ Tng kh nng tn dng nhit
Nu r nhng hn ch khi tng nhit nc mt ln qu cao (do bn nhit ca
vt liu, gin n ca vt liu, bn ca cc giong kn nc smi xilanh, kh
nng bi trn ca du nhn).
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duy tr cht lng nc lm mt, ngi vn hnh cn ch :

+ Loi b cc tp cht gy cu cn ( x y kt gin n, kim tra bo dng cc phin
lc).
+ nh k kim tra v x l nc lm mt.
Nguyn nhn xut hin cc vt r trn thn smi xilanh, khu vc o nc lm mt:
+ Do si mn ca dng chy.
+ Do xm thc (xy ra do vic to thnh cc bt kh trong nc: si do p sut nc
lm mt thp).
+ Do n mn in ha i vi h thng lm mt trc tip bng nc bin.
Bin php khc phc:
+ m bo p sut nc lm mt ng yu cu, m bo vic tch hi tt.
+ Thay km chng mn ng k hn i vi h thng lm mt trc tip bng nc
bin.
+ Sn bo v bng loi sn c bit.
-
Cu 23:
Nhng c im cn lu khi khai thc my chnh l ng c diesel lai chn vt bin
bc. So snh c im cng tc ca loi ng c l my chnh lai chn vt bin bc
vi ng c diesel lai my pht in.
Yu cu:
- Nm c c im khai thc my chnh lai chn vt bin bc;
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- Nm c c im cng tc vi ng c diesel lai my pht in;

Hng dn tr li
- Khai thc my chnh l ng c diesel lai chn vt bin bc c hai phng php:
+ Gi tc quay ca my chnh khng i trong khi thay i bc chn vt;
+ Thay i ng b c tc quay ca my chnh v bc chn vt;
Mt s lu :
- Trng hp gi tc quay khng i trong khi thay i bc chn vt, hiu sut
cng tc ca chn vt khng th duy tr c. Khai thc vng bc b phn, hiu
sut cng tc ca chn vt rt thp. Thng th nhng my chnh phi lai dn thit b
khc (yu cu n nh tc ) mi khai thc nh th.
- Trng hp thay i ng b c tc quay ca my chnh v bc chn vt, hiu
sut chn vt lun c duy tr gi tr rt cao. Thng thng, nhng my chnh ch
lai chn vt bin bc s c thit k thay i ng b c tc quay v bc
chn vt theo c tnh hiu sut ln nht.
- My chnh lai chn vt bin bc, gi tc quay khng i, ch thay i bc chn
vt th qu trnh thay i bc chn vt s lm vic theo c tnh ph ti, tng t nh
ng c diesel lai my pht.
Cu 24:
Trnh by v c tnh ph ti ng c diesel v v th thay i ca cc thng s N i,
Ne, Nm v trong c tnh ph ti. ng c diesel hot ng theo c tnh ph ti c
c im g? Hy gii thch s thay i ca h s d lng khng kh trong c tnh
ph ti v cho v d thc t minh ho.
Yu cu:
Nm c khi nim v c tnh ph ti ca ng c, c im ca ng c diesel
hot ng theo c tnh ph ti.
Nm c quy lut bin thin ca cc thng s cng tc ca ng c trong c tnh
ph ti.
Hng dn tr li:
Nu khi nim v c tnh ph ti ca ng c Diesel: c tnh th hin mi quan
h gia cc thng s c bn ca ng c vi ph ti ca ng c khi vng quay ca
ng c c duy tr khng i.
-
Vit cng thc (nu c) th hin mi quan h ca cc thng s Ni, Ne, Nm v vi

Pe. V qui lut bin thin ca cc thng s Ni, Ne, Nm v thay i theo ph ti Pe.
Gii thch qui lut bin thin .

ng c Diesel hot ng theo c tnh ph ti c c im l tc quay ca
ng c mi ch ti u khng thay i.
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-
Gii thch s thay i ca h s d lng khng kh trong c tnh ph ti: Nu

khi nim v h s d lng khng kh , vit cng thc tnh h s d lng
khng kh trong 1 chu trnh, chng minh khi tng lng nhin liu cung cp cho
1 chu trnh tng ng vi vic tng ph ti Pe s lm h s d lng khng kh
gim i. (Tuy nhin cng phi gii thch r nhng ng c tng p bng tua bin
kh x th t thay i hn).
Cho v d thc t minh ha khi tng ti ng c s c kh nng nh khi en.
Cu 25:
Trnh by v c tnh ph ti ng c diesel v v th thay i ca cc thng s N i,
Ne, Nm v ge trong c tnh ph ti. ng c diesel hot ng theo c tnh ph ti phi
c c im g? Hy gii thch s thay i ca sut tiu hao nhin liu c ch g e
(g/ml.h) trong c tnh ph ti v nhn xt v kinh nghim thc t khai thc hiu qu
ng c.
Yu cu:
Nm c khi nim v c tnh ph ti ca ng c, c im ca ng c diesel
hot ng theo c tnh ph ti.
ph ti.
Hng dn tr li:
Nu khi nim v c tnh ph ti ca ng c Diesel: c tnh th hin mi quan
h gia cc thng s c bn ca ng c vi ph ti ca ng c khi vng quay ca
ng c c duy tr khng i.
Vit cng thc (nu c) th hin mi quan h ca cc thng s Ni, Ne, Nm v ge vi
Pe. V qui lut bin thin ca cc thng s Ni, Ne, Nm v ge thay i theo ph ti Pe.
Gii thch qui lut bin thin .
ng c Diesel hot ng theo c tnh ph ti c 3 ch c trng: Ch
khng ti, ch kinh t v ch nh mc.
Gii thch s thay i ca sut tiu hao nhin liu c ch ge trong c tnh ph ti:
Cn c vo qui lut bin thin ca ge trong c tnh ph ti, gii thch: khi tng Pe,
lc u ge gim i do trng thi nhit ca ng c tng ln, cht lng qu trnh
chy tng ln. Sau ge li tng ln do qu trnh chy li xu i do vic gim qu
nhiu ca h s d lng khng kh .
-
Kinh nghim khai thc hiu qu ng c: Khai thc gn ch kinh t (Ch ge

t gi tr nh nht.
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Cu 26:
Trnh by v c tnh ngoi ng c diesel v v th thay i ca cc thng s N i,
Ne, Nm trong c tnh ngoi. ng c diesel hot ng theo c tnh ngoi phi c c
im g? Hy gii thch s thay i ca cht lng qu trnh chy trong c tnh ngoi
v nhn xt v kinh nghim thc t khai thc hiu qu ng c.
Yu cu:
Nm c khi nim v c tnh ngoi ca ng c, c im ca ng c diesel
hot ng theo c tnh ngoi.
ngoi.
Nm c cc yu t nh hng ti cht lng qu trnh chy trong ng c
diesel.
Hng dn tr li:
Nu khi nim v c tnh ngoi ca ng c Diesel: c tnh th hin mi quan h
gia cc thng s c bn ca ng c vi tc quay ca ng c khi thanh rng
bm cao p c gi c nh.
Vit cng thc th hin mi quan h ca cc thng s Ni, Ne, Nm vi tc quay
ca ng c n. V qui lut bin thin ca cc thng s Ni, Ne, Nm thay i theo tc
quay ca ng c n . Gii thch qui lut bin thin .
ng c Diesel hot ng theo c tnh ngoi c c im: lng nhin liu cung
cp cho mi chu trnh bt k vng quay no cng u nh nhau.
Gii thch s thay i ca cht lng qu trnh chy trong c tnh ngoi:
+ Khi ng c hot ng ch vng quay nh: Cht lng qu trnh chy km do
qu trnh nn kh km, trng thi nhit ng c thp, ch s nn a bin n1 nh dn n
cc thng s cui k nn thp. Ngoi ra, cht lng phun sng km ch vng
quay nh cng c th l nguyn nhn dn n cht lng qu trnh chy km.
+ Khi ng c hot ng di vng quay ti u, mi iu kin cho qu trnh chy
u tt nn cht lng qu trnh chy tt.
+ Khi ng c hot ng ch vng quay cao qu s lm cho qu trnh chy trn
ng gin n pht trin, tng kh nng chy rt. Mt khc, khi tc ng c cao
qu c th lm gim lng kh np vo xilanh ng c do tn tht ti cc c cu np
ln, kt qu l cht lng qu trnh chy gim i.
- Kinh nghim khai thc hiu qu ng c: Khai thc ng c gn ch vng quay
ti u.
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Cu 27:
Trnh by v c tnh chn vt ca ng c diesel tu thu v v th thay i ca cc
thng s Ni, Ne, Nm trong c tnh chn vt. ng c diesel hot ng theo c tnh
chn vt c c im g? Hy so snh mc thay i cng sut ng c khi tng hoc
gim vng quay cc ch vng quay khc nhau v nhn xt v kinh nghim thc t
khai thc hiu qu ng c.
Yu cu:
Nm c khi nim v c tnh chn vt ca ng c diesel tu thy, c im ca
ng c diesel hot ng theo c tnh chn vt.
chn vt.
Hng dn tr li:
Nu khi nim v c tnh chn vt ca ng c diesel tu thu: c tnh th hin
mi quan h gia cc thng s c bn ca ng c vi tc quay ca ng c khi
ng c lai trc tip chn vt.
Vit cng thc th hin mi quan h ca cc thng s Ni, Ne, Nm vi tc quay
ca ng c n. V qui lut bin thin ca cc thng s Ni, Ne, Nm thay i theo tc
quay ca ng c n . Gii thch qui lut bin thin .
ng c Diesel hot ng theo c tnh chn vt c c im: lng nhin liu
cung cp cho mi chu trnh cc vng quay khc nhau u khc nhau, ch c sc
cn ln con tu l nh nhau.
Mc thay i cng sut ng c khi thay i tc quay: Cng sut ng c t
l vi bc 3 ca tc quay, do khi tc quay vt qu nh mc 3% th cng
sut qu ti 10%.
Kinh nghim thc t khai thc hiu qu ng c: a ra ch khai thc kinh t,
ch khai thc an ton ng c trong thc t cng tc.
Cu 28:
Thut ng qu ti dng trong vn hnh khai thc ng c diesel c hiu nh th
no? Th no l qu ti v cng sut, qu ti v mmen v qu tc? Hy cho v d v
thit b gii hn nhin liu thng trang b cho ng c diesel lai chn vt bin bc v
nhn xt v kinh nghim thc t khai thc ng c diesel tu thu.
Yu cu:
Nm c cc hin tng qu ti ca ng c diesel (qu ti v cng sut, qu ti
v mmen v qu tc).
Nm c h thng iu khin ng c diesel lai chn vt bin bc.
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Hng dn tr li:
Nu khi nim v qu ti trong khai thc vn hnh ng c Diesel ni chung: Ti
ca ng c vt qu gi tr thit k cho php.
Qu ti v cng sut: Cng sut ng c sinh ra vt qu gi tr cng sut nh
mc thit k.
Qu ti v m men: M men quay tc dng ln trc khuu vt qu gi tr cho
php (m men xon).
Qu tc: Tc quay ca ng c vt qu gi tr thit k. Khi tc quay qu
ln s sinh ra cc lc qun tnh chuyn ng tnh tin v chuyn ng quay ca cc
chi tit chuyn ng ca ng c qu ln, c th gy h hng v ph hy cc chi
tit.
Cho v d v thit b gii hn nhin liu thng trang b cho ng c diesel lai chn
vt bin bc: M t thit b, v tr lp t v vai tr ca thit b gii hn nhin liu.
Nu mt vi kinh nghim khai thc ng c Diesel tu thy trong cc trng hp
ng c b qu ti, bin php x l.
Cu 29:
Cc loi du nhn dng trn tu thu gm nhng loi no? Phng php kim tra cht
lng du bi trn xi lanh, trc khuu. Vic iu chnh nhit , p sut du nhn c thc hin bng cch no?
Yu cu:
Nm c cc loi du nhn dung trn tu thy.
Nm c phng php kim tra cht lng du nhn.
Nm c nguyn l hot ng ca h thng bi trn.
Hng dn tr li:
K tn cc loi du nhn dng trn tu thy: Du nhn bi trn cho my chnh
(du h thng v du xilanh), du nhn bi trn cho ng c lai my pht v cc
loi du nhn khc dng cho cc thit b ph (du nhn dng cho my lc, my
nn gi, tuabin, my pht in, cc thit b my mc trn boong).
Phng php kim tra cht lng du bi trn xilanh, trc khuu: i vi du bi
trn xilanh l du mi, khng dng li nn vic kim tra cht lng di tu ch
yu l ch kim tra vic bo qun, khng cc tp cht hoc nc ln vo. Vi
du nhn bi trn trc khuu phi nu r cc phng php kim tra tp bn, kim
tra nht, mu sc, nc ln trong du.
Nu phng php iu chnh nhit du nhn: Nhit du nhn c iu
chnh ti bu sinh hn du nhn. Thng thng ngi ta iu chnh lng du
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nhn qua sinh hn, hoc cng c th iu chnh lng nc qua sinh hn. M t v
tr lp t v nguyn tc hot ng ca van 3 ng iu chnh nhit .
Nu phng php iu chnh p sut du nhn: p sut du nhn c iu chnh
thng qua van iu chnh p sut. M t v tr lp t v nguyn tc hot ng ca
van iu chnh p sut.
Cu 30:
Gc m sm xu pp x trong cc ng c tng p v khng tng p khc nhau nh th
no? Hy trnh by v cc thit b s dng nng lng nhit kh x v kinh nghim
thc t khai thc cc thit b ny.
Yu cu:
Nm c gc phi kh ca cc xupap.
Nm c cc c im ca tng p bng tua bin kh x kiu xung v kiu ng p.
Nm c cc thit b s dng nng lng nhit kh x.
Hng dn tr li:
Gii thch r l do gc m sm ca xu pp x trong cc ng c tng p bng tua
bin kh x c thit k ln hn so vi ng c khng tng p.
Trnh by v Tua bin kh x: Kt cu, hnh thc s dng nng lng kh x, cc ch
trong qu trnh khai thc vn hnh, phng php lm sch tua bin-my nn, bo
dng tua bin-my nn.
Trnh by v Ni hi kinh t: V tr lp t, kt cu, cc ch trong khai thc vn
hnh, phng php lm sch, bo dng ni hi kinh t.
Kinh nghim thc t khai thc cc thit b trn: Trnh by cc kinh nghim v khai
thc vn hnh, x l s c i vi tua bin kh x v ni hi kinh t.
Cu 31:
Trnh by nhng yu t c bn nh hng n qu trnh chy trong ng c diesel.
Nhng thng s no c th dng nh gi hiu qu qu trnh chy?
Yu cu:
Nm c din bin qu trnh chy trong xilanh ng c, cc giai on ca qu
trnh chy v cc thng s c trng cho mi giai on.
Nm c cc yu t nh hng n cc giai on ca qu trnh chy.
Hng dn tr li:
Trnh by s lc v cc giai on ca qu trnh chy: Giai on chun b chy,
giai on tng p sut, giai onh chy chnh, giai on chy rt.
Trnh by cc yu t c bn nh hng n qu trnh chy:
-
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+ Cc yu t nh hng ti thi gian chun b chy: Yu t ha hc, yu t vt l, yu

t cu to, yu t khai thc. Phn tch tng yu t nh hng ti thi gian chun b
chy nh th no.
+ Cc yu t nh hng n cc giai on cn li ca qu trnh chy: Phn tch nh
hng ca thi gian chun b chy ti tc tng p sut W v nh hng ti cc giai
on khc nh th no. Nu cc yu t khc nh hng ti tc tng p sut, n
giai on chy chnh v giai on chy rt.
Nu nhng thng s c th dng nh gi hiu qu ca qu trnh chy: Nhit
kh x, p sut chy cc i, lng nhin liu tiu th (hoc v tr thanh rng bm
cao p). Phn tch c th cc thng s trn nh gi th no.
Cu 32:
Trnh by nhng yu t nh hng n cht lng phun sng nhin liu. Cn quan
tm n nhng thng s no ca h thng nhin liu trong khai thc?
Yu cu:
Nm c chc nng, yu cu v nguyn l hot ng ca h thng cung cp nhin
liu.
Nm c cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca bm cao p v vi phun.
Nm c tnh cht ca nhin liu.
Nm c cc yu t nh hng ti cht lng phun sng.
Hng dn tr li:
Trnh by nhng yu t nh hng ti cht lng phun sng:
+ Loi nhin liu v cc thng s ca nhin liu: Nu r loi nhin liu v cc thng
s ca nhin liu (nh t trng, nht, nhit ) nh hng nh th no ti cht
lng phun sng, c th l ti nh mn ca cc ht sng nhin liu, ti chiu di,
chiu rng ca tia nhin liu v s phn b chm tia nhin liu trong bung t.
+ p sut phun nhin liu: Trnh by r p sut phun nhin liu nh hng ti nh
mn ca cc ht sng nhin liu, ti chiu di, chiu rng ca tia nhin liu v s
phn b chm tia nhin liu trong bung t.
+ nh hng ca kt cu vi phun: Loi vi phun kn, h; ng knh l phun, s
lng l phun nh hng nh th no ti cht lng phun sng.
+ nh hng ca tnh trng k thut bm cao p, vi phun: mi mn ca cc cp
chi tit lp ghp chnh xc: Piston xilanh bm cao p, kim phun, n hi ca l xo
vi phun, kn kht ca kim phun, ng knh l phun b tng ln l nhng yu t
nh hng ti cht lng phun sng. Phn tch r s nh hng ca cc yu t trn.
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+ nh hng ca cc yu t khai thc: Tc quay ca ng c i vi h thng

phun nhin liu trc tip, cht lng lm sch nhin liu nh hng n cht lng
phun sng th no.
Trong khai thc cn quan tm n cc thng s ca h thng nhin liu: Mc nhin
liu trong kt cha, sch ca nhin liu, nhit (hoc nht) nhin liu, p
sut nhin liu trc bm cao p, cc thng s ca bm cao p v vi phun: lng
cp (v tr thanh rng), p sut phun, gc phun sm.
Cu 33:
Khi p sut chy ln nht gia cc xi lanh thay i, cn kim tra hiu chnh nhng
thng s no? Trnh by cch kim tra hiu chnh cc BCA dng piston rnh xo.
Yu cu:
Nm c din bin ca qu trnh chy v cc yu t nh hng ti p sut chy
cc i Pz.
Nm c kt cu v nguyn tc hot ng ca cc bm cao p kiu rnh xo.
Nm c cc phng php kim tra hiu chnh cc BCA dng piston rnh xo.
Hng dn tr li:
Khi p sut chy ln nht gia cc xilanh thay i cn kim tra v hiu chnh cc
thng s:
+ Lng nhin liu cung cp trong mi chu trnh (v tr thanh rng)
+ VIT nu c.
+ Gc phun sm.
Trnh by cch kim tra v hiu chnh cc BCA dng piston rnh xo:
+ Trnh by cu to, nguyn l hot ng ca mt BCA dng piston rng xo.
+ Trnh by cch kim tra gc phun sm: t thanh rng, chy bm du, via my, c
kt qu. M t chi tit cch lm.
Hiu chnh gc phun sm: Trnh by r tng phng php hiu chnh i vi bm
ri, bm cm, c th hiu chnh gc phun sm ti bm hoc ti cam trong nhng
trng hp no. M t cch hiu chnh.
Kim tra sau hiu chnh: Nu ngha ca vic kim tra sau hiu chnh, trnh t cc
bc kim tra.
Cu 34:
So snh s lm vic ca ng c diesel khi lm vic theo ng c tnh ph ti, chn
vt, da trn cc tiu ch:
a/ Kh nng pht ra cng sut;
b/ S lm vic ca h thng tng p;
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c/ Kh nng qu ti.
Yu cu:
Nm c cc khi nim v c tnh ph ti, c tnh chn vt ca ng c diesel.
Nm c qui lut bin thin ca cc thng s trong c tnh ph ti, c tnh chn
vt.
Nm c h thng tng p ca ng c.
Hng dn tr li:
Khi nim v s lm vic ca ng c Diesel theo c tnh ph ti v theo c tnh
chn vt.
So snh v kh nng pht ra cng sut: Khi so snh kh nng pht ra cng sut th
phi gi thit lng nhin liu tiu th trong 1 gi ca ng c l khng i v gi
thit cht lng qu trnh chy lun c m bo bt k ch no, tc l
ngun nng lng a vo ng c l khng i. Cn ch rng cng sut ch th
sinh ra trong xilanh l nh nhau nhng cng sut c ch s khc nhau v cng sut
chi ph cho c gii khc nhau. Khi ng c lm vic theo c tnh ph ti, v tc
quay ca ng c l khng i nn cng sut chi ph cho c gii cng khng i.
Cn khi ng c hot ng theo c tnh chn vt th tc quay ca ng c thay
i nn cng sut chi ph cho c gii cng thay i theo. V vy kh nng pht ra
cng sut ca ng c khi lm vic theo c tnh ph ti s ln hn.
So snh v s lm vic ca h thng tng p: Khi ng c tng p bng tua bin kh
x, vi cc gi thit v l lun nh trn, c th thy h thng tng p ca ng c
khi lm vic theo c tnh ph ti s nng n hn: Lng kh x to ra trong 1 gi
l nh nhau (v lng nhin liu tiu th nh nhau) nhng lng kh np tiu th
khi ng c lm vic theo c tnh chn vt s nhiu hn do tc quay cao hn.
So snh v kh nng qu ti: Khi ng c lm vic theo c tnh ph ti, kh nng
qu ti v cng sut s km hn so vi trng hp ng c lm vic theo c tnh
chn vt.
Cu 35:
Qu trnh phun nhin liu khng dt khot c th do nhng nguyn nhn no? Trong
thc t c bin php g hn ch chng?
Yu cu:
Nm c cc yu t nh hng ti hnh dng tia nhin liu.
Nm c c im kt cu, nguyn tc hot ng ca bm cao p, van xut du
v vi phun.
Hng dn tr li:
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Qu trnh phun nhin liu khng dt khot c th do cc nguyn nhn:

+ Kim phun ng khng kn trn kim phun.
+ L xo ca vi phun b hng
+ p sut phun ca BCA khng m bo lm cho kim phun ng m khng dt khot
+ p sut d trn ng ng cao p ln do van sut du khng c tc dng gim ti.
Nu cc bin php trong thc t hn ch hin tng phun nhin liu khng dt
khot:
+ R kn kim phun vi kim phun hoc thay mi.
+ Thay l xo vi phun
+ Thay mi cp piston xilanh bm cao p.
+ Thay van xut du mi.
-
Cu 36:
Nhin liu c nh hng nh th no n s hot ng an ton, hiu qu ca ng c?
Lp k hoch tip nhn nhin liu cho tu.
Yu cu:
Nm c nh hng ca thnh phn v tnh cht ca nhin liu ti qu trnh chy.
Nm c s nh hng ca cc thnh phn tp cht ti s hot ng an ton v
hiu qu ca ng c.
Nm c qui trnh tip nhn nhin liu trn tu.
Hng dn tr li:
Loi nhin liu, cht lng nhin liu nh hng trc tip n s hot ng an
ton, hiu qu ca ng c. V vy cn phn tch r s nh hng ca cc yu t:
+ Thnh phn v tnh cht nhin liu (Tr s X tan, cu trc ha hc) ti thi gian
chun b chy v nh hng ti ton b qu trnh chy.
+ Phn tch nh hng ca t trng, nht, nhit ti cht lng phun sng, t
nh hng ti ton b qu trnh chy
+ Phn tch nh hng ca cc thnh phn tp cht khc trong nhin liu nh hng
ti s hot ng an ton, hiu qu ca ng c: Thnh phn Lu hunh, Nhm-Silic,
thnh phn nc, tp bn
K hoch tip nhn nhin liu cho tu:
+ Lp k hoch nhn du (Bunker plan): Trong k hoch nhn du ghi r khi lng
cn nhn, dung tch cc kt cha, mc cha trong cc kt vi cc s o cc chi
mi li khc nhau, trnh t cp vo cc kt, lu lng cp, nhim v ca cc s quan
v th my khi nhn du, cc dng c chng tro du, cha chy, cc cnh bo
+ Hp trc khi nhn du: Ph bin k hoch nhn du, giao nhim v cc s quan v
th my.
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+ Thc tp nhn du
+ Th thy lc h thng nhn du.
+ Ngh ngi hp l trc khi nhn du.
Cu 37:
Pha phi kh ca ng c 4 k din ra nh th no? Nu nguyn l c bn ca xu pp
thy lc v cc lu khi khai thc.
Yu cu:
Nm c ton b qu trnh trao i kh ca ng c 4 k.
Biu din qu trnh trao i kh trn th trn gc quay trc khuu.
Nm c cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca xupap thy lc.
Hng dn tr li:
Pha phi kh ca ng c 4 k: V th trn biu th qu trnh trao i kh ca
ng c 4 k. Ch r gc trng m ca xupap ht v xupap x
Nguyn l c bn ca xupap thy lc:
Trnh by kt cu, nguyn l hot ng ca mt xupap thy lc
Cc lu khi khai thc:
+ Cc xu pap thy lc c m nh p lc ca du thy lc do bm cung cp (Bm
piston c dn ng bi trc cam)
+ Cc xupap thy lc c ng li nh l xo, thng thng l kh nn (Air spring)
+ Trong qu trnh khai thc cn ch s r r ca du thy lc, cc ting g bt
thng trong xupap.
Cu 38:
Nu cc hng c bn nhm ci thin qu trnh chy trong xi lanh ca ng c diesel
tu thy hin i. Ti sao khi khai thc cn duy tr p sut chy cc i P z theo quy
nh ca nh ch to?
Yu cu:
Nm c cc yu t nh hng ti qu trnh chy.
Nm c cc c im ca ng c diesel tu thy hin i.
Nm c cc thng s c trng cho ng sut c ca ng c.
Nm c cc yu t nh hng ti hiu sut cng tc ca ng c.
Hng dn tr li:
Nu cc hng c bn nhm ci thin qu trnh chy trong xilanh ng c Diesel
tu thy hin i:
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+ m bo cht lng phun sng mi ch vng quay: S dng h thng phun

nhin liu kiu gin tip (c bnh tch nng)
+ m bo chnh xc thi im phun nhin liu: S dng c cu iu khin in t
+ Tng t s nn ca ng c bng cch thay i kt cu ng c: ng c c hnh
trnh siu di. V vy, p sut v nhit cui k nn kh cao, lm rt ngn thi gian
chun b chy, lm tng cht lng qu trnh chy.
Khi khai thc cn duy tr p sut chy cc i P z theo qui nh ca nh ch to v
l thng s c trng cho ng sut c ca ng c. p sut chy cc i qu
cao c th gy nt v xilanh, piston, thanh truyn, trc khuu.
Khi ng c hot ng ch ti di nh mc c th iu chnh VIT tng
p sut chy cc i nhm nng cao hiu sut ng c, gim sut tiu hao nhin
liu ca ng c.
Cu 39:
Qu trnh qut kh trong ng c 2 k chu nh hng ca thng s, thit b no? Ti
sao khoang gi qut b chy, cch khc phc?
Yu cu:
Nm c din bin qu trnh trao i kh ng c 2 k.
Nm c hin tng chy khoang gi qut.
Hng dn tr li:
Cc yu t nh hng ti qu trnh qut kh trong ng c 2 k:
+ p sut kh qut: c quyt nh bi p sut do my nn tng p to ra v st
p qua bu lm mt khng kh tng p (mc sch bn ca sinh hn kh tng p).
+ p sut kh x trong xilanh thi im bt u m ca qut. iu kin ng c
hot ng bnh thng, khi ca qut bt u m th p sut trong xi lanh gim i
thp hn p sut ca qut nhng trong iu kin bt thng, c th do phn p trn
ng x qu ln s lm cho kh x trong xi lanh ng c khng x c ra ngoi ng
gp kh x m li thi trc tip vo ng gp kh np, lm ri lon qu trnh qut kh, c
th lm n bu gp kh np.
Nguyn nhn lm khoang gi qut b chy:
+ Do lng du v hi du trong khoang gi qut qu nhiu.
+ Do cc xc mng b gy nhiu, piston xilanh b h hng hoc c th do ti qu ln
lm cho kh chy r lt xung khoang gi qut qu nhiu.
+ Do phn p trn ng x qu ln, lm cho kh x thi ngc li ca qut.
+ Do cc ngun pht nhit khc nh ma st hoc va qut ca qut gi ph.
Bin php khc phc:
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+ Phng nga: Ngn chn cc nguyn nhn.

+ Khc phc: Khc phc ha hon nu xy ra; Tm ra nguyn nhn gy n khoang gi
qut, khc phc; Kim tra li ton b ng c v cc h thng phc v, khi ng li
ng c.
Cu 40:
Trnh by nhng c im ca ng c lai chn vt khi hot ng ch nh ti v
khi ng. Nu nhng cng vic cn lm khi khai thc ng c ch ny.
Yu cu:
Nm c ton b cc qu trnh cng tc ca ng c diesel
Nm c cc nguyn tc khi iu ng, ma n.
Hng dn tr li:
Nhng c im ca ng c lai chn vt khi hot ng ch nh ti v khi
ng:
+ ng c lai chn vt hot ng ch nh ti v khi ng l ch vng quay
thp.
+ Cht lng phun sng km nu h thng cung cp nhin liu l h thng phun
nhin liu trc tip (dng ph bin hin nay)
+ Cht lng nn kh km, r lt nhiu, p sut v nhit cui k nn thp.
+ H thng tng p bng tua bin kh x (nu c) hot ng khng hiu qu, phi chy
thm qut gi ph.
+ Cht lng qu trnh chy km, din ra khng n nh cc xilanh khc nhau, dn
ti cc xilanh lm vic khng u, c th gy nn hin tng dao ng vng quay.
+ Nhit nc lm mt, nhit kh x thp, d xy ra hin tng n mn im
sng.
Nhng cng vic cn lm khi khai thc ng c ch ny:
+ Thng xuyn theo di nhit kh x, nhit nc lm mt ca cc xilanh.
+ Tng lng du bi trn s mi xilanh nu ng c c trang b h thng bi trn s
mi xilanh ring.
+ iu khin kh x ca ng c khng cho qua thit b tn dng nhit (nu c).
+ Theo di cht ch cc thng s hot ng ca ng c v cc h thng phc v.
+ Cc thit b my mc c kh nng s dng trong qu trnh ma n phi trng thi
sn sng hot ng (ngun in, van phi sn sng).
+ m bo y in nng cho cc nhu cu s dng.
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Cu 41:
Ti sao cn phi iu chnh gc phun sm theo ph ti v vng quay? Trnh by BCA
dng van c thit b VIT ca ng c hng SULZER.
Yu cu:
- Nm c l do cn iu chnh gc phun sm theo ph ti v tc quay;
- Nm c kt cu v nguyn l hot ng ca bm cao p dng van ng c Sulzer
v c cu VIT;
Hng dn tr li:
L do cn thit phi iu chnh gc phun sm theo ph ti v vng quay:
- S thay i ph ti v tc quay s ko theo thay i cc thng s qu trnh chy,
lm thay i hiu sut ch th v lm tng sut tiu th nhin liu c ch bnh qun g e mt ch tiu kinh t ca ng c. Thng s qu trnh chy lm gim cng sut ch th
ca ng c chnh l p sut chy ln nht pz.
Cc ng c dng c cu VIT gi n nh p z bng cch thay i gc phun sm
theo ph ti v vng quay nhm mc ch gim ge.
Trnh by kt cu v nguyn l hot ng ca BCA dng van c thit b VIT (c
hnh v km theo).
ng c hng Sulzer vi bm cao p dng van c m t trn hnh 41.1.
-
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Hnh 41.1 Bm cao p dng van, ng c Sulzer

Cc chi tit chnh trn hnh:
1. Van xut du (delivery valve);
2. Van an ton (safety valve);
3. Van kt thc cp (spill valve);
4. Trc lch tm iu khin thi im cui cp;
5. Cam v con ln (cam & roller);
6. C cu ngt nhin liu;
7. Van bt u cp (suction valve);
8. Trc lch tm iu khin thi im u cp;
9. C cu treo bm cao p;
c nguyn l lm vic: cam quay theo chiu kim ng h.
Trong trng hp b iu tc ch iu khin trc lch tm iu khin thi im cui
cp 4, trc lch tm iu khin thi im u cp 8 gi nguyn, bm cao p tr thnh
bm iu chnh thi im cui. C cu VIT c pht trin t bm iu chnh thi
im cui, kt hp vi thay i ti ng thi tc ng thay i thi im phun thng
qua trc lch tm 8.
Cu 42:
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Vic nng cao p sut chy ln nht P z c tc dng g? Trnh by nguyn l hot ng
ca cc BCA dng piston rnh xo c thit b VIT ca ng c hng MAN - B&W.
Yu cu:
Nm c vai tr ca p sut chy ln nht Pz .(Ch rng vic nng cao p sut
chy ln nht ch c thc hin ch ti di nh mc, v p sut chy cc
i khng c vt qu gi tr thit k).
Nm chc kt cu ca BCA dng piston rnh xo c thit b VIT ca ng c hng
MAN-B&W trnh by nguyn l hot ng ca bm.
Hng dn tr li:
Vic nng cao p sut chy ln nht P z nhm tng kh nng pht ra cng sut
ln nht ca ng c khi lng nhin liu cung cp cho chu trnh b hn ch.
Vic nng cao p sut chy ln nht P z nhm hn ch kh nng chy rt ca
nhin liu, nng cao hiu sut ng c khi ng c hot ng ch ti di
85% ti nh mc.
Trnh by nguyn l hot ng ca BCA dng piston rnh xo c thit b VIT ca
ng c hng MAN - B&W:
+ Gii thiu cc chi tit chnh ca bm
+ Gii thiu nguyn tc hot ng ca bm khi thay i ti
+ Ch r nguyn tc hot ng ca c cu VIT
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Cu 43:
Trnh by c tnh kh ng ca h thng tng p. S dng c tnh kh ng gii
thch cc trng hp lm vic khng n nh ca h thng tng p.
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Yu cu:
Nm c c tnh kh ng ca h thng tng p bng tua bin kh x (c tnh ct
p lu lng).
Nm c vng lm vic khng n nh ca h thng tng p, nguyn nhn gy
ho, bin php x l khi c hin tng ho my nn.
Hng dn tr li:
Khi vng quay ng c tng, lu lng khng kh np vo xi lanh tng lm gim
p sut i p trn my nn. Trong khi , do qun tnh ca r to, vng quay my
nn gi nguyn lm cho tc dng khng kh qua my nn tng t ngt. Lu
lng gi tc thi tng lm c tnh sc cn tuyn np tng ln. Ngay sau , vng
quay ng c gim xung lm gim lu lng khng kh np vo ng c. iu
lm tng i p trc my nn do lm gim lu lng ca my nn, a im
lm vic ca my nn t im A (vn rt gn im gii hn ho B) v im gii
hn ho B (hnh v di). Ti im B, my nn cha ho. Tuy nhin nu cng
qu trnh ni trn qu ln, h thng khng dng im B m chuyn tip v im
C c lu lng m, dng khng kh np i ngc t h thng np ra ngoi qua
cnh my nn. iu ny c th xem nh mt sng p sut ngc t ng gp khng
kh np ra mi trng. Theo c tnh cng tc ca h thng, c tnh sc cn gim
t ngt lm tng lu lng ca my nn (t C v D). Do cng ca qu trnh,
s thay i lu lng v ct p khng dng im D m chuyn t D v A.
H
B
A
Q
C
D
c tnh thay i im lm vic ca my nn khi ho.

S thay i t ngt ca cc yu t: ct p t dng sang m; lu lng t
dng, bng khng ri sang m; dng chy vo, ng yn ri tro ngc ra ngoi my
nn lm my nn v t hp pht m thanh d i, rung ng mnh gi l ho my nn.
chng ho, hy x bt gi tng p; gim tay ga; chy qut gi ph;Nu c
iu kin hy kim tra li t hp tua-bin my nn, vi phun bm cao p, cc xupap,
Cu 44:
Ti sao c th s dng v tr thanh rng xc nh cng sut ng c? Trnh by mt
phng php s dng thanh rng xc nh cng sut ng c.
Yu cu:
Nm c mi quan h gia v tr thanh rng v cng sut ca ng c.
Nm c phng php xc nh cng sut ng c qua thanh rng.
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Hng dn tr li:
Cng sut ng c l hm s ca p sut c ch bnh qun v tc quay (N e =
K.Pe.n).
p sut c ch bnh qun l hm s ca p sut ch th bnh qun v hiu sut c
gii
(Pe = Pi. m). Vi mt ng c c th, hiu sut c gii ph thuc vo cc lai dn ca
ng c v ma st ca cc chi tit chuyn ng (ma st li ph thuc vo tc quay).
p sut ch th bnh qun ph thuc vo din tch th cng ch th
Din tch th cng ch th ph thuc vo nhit lng cp trong giai on ng
tch v ng p, m nhit lng ny c c nh s chy ca nhin liu, tc l ph
thuc vo lng nhin liu cung cp.
Nu coi qu trnh chy lun din ra hon ton th lng nhin liu cung cp lun t
l vi nhit lng m n ta ra.
Lng nhin liu cung cp lun t l vi v tr thanh rng bm cao p. Chnh v
vy, ngi ta c th tnh cng sut ng c thng qua v tr thanh rng v tc
quay ca ng c v mt h s thc nghim ng vi mt ng c c th.
Phng php xc nh cng sut ng c qua thanh rng:
(Cho v d vi mt ng c c th)
Cu 45:
Ti sao cc hng li yu cu ngi khai thc khai thc ng c trong vng c tnh
gii hn ph ti m khng khai thc theo ng c tnh ngoi? Gii thch cc ng
c tnh gii hn ph ti ca cc loi ng c.
Yu cu:
Nm c khi nim c tnh gii hn ph ti, nu ngha ca cc ng c tnh
gii hn ph ti.
Nm c khi nim c tnh ngoi.
Nm c cc ng c tnh gii hn ph ti ca cc loi ng c
Hng dn tr li:
c tnh gii hn ph ti l ng c tnh th hin ph ti ln nht m ng c c
th hot ng an ton, m bo bn ca ng c. Trong qu trnh khai thc ng
c, im phi hp cng tc ca ng c khng th nm cao hn c tnh gii hn
ph ti.
c tnh ngoi ca ng c l ng c tnh th hin mi quan h gia cc thng
s c bn ca ng c vi tc quay ca ng c khi thanh rng bm cao p
c gi c nh.
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-
Cc hng yu cu khai thc ng c trong vng c tnh gii hn ph ti m khng

theo ng c tnh ngoi v trong nhiu trng hp khi ng c lm vic theo c
tnh ngoi nhng khi sc cn tc dng ln cn tu v chn vt tng ln lm vng
quay gim i th mc d khng qu ti v cng sut nhng vn c kh nng qu ti
v m men. Yu cu ny m bo cho ng c khng b qu ti v c trong bt k
trng hp no.
Gii thch cc ng c tnh gii hn ph ti ca cc loi ng c: Cc ng c
tnh gii hn ph ti ca cc ng c khng tng p, ng c tng p bng c gii
v ng c tng p bng tua bin kh x th khc nhau (v th v gii thch).
Cu 46:
Thay i ch khai thc (vng quay, ph ti) nh hng n nhng thng s no ca
ng c? Khi khai thc ng c ch nh ti, qu ti, cn lu n nhng vn
g?
Yu cu:
Nm c nhng thng s ca ca ng c b nh hng khi thay i ch khai
thc.
Nm c nhng vn cn lu khi khai thc ng c ch nh ti v qu
ti.
Hng dn tr li:
Khi thay i ch khai thc, cc thng s ca ng c b thay i: Lng nhin
liu cung cp cho mi chu trnh thay i lm cho cc thng s ca qu trnh chy
thay i, p sut v nhit kh chy thay i dn n nhit kh x ca ng c
thay i, km theo l cc thng s cng tc ca t hp tua bin-my nn tng p
cng thay i theo, ng thi, nhit nc lm mt, du nhn cng c xu hng
thay i v cc b iu chnh nhit phi lin tc thc hin qu trnh iu chnh.
Tm li, hu ht cc thng s cng tc ca ng c cng nh ca cc h thng
phc v u thay i.
Khi khai thc ng c ch nh ti cn ch : Ton b cc thng s cng tc
ca ng c cng nh cc thng s cng tc ca cc h thng phc v u thp v
khng n nh, c bit ch n s lm vic khng u ca cc xilanh, dn n
s dao ng vng quay nhng ng c thp tc.
Khi ng c hot ng ch qu ti, cc thng s cng tc ca ng c u
cao, phi c bit ch n s qu ti v m men, qu ti v nhit (nhit kh
x), ng thi h thng tng p lm vic ht sc nng n, cn tng cng theo di
ch hot ng ca tua bin kh.
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Cu 47:
Mun cho ng c diesel khi ng tin cy, cn phi lm nhng g? Trnh by nguyn
l cu to v chc nng ca cc thit b chnh trong h thng khi ng: van khi ng
chnh, van phn phi gi, van khi ng v tay iu khin khi ng. Gii thch s
h thng khi ng bng kh nn.
Yu cu:
Nm c nhng cng vic cn thit trc khi khi ng ng c.
Nm c kt cu v chc nng ca cc thit b chnh trong h thng khi ng.
Nm c nguyn l lm vic ca h thng khi ng bng kh nn.
Hng dn tr li:
Mun cho ng c Diesel khi ng tin cy cn ch :
+ Ngoi vic chun b ng c theo ng qui trnh (chy bm du nhn, via my, bm
tay du nhn xi lanh nu c, np gi, chy cc bm cn thit khc v.v) cn phi c
bit ch cc vn sau:
+ Ch p sut kh khi ng trong chai gi, x nc
+ Hm ng c ti nhit quy nh.
+ Kim tra cht lng du t, tuyt i khng ln nc.
+ m bo tnh trng k thut ca cc thit b trong h thng khi ng.
V v trnh by kt cu, chc nng ca van khi ng chnh, van phn phi gi,
van khi ng trn np xilanh v tay iu khin khi ng
Thuyt minh nguyn l hot ng ca mt s h thng khi ng bng khng
kh nn.
2
T chai kh
khi ng
Cu 48:
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Vic la chn du nhn cn c vo u? Nu cc phng php kim tra cht lng

du nhn khi khai thc. Trnh by phng php tnh ton kim tra lng du bi trn
theo ph ti v vng quay.
Yu cu:
Nm c c s la chn du nhn bi trn ng c diesel
Nm c phng php kim tra cht lng du nhn khi khai thc.
Nm c phng php tnh ton lng du bi trn.
Hng dn tr li:
Du nhn bi trn ng c diesel c 2 loi: Du bi trn s mi xilanh v du bi
trn h thng. Vic chn du bi trn xilanh nht thit phi theo ch dn ca nh
ch to. Tuy nhin, trong nhng trng hp c bit, khng c ng loi du nhn
thit k, ta c th cn c vo cc thng s sau:
+ i vi ng c s dng nhin liu nng, khi la chn du nhn thay th, k c du
bi trn s mi xilanh, iu c bit quan trng l hm lng kim tng (TBN), tip
theo l nht v t trng.
+ i vi ng c s dng nhin liu nh, ngi ta t ch ti hm lng kim tng
v cc loi du nhn bi trn ng c thng thng u c hm lng kim tng
tng ng nhau.
Phng php kim tra cht lng du nhn khi khai thc:
+ Kim tra nc ln trong du: Quan st mu sc, nht.
+ Kim tra cc thnh phn tp cht: Nh vi git du nhn ln giy thm, kh, quan
st cn bn ng li.
+ Kim tra nht: Dng dng c chuyn dng.
Tnh ton lng du bi trn theo vng quay v ph ti:
Vic tnh ton lng du bi trn cn da vo h s my. Khi khai thc ng c ch
vng quay khc, lng du c tnh theo t l gia vng quay khai thc v vng
quay nh mc.
Cu 49:
Trnh by gii hn cho php, phng php kim tra v hiu chnh s lm vic khng
u gia cc xi lanh. Khi cc xi lanh lm vic khng u, ng c c biu hin g khi
hot ng ch khi ng, ch vng quay nh nht, ch ton ti?
Yu cu:
Nm c gii hn ti a v lch ca cc thng s cc xilanh khc nhau.
Nm c phng php kim tra v hiu chnh s lm vic khng u gia cc
xilanh.
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Nm c cc biu hin khi cc xilanh lm vic khng u cc ch : Khi khi

ng, khi tc quay nh nht v khi ton ti.
Hng dn tr li:
Khi cc xilanh lm vic khng u, nhit kh x chnh lch ti a khng qu
500C, p sut chy ln nht chnh lch khng qu 2%
nh gi mc cn bng cng sut gia cc xilanh ca ng c cn kim tra
v tr thanh rng bm cao p ca cc xilanh, nhit kh x ca cc xilanh, c bit
l p sut chy cc i ca cc xilanh
Hiu chnh s lm vic khng u gia cc xilanh:
+ Hiu chnh v tr thanh rng bm cao p qua khp ni dn ng ngay u thanh rng.
+ Hiu chnh c cu VIT (nu c) hoc cc bin php iu chnh gc phun sm khc:
iu chnh ti bm cao p, iu chnh ti cam nhin liukhi ng c dng.
Kim tra, o c, nh gi sau khi hiu chnh.
Cc biu hin khi xilanh lm vic khng u cc ch :
+ Khi khi ng: ng c kh n.
+ Khi vng quay nh nht: Vng quay dao ng.
+ Khi ch ton ti: Nhit kh x chnh lch, p sut chy cc i chnh lch
-
Cu 50:
Trnh by nhng nguyn nhn lm gim lng khng kh sch np vo xi lanh ng
c. Nu cc bin php khc phc. Nhng c t no trong kh x cn c kim sot?
Nu nguyn nhn lm tng nng c t trong kh x v hng c bn hn ch
nng c t ny.
Yu cu:
Nm c nguyn nhn lm gim lng khng kh sch np vo xilanh ng c,
cch khc phc
Nm c cc c t trong kh x
Hiu r nguyn nhn v cch hn ch nng c t
Hng dn tr li:
Nguyn nhn lm gim lng khng kh sch np vo xilanh ng c:
+ Gim h s np: H s np ca ng c b gim i v nhng l do:
Sc cn trn ng np ln (do tc bn, do m v gc m ca cc xupap np
khng hp l);
Trng thi nhit ca ng c cao (do ph ti ln) lm tng nhit khng kh np,
gim trng lng ring ca n;
Lng kh st nhiu: do phn p trn ng x ln, cc thit b tn dng nhit kh x
b tc bn.
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+ Cc thng s ca kh np trc ca np thp:

p sut khng kh trc ca np b gim i do p sut mi trng gim. nhng
ng c c tng p c th do my nn tng p hot ng km hoc do tc bn sinh hn
kh tng p
Nhit khng kh trc ca np cao do nhit mi trng cao hoc cht lng
lm mt khng kh tng p km nhng ng c c tng p.
m khng kh trc ca np cao: Vi nhng ng c khng tng p, m ca
khng kh cao s l tng thnh phn hi nc c trong khng kh, lm gim lng
khng kh np vo xilanh ng c.
Bin php khc phc: khc phc cc nguyn nhn trn.
Cc c t trong kh x cn c kim sot gm SO x, NOx, CO v cc thnh phn
mui.
Nguyn nhn lm tng cc thnh phn c t:
+ Thnh phn SOx cao do thnh phn lu hunh trong nhin liu ln. Hng c bn
hn ch l s dng nhin liu c hm lng lu hunh thp.
+ Thnh phn NOx cao l do nhit chy cc i qu cao, l nguyn nhn xc tc
cho Ni t kt hp vi xi Hng c bn hn ch l tng h s d lng khng kh
hoc iu chnh qu trnh chy cho ph hp.
+ Kh CO v cc thnh phn mui gy nh hng trc tip ti sc khe con ngi.
Nguyn nhn l do cht lng nhin liu khng tt v qu trnh chy din ra khng
hon ton. Hng c bn hn ch thnh phn ny l vic la chn ng chng loi
nhin liu v cc bin php nhm ci thin cht lng qu trnh chy.
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II. MN; KHAI THAC H THNG NG LC

A. Cu s 1
Khi nim v ch cng tc ca Diesel tu thu. Phn tch v nh gi trong khai
thc mt s ch tiu k thut c c khi ng c chnh lm vic ch hnh trnh
ton ti.
B. Hng dn tr li
- Trnh by v ch khai thc v cc thng s xc nh ch . Phn loi cc ch
khai thc (ton ti, khng ti, s c, ...);
- Trnh by v cc ch tiu nh gi tnh kinh t, nng lng v ch hot ng. Cc
cng thc v gii thch cc thnh phn trong cng thc.
C. p n
1. Khi nim v ch cng tc ca diesel tu thy
Ch cng tc lin quan n cc iu kin xc nh qu trnh hot ng ca ng c
diesel, c trng bng cc thng s, cc ch tiu kinh t k thut. Thng s c bn xc
nh ch cng tc l tc quay n v lng nhin liu cp trong mt chu trnh g ct
(hoc ha hoc Me hoc pe).
Theo iu kin, nu pe (hoc Me) khng i, ng c hot ng theo c tnh tc
hay c tnh ngoi; nu tc n khng i, ng c hot ng theo c tnh ph ti.
Theo cc thng s c trng, ch hot ng ca ng c c phn bit:
- Khi n = nm v pe = pe(m): ch nh mc;
- Khi cng sut khai thc Ne t t 50% n 100%: ch ton ti;
- Khi cng sut khai thc Ne t t 25% n 50%: ch nh ti;
- Khi cng sut (my chnh lai chn vt) Ne khng qu 25%: ch man n (cp cu);
- Khi pe = 0 (Ne = 0): ch khng ti;
- Khi n = nmin: ch tc quay ti thiu n nh;
Theo trng thi k thut cn c ch hot ng s c (ngt xi lanh, tua bin, ...).
Cc ch trong cng mt iu kin c th xc lp c tnh khai thc ng c.
2. Mt s ch tiu tiu kinh t, k thut
2.1 Mt s ch tiu k thut
1. th cng ch th
Hnh 1.1 th cng ch th ng c BW 6S35MC tu Vinaconex lines

52/341
S dng indicator c th thu c th cng ch th nh hnh 1. Din tch ca chu

trnh cng tc trn th p-v tng ng vi cng ch th Li.
2. Ap sut ch th pi v c ch bnh qun pe
pi
Li
v pe pi m
Vh
3. Qu trnh chy n
pz
dp
p

;
;
d
pc
4. Cng sut ch th Ni, c ch Ne v c gii Nm;

Ni M i
n
n
; Ne M e
; N m A n v N i N e N m
30
30
5. Trao i kh v h s d lng khng kh

Gs a G0 g ct
Gs
in z
; g a N a G0 g e
60
e
kk
h
s
n
; G g G g
0
ct
0
ct
2.2 Mt s ch tiu kinh t

1. Sut tiu th nhin liu ch th gi v c ch ge
gi
Gnl
G
g e nl
v
Ni
Ne
2. Hiu sut
i
Ni
Li
Ne
N e e
3600
3600
; e
v m
Gnl QH g ct QH g i QH
Gnl QH g e QH
N i i
3. nh gi mt s ch tiu tiu k thut trong khai thc

1. th cng ch th, p sut ch th v c ch bnh qun
nh gi kh nng pht huy cng sut xi lanh. C th ch o p sut cui qu trnh nn
pc v p sut chy ln nht pz nh gi.
2. Qu trnh chy n
Trong khai thc, thng nh gi cng (ng sut c) qu trnh chy n thng qua
p sut chy ln nht p z v t s tng p sut . Cc h hng l hu qu ca qu trnh
chy cng c th k ra nh nt v np xi lanh, nh piston, dp bc, cong bin, ...
3. Cng sut
Cng sut ng c c xem l mt trong s nhng ch tiu quan trong nht nh gi
v k thut. Vi ng c lai my pht in, cng sut c nh gi trc tip thng
qua cng sut cc ph ti trn bng in. Vi ng c diesel l my chnh lai chn vt,
cng sut thng c nh gi gin tip qua tc quay n (v/ph); ch s thanh rng
trn bm cao p (vi thnh phn nhin liu ang s dng) v p sut gi tng p.Ch
ton ti c mc cng sut khai thc t c trong khong 50% n 100% cng
sut nh mc, trong gii hn v ng sut c v nhit, khng gii hn v thi gian khai
thc.
53/341
A. Cu s 2
Khi nim v ch cng tc ca Diesel tu thu. Phn tch v nh gi trong khai
thc mt s ch tiu kinh t c c khi ng c chnh lm vic ch hnh trnh
ton ti.
B. Hng dn tr li
- Trnh by v cc ch tiu nh gi tnh kinh t, nng lng v ch hot ng khi
hnh trnh ton ti.
C. p n
2.1 Mt s ch tiu k thut
1. th cng ch th

54/341
S dng indicator c th thu c th cng ch th nh hnh 2.1. Din tch ca chu

pi
Li
v pe pi m
Vh
3. Qu trnh chy n
pz
dp
p

;
;
d
pc

Ni M i
n
n
; Ne M e
30
30

Gs a G0 g ct
Gs
in z
; g a N a G0 g e
60
e
kk
h
s
n
; G g G g
0
ct
0
ct
2.2 Mt s ch tiu kinh t

gi
Gnl
G
g e nl
v
Ni
Ne
2. Hiu sut
i
Ni
Li
Ne
N e e
3600
3600
; e
v m
Gnl QH g e QH
N i i
3. nh gi mt s ch tiu tiu kinh t trong khai thc

Lng tiu th nhin liu Gnl ca ng c l thng s quan trng nh gi tnh kinh
t qu trnh khai thc. Mt trong s cc ch tiu quan trng nht nh gi tnh kinh t l
sut tiu th nhin liu ch th g i v c ch ge. Ngoi ra, cc gi tr hiu sut cng tc
ca ng c cng c dng nh gi.
Bn cnh Gnl ngi ta cn nh gi bng v tr c cu cung cp nhin liu cho ng c
gi l ch s ti (hoc ch s thanh rng bm cao p).
nh gi y ch tiu kinh t, cn phi xc nh ng thi G nl v cc ch tiu k
thut khc. Khai thc ng c ch ton ti c th t c gi tr nh nht ca g e.
Trong khai thc thc t, ngi ta kh nh gi trc tip hiu sut cng tc m thng
phi nh gi thng qua cc tn tht.
A. Cu s 3
Khi nim v ch cng tc ca Diesel tu thu. Nhng lu khi ng c chnh lm
vic ch tc quay ti thiu n nh.
B. Hng dn tr li
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- Trnh by v ch tc quay ti thiu n nh, cc yu t nh hng v lu khi

khai thc.
C. p n
2. Mt s lu khi khai thc ch tc quay ti thiu n nh
Khai thc ng c ch tc quay ti thiu n nh c ngha l phi duy tr hot
ng an ton, lin tc cho ng c tc quay thp nht c th (n min). Trong cc
trng hp tu cp hoc ri cu, ngi ta thng phi khai thc ng c chnh lai chn
vt ch tc quay ti thiu n nh. Trong trng hp , v an ton cho con tu,
ng c khng th t dng hot ng ngoi mun ca ngi khai thc.
Tc quay ca ng c c duy tr n nh mc ti thiu n min l ch s c bn ca
ch nh ti, c qui nh bi ng kim. Xu th chung mun duy tr n min n nh
mc thp m bo con tu c an ton (c bit khi ra vo cu) trong khi nu cc
iu kin k thut suy gim th tr s khai thc nmin s phi tng.
ng c diesel cao tc lai chn vt, mc duy tr n min ~ 0.3nm; vi ng c thp tc
mc duy tr nmin ~ (0.20 - 0.25)nm. Trong thc t khai thc, khi nmin ~ 0.3nm th p sut
c ch pe ~ 0.09pe(m) cn cng sut Ne ~ 0.027Ne(m).
Cc yu t quyt nh lin quan n kh nng duy tr nmin bao gm:
- Cht lng qu trnh phun nhin liu v ha trn hn hp chy.Khi gim tc
quay, cht lng phun nhin liu v ha trn hn hp khng kh nhin liu c th lm
qu trnh chy khng th xy ra c;
- Trao i nhit trong qu trnh nn, trong do tc quay gim lm gim tc
chuyn ng ca piston, tng thi gian trao i nhit v vy c th lm gim nhit
cui qu trnh nn, qu trnh chy c th khng din ra. y c th l mt trong s
cc yu t quan trng nht khng cho php gim tc quay ti thiu ca ng c;
- Cc yu t khc lin quan n nmin c th bao gm cht lng qu trnh trao i kh
(c bit i vi ng c tng p ng p); cn bng cng sut gia cc xi lanh; ...
56/341
Chnh v vy, khi mun khai thc an ton my chnh mc n min thp, rt cn thc hin
kim tra, bo dng h thng nhin liu. Bn cnh , khai thc my chnh mc n min
thp cn cn thc hin mt s bin php sau:
- Duy tr trng thi nhit ca ng c, tng nhit nc lm mt v du bi trn;
- C th b lm mt kh np;
- Ch ch bi trn s mi xi lanh theo khuyn co;
- Sau mt thi gian chy nh ti cn nng tc n gn nh mc duy tr thn
nhit ng c v thi mui;
Do cht lng phun nhin liu v ha trn hn hp chy khng tt, nhit cui qu
trnh nn suy gim, ... qu trnh chy trong xi lanh c th rt cng (tc tng p sut
ln hn bnh thng). Ngoi ra, do vng quay v cc thng s hot ng khng
c duy tr n nh, s mi mn cc chi tit c th tng ln.
Tuy nhin, tnh an ton khi khai thc ng c ch nh ti v n min lun t ln hng
u. c bit, khi man n tu, vn tin cy khi ng v o chiu ng c gn
lin vi an ton khai thc con tu. Ngoi ra, do thi gian khai thc ngn, cc thng s
khng n nh, phn ln cc ch tiu kinh t k thut khc khng cn thit phi nh
gi.
A. Cu s 4
Khi nim v ch cng tc ca Diesel tu thu. Nhng lu khi ng c chnh lm
vic ch nh ti (ti b phn).
B. Hng dn tr li
khai thc (khng ti, ti b phn, ton ti, s c, ...);
- Trnh by v ch ti b phn, cc yu t nh hng v lu khi khai thc.
C. p n
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2. Mt s lu khi khai thc ch ti b phn

Ch nh ti (ti b phn) l ch lm vic ca ng c chnh lai chn vt tng
ng lc tu trong trng thi ma n, iu ng trong vng hp, lung lch, ra vo cu
hoc v cc l do khc khng th tng my.
Thng s khai thc ng c ch nh ti (ti b phn) c c im ni bt l tc
quay, cng sut thp v thay i lin tc trong thi gian di vi mt s vn sau:
- Cht lng qu trnh phun nhin liu v ha trn hn hp chy b suy gim do khai
thc tc quay thp. V vy, cht lng qu trnh chy khng tt, qu trnh chy
rt ko di, nhin liu chy sang ng ng x, tch t ng x l nguyn nhn chnh
gy n ng x i vi my chnh tng p ng p.
- Hiu sut cng tc ca t hp Tua bin kh my nn (TBK-MN) tng p suy gim mc
ln lm qu trnh trao i kh khng tt, c th b ri lon gy ho, ...
- Mc d cng sut khai thc rt thp nhng trong rt nhiu trng hp ng c li
ri vo trng thi torque rich l nguyn nhn gy trc.
- Do cc thng s khai thc thay i, ng sut nhit v ng sut c u khng nm
trong vng an ton nh ch khai thc ton ti.
Chnh v vy, khi mun khai thc an ton my chnh ch ti b phn cn thc hin
mt s bin php sau:
- Duy tr trng thi nhit ca ng c, tng nhit nc lm mt v du bi trn;
- S dng qut gi ph tng p, kim tra hot ng ca h thng tng p trao i kh.
- Khng tng, gim tc quay ng c t ngt. i vi ng c tng p ng p,
tuyt i khng dng t ngt (gim nhanh tc quay v trng thi stop) v c th
gy n, v tua bin tng p.
- Ch ch bi trn s mi xi lanh theo khuyn co;
- Sau mt thi gian chy nh ti cn nng tc n gn nh mc duy tr thn
nhit ng c v thi mui;
Do tnh cht khng n nh, ngi ta ch quan tm n tnh an ton khai thc ng c
ch ph ti. Mt s ch tiu kinh t k thut khc khng cn thit phi nh gi.
A. Cu s 5
Khi nim v ch cng tc v c tnh ca ng c Diesel tu thu. Biu din v
gii thch c tnh cng sut ca ng c v chn vt nh bc trn th.
B. Hng dn tr li
- Trnh by phi hp cng tc ng c diesel lai chn vt trn th c tnh cng
sut.
C. p n
diesel, c trng bng cc thng s, cc ch tiu kinh t k thut.
58/341

2. c tnh cng sut ng c v chn vt
1. Phi hp cng tc gia ng c diesel vi chn vt khi iu kin ngoi khng i
Hnh 5.1 Phi hp cng tc khi iu kin ngoi khng i
Trc ta Ne - n, cc c tnh ngoi ng c khi gi c nh c cu iu chnh nhin

liu ca bm cao p ti cc v tr h a0; ha1 v ha2 ... c m t trn hnh 5.1. Cng trn
h trc , c tnh chn vt khi cc iu kin ngoi (hnh hi) khng thay i c
m t bng ng C0. Giao im ca cc c tnh ngoi ng c (h a = const) vi c
tnh chn vt (C0) ti cc im N, K, I v H (hnh 5.1) chnh l im phi hp cng tc
ng c diesel l my chnh lai chn vt.
2. Phi hp cng tc gia ng c diesel vi chn vt khi iu kin ngoi thay i
Trc ta Ne - n khi iu kin bn ngoi thay i (sng gi, lung cn, ...) c tnh
tiu th cng sut ca chn vt thay i theo cc ng C; C 2; C0; C1 v Cu (hnh 5.2).
c tnh Cu tng ng vi iu kin hnh hi kh khn nht: ngc sng gi, tc
tu bng 0 (tu ng yn). c tnh ngoi ca ng c c biu din bng ng h a =
const. Trong cc trng hp , im phi hp cng tc ng c diesel l my chnh
lai chn vt s l cc im K; K2; K0; K1 v Ku.
Hnh 5.2 Phi hp cng tc khi iu kin ngoi thay i
59/341
3. Phi hp cng tc gia ng c diesel vi chn vt khi c b iu tc

Thng thng, cc ng c diesel l my chnh lai chn vt c trang b b iu tc.
Phi hp cng tc gia ng c diesel vi chn vt trong trng hp ng c c b
iu tc (hu sai) c m t trn hnh 5.3. Trong trng hp ny, im phi hp cng
tc l giao ca cc ng c tnh chn vt C vi c tnh ngoi ng c h a = const v
c tnh b iu tc Ur (hnh 5.3).
Hnh 5.3 Phi hp cng tc khi ng c c b iu tc
Trn hnh 5.3, gi s ban u im phi hp cng tc ti K 0. Do iu kin ngoi thay

i (v d: ngc dng), c tnh chn vt thay i t ng C 0 sang ng C1 (kh
khn hn). Nu khng c b iu tc, tc quay ca ng c diesel bt u gim.
Nhng v c b iu tc, chnh b iu tc cm bin c tc quay gim hot
ng, y c cu iu chnh nhin liu ca bm cao p t v tr ban u h 0 sang v tr
h1 ph hp vi ti ngoi (ln hn). im phi hp cng tc dch chuyn t K 0 sang K1
(hnh 5.3).
A. Cu s 6
Khi nim v ch cng tc v c tnh ca ng c Diesel tu thu. Biu din v
gii thch c tnh cng sut ca ng c v chn vt trn th khi ng c lai chn
vt nh bc v bin bc.
B. Hng dn tr li
- Trnh by phi hp cng tc ng c diesel lai chn vt nh bc v bin bc trn
th c tnh cng sut.
C. p n
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2. c tnh cng sut ng c v chn vt nh bc v bin bc
1. Phi hp cng tc gia ng c diesel vi chn vt nh bc
Hnh 6.1 Phi hp cng tc vi chn vt nh bc, iu kin ngoi thay i
Trc ta Ne - n khi iu kin bn ngoi thay i (sng gi, lung cn, ...) c tnh
tiu th cng sut ca chn vt thay i theo cc ng C; C 2; C0; C1 v Cu (hnh 6.1).
c tnh Cu tng ng vi iu kin hnh hi kh khn nht: ngc sng gi, tc
tu bng 0 (tu ng yn). c tnh ngoi ca ng c c biu din bng ng h a =
const. Trong cc trng hp , im phi hp cng tc ng c diesel l my chnh
lai chn vt s l cc im K; K2; K0; K1 v Ku.
2. Phi hp cng tc gia ng c diesel vi chn vt bin bc
Hnh 6.2 Phi hp cng tc khi ng c lai chn vt bin bc
Chn vt bin bc cho php tn dng ti u cng sut pht ra ca ng c trong cc

iu kin khai thc khc nhau thng qua vic thay i bc chn vt.
Gi s tu ang chy trong vng bin yn sng gi, t s bc t (H/D) 1 tng ng
vi c tnh chn vt l C 0. ng c cng tc c tnh ngoi h a v im phi hp
cng tc l A (hnh 6.2).
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Khi tu chuyn sang vng bin c sng gi, vi chn vt nh bc, c tnh chn vt
l C1. Nu vn duy tr mc cp nhin liu ca bm cao p l h a th im phi hp cng
tc s l B. Ti B, mc d c v nh vi mc cng sut thp hn nhng thc ra ng
c c th ang b torque rich, hoc qu ti nhit.
Chn vt bin bc cho ta x l d dng trng hp ny: ch cn gim t s bc t
(H/D)1 v (H/D)2 tng ng vi c tnh chn vt C 0. im phi hp cng tc s li
dch v A. Nh vy, mc d trong iu kin khai thc kh khn nhng ng c vn
pht huy ht cng sut m khng b qu ti.
A. Cu s 7
Hy nu vng gii hn l thuyt cho php ng c chnh lai chn vt hot ng. C s
cc hng a ra vng cho php khai thc.
B. Hng dn tr li
- Trnh by cc c tnh trn th N - n; cc c tnh gii hn: nmax; hmax; Cu; ...
- Xc nh vng gii hn l thuyt cho php khai thc v cc c s gii hn ca cc
hng cho cc vng khai thc.
C. p n
1. Vng gii hn l thuyt cho php
Da trn c s cc c tnh cng sut ca ng c v chn vt, im phi hp cng
tc, c th xc nh vng gii hn v l thuyt cho php ng c l my chnh lai chn
vt c th hot ng.
Vng gii hn l thuyt cho php hay phm vi cng tc ca ng c diesel lai chn vt
nh bc c gii hn bi cc ng sau (hnh 7.1):
- c tnh th buc tu ti bn Cu;
- c tnh cng sut ln nht ca ng c hmax;
- c tnh cng sut nh mc ca ng c hn;
- c tnh cng sut khai thc ca ng c hkt;
- c tnh tc quay nh mc ca ng c nn;
- Gii hn tc quay ln nht ca ng c nmax;
- Gii hn tc quay ti thiu n nh ca ng c nmax;
Hnh 7.1 Vng gii hn l thuyt cho php diesel lai chn vt
Cc vng khai thc vi nhng c im c th bao gm:
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- Vng 1: Gii hn bi cc ng n min; Cu; hkt; nn v hmin - tng ng vi trng hp

ng c hot ng ch nh ti, v d khi ng; man trong lung hp hoc khi
ng c c.
- Vng 2: Gii hn bi cc ng C u; hn; nn v hkt - tng ng l vng th hin kh
nng ng c pht ra cng sut ti u vi hiu qu kinh t tt nht. Thng ch khai
thc ng c trong vng (2) khi ng c cn mi trong iu kin thun li.
- Vng 3: Gii hn bi cc ng Cu; hmax; nmax v hn - tng ng l vng th hin kh
nng pht ra cng sut ln nht ca ng c. Vng ny ch p dng trong qu trnh
th tu xut xng; th sau sa cha ln; tu chy trong bo, tu giy cn; ... nhng
phi ch qu ti ng c (c bit torque rich).
Cc hng da trn c s tnh an ton khai thc v tnh kinh t gii hn vng cho
php khai thc lu di lin tc v vng khai thc c iu kin. Vng cho php khai
thc ca cc hng s hp hn vng gii hn v l thuyt.
Tnh an ton c gii hn bi cc ch tiu v ng sut c, ng sut nhit, dao ng v
hin tng torque rich.
Tnh kinh t trong khai thc c gii hn trn c s cc ch tiu, thng s v tiu th
nhin liu, hiu sut, cng sut, cc tn tht, ...
A. Cu s 8
Hy nu ch tiu ng sut c. Nhng thng s no trong khai thc th hin ch tiu ng
sut c.
B. Hng dn tr li
- Cc ch tiu nh gi ng sut c;
- Cc thng s nh gi ng sut c trong khai thc;
C. p n
1. Mt s ch tiu tiu v ng sut c
1. th cng ch th

63/341
pi
Li
v pe pi m
Vh
3. Qu trnh chy n
pz
dp
p
; d ;
pc
2. ng sut c v cc thng s lin quan trong khai thc

ng sut c ca ng c th hin lc, p lc, xung lc tc dng ln cc chi tit chuyn
ng, b my v cc chi tit khc trong qu trnh hot ng.
Cc h hng c trng do ng sut c gy ra c th thy nh my chy rung; n van
an ton; ... Tho kim tra xc nhn nt v nh piston, np xi lanh; nt v thn b
my; hng, v bc bin, bc trc; cong tay bin; gy trc khuu; ...
Nhng thng s c trng dng nh gi ng sut c nh vy s l: p sut chy
cc i pz; t s tng p sut p z pc ; tc tng p sut trung bnh p v
tc thi dp d ; lc chuyn ng ln nht Pmax (lc tc ng ln ton b b mt
piston); bin lc tc dng khi chuyn ng P; tng lc tip tuyn chnh;
A. Cu s 9
Nhng thng s no trong khai thc th hin ch tiu ng sut c? trnh qu ti v
ng sut c cn lm g?
B. Hng dn tr li
- Cc thng s nh gi v bin php trnh qu ti ng sut c;
C. p n
1. th cng ch th

64/341
pi
Li
v pe pi m
Vh
3. Qu trnh chy n
pz
dp
p
; d ;
pc
2. ng sut c trong khai thc

ng, b my v cc chi tit khc trong qu trnh hot ng, di tc dng ca ph ti.
Trong khai thc vic o trc tip ng sut c l khng th, v vy mt cch gin tip
ngi ta nh gi ng sut c ca ng c thng qua cc lc ca p sut kh chy, lc
qun tnh ca cc chi tit chuyn ng,
Trong khai thc, trnh qu ti v ng sut c cn:
- Khng tng, gim vng quay nhanh;
- Khng tng gc phun sm qu cao;
- Trnh tng pz qu gii hn cho php;
- Gii hn cp nhin liu mt gi tr vng quay;
- Khai thc ng c trnh xa vng tc quay cng hng;
- Trnh xy ra cc dao ng xon v dao ng dc trc;
- Trnh qu ti cho ng c v tc quay, cng sut, m men
A. Cu s 10
Phn tch cc thnh phn trong phng trnh cn bng nhit ng c diesel tu thu v
bin php gim thiu tn tht.
B. Hng dn tr li
- Vit phng trnh cn bng nhit vi cc thnh phn Qe; Qkx; Qlm; Qcg v Qcl;
- Cc bin php gim thiu tn tht;
C. p n
Gi s nhin liu chy trong xi lanh ng c diesel c nhit tr thp l Q H v tnh cho 1
kg nhin liu chy sinh ra nhit lng vi cc thnh phn bao gm:
QH Qe Qkx Qlm Qcg Qcl
hoc 100% qe qkx qlm qcg qcl ;
Cc thnh phn nhit lng c phn b nh sau:
65/341
- Thnh phn nhit lng sinh cng c ch Q e chim khong 35 n 40%. y l

thnh phn quan trng nht, trong ch to v khai thc u mun nng cao thnh
phn ny. Vi mc ch , cc bin php c bn nhm nng cao cht lng qu trnh
chy sinh cng v gim cc tn tht khc.
- Nhit lng mt mt do kh x mang ra Q kx chim khong 20 n 25%. Phn tn tht
do kh x thng ln nht trong s cc tn tht. Mt s yu t c th lm tng tn tht
nhit kh x, bao gm: cht lng qu trnh phun nhin liu; cht lng qu trnh ha
trn nhin liu, khng kh; thi im chy nhin liu; ... Chy rt l yu t tiu biu
lm tng tn tht nhit kh x.
- Nhit lng mt mt cho mi trng lm mt Qlm chim khong 15 n 20%. Phn
tn tht ny v c bn c th tnh ton qua nhit lng do nc lm mt mang ra
ngoi.
- Nhit nhit lng mt mt do tn hao c gii chim khong 10 n 15%. Phn nhit
lng ny chnh l phn cng ma st sinh ra. Ti cc b mt ma st, nhit lng ny
c du bi trn mang ra ngoi. Mt cch tng i, thnh phn tn tht ny c th
tnh ton qua nhit lng do du nhn mang ra ngoi.
- Nhit nhit lng tn tht khng tnh c bao gm cc tn tht ph khc chim
khong t 3 n 5%.
Hin nay, nhm mc ch tng thnh phn Qe c nhiu bin php p dng, bao gm:
- Nng cao cht lng phun nhin liu, to hn hp v qu trnh chy v d: phun
nhin liu kiu common rail; thay i quy lut phun v thi im phun; dng nhiu
vi phun; ...
- Nng cao cht lng qu trao i kh v d: thay i thi im ng m cc xu pp;
ci tin h thng trao i kh tng p; nng cao hiu sut tua bin kh my nn; ...
Ngoi ra, cc bin php nhm mc ch gim thiu cc tn tht, bao gm:
- Dng cc thit b ph tn dng li phn nhit tn tht, v d: tua bin kh my nn
tng p; ni hi kh x; thit b chng ct dng nhit lng nc lm mt; ...
- Ci tin v kt cu, vt liu, cng ngh, ... c th tng nhit nc lm mt;
gim khi lng v gim thiu cng chi ph ma st, truyn ng, ...
A. Cu s 11
Phn tch cc thnh phn trong phng trnh cn bng nhit ng c diesel tu thu.
Nu gii php tn dng nhit t nc lm mt v cc ch trong khai thc.
B. Hng dn tr li
- Cc bin php tn dng nhit nc lm mt v ch trong khai thc.
C. p n
66/341

ngoi.
khong t 3 n 5%.
- Nng cao cht lng phun nhin liu, to hn hp v qu trnh chy: h thng nhin
liu common rail; thay i quy lut v thi im phun; dng nhiu vi phun; ...
- Nng cao cht lng qu trao i kh: thay i thi im ng m cc xu pp; ci
tin h thng trao i kh tng p; nng cao hiu sut tua bin tng p; ...
Bn cnh , cc ng c cng p dng cc bin php nhm mc ch gim thiu cc
tn tht, bao gm:
Ch trong khai thc cc thit b tn dng nhit nc lm mt:
- Xu hng tng nhit nc lm mt gn vi cc la chn ca ngi thit k v vt
liu, loi du bi trn, ... Ngi khai thc cn tun th cc thng s c quy nh,
tuyt i khng t tng hoc gim nhit nc lm mt;
- Ch nhit cng cao, cht lng nc lm mt cng i hi kht khe;
- Khi phi tng hoc gim nhit nc lm mt, khng c thay i qu nhanh;
- chnh nhit vo v ra cn phi c kim tra v tun th chnh xc;
A. Cu s 12
Trnh by trn th qu trnh gim nhanh tc ca my chnh lai chn vt c b
iu tc. Ti sao phi khuyn co trnh dng t ngt my chnh tng p ng p?
B. Hng dn tr li
- Gii thch trn c tnh N - n cc ng c tnh ngoi, chn vt, iu tc, ...
- Gii thch trn c tnh N - n qu trnh gim tc hoc dng my nhanh;
- S c c th v cc lu ;
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C. p n
1. Phn bit tay iu khin v thanh rng (bm cao p)
Thng thng, tay iu khin hoc c cu tng t nhn tn hiu t ngi iu khin
v a tn hiu iu khin n b iu tc. Tn hiu iu khin ny a ti c cu l
xo tc , t mt gi tr tc quay cho b iu tc.
duy tr tc quay t trc, b iu tc s iu chnh lng nhin liu phun vo
ng c thng qua c cu thanh rng ca bm cao p.
Hnh 12.1 c tnh cng sut m t qu trnh gim nhanh tc

Trn thi c tnh phi hp cng tc my chnh l ng c diesel lai chn vt bao
gm cc ng c tnh sau:
- c tnh ngoi ng c M(ha1; ) tng ng vi v tr thanh rng ha1;
- c tnh ngoi ng c M(ha2; ) tng ng vi v tr thanh rng ha2 (ha2 < ha1);
- c tnh tnh b iu tc (hu sai) Ur1 (tc t 1);
- c tnh tnh b iu tc (hu sai) Ur2 tng ng tc t 2 (2 < 1);
- c tnh vn tc tu khng i M(v1; ) tng ng tc tu v1;
- c tnh vn tc tu khng i M(v2; ) tng ng tc tu v2 (v2 < v1);
2. Qu trnh gim tc trn th c tnh
im phi hp cng tc ca my chnh vi chn vt ban u im 1, sau khi gim
tc , im phi hp s l im 2.
Vi mc ch gim tc tu t v1 v v2 ngi iu khin tc ng gim tc
quay ca my chnh. c tnh b iu tc chuyn t U r1 (1) sang c tnh Ur2 (2). V
tc quay cn gim 2 < 1, b iu tc bt u ko thanh rng bm cao p theo
chiu hng gim nhin liu phun vo ng c t ha1 (v 0 - khng cp nhin liu).
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Bt u qu trnh, im lm vic ca ng c v chn vt tch ra khi nhau: im lm

vic ca ng c chuyn t 1 qua cc im a, a, b, d - ng c quay theo qun tnh
nhng khng cp nhin liu; im lm vic ca chn vt chyn t 1 theo ng c
tnh vn tc tu khng i M(v1; ) tng ng tc tu v1 qua cc im b, b,d, ... (v
vn tc tu cha th gim ngay sau khi tc quay ca chn vt gim). Giai on
ny xy ra vi c im m men quay ca ng c M nh hn m men cn ca chn
vt Mc chnh l iu kin gim vn tc tu.
Vo cui giai on gim tc , ng c v chn vt hu nh phi hp trn on cd
n khi gp c tnh b iu tc U r2 tng ng tc t 2. Tc quay ca ng c
s tip tc gim thp hn 2 l nguyn nhn b iu tc bt u thc hin ko thanh
rng cp nhin liu - ng c xem nh c khi ng li duy tr tc t 2.
ng c v chn vt phi hp cng tc ti im 2 l giao im ca U r2 vi c tnh
chn vt M(Co; ). T im d v im 2, b iu tc tng dn thanh rng nhin liu
n ha2 nhm mc ch duy tr tc t 2.
3. Mt s lu
R rng trn th c tnh, nu mc gim t 2 tng i nh so vi 1 s khng
xy ra qu trnh ngt hon ton v cp li nhin liu cho my chnh. Qu trnh gim
hoc dng my chnh t ngt gy ra mt s vn sau:
- Qu trnh din ra nhanh, mc d nhin liu v tc quay ng c gim nhng do
qun tnh, tc quay t hp tua bin tng p cha gim, p sut gi tng p c xu
hng tng l nguyn nhn gy ho v lm ri lon qu trnh trao i kh.
- Vo cui qu trnh gim nhin liu v u qu trnh cp nhin liu tr li, cht
lng phun nhin liu rt km, thm vo , lng khng kh a qua khu vc ng x
rt nhiu l nguyn nhn chnh gy chy n nhin liu, du nhn tch t trong ng x,
c bit vi cc ng c tng p ng p c bu gp kh x th tch ln. Dng my
khn cp l nguyn nhn chnh gy pht n trong ng x, lm v tua bin tng p.
Gim tc t t, gi cho cc thng s qu trnh cng tc ca ng c lun n nh l
mt trong nhng khuyn co nghim khc cho ngi vn hnh.
A. Cu s 13
Hy trnh by v chn vt dng cho tu thy, thng s c bn v c tnh cng tc. Khi
tu giy cn, cng sut c ch v lc y ca chn vt thay i nh th no?
B. Hng dn tr li
- Phn loi chn vt v thng s c bn;
- c tnh cng tc ca chn vt;
C. p n
1. Cc loi chn vt
Chn vt dng trn tu thy c hai loi chn vt: nh bc (Fixed Pitch Propeller FPP) v bin bc (Controllable Pitch Propeller) nh hnh 13.1
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Hnh 13.1 Chn vt nh bc a v bin bc b

2. Mt s thng s v c tnh cng tc
Mt s thng s kt cu c bn ca chn vt nh ng knh D, bc H, t s bc
H/D, s cnh, t l mt a, ... Thng s lin quan qu trnh lm vic ca chn vt bao
gm: tc quay n, lc y T, m men cn Q, tc dc trc thc t ca chn vt v p
v hiu sut cng tc p. Thng s lin quan qu trinh lm vic ca chn vt: h s lc
y v h s mmen KT v KQ, h s tin thc J = vp/(n.D).
3. c tnh chn vt
c tnh cng tc ca chn vt m t trn hnh 13.2.
Hnh 13.2 c tnh cng tc ca chn vt

Cng sut cn cp cho chn vt Ns quay chn vt c th tnh theo cng thc sau:
Ns = Q. = 2.KQ.r.n3D5
Hiu sut lm vic ca chn vt l t s gia cng sut c ch ca chn vt y tu
chuyn ng vi cng sut cn cp ti Ns lm quay chn vt.
c tnh cng tc ca chn vt K T, KQ v p ph thuc J - gi l ng c tnh lm
vic ca chn vt (hnh 13.2). Nh cc ng cong ny ta c th xc nh c lc y
v mmen ca chn vt cc ch lm vic khc nhau.
Cc im c bit trong vng lm vic ca chn vt bao gm:
- Nu chn vt khng chuyn ng tnh tin (v d, ch buc tu) bc tin tng
i J = 0 v cc h s KT, KQ c tr s ln nht do cc gc hng dng (gc ti) c tr
s ln nht. Nh vy hiu sut lm vic bng khng v chn vt khng thc hin
chuyn ng dc trc nn chn vt khng sn ra cng c ch.
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- Cng tng J th cng gim cc gc ti dng nc trn cc phn t cnh, v ng

nhin lm gim c cc lc tc dng ln cc phn t . Cc h s K T v KQ gim
xung v mt tr s J 1 no KT s bng khng. Ch ng vi n gi l ch
khng lc y cn h s K Q vn gi gi tr dng, hiu sut lm vic ch ny
cng bng khng.
- Hiu sut chn vt ch t gi tr cc i ti mt vng cng tc no , chng hn nh
trn th l vng c h s tin thc J = 0,80 - 1,02.
4. Ch tu giy cn
Ch tu giy cn, lc y do chn vt to ra rt ln. Tuy nhin, do tu mc cn, vn
tc v hiu sut chn vt u bng 0. V hiu sut bng 0, cng sut c ch ca chn vt
cng bng 0 nhng lc y ln nht. Ch m men cn trn chn vt rt ln v my
chnh lai chn vt chu cng sut ln v m men ln (torque rich).
A. Cu s 14
My chnh lai chn vt c trang b b iu tc, qu trnh nhanh tng tc c th gy
s c g? Gii thch trn th v cc lu trong khai thc.
B. Hng dn tr li
- Gii thch trn c tnh N - n qu trnh tng tc;
- Cng tc ca ng c trn c tnh ngoi hmax;
C. p n
Hnh 14.1 Tng tc ng c c b iu tc

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Trn thi c tnh phi hp cng tc my chnh l ng c diesel lai chn vt (hnh
14.1) bao gm cc ng c tnh sau:
- c tnh ngoi ng c M(hmax; ) tng ng vi v tr thanh rng ln nht;
- c tnh ngoi ng c M(ha2; ) tng ng vi v tr thanh rng ha2 (ha2 > ha1);
- c tnh tnh b iu tc (hu sai) Ur2 tng ng tc t 2 (2 > 1);
- c tnh vn tc tu khng i M(v2; ) tng ng tc tu v2 (v2 > v1);
2. Qu trnh tng tc trn th c tnh
im phi hp cng tc ca my chnh vi chn vt ban u im 1, sau khi tng tc
, im phi hp s l im 2.
Vi mc ch tng tc tu t v1 n v2 ngi iu khin tc ng tng tc
tc quay cn tng 1 < 2, b iu tc bt u ko thanh rng bm cao p theo
chiu hng tng nhin liu phun vo ng c t ha1 ln (n hmax).
Bt u qu trnh, im lm vic ca ng c v chn vt tch ra khi nhau: ng c
lm vic theo c tnh M(hmax; ) qua cc im a, b, c, d, ... cn chn vt theo ng
c tnh vn tc tu khng i M(v 1; ) tng ng tc tu v 1 qua cc im b, c, ...
(v vn tc tu cha th tng ngay sau khi tc quay ca chn vt tng). Giai on
ny xy ra vi c im m men quay ca ng c M ln hn m men cn ca chn
vt Mc chnh l iu kin tng vn tc tu.
Vo cui giai on tng tc, ng c v chn vt hu nh phi hp trn on cd sau
theo c tnh b iu tc Ur2 tng ng tc t 2 v im 2 l giao im ca Ur2
vi c tnh chn vt M(Co; ). T im d n im 2, b iu tc gim dn thanh rng
nhin liu t hmax v ha2 nhm mc ch duy tr tc t 2.
3. Mt s lu
Tnh cht kh khn trong qu trnh hot ng ca my chnh l giai on n phi
lm vic vi hmax vi m men quay ln trong khi tc quay cn thp - iu c th
gy xon hoc gy trc, rt nguy him (trng thi torque rich).
Tnh cht nguy him trn xy ra do mc tng t 1 ln 2 qu ln. C th khc
phc iu ny nu t tc quay ban u 1 ngi ta ch tng tc n mt gi tr trung
gian no x m , c tnh b iu tc Urx (vi tc t x) ct on a1 ti
im tng ng vi trng thi thanh rng h ax nh hn hmax. Tng tc nh th gi l
tng tc t t, nhiu giai on, m bo tnh an ton cho thit b ang khai thc.
A. Cu s 15
My chnh lai chn vt c trang b b iu tc, qu trnh gim nhanh tc hoc dng
my t ngt c th gy s c g? Gii thch trn th v cc lu trong khai thc.
B. Hng dn tr li
- Gii thch trn c tnh N - n qu trnh gim tc hoc dng my nhanh;
- S c c th v cc lu ;
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C. p n
Hnh 15.1 c tnh cng sut m t qu trnh gim nhanh tc

gm cc ng c tnh sau:
- c tnh ngoi ng c M(ha2; ) tng ng vi v tr thanh rng ha2 (ha2 < ha1);
- c tnh tnh b iu tc (hu sai) Ur2 tng ng tc t 2 (2 < 1);
- c tnh vn tc tu khng i M(v2; ) tng ng tc tu v2 (v2 < v1);
2. Qu trnh gim tc trn th c tnh
im phi hp cng tc ca my chnh vi chn vt ban u im 1, sau khi gim
tc , im phi hp s l im 2.
Vi mc ch gim tc tu t v1 v v2 ngi iu khin tc ng gim tc
tc quay cn gim 2 < 1, b iu tc bt u ko thanh rng bm cao p theo
chiu hng gim nhin liu phun vo ng c t ha1 (v 0 - khng cp nhin liu).
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Bt u qu trnh, im lm vic ca ng c v chn vt tch ra khi nhau: im lm

vic ca ng c chuyn t 1 qua cc im a, a, b, d - ng c quay theo qun tnh
nhng khng cp nhin liu; im lm vic ca chn vt chyn t 1 theo ng c
tnh vn tc tu khng i M(v1; ) tng ng tc tu v1 qua cc im b, b,d, ... (v
vn tc tu cha th gim ngay sau khi tc quay ca chn vt gim). Giai on
ny xy ra vi c im m men quay ca ng c M nh hn m men cn ca chn
vt Mc chnh l iu kin gim vn tc tu.
Vo cui giai on gim tc , ng c v chn vt hu nh phi hp trn on cd
n khi gp c tnh b iu tc U r2 tng ng tc t 2. Tc quay ca ng c
s tip tc gim thp hn 2 l nguyn nhn b iu tc bt u thc hin ko thanh
rng cp nhin liu - ng c xem nh c khi ng li duy tr tc t 2.
ng c v chn vt phi hp cng tc ti im 2 l giao im ca U r2 vi c tnh
chn vt M(Co; ). T im d v im 2, b iu tc tng dn thanh rng nhin liu
n ha2 nhm mc ch duy tr tc t 2.
3. Mt s lu
R rng trn th c tnh, nu mc gim t 2 tng i nh so vi 1 s khng
xy ra qu trnh ngt hon ton v cp li nhin liu cho my chnh. Qu trnh gim
hoc dng my chnh t ngt gy ra mt s vn sau:
- Qu trnh din ra nhanh, mc d nhin liu v tc quay ng c gim nhng do
qun tnh, tc quay t hp tua bin tng p cha gim, p sut gi tng p c xu
hng tng l nguyn nhn gy ho v lm ri lon qu trnh trao i kh.
- Vo cui qu trnh gim nhin liu v u qu trnh cp nhin liu tr li, cht
lng phun nhin liu rt km, thm vo , lng khng kh a qua khu vc ng x
rt nhiu l nguyn nhn chnh gy chy n nhin liu, du nhn tch t trong ng x,
c bit vi cc ng c tng p ng p c bu gp kh x th tch ln. Dng my
khn cp l nguyn nhn chnh gy pht n trong ng x, lm v tua bin tng p.
Gim tc t t, gi cho cc thng s qu trnh cng tc ca ng c lun n nh l
mt trong nhng khuyn co nghim khc cho ngi vn hnh.
A. Cu s 16
Gii thch hin tng ho my nn tng p trn th c tnh.
B. Hng dn tr li
- im phi hp cng tc ca my nn ly tn cnh dn trn th p G v s thay i;
- Tnh t n nh phi hp cng tc ca my nn vi h thng;
- Ho my nn v cc lu ;
C. p n
My nn trong t hp tua bin tng p ng c diesel c xem nh mt qut gi ly
tm cnh dn thng thng lm vic trong mt h thng l ng c diesel. im phi
hp cng tc gia my nn vi h thng l giao im gia c tnh ca my nn cnh
dn B vi c tnh sc cn h thng S trn th p - G (ct p - lu lng), cng cht
lu ng trong h thng l khng kh, hnh 16.1.
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Hnh 16.1 im lm vic ca my nn trong h thng

1. S thay i cc ng c tnh
ng c diesel thc t c xem nh mt h thng thng thng trong khng kh
lu ng qua vi mt lu lng no . Thng thng, tuyn lu ng c th k ra
bt u t phin lc vo my nn, qua my nn, n sinh hn kh tng p, bu gp kh
np, ca np (hoc xu pp np), bung t ng c diesel ri n tuyn ng x, ... V
l thuyt, c tnh sc cn h thng c dng mt parabol trong , sc cn lu ng t
l bc hai vi lu lng. Trong qu trnh hot ng, c tnh ca h thng c th thay
i v khi , n c th chuyn t ng S 3 sang S2 hoc S1. c tnh ca my nn
cng c th thay i trong yu t chnh l tc quay ca tua bin - cng chnh l
tc quay ca my nn.
2. Kh nng t n nh phi hp cng tc
Hnh nh mt con lt t b tc ng ngoi y nghing t dao ng ri li tr v v tr
c gi t cho chng chng ta khi nim t n nh. Tnh cht t n nh c vi con lt
t nhng khng tn ti vi mt ci bnh hoa no .
im phi hp cng tc gia my nn vi h thng ti im A1 nh hnh 16.1, cng c
tnh cht . V mt tc ng nhiu lm cho lu lng G tng ln G 2, khi sc cn
h thng ln hn ct p do my nn to ra v iu lm cho lu lng khng th tip
tc tng v t c xu hng tr v gi tr G. Tng t nh khi lu lng gim v G 1, do
ct p ca my nn ln hn sc cn h thng, iu lm cho lu lng khng th
tip tc gim m bt u tng tr li. Ngi thit k chn vng cng tc nh th
m bo s n nh phi hp cng tc ca h thng.
Tuy nhin nu im phi hp cng tc ti B 1 th vn li ngc li. H thng c th
lm vic n nh ti B1 cho n khi bt k mt nhiu lon no tc ng, im phi hp
cng tc ca my nn vi h thng s mt.
3. Hot ng ca my chnh khi thi tit xu
Khi my chnh (ng c diesel lai chn vt) lm vic trong thi tit xu, ph ti tc
ng lm tc quay ng c thay i t ngt. Theo thi gian, cc din bin chnh
lin quan mt cch nh tnh n lu ng ca dng kh nh sau:
- S gim nhanh tc quay ca diesel lm cho lu lng khng kh tiu th qua
ng c b gim trong khi r to tua bin cha thay i tc quay lm cho lng
khng kh cung cp t my nn b tha, do p sut tng p ps tng ln;
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- S tng p sut ps chnh l i p ca my nn, lm gim tc lu ng ca dng

kh do , lm gim lu lng cung cp ca my nn;
- Ngay lc , tc quay ca my chnh li tng, lu lng khng kh tiu th qua
ng c tng nhanh, p sut tng p ps gim nhanh. Cc din bin nh th li tip tc
vi s gim tc quay ca my chnh.
Nh vy, cng vi s thay i tc quay ca my chnh, p sut tng p p s v lu
lng khng kh do my nn cung cp s tng, gim lin tc.
4. Ho my nn ng c tng p
Gi s h thng ang lm vic n nh im A (hnh 16.2). Cc nhiu lon (nh v
d trn y) lm lu lng ca h thng thay i c th y im phi hp cng tc t
A sang D l im mt n nh. Kt hp vi cc nhiu lon lm tng sc cn h thng
s y ng c tnh Hs ln cao (hnh 16.2).
Hnh 16.2 Qu trnh ho my nn ng c diesel tng p

Trong trng hp , khi lu lng thay i, im lm vic ca h thng chuyn t N
sang H cn im lm vic ca my nn s chuyn t N qua D, G ri n H vi lu
lng m: khng kh np c p sut ang chuyn ng ngc chiu ra ngoi. Chu k
ny lp li lin tc to ra s dao ng v m thanh d di khu vc my nn -
chnh l hin tng ho my nn.
A. Cu s 17
Phn tch nguyn nhn, bin php phng trnh hin tng n v tua bin trong khai
thc ng c diesel tng p.
B. Hng dn tr li
- Phn tch hin tng v gii thch nguyn nhn gy n v tua bin tng p;
- Cc bin php phng trnh;
C. p n
1. Hin tng
Thng xy ra i vi ng c diesel tng p ng p, bu gp kh x c th tch ln.
Trong khai thc hoc khi dng my khn cp, ng x pht n gy v tua bin tng p.
2. Nguyn nhn
1. Pht n ng x
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Trong qu trnh hot ng ca ng c diesel, nhin liu v du nhn tch t bn trong

khoang ng gp kh x c th tch ln. c bit, khi tnh trng k thut vi phun km
v ng c khai thc ch tc thp, lng du tch t s tng nhanh. Trong iu
kin , nu khng kh sch cp vo khng gian ng gp kh x ny s gy bng n d
di.
2. N v tua bin
Khi ng x pht n s to xung lc ln lm tua bin tng qu tc cho php trong
iu kin xung lc dc trc rt ln. Bc chn v bc trc ca tua bin s b v, cc phn
tnh v phn ng bn trong tua bin s c st khi m tc quay ca r to ang qu
cao lm v cc kt cu ca tua bin.
3. Phng trnh
Trong khi cha c cc c cu bo v, phng trnh cn thc hin mt s bin php:
- Thng xuyn kim tra, duy tnh trng k thut tt ca vi phun nhin liu;
- Thng xuyn kim tra, trnh du nhn c th qut vo khoang ng gp kh x;
- Khng khai thc ng c mc ti ln khi c kh nng tc b thay i (gim);
- Khng c gim tc my chnh t ngt. Gim tc t ngt c kh nng nguy
him hn trng hp tng my chnh t ngt;
- Khi gim tc quay my chnh, rt cn theo di ng thi mc gim p sut
tng p v tc quay ca tua bin tng p.
- Tuyt i khng tip tc gim tc my chnh trong khi pht hin p sut tng p
c xu hng tng;
A. Cu s 18
Phn tch nguyn nhn, bin php phng trnh hin tng n v tua bin trong khai
thc ng c diesel tng p.
B. Hng dn tr li
- Phn tch hin tng v gii thch nguyn nhn gy n v tua bin tng p;
- Cc bin php phng trnh;
C. p n
1. Hin tng
Thng xy ra i vi ng c diesel tng p ng p, bu gp kh x c th tch ln.
Trong khai thc hoc khi dng my khn cp, ng x pht n gy v tua bin tng p.
2. Nguyn nhn
1. Pht n ng x
Trong qu trnh hot ng ca ng c diesel, nhin liu v du nhn tch t bn trong
khoang ng gp kh x c th tch ln. c bit, khi tnh trng k thut vi phun km
v ng c khai thc ch tc thp, lng du tch t s tng nhanh. Trong iu
kin , nu khng kh sch cp vo khng gian ng gp kh x ny s gy bng n d
di.
2. N v tua bin
77/341
Khi ng x pht n s to xung lc ln lm tua bin tng qu tc cho php trong

iu kin xung lc dc trc rt ln. Bc chn v bc trc ca tua bin s b v, cc phn
tnh v phn ng bn trong tua bin s c st khi m tc quay ca r to ang qu
cao lm v cc kt cu ca tua bin.
3. Phng trnh
Trong khi cha c cc c cu bo v, phng trnh cn thc hin mt s bin php:
- Thng xuyn kim tra, duy tnh trng k thut tt ca vi phun nhin liu;
- Thng xuyn kim tra, trnh du nhn c th qut vo khoang ng gp kh x;
- Khng khai thc ng c mc ti ln khi c kh nng tc b thay i (gim);
- Khng c gim tc my chnh t ngt. Gim tc t ngt c kh nng nguy
him hn trng hp tng my chnh t ngt;
- Khi gim tc quay my chnh, rt cn theo di ng thi mc gim p sut
tng p v tc quay ca tua bin tng p.
- Tuyt i khng tip tc gim tc my chnh trong khi pht hin p sut tng p
c xu hng tng;
78/341
A. Cu s 19
Hy nu mt s ch tiu kinh t - nng lng ca ng c diesel tu thy. Nhng bin
php nng cao tnh kinh t trong khi khai thc ng c.
B. Hng dn tr li
- Trnh by mt s ch tiu kinh t - nng lng c bn ca ng c diesel tu thy;
- Mt s bin php nng cao tnh kinh t trong khai thc;
C. p n
Mt s ch tiu kinh t - nng lng c bn trong khai thc ng c diesel tu thy:
1. th cng ch th
th cng ch th qu trnh chy trong xi lanh ng c c dng nh gi cht
lng qu trnh cng tc. Trong khai thc thc t, nu khng th o c th cng
ch th, ngi ta s o p sut nn p c v p sut chy ln nht p z nh gi. S dng
thit b o th cc qu trnh cng tc trong xi lanh ng c (indicator) c th thu
c th cng ch th nh hnh 19.1.
2. Ap sut ch th v c ch bnh qun
Din tch ca chu trnh cng tc trn th p-v tng ng vi cng ch th L i (N.m)
sinh ra trong mt chu trnh. Gi tr bnh qun ca L i theo th tch cng tc Vh c gi
l p sut ch th bnh qun pi:
pi
Li
Vh
trong , Vh th tch cng tc xi lanh ng c, m3.
Khi , p sut c ch bnh qun pe c tnh theo cng thc:

pe pi m
trong , m hiu sut c gii, %;
3. Hiu sut
Tnh ton cc hiu sut ch th, c ch v c gii (truyn ng):
i
Ni
Li
Ne
N e e
3600
3600
; e
v m
Gnl QH g e QH
N i i
trong , t, i, e v m l hiu sut nhit, hiu sut ch th, hiu sut c ch v hiu sut c gii, %;
Qc, Qt, Qi v Qe l nhit lng cp, nhit lng thi, nhit lng bin thnh cng ch th, cng c ch trong
xi lanh ng c, J; trong , QH l nhit tr thp ca nhin liu, J/kg; Li l cng ch thi xi lanh ng c, J;
79/341
Ch rng, hiu sut ch th vi thng s L i t s, c xem nh nh gi cht

lng qu trnh chy trong xi lanh ng c.
4. Trao i kh
Kh nng qu trnh trao i kh c nh gi bng lu lng khng kh lu ng qua
ng c Gs v sut tiu th khng kh ga:
Gs
in z
a G0 g e
; ga
Ne
60
trong , a l h s qut kh; Gs l lng khng kh lu ng qua ng c, kg/s; l h s d lng
khng kh; G0 lng khng kh l thuyt cn thit t chy hon ton 1 kg nhin liu; g ct lng nhin liu
phun vo xi lanh trong mt chu trnh, kg; i s xi lanh; n tc quay ng c, v/p; z l h s k: ng c
bn k z = 0.5, ng c hai k z = 1.
Gs a G0 g ct
5. H s d lng khng kh
nh gi t l gia khng kh v nhin liu ha trn trong xi lanh ng c:
Gkk
V
h s n
G0 g ct
G0 g ct
trong , Gkk l lng khng kh np thc vo xi lanh ng c trong mt chu trnh, kg; s khi
lng ring ca khng kh np; n h s np ca ng c;
6. Cng sut
C nhiu thng s, ch tiu nh gi v kinh t, k thut nhng quan trng nht l cng
sut do ng c sinh ra. Tnh ton cng sut ch th, c ch v c gii:
n
n
; Ne M e
30
30
trong , Ni v Ne l cng sut ch th v cng sut c ch, cn N m l cng sut c gii tnh cho xi
lanh ng c, kW; A h s th nghim, ph thuc kiu loi, kt cu v tnh trng k thut; h s, tnh
cho ng c diesel cao tc = 1.5 - 1.6; thp tc = 1.0 - 1.2.
Ni M i

c xem nh n gi ca mt n v cng sut, tnh theo nhin liu:
gi
Gnl
Gnl
v g e
Ni
Ne
trong , Gnl l lng tiu th nhin liu trong 1 gi, kg/h;
Mt s bin php nhm nng cao tnh kinh t trong khai thc ng c:
- Duy tr tt tnh trng h thng cung cp nhin liu, m bo vic phun v ha trn
nhin liu tt nht;
- Duy tr tt tnh tng h thng tng p, trao i kh nhm m bo lng khng
kh cho vic ha trn vi nhin liu l tt nht;
- Trong trng hp cho php, cn khai thc ng c ch tc kinh t gemin;
- Vi cc ng c chm tc, cn ch vic hiu chnh duy tr p sut chy pz;
- Khai thc tt cc h thng t ng lin quan n qu trnh chy nh t ng iu
chnh gc phun sm, t ng iu chnh gc phi kh, ...
- Nng cao trng thi nhit ca ng c khi hot ng ch ti thp;
- Ap dng chin lc bo qun bo dng duy tr tnh trng k thut tt nht;
A. Cu s 20
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Phn tch nh hng ca nhit nc lm mt ti ch tiu kinh t k thut ca ng

c. Gii thch c s ca vic tng cao nhit nc lm mt trn cc ng c hin i.
B. Hng dn tr li
- Phn tch nh hng ca nhit nc lm mt;
- Trnh by c s ca vic tng cao nhit nc lm mt;
C. p n
Khi tng nhit nc lm mt c th lm tng nhit cui qu trnh np T a d c
th lm gim lng khng kh np mt phn nhng nhit cui qu trnh nn T c tng
gip cho ci thin qu trnh chy nhiu hn. Khi , v T c tng c th lm gim thi
gian tr hon s chy i, ng c lm vic mm hn gip qu trnh chy tt ln, tnh
kinh t tng (ge gim), tng tui th ng c. Cc thng s ch th ca ng c nh i
v pi u ci thin, cng sut Ni v Ne s tng.
Lc ma st gia cc chi tit chuyn ng trt tng i vi nhau c bi trn c
tnh theo cng thc nh sau:
pm F
Cm
trong , - nht ca du bi trn; F - din tch b mt ma st; C m - tc

trung bnh ca ca chi tit v - khe h nhit gia hai b mt ma st;
Theo cng thc trn y, khi nhit nc lm mt tng th gim lm gim ma st,
lm tng hiu sut c gii m do tng cng sut c ch N e v gim c ge. Ngoi
ra, do ma st gim, mi mn ca cc chi tit c xu hng gim. Cc th nghim
thc t cho thy mc gim ma st khng t l vi mc tng nhit nc lm
mt. Khi nhit nc lm mt tng n 70 - 80 0C, mc gim ma st l ln nht.
Trong gii hn cho php, khi tng nhit nc mt 10 0C, cng chi ph cho ma st c
th gim t 3.5 n 5.0%; cng sut c ch tng 0.8 n 1.2%.
ng sut nhit ca cc chi tit trc tip tip xc vi kh chy (v d nh piston, s mi
xylanh, np xylanh, ...) ph thuc vo chnh lch nhit gia thnh vch tip xc
vi nc v b mt tip xc vi kh chy v c xc nh theo biu thc:
t E 1
m t 2 t1
m 1 2
trong , E - mun n hi ca vt liu; 1 - h s gin n di; m - h s pot

xng; t1 v t2 - nhit hai b mt chi tit;
Khi tng nhit nc lm mt, hiu s (t 2 - t1) s gim, ng sut nhit s gim. Tuy
nhin, vn tng nhit nc lm mt c th lm tng mc dn n ca cc chi
tit, thay i khe h cn thit trong qu trnh hot ng. V vy, ng thi vi vic
tng nhit , ngi ta phi quan tm la chn vt liu ch to, chng loi du bi trn
v quy trnh hot ng, theo di, kim tra. Hin nay, ng c hin i c thit k vi
mc cng ti ln. Bin php tng nhit nc mt l la chn ph hp nhm ci
thin qu trnh chy, gim tn tht nhit v tng tui th cc chi tit. Ngoi ra, cng
ngh vt liu hin nay cng cho php ngi thit k la chn nhit nc lm mt
mc cao hn.
A. Cu s 21
81/341
Gii thch c s ca vic tng cao nhit nc lm mt trn cc ng c hin i.

Cho v d minh ho.
B. Hng dn tr li
- Trnh by c s ca vic tng cao nhit nc lm mt;
- Mt s v d;
C. p n
Khi tng nhit nc lm mt, nhit nhm piston - xi lanh cao c th lm tng
nhit cui qu trnh np Ta d c th lm gim lng khng kh np mt phn
nhng nhit cui qu trnh nn Tc cng tng gip cho ci thin qu trnh chy nhiu
hn. Khi , v Tc tng c th lm gim thi gian tr hon s chy i, ng c lm vic
mm hn gip qu trnh chy tt ln, tnh kinh t tng (g e gim), tng tui th ng c.
Cc thng s ch th ca ng c nh i v pi u ci thin, cng sut Ni v Ne s tng.
Lc ma st gia cc chi tit chuyn ng trt tng i vi nhau c bi trn c
tnh theo cng thc nh sau:
pm F
Cm
trong , - nht ca du bi trn; F - din tch b mt ma st; C m - tc

trung bnh ca ca chi tit v - khe h nhit gia hai b mt ma st;
Theo cng thc trn y, khi nhit nc lm mt tng th gim lm gim ma st,
lm tng hiu sut c gii m do tng cng sut c ch N e v gim c ge. Ngoi
ra, do ma st gim, mi mn ca cc chi tit c xu hng gim.
Cc th nghim thc t cho thy mc gim ma st khng t l vi mc tng
nhit nc lm mt. Khi nhit nc lm mt tng n 70 - 80 0C, mc gim
ma st l ln nht. Trong gii hn cho php, khi tng nhit nc mt 10 0C, cng chi
ph cho ma st c th gim t 3.5 n 5.0%; cng sut c ch tng 0.8 n 1.2%.
ng sut nhit ca cc chi tit trc tip tip xc vi kh chy (v d nh piston, s mi
xylanh, np xylanh, ...) ph thuc vo chnh lch nhit gia thnh vch tip xc
vi nc v b mt tip xc vi kh chy v c xc nh theo biu thc:
t E 1
m t 2 t1
m 1 2
trong , E - mun n hi ca vt liu; 1 - h s gin n di; m - h s pot

xng; t1 v t2 - nhit hai b mt chi tit;
Khi tng nhit nc lm mt, hiu s (t2 - t1) s gim, ng sut nhit s gim.
Tuy nhin, vn tng nhit nc lm mt c th lm tng mc dn n ca cc
chi tit, thay i khe h cn thit trong qu trnh hot ng. V vy, ng thi vi vic
tng nhit , ngi ta phi quan tm la chn vt liu ch to, chng loi du bi trn
v quy trnh hot ng, theo di, kim tra, ...
Hin nay, ng c hin i c thit k vi mc cng ti ln. Bin php tng nhit
nc mt l la chn ph hp nhm ci thin qu trnh chy, gim tn tht nhit v
tng tui th cc chi tit. Ngoi ra, cng ngh vt liu hin nay cng cho php ngi
thit k la chn nhit nc lm mt mc cao hn.
82/341
V d so snh nhit nc lm mt trc y v hn nay: my chnh thp tc trc

y 65 - 700C, hin nay 80 - 900C; my n trc y 50 - 650C, hin nay 90 - 950C.
A. Cu s 22
Nhng nguyn nhn lm tng chi ph nhin liu trong qu trnh khai thc tu v cc
bin php khc phc.
B. Hng dn tr li
- Trnh by nguyn nhn lm tng chi ph nhin liu;
- Mt s bin php khc phc;
C. p n
Hiu qu s dng nhin liu thp do trang thit b vi cc yu t chnh, bao gm:
- Tnh trng k thut ng c, trang thit b km, khng c bo dng sa cha gy
ra r r hoc s dng nhin liu vi hiu sut thp;
- Tnh trng k thut ca v tu chn vt km, nguy c nng ti (torque rich) ngay c
khi tnh trng k thut ca my chnh c m bo;
- Thit k cha ti u, chi ph nng lng y tu cao;
Chi ph nhin liu cao c th do ngi khai thc v qun l:
- Trnh v trch nhim ca thuyn vin trong vn hnh, khai thc cha cao;
- Cha phn tch ti u ch khai thc cc thit b;
- Trnh v quy trnh qun l i tu cn nhiu bt cp, thiu chuyn nghip; tnh
cht qun l cn b ng;
Cc yu t khc:
- Gian ln trong khai thc;
- Gian ln trong giao nhn nhin liu v s lng, cht lng, chng loi;
Nhm nng cao hiu qu s dng tit kim nhin liu, cc bin php c bn:
- Xy dng mc tiu chung, bao trm v s dng tit kim v hiu qu cc ngun nng
lng;
- Xy dng c ch qun l ch ng v s dng tit kim v hiu qu nhin liu i
vi ngi qun l, vn hnh v khai thc;
- Ap dng cc k hoch bo qun, bo dng trang thit b vi mc tiu nng cao
hiu sut bin i nng lng;
- Xy dng h thng lut php x l cc sai phm lin quan;
A. Cu s 23
Xc nh li thng s cng tc hp l ca my chnh lai chn vt khi lng d tr
nhin liu trn tu c hn.
B. Hng dn tr li
- Trnh by v xc nh lng tiu th nhin liu;
- C s tnh ton thay i lng tiu th nhin liu;
C. p n
83/341
C s ca bi ton xc nh thng s cng tc hp l ca ng c khi lng d tr

nhin liu trn tu c hn da vo cc thng s v mi quan h ca chng nh sau:
- Lng nhin liu hin ang c trn tu: B (kg);
- Qung ng m con tu cn phi i: S (hl);
- Tc khai thc my chnh hin ti n1 v vn tc tu tng ng v1 (hl/h);
- Lng nhin liu tiu th cho my chnh ng vi ch khai thc hin ti G1 (kg/h);
Trn c s cc thng s thc t c th o c trn tu, c th xc nh c:
- Thi gian tu phi hnh trnh n cng ch: t1 = S/v1;
- Lng nhin liu m tu cn tiu th: B1 = G1.t1;
- Lng d tr nhin liu an ton: B1 = B - B1;
Trong trng hp d tr nhin liu an ton: B 1 qu nh (khng vt qu 5%); bng
hoc nh hn 0, cn phi cn nhc thay i ch khai thc my chnh.
V nguyn tc, y l bi ton th trn thc trng thit b. Mt s kin thc c s l
thuyt quan trng ca bi ton bao gm:
- Sut tiu th nhin liu c ch ge ca my chnh lai chn vt thng t cc tiu
vng tc khai thc thp hn tc nh mc;
- Lng tiu th nhin liu G t l thun (bc nht) vi cng sut c ch;
- Cng sut c ch t l bc ba vi tc quay ca my chnh;
Thng thng, nu ang khai thc my chnh gn tc nh mc, ngi ta ngh
n phng n gim tc quay ca my chnh gim cng sut (ch tc tu
khng t l vi cng sut khai thc) v mong mun ch khai thc mi c g e thp
hn. Khi ngi ta thc hin cc php o xc nh:
- Tc khai thc my chnh hin ti n2 v vn tc tu tng ng v2 (hl/h);
- Lng nhin liu tiu th cho my chnh ng vi ch khai thc hin ti G2 (kg/h);
T , lng d tr nhin liu c xc nh nh sau:
- Thi gian tu phi hnh trnh n cng ch: t2 = S/v2;
- Lng nhin liu m tu cn tiu th: B2 = G2.t2;
- Lng d tr nhin liu an ton: B2 = B - B2;
Tr s B2 cho php ngi khai thc quyt nh ch khai thc mi. (Cng cn lu
thm rng, ty theo mc gim tc quay my chnh n 2 c th lm tng lng
nhin liu cn tiu th).
A. Cu s 24
Nu cc ch hot ng ca ng c chnh, nhng ch khi th tu ti bn v
ng di.
B. Hng dn tr li
- Trnh by v ch hot ng ca ng c chnh;
- Ch khi th tu ti bn v ng di;
C. p n
1. Ch hot ng
84/341
Theo iu kin hot ng, nu pe (hoc Me) khng i, cc ch hot ng ca ng

c tun theo c tnh tc hay c tnh ngoi. Cn nu tc quay n (v/ph) khng
i, cc ch hot ng ca ng c tun theo c tnh ph ti (v d: my pht
in).
Theo cc thng s c trng, ch hot ng ca ng c c phn bit nh sau:
Ngoi ra, cc ch hot ng cn c th chia ra:
- Ch th tu ti bn, th tu ng di, ...
- Ch hot ng bnh thng v s c (v d : ngt tua bin, ngt xi lanh, ...)
- Theo tnh cht ti ngoi c th cn cc ch nh u ko, y, giy cn, ...
2. Th tu ti bn
Th tu ti bn c ngha l th my chnh ngay khi tu ang buc ti bn v ng
nhin tc tu bng khng. c tnh chn vt khi th tu ti bn c tnh cht nng n
nht. Chnh v vy, th ti bn c thc hin vi lu gii hn v tc quay. Cc
chc nng chnh khi th ti bn:
- Th kn h thng, thit b (kn nc, kn du, ...);
- Cc chc nng khi ng, dng, o chiu, ...;
- Mt s chc nng bo ng, bo v, ...;
- Trnh thit b hot ng qu 10 gi lin tc;
3. Th tu ng di
Th tu ng di i vi my chnh khng cn rng buc cc gii hn. Mc tiu
chnh ca th ng di l xc nh v kh nng v gii hn cc kh nng, thng s:
- Th cc ch khai thc t ch nmin n ch nmax v Nemax;
- Th vng cng hng;
- Th ton b cc chc nng bo ng, bo v v gii hn an ton ... ca my chnh
khi kt ni vi chn vt trong hnh trnh;
A. Cu s 25
Nu cc yu cu t ra trong khi khi ng, dng v o chiu ng c chnh. So snh
qu trnh tng tc nhanh v tng tc tng bc (t t) trn th c tnh.
B. Hng dn tr li
- Trnh by yu cu v yu cu khi khi ng, dng v o chiu my chnh;
- So snh qu trnh tng tc nhanh v tng tc tng bc;
C. p n
1. Mt s yu cu
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Khi ng, dng v o chiu my chnh c xem nh iu kin quan trng m bo

tnh an ton trong iu ng tu. Mt s yu cu c bn trong qu trnh khi ng,
dng v o chiu:
- i vi ngi thc hin: cc tho tc phi chnh xc theo lnh;
- Thit b phi p ng cc i hi v yu cu lm vic;
- Chai gi phi p ng yu cu v s ln khi ng lin tc (thng yu cu 12 ln);
- Thi gian cho vic dng, o chiu v khi ng li phi ngn (khng qu 8 - 10
giy);
2. th c tnh phi hp cng tc my chnh lai chn vt
gm cc ng c tnh sau (hnh 25.1):
Hnh 25.1 Phi hp cng tc diesel lai chn vt khi tng tc nhanh
- c tnh ngoi ng c M(hmax; ) tng ng vi v tr thanh rng ln nht;
- c tnh ngoi ng c M(ha2; ) tng ng vi v tr thanh rng ha2 (ha2 > ha1);
- c tnh tnh b iu tc (hu sai) Ur2 tng ng tc t 2 (2 > 1);
- c tnh vn tc tu khng i M(v2; ) tng ng tc tu v2 (v2 > v1);
3. Qu trnh tng tc nhanh trn th c tnh
im phi hp cng tc ca my chnh vi chn vt ban u im 1, sau khi tng tc
, im phi hp s l im 2 (hnh 25.1).
Vi mc ch tng tc tu t v1 n v2 ngi iu khin tc ng tng tc
tc quay cn tng 1 < 2, b iu tc bt u ko thanh rng bm cao p theo
chiu hng tng nhin liu phun vo ng c t ha1 ln (n hmax).
86/341
Bt u qu trnh, im lm vic ca ng c v chn vt tch ra khi nhau: ng c

lm vic theo c tnh M(hmax; ) qua cc im a, b, c, d, ... cn chn vt theo ng
c tnh vn tc tu khng i M(v 1; ) tng ng tc tu v 1 qua cc im b, c, ...
(v vn tc tu cha th tng ngay sau khi tc quay ca chn vt tng). Giai on
ny xy ra vi c im m men quay ca ng c M ln hn m men cn ca chn
vt Mc chnh l iu kin tng vn tc tu.
Qu trnh tng tc nhanh nh th 25.1 y ng c lm vic vi mc thanh rng
cc i trong giai on t a n d ca qu trnh tng tc.
Hnh 25.2 Phi hp cng tc diesel lai chn vt khi tng tc t t

4. Qu trnh tng tc chm trn th c tnh
Trn hnh 25.2, thay v tng tc t 1 ln 2 vi mc chnh lch qu ln, ngi
iu khin thc hin tng tc t 1 ln 2 sao cho c tnh b iu tc Ur2 (tc
t 2) ct ng 1 = const ti im a nm bn di c tnh ngoi hmax.
Sau khi ng c n nh tc t 2 ngi iu khin tip tc tng tc ng c
n khi t c tc mong mun l 2.
Trong thc t, cng khng cn phi tnh ton mc tng tc bao nhiu cho mt ln
thc hin. Mi ln tng tc , ngi iu khin cn theo di ch s ti trn bng iu
khin v mt s thng s lin quan. K nng thc hin cng vic ch yu ph thuc
kinh nghim ca ngi iu khin.
Trnh qu ti cc thng s, c bit qu ti v m men trong qu trnh tng tc
ng c l mt trong nhng iu cn c bit lu .
A. Cu s 26
Trnh by nguyn nhn v bin php khc phc hin tng kh x cc xilanh c mu
en, nhit kh x v tiu hao nhin liu ln hn bnh thng.
B. Hng dn tr li
- Trnh by nguyn nhn hin tng kh x cc xilanh c mu en, nhit ln;
- Trnh by bin php khc phc;
C. p n
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Qu trnh chy nhin liu trong xi lanh ng c da trn cc yu t sau y:

- T l nhin liu v khng kh;
- Cht lng phun sng nhin liu v ha trn hn hp nhin liu - khng kh;
- Nhit khng kh cui qu trnh nn (bt u phun nhin liu) Tc;
- Thi im bt u chy (hoc bt u phun) nhin liu;
i vi ng c diesel nhiu xi lanh, ngi khai thc thng hiu chnh my cng
sut cc xi lanh cn bng nhau v do , nhit kh x ca cc xi lanh mc ng
u. Cc yu t tc ng lm nhit kh x thay i c mt s tnh cht sau:
- Cc yu t lin quan n thng s khng kh np (v d nhit hoc p sut) tc
ng ln ton b cc xi lanh ng c;
- Cc yu t lin quan n cht lng nhin liu (v d thnh phn, nhit hm, ... )
tc ng ln ton b cc xi lanh ng c;
- Cc yu t lin quan n ti bn ngoi (v d chn vt qun li, tu mc cn, tu
i hng, ... ) tc ng ln ton b cc xi lanh ng c;
- Cc yu t lin quan n sc cn sinh hn gi v tc bn ng x gy i p cng
- Cc yu t lin quan n tnh trng k thut b hi, bm cao p - vi phun ch tc
ng ln xi lanh c tnh trng k thut km;
Hin tng kh x cc xi lanh c mu en, nhit v tiu th nhin liu ln hn bnh
thng c th c nguyn nhn v bin php khc phc nh sau:
- Thiu khng kh np do sinh hn khng kh tng p b tc bn. Trng hp ny
thng i km vi thng s p sut tng p b gim. Cn kim tra sc cn sinh hn
gi (bng manometer - ng ch U) v thc hin v sinh cn thit;
- Thiu khng kh np do ng x b tc bn ti cc thit b tn dng nhit nh bu
hm nc tit kim, ni hi kinh t, bu gim m, ... Trng hp ny thng i km
vi thng s p sut tng p tng cao. Cn tho kim tra sc v thc hin v sinh cn
thit;
- Do ti ngoi tc ng lm ng c qu ti. Trng hp ny thng i km vi thng
s p sut tng p tng cao v c bit ch s ti ln hn so vi hai trng hp trn.
Nu xy ra t ngt, khng c cc nguyn nhn khc nh dng chy, gi, mc cn, i
hng, ... th c th chn vt b qun li. Cn dng my, chy li g li hoc cho
ngi ln xung, kim tra ct li. Ngoi ra c th kim tra ti ngoi tng cao nh v
tu b h bm, chy ngc dng, i hng, lung cn, ...
- Do cht lng nhin liu km. Cn kim tra xc minh;
A. Cu s 27
Trnh by nguyn nhn v bin php khc phc hin tng nhit kh x mt xi lanh
hoc tt c cc xi lanh u tng cao hn bnh thng.
B. Hng dn tr li
- Trnh by nguyn nhn hin tng kh x mt xilanh c mu en, nhit ln;
- Trnh by bin php khc phc;
C. p n
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Nhit kh x l kt qu to thnh sau qu trnh chy nhin liu trong xi lanh ng

c. Qu trnh chy nhin liu da trn cc yu t sau y:
- T l nhin liu v khng kh;
- Cht lng phun sng nhin liu v ha trn hn hp nhin liu - khng kh;
- Nhit khng kh cui qu trnh nn (bt u phun nhin liu) Tc;
- Thi im bt u chy (hoc bt u phun) nhin liu;
i vi ng c diesel nhiu xi lanh, ngi khai thc thng hiu chnh my cng
sut cc xi lanh cn bng nhau v do , nhit kh x ca cc xi lanh mc ng
u. Cc yu t tc ng lm nhit kh x thay i c mt s tnh cht sau:
- Cc yu t lin quan n thng s khng kh np (v d nhit hoc p sut) tc
ng ln ton b cc xi lanh ng c;
- Cc yu t lin quan n cht lng nhin liu (v d thnh phn, nhit hm, ... )
- Cc yu t lin quan n ti bn ngoi (v d chn vt qun li, tu mc cn, tu
i hng, ... ) tc ng ln ton b cc xi lanh ng c;
- Cc yu t lin quan n sc cn sinh hn gi v tc bn ng x gy i p cng
- Cc yu t lin quan n tnh trng k thut b hi, bm cao p - vi phun ch tc
ng ln xi lanh c tnh trng k thut km;
Hin tng kh x cc xi lanh c mu en, nhit v tiu th nhin liu ln hn bnh
thng c th c nguyn nhn v bin php khc phc nh sau:
- Thiu khng kh np do sinh hn khng kh tng p b tc bn. Trng hp ny
thng i km vi thng s p sut tng p b gim. Cn kim tra sc cn sinh hn
gi (bng manometer - ng ch U) v thc hin v sinh cn thit;
- Thiu khng kh np do ng x b tc bn ti cc thit b tn dng nhit nh bu
hm nc tit kim, ni hi kinh t, bu gim m, ... Trng hp ny thng i km
vi thng s p sut tng p tng cao. Cn tho kim tra sc v thc hin v sinh cn
thit;
- Do ti ngoi tc ng lm ng c qu ti. Trng hp ny thng i km vi thng
s p sut tng p tng cao v c bit ch s ti ln hn so vi hai trng hp trn.
Nu xy ra t ngt, khng c cc nguyn nhn khc nh dng chy, gi, mc cn, i
hng, ... th c th chn vt b qun li. Cn dng my, chy li g li hoc cho
ngi ln xung, kim tra ct li. Ngoi ra c th kim tra ti ngoi tng cao nh v
tu b h bm, chy ngc dng, i hng, lung cn, ...
- Do cht lng nhin liu km. Cn kim tra xc minh;
Hin tng kh x mt xi lanh nhit cao hn bnh thng c th c nguyn nhn v
bin php khc phc nh sau:
- Kim tra ch s trn thanh rng bm cao p c th chnh sai, hoc b kt v tr cao
hn bnh thng. Cn kim tra, chnh nh li;
- Kim tra p sut pc v pz c th xc nh tnh trng k thut b hi. C th xu pp
b chy thi, xc mng b gy, ... Cn tho kim tra, sa cha;
- Tho kim tra vi phun nhin liu khi dng my. Cn kim tra xc nh v thay nu
cn;
- Kim tra chiu cao bung t nu hin tng trn xut hin ngay sau khi sa cha;
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- Kim tra tnh trng k thut cc b lm kn v ng cp kh iu khin vo air

spring nu xu pp x l loi ng m thy lc v dng air spring;
A. Cu s 28
Trnh by mt s vn lin quan n thit k chn vt v la chn my chnh ph hp
vi chn vt - v tu trn th c tnh cng sut.
B. Hng dn tr li
- Trnh by phm vi cng tc ca my chnh lai chn vt;
- Trnh by la chn my chnh lai chn vt ph hp;
C. p n
Vn la chn my chnh ph hp vi chn vt - v tu trn th c tnh cng sut
bt u t vic la chn con tu, cc tnh nng hng hi v hnh dng thn v. T cc
d liu , ngi thit k s tnh ton sc cn la chn kiu loi chn vt tng
ng. Thng s v cng sut v vng quay ca chn vt trn th c tnh cng sut
xc nh im thit k chn vt (Propeller Design point), k hiu l im PD. My
chnh s c la chn sao cho vng cng tc phi ph hp vi im PD.
1. Phm vi cng tc
My chnh tu bin c thit k ch to c kh nng hot ng trn ton di tc
quay v cng sut. Thng thng, tc quay c kh nng thay i t 15 n 100%,
cng sut tng ng vi khong t 20 n 100%. Tuy nhin, vng tc quay khai
thc di hn (ch yu khi tu chy trn bin) cng ng thi l vng khai thc ti u
ch trong khong t 85 n 90% tng ng vi cng sut khai thc khong t 80 n
90% cng sut nh mc (xem hnh 28.1).
Hnh 28.1 Phm vi cng tc ca my chnh lai chn vt
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Trn th thang logarit (hnh 28.1) th hin vng cng tc L 1L2L3L4 ca my chnh l
ng c diesel lai chn vt, c gii hn bi hai ng ng p sut c ch bnh qun
(L1L3) vi pe1 pen (100%) , ng (L2L4) vi pe 2 0.7 pen (70%) v hai ng ng tc
quay (L1L2) vi n1 nn (100%) v ng (L3L4) vi n2 0.75nn (75%) .
Cc c tnh trn hnh 28.1 bao gm:
- ng 2 - c tnh chn vt nng ti (Heavy Propeller curve) tng ng khi sc cn
v tu ln v thi tit xu;
- ng 6 - c tnh chn vt nh ti (Light Propeller curve) tng ng khi v tu
sch v thi tit tt.
2. La chn my chnh lai chn vt
Trn ng c tnh chn vt nh ti, im PD trong vng cng tc c gi l im
thit k chn vt (Propeller Design point). Trn ng c tnh chn vt nng ti (do
tng sc cn v tu v thi tit xu), so vi PD cng mc cng sut, tc quay
ng c gim khong 5%.
Trn ng c tnh chn vt nng ti, im SP trong vng cng tc c gi l im
cng tc ca chn vt. So vi im PD, im SP c mc cng sut cao hn n 15%
gi l phn d tr cng sut cho bin dng v tu v thi tit xu. im PD c cng
mc cng sut vi PD cng l mt phng n la chn chn vt.
Cng trn c tnh chn vt nng ti, im MP c mc cng sut cao SP gi l im
thit k h ng lc. Mc cng sut ti MP cao hn SP n 10% gi l phn d tr
cng sut cho ng c. im MP l im xc nh thng s la chn ng c diesel
l my chnh ph hp vi chn vt - v tu. Nh vy, lng d tr cng sut cho my
chnh so vi yu cu cng sut ca chn vt (trong iu kin nh ti v thi tit tt) c
th ln ti 25 n 30%.
A. Cu s 29
Gii hn vng khai thc my chnh l ng c diesel lai chn vt ca cc hng ch to.
B. Hng dn tr li
- Trnh by th cc c tnh cng sut my chnh lai chn vt;
- Trnh by v gii hn vng khai thc my chnh lai chn vt ph hp;
C. p n
1. th cc ng c tnh
th gii hn vng khai thc my chnh l ng c diesel lai chn vt ca cc hng
ch to m t trn hnh 29.1. y l th cng sut - tc quay, tuy nhin th s
dng thang logarit do , tt c cc ng cong u chuyn thnh ng thng.
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Hnh 29.1 Vng khai thc my chnh lai chn vt
Cc c tnh trong hnh 29.1 ( th thang logarit) bao gm:

1 - c tnh chn vt i qua im khai thc ti u (optimising point);
2 - c tnh chn vt nng ti (heavy propeller curve);
3 - c tnh gii hn tc quay (speed limit);
4 - c tnh gii hn t s gia mmen vi tc quay (torque/speed);
5 - c tnh gii hn p sut c ch bnh qun (mean effective pressure limit);
6 - c tnh chn vt nh ti (light propeller curve);
7 - c tnh gii hn cng sut khai thc lin tc (power limit for continuous
running);
8 - c tnh gii hn qu ti (overload limit);
9 - c tnh gii hn tc th tu (sea trial speed limit) v 10 - cc c tnh ngoi
ng c (constant mean effective pressure lines).
2. Gii hn vng khai thc
Gii hn vng khai thc my chnh lai chn vt nh bc c m t trn hnh 28.1.
Cc vng khai thc c phn bit bi cc c tnh, bao gm:
- Vng mu xanh gii hn bi cc c tnh 4 (torque/speed), 5 (mep limit), 7 (power
limit) v 3 (speed limit) cho php khai thc lu di, lin tc.
- Vng mu gii hn bi cc c tnh 4 (torque/speed), 5 (mep limit), 7 (power
limit) v 8 (overload limit) ch nn khai thc trong khong thi gian gii hn vi
nhng iu kin c bit (th ng c, th tu, tng tc, ...).
- Vng mu vng gii hn bi cc c tnh 3 (speed limit) v 9 (sea trial speed limit)
l vng gii hn v tc khai thc.
3. Lu
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Gii hn vng khai thc my chnh lai chn vt nh bc nh m t trn hnh 29.1
khng dng c tnh th tu ti bn C u v gii hn thanh rng hmax lm bin gii pha
trn. Cc hng ch to ng c diesel lm my chnh lun lu gii hn khai thc lu
di bng ng 4 - gii hn v t s m men vi tc quay. iu c ngha l ngay
khi tc quay ca ng c gim th m men quay cng s gim theo trnh hin
tng nguy him cho ng c diesel gi l torque rich.
A. Cu s 30
Trnh by mt s yu cu lin quan n thit k, la chn chn vt ca hng ch to.
B. Hng dn tr li
- Trnh by cc yu cu khi la chn chn vt;
- Trnh by mt s tiu chun la chn chn vt, hiu chnh sau khi th;
C. p n
Vic tnh ton thit k chn vt phi da trn c mt s nguyn tc c bn nhm c
c kt qu ph hp nht. Chn vt c thit k, ch to ph hp vi mt con tu c
th no phi tha mn cc yu cu sau:
- To ra lc y a con tu cng vi hng ha chuyn ng vi vn tc V cho trc;
- Lm vic ph hp vi phm vi cng tc ca my chnh,
- Hiu sut lm vic vng khai thc thng xuyn phi c gi tr ln nht c th, v
gim mc hp l cc di vng quay khc;
- Thng s cng tc t chu tc ng xu khi tu hot ng trong sng gi, nng ti;
- Kt cu chn vt phi bn trong mi iu kin khai thc;
- Khng gy dao ng trng pha vi my chnh, h trc v v tu trong qu trnh lm
vic (thng s cnh khng trng vi s xi lanh ca my chnh);
- Trnh gy xm thc mi ch cng tc;
- Khng gy ting n ln khi lm vic;
- Gi thnh ph hp.
Vic thit k chn vt phi c da trn mt s tiu chun la chn cc thng s
lm c s cho vic tnh ton cc thng s cng tc ca n, chng hn nh:
- Chn kiu loi chn vt, v d B-Wageningen
- Chn kch thc ng knh,
- Chn s cnh, z
- Chn t l mt a,
- Chn t s bc ti u trn c s ng knh v vng quay,
- Tnh cc kch thc c bn.
Cn c vo s liu thng s cng tc ca ng c v sc cn v tu tc v ti trng
chuyn ch thit k a vo cc phn mm thit k chuyn dng tnh ton cc thng
s ch to cho chn vt. Sau m phng li qu trnh lm vic ca chn vt kim
nghim kt qu tnh ton. Vi nhng con tu u tin trong mt s-ri cc tu ging nhau
no , th kch thc chn vt c th c hiu chnh li cho ph hp sau khi th
ng di, v p dng vic sa cha cc khim khuyt cho nhng tu tip theo l vic
lm ht sc cn thit.
A. Cu s 31
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Trnh by v hin tng v bin php khc phc s c lin quan n kh nn iu

khin trong xu pp x kiu l xo kh nn (air spring), ng m thy lc.
B. Hng dn tr li
- Trnh by hin tng c th xy ra khi cp khng kh nn cho xu pp air spring;
- S c lin quan n cng tc ca xi lanh v bin php;
C. p n
1. M t s c
i tng l my chnh, xu pp ng, m thy lc dng air spring. Cng sut xi lanh
mt t ngt. Xc nh vi phun, xc mng, ... bnh thng. o p sut trong xi lanh
xc nh pc v pz u rt thp.
2. Cam v mt s khi nim
Bnh cam c m t trn hnh 31.1, theo chiu quay, cc phn kt cu ca cam bao
gm: vng trn c bn (basic circle); mt (nghing) m xu pp (opening flank); mi
cam (cam nose) v mt (nghing) ng xu pp (closing flank).
Cc kt cu c m t rt quan trng, lin quan n thi im m v ng xu pp.
Trong nhiu trng hp, ngi ta ch quan tm n mt m xu pp (opening flank) m
qun mt vai tr ca mt ng xu pp (closing flank).
Cam nose
Closing flank
Closing ramp
Opening flank
Opening ramp
Basic circle
Hnh 31.1 Kt cu mt bnh cam dng trong ng c diesel
3. L xo xu pp v mt s yu cu
Trc y, cc l xo xu pp thng dng bng l xo thp. L xo c thit k kh
cng phu vi nhiu yu cu k thut v chc nng, nhng c nhiu nhm tng cho
rng, l xo c chc nng duy nht l ng xu pp.
Mt s yu cu k thut ca l xo xu pp bao gm:
- Chu bn c hc v dao ng trong ton di vng quay cng tc ca ng c;
- Thng c lc qun tnh khi lng nm xu pp chuyn ng (ng, m) m bo
gi cho nm xu pp chuyn ng theo ng bin dng cam thit k;
- Tn s dao ng ring khng gy ra dao ng cng hng khi lm vic;
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M t mt cch hnh nh, thng qua h cn y, n gnh hoc c cu thy lc, nm

xu pp lun phi bm ly bin dng ca cam trong qu trnh ng, m c bit l qu
trnh ng xu pp.
4. L xo kh nn (air spring)
Thay cho h cn y, n gnh, c cu thy lc kt hp l xo kh nn vi rt nhiu u
im nhng cng gy ra khng t s c.
Tt c cc s c u c nguyn nhn t vic khng cp kh nn vo khoang l xo
(r lt; tc; khng p sut; ...). Khi , trong giai on m, do qun tnh ln kt hp
vi l xo yu, xu pp khng bm bin dng cam giai on ng. V vy, thi im
ng xu pp s b mun hn so vi thit k. Tng tc quay ng c, lc qun tnh
nm xu pp chuyn ng lc m s tng, thi im ng cng mun. iu gy ra
mt s s c tiu biu nh sau:
- Mt hoc mt vi xi lanh b mt cng sut, o p sut nn p c v p sut chy pz u
rt thp so vi cc xi lanh bnh thng;
- Cng tng tc quay ca my chnh, sai khc v p sut nn pc v p sut chy
pz so vi cc xi lanh khc s cng ln;
- Khi khi ng, mt vi xi lanh n nhng sau ng c dng, khng hot ng;
5. Khc phc
Mt s hng mc khuyn co:
- Kim tra p sut kh nn cp n khoang l xo kh; ch van mt chiu;
- Tho kim tra, bo dng, sa ... cc c cu lin quan lm kn khoang l xo kh;
- Kim tra ng ng, cc c cu lin quan chc nng cp kh nn vo khoang l xo;
A. Cu s 32
nh gi tnh trng k thut ng c diesel trong khai thc bng thit b o p sut
trong xi lanh (indicator).
B. Hng dn tr li
- Thit b indicator;
- nh gi kt qu o;
C. p n
1. Thit b indicator
Dng thit b indicator nh gi tnh trng k thut ng c diesel l cng vic thng
xuyn trong khai thc tu. Thc ra th thit b indicator c thit k c th o c
ton b th cng ch th cho my nn ni chung ch khng ring ng c diesel.
Tuy nhin, nhiu ng c diesel di tu khng cho php o c th cng ch th
nhng hu ht li ph hp o c p sut nn pc v p sut chy pz.
Thit b indicator c gn vo bit x ng c ang hot ng v kt qu o m t
trn th 1, hnh 32.1 vi cc ch sau:
- ng p0 xc nh bng cch git dy quay trng gi giy o ca indicator nhng
cha m bit x;
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- Sau khi m bit x v git dy quay trng, trn th xc nh c im gy cho

php xc nh c p sut nn pc v im cao nht cho pz;
- Sau khi m bit x nhng khng git dy quay trng, trn th ch cho kt qu mt
ng thng vung gc vi ng p0 xc nh tr s ca pz;
Hnh 32.1 Trng hp pc bnh thng, pz qu cao.

C th thc hin kim tra cho bng cch xc nh pz bng hai cch git v khng
git dy quay trng v tr s pz o c trong c hai trng hp phi trng nhau.
Vic o ch tin hnh ch khai thc thng xuyn, trng thi ti n nh. Kt qu
o s c so snh, nh gi vi s liu trng thi chun v so snh gia cc xi lanh.
2. Kt qu o v nh gi
Mt s kt qu o tiu biu v nh gi nh sau:
1. Ap sut chy qu cao
Kt qu o: trn th 2, hnh 32.1, so snh vi trng thi chun, p sut nn p c t gi
tr bnh thng nhng pz c gi tr qu cao.
nh gi:
- Gc phun sm nhin liu qu cao, thng km theo nhit kh x thp hn bnh
thng, yu cu tip theo kim tra, hiu chnh gc phun sm;
- Lng nhin liu ln hn cc xi lanh khc, thng km theo nhit kh x cao hn
bnh thng, yu cu tip theo kim tra v hiu chnh li ch s thanh rng bm cao
p ca xi lanh ;
2. Ap sut chy qu thp
Kt qu o: trn th 3, hnh 32.2, so snh vi trng thi chun, p sut nn p c t gi
tr bnh thng nhng pz c gi tr qu thp.
nh gi:
- Gc phun sm nhin liu qu mun, thng km theo nhit kh x cao hn bnh
thng, yu cu tip theo kim tra, hiu chnh gc phun sm;
- Lng nhin liu t hn cc xi lanh khc, thng km theo nhit kh x thp hn
bnh thng, yu cu tip theo kim tra v hiu chnh li ch s thanh rng bm cao
p ca xi lanh ;
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Hnh 32.2 Trng hp pc bnh thng, pz qu thp.

3. Ap sut nn v p sut chy cng qu thp
Kt qu o: trn th 4, hnh 32.3, so snh vi trng thi chun, c p sut nn p c v
p sut chy pz u t gi tr thp hn bnh thng.
nh gi:
- Tnh trng k thut b hi km (xi lanh, xc mng, xu pp, ...), thng km theo nhit
kh x cao hn bnh thng, yu cu kim tra, sa cha b hi;
- Chiu cao bung t hoc th tch bung t V c ln hn bnh thng, yu cu kim
tra, sa cha b hi;
Hnh 32.3 Trng hp pc v pz cng thp qu.

A. Cu s 33
Trnh by cc bc nh gi tnh trng k thut ng c diesel trong khai thc da trn
c s lng tiu th nhin liu.
B. Hng dn tr li
- c tnh tiu th nhin liu;
- o c thng s v nh gi kt qu;
C. p n
Trong khai thc, vic nh gi tnh trng k thut ca ng c rt quan trng nhng
khng d dng thc hin c v thiu thit b o. Bn cnh , mt iu c v hin
nhin l khi tnh trng k thut ca my mc, thit b suy gim, hiu sut cng tc s
gim v do , tiu th nhin liu s tng. Chnh v vy, cn thit xy dng c s
da vo nhng thng s d dng o c v lng tiu th nhin liu t c th nh
gi c mc suy gim tnh trng k thut.
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1. c tnh tiu th nhin liu

c tnh tiu th nhin liu m t trn hnh 33.1 cho bit mi quan h gia vn tc tu
v (hl/h), tc quay ng c v chn vt n (rpm) v mc tiu th nhin liu G (kg/h).
Hnh 33.1 nh gi trng thi k thut theo tiu th nhin liu

2. o c thng s v nh gi
Gi s trng thi ban u, thng s ghi nhn tc quay khai thc ca my chnh v
chn vt l n0 tng ng vn tc tu l v0 v tiu th nhin liu l G.
Sau mt thi gian khai thc, trong nhng iu kin hng hi tng t, xc nhn thng
s mi vi tc quay ca my chnh (v chn vt) l n 0 tng ng vn tc tu l v 0
nhng mc tiu th nhin liu l G1 > G.
Nu so snh vi trng thi k thut t ln theo di trc y, mc tiu th nhin liu
G1 s phi tng ng vi tc quay ca my chnh l n1 > n0.
Mc suy gim tnh trng k thut c th nh gi thng qua mc tng tiu th
nhin liu hoc tc quay: G = G1 - G v n = n1 - n0.
A. Cu s 34
Xc nh li thng s cng tc ca ng c diesel lai chn vt khi tu ch thm hng,
chiu chm ca tu thay i.
B. Hng dn tr li
- Xc nh cc thng s lin quan n con tu khi nhn thm hng;
- Xc nh cc thng s im phi hp cng tc diesel lai chn vt;
C. p n
Chiu chm ca tu c th thay i bi nhng l do sau:
- Lng hng ha, hnh khch chuyn ch trn tu thay i;
- Nguyn,nhin liu, du nhn, nc ngt d tr trn tu thay i;
- T trng vng nc tu ang hnh trnh thay i;
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Gi s ban u tu ch mt lng hng Q 1 ng vi chiu chm T1 v lng chim

nc D1 (c tnh chn vt l C 1). Sau tu nhn thm lng hng Q, lng hng
tu phi chuyn ch l Q2 = Q1 + Q vi chiu chm mi l T2. Trng thi mi tng
ng vi sc cn ln hn lm cc thng s ng c thay i.
Hnh 34.1 ng cong lc ni

Dng th ng cong lc ni (hnh 34.1) c th xc nh c D2 khi bit T2.
Cng thc thc nghim xc nh quan h gia cng sut N, lng chim nc D v
tc tu v nh sau:
N
D 2 3 v3
(ml)
CD
trong , D - lng chim nc ca tu, tn; v - tc tu, hl/h; C D - h s

thc nghim;
Nh vy, khi tu ch lng hng Q1 th:
N1
D12 / 3 v13
CD
Cn khi tu ch lng hng Q2 th:

N2
D22 / 3 v23
CD
Nu vn duy tr tc tu khng i v1 v2 th:

N 2 D2
N1 D1
23
D
rt ra: N 2 N1 2
D1
23
Nh bit c N2 v v2 c th xc nh c im cng tc B trong trng hp tu

ch lng hng Q2 nhng gi thit vn chy vi tc v1 v2 . Qua B s xc nh
c ng c tnh vng quay ng c khng i n2 v do xc nh c h s C2
ca ng c tnh chn vt (trong trng hp tu ch lng hng Q2).
C2
N2
N1
x v x log n
n2
C1
1
Sau khi tnh ton s C2 v s m x cho php xc nh c c tnh chn vt mi vi

h s C2.
99/341
Hnh 34.2 Xc nh c tnh chn vt khi thm hng.

Nh vy, nu bt buc phi ch lng hng Q 2 v duy tr tc tu khng thay i,
im phi hp cng tc v cc thng s hot ng ca my chnh s chuyn t A sang
B (hnh 34.2). Ti B, cn phi cn nhc tnh hp l v cng sut v tc quay khng
vt qu gi tr nh mc, khng b qu ti v ng sut c v ng sut nhit.
A. Cu s 35
Xc nh li im phi hp cng tc v mt s thng s ca my chnh lai chn vt khi
iu kin sng gi thay i.
B. Hng dn tr li
- Xc nh iu kin sng gi thay i v mc gim tc tu;
- Xc nh li cc thng s ti im phi hp cng tc diesel lai chn vt;
C. p n
Gi s tu ang hnh trnh trong vng bin yn sng gi tng ng vi c tnh chn
vt C0. Vn tc tu l v0 tc quay n0 im phi hp cng tc l A. Sau tu chy
vo vng c sng vi cp gi W0B, hng gi th tc tu b gim i mt lng l
v (v xc nh qua th 35.1) mc d vn duy tr tc quay n0.
Hnh 35.1 Quan h gia tn tht tc vi hng v lc gi

Khi tc tu trong iu kin sng gi s c xc nh:
100/341
v1 v0 1
, (hl/h);
100
Gi s mun duy tr vng quay ng c th phi tng ch s thanh rng bm cao p v

khi sc cn tng ln, ng c tnh chn vt dch v pha bn tri c dc ln
hn. Nh tnh c tc v1 v tc quay ng c bit trc n1 n0 const c
th xc nh c im cng tc B. Ti im B tng ng vi mc cng sut N b chnh
l cng sut yu cu ng c pht ra duy tr tc quay khng thay i khi tu
cng tc trong iu kin sng gi.
T th hnh 35.2 xc nh Nb v tnh ton h s C1 ca c tnh chn vt trong iu
kin sng gi nh sau:
C1
Nb Nb
vi x log n
n1x n0x
Na
C0
Mi quan h cng sut vi tc quay trn th c tnh C1 nh sau:

N1 C1 n x
Theo kinh nghim khai thc khi tu khai thc trong iu kin sng gi th ng c d
b qu ti v mmen v qu ti nhit. Trng hp tu c nh chy ballast th cn c
hin tng qu ti vng quay do hin tng chn vt nh ln khi mt nc. hn
ch v duy tr khai thc ng c ta phi thay i ch s thanh rng bm cao p (thng
qua tay iu khin) duy tr ch hot ng an ton, tin cy cho ng c.
Hnh 35.2 c tnh chn vt trong iu kin sng gi.

Nh vy, nu bt buc phi hnh trnh trong iu kin sng gi xc nh vi iu
kin phi duy tr tc khai thc my chnh, im phi hp cng tc s chuyn t
im A sang im B (hnh 35.2). Tt nhin, ti B, ngi khai thc phi cn nhc tnh
an ton v hp l quyt nh.
A. Cu s 36
Phn tch nguyn nhn gy ho my nn tng p v bin php khc phc.
101/341
B. Hng dn tr li
- Phn tch cc nguyn nhn gy ho my nn;
- Trnh by cc bin php khc phc;
C. p n
1. Cc nguyn nhn gy ho
Cc phn tch cho thy ho my nn l hin tng c tng hp t hai yu t sau y:
- Cc yu t tim n bn trong h thng y im phi hp cng tc n gn hoc
vo trong vng gii hn ho hoc lm cho h thng lm vic khng n nh;
- Yu t bn ngoi tc ng lm thay i ti ca ng c v ch khai thc;
Cc nguyn nhn ph bin nht gy ho my nn c th bao gm:
- Sinh hn gi (inter cooler) tc bn;
- Cc van mt chiu trong h thng tng p dng hc di piston tc bn;
- Ca np hoc xu pp np tc bn;
- ng phun tua bin tc bn;
- Thit b tn dng nhit kh x (hm nc tit kim, ni hi kh x, ) tc bn;
- Cnh my nn hoc tua bin bn, b mt bin dng, khng cn bng;
- Vi phun kt, i, phun km.
- Bm cao p hoc van xut du km, lng phun v thi im phun b thay i;
- Cht lng nhin liu km;
- Xu pp x hoc np b knh, ng khng kn, chy thi;
- Tnh trng s mi xi lanh, piston km; sc mng b mn, gy;
- Cng sut cc xi lanh khng ng u;
- Tu hnh trnh trong iu kin thi tit xu, sng gi ln (i vi my chnh);
- Ch khai thc ti thay i vi mc ln (ch lm hng cu tu vi my n);
- c im v ch khai thc ng c diesel (theo c tnh ph ti, c tnh ngoi
hoc c tnh chn vt; gim tc quay my chnh t ngt; la chn ch hoc
hiu chnh b iu tc khng ph hp, )
2. Bin php phng nga v khc phc, x l
Bin php phng nga chnh l kim sot thng s sc cn thng qua cc thit b o
sc cn thuc tuyn np x (v d cc ng ch U). Ngoi ra cn c k hoch bo
dng sa cha tua bin, b hi, bm cao p, vi phun, v duy tr vic o kim tra
cc thng s cng nh chnh nh ng c. Ty theo nguyn nhn gy ho, cc bin
php x l ho MN c th bao gm:
- X bt kh np ra khi hp gi np tng p;
- Thc hin sa cha, bo dng cc chi tit, thit b m tnh trng k thut xung
cp, khng bo m cc yu cu;
- Kim tra hiu chnh h thng cung cp nhin liu, thay nhin liu nu cn;
- Gim ti cho ng c; thay i ch khai thc theo hng gim ph ti hoc gim
mc ph ti thay i; gim tc quay ng c t t, theo nhiu cp;
102/341
A. Cu s 37
Hy trnh by v ch lm vic ca my chnh khi mt xi lanh b s c.
B. Hng dn tr li
- Cc trng hp h hng;
- Lu khi khai thc;
C. p n
Khi mt (hoc hai) xi lanh b s c c th c cc trng hp sau:
Trng hp 1. Ngt nhin liu, khng duy tr hot ng ca xi lanh , nguyn cm
piston nhng vn duy tr hot ng ca ng c;
Trng hp 2. Phi tho rt cm piston bin sau duy tr hot ng ca ng c;
Hot ng ca ng c trong khi mt xi lanh b s c c mt s c im sau:
Trng hp 1
Nhc im cm piston bin ca xi lanh b hng khng sinh cng nhng vn tiu th
cng ma st v c gii lai n chuyn ng. Tuy nhin, vn quan trng nht khi ng
c hot ng trong trng thi s c hu nh khng phi l vn cng sut m l s
lm vic n nh.
Khi mt xi lanh khng lm vic, do cng sut cc xi lanh mt cn bng, tc quay b
dao ng mnh, ton b ng c, b my trong trng thi rung ng. Cc h thng lm
vic khng n nh c bit l h thng tng p trao i kh v tua bin quay khng n
nh, ting n ln, hiu sut thp.
Chnh v vy, mc ti ca ng c khi lm vic khng th ch tnh ton n gin bng
cch tr i cng sut ca xi lanh b s c m phi c la chn ch t dao ng
nht ng thi cc thng s cng tc ca ng c v h thng phc v khng vt ra
ngoi gii hn an ton.
Trng hp 2
C v nh vic tho rt cm piston bin ca xi lanh b s c mang li u im l tit
kim mt phn cng sut chi ph cho c gii nhng nhc im ca trng hp ny
mi l ng k. Tho rt nhm piston gy tc quay dao ng ln hn, xut hin dao
ng ngang thn my, gy chn ng ln vi b my v v tu v rt nguy him l lm
vng tc quay cng hng b thay i.
Tng t nh trng hp th nht, trong trng hp ny, hu nh vic la chn ch
khai thc cng ch l tm kim vng vng quay m mc dao ng, s bt n
nh l t nht ng thi cc thit b lin quan c m bo an ton.
Trong thc t, ch trong trng hp bt buc, ngi khai thc mi tho rt nhm
piston khi chy s c.
A. Cu s 38
Xc nh thng s cng tc hp l ca ng c diesel lai chn vt khi tu ch thm
hng, chiu chm ca tu thay i.
103/341
B. Hng dn tr li
- Xc nh cc thng s lin quan n con tu khi nhn thm hng;
- Xc nh li thng s im phi hp cng tc diesel lai chn vt;
- Xc nh tnh hp l khai thc;
C. p n
Chiu chm ca tu c th thay i bi nhng l do sau:
- Lng hng ha, hnh khch chuyn ch trn tu thay i;
- Nguyn,nhin liu, du nhn, nc ngt d tr trn tu thay i;
- T trng vng nc tu ang hnh trnh thay i;
Gi s ban u tu ch mt lng hng Q 1 ng vi chiu chm T1 v lng chim
nc D1 (c tnh chn vt l C 1). Sau tu nhn thm lng hng Q, lng hng
tu phi chuyn ch l Q2 = Q1 + Q vi chiu chm mi l T2. Trng thi mi tng
ng vi sc cn ln hn lm cc thng s ng c thay i.
Hnh 38.1 ng cong lc ni

Dng th ng cong lc ni (hnh 38.1) c th xc nh c D2 khi bit T2.
Cng thc thc nghim xc nh quan h gia cng sut N, lng chim nc D v
tc tu v nh sau:
N
D 2 3 v3
(ml)
CD
trong , D - lng chim nc ca tu, tn; v - tc tu, hl/h; C D - h s

thc nghim;
Nh vy, khi tu ch lng hng Q1 th:
N1
D12 / 3 v13
CD
Cn khi tu ch lng hng Q2 th:

D22 / 3 v23
N2
CD
Nu vn duy tr tc tu khng i v1 v2 th:

N 2 D2
N1 D1
23
D
rt ra: N 2 N1 2
D1
23
104/341
Nh bit c N2 v v2 c th xc nh c im cng tc B trong trng hp tu

ch lng hng Q2 nhng gi thit vn chy vi tc v1 v2 . Qua B s xc nh
c ng c tnh vng quay ng c khng i n2 v do xc nh c h s C2
ca ng c tnh chn vt (trong trng hp tu ch lng hng Q2).
C2
N2
N1
x v x log n
n2
C1
1
Sau khi tnh ton s C2 v s m x cho php xc nh c c tnh chn vt mi vi

h s C2 (tng ng thay i lng hng chuyn ch Q2).
Hnh 38.2 Xc nh c tnh chn vt khi thm hng.

Vn c t ra y l c mt s la chn tnh ton sau y:
- Nu nh bt buc phi chuyn ch lng hng Q2 v gi nguyn tc tu, ngi ta
s xc nh im phi hp cng tc mi ca my chnh vi chn vt. Trn c s im
khai thc mi, cn phi kho st tnh an ton (khng b qu ti v ng sut c v ng
sut nhit) v kinh t quyt nh.
- Trng hp cho php la chn lng hng Q2 v cc iu kin khc, ngi ta c th
xut pht t cc iu kin khai thc hp l tnh ton ngc li lng hng s nhn
chuyn ch. Hu ht cc cng ty vn ti bin u thc hin bi ton ny: xut pht
t cc iu kin khai thc hp l quyt nh lng hng s chuyn ch.
A. Cu s 39
Xc nh im phi hp cng tc hp l ca my chnh lai chn vt khi iu kin sng
gi thay i.
B. Hng dn tr li
- Xc nh iu kin sng gi thay i v mc gim tc tu;
- Xc nh li cc thng s ti im phi hp cng tc diesel lai chn vt;
- Xc nh tnh hp l khai thc;
C. p n
105/341
Gi s tu ang hnh trnh trong vng bin yn sng gi tng ng vi c tnh chn
vt C0. Vn tc tu l v0 tc quay n0 im phi hp cng tc l A. Sau tu chy
vo vng c sng vi cp gi W0B, hng gi th tc tu b gim i mt lng l
v (v xc nh qua th 39.1) mc d vn duy tr tc quay n0.
Hnh 39.1 Quan h gia tn tht tc vi hng v lc gi

Khi tc tu trong iu kin sng gi s c xc nh:
v
v1 v0 1
, (hl/h);
100
Gi s mun duy tr vng quay ng c th phi tng ch s thanh rng bm cao p v

khi sc cn tng ln, ng c tnh chn vt dch v pha bn tri c dc ln
hn. Nh tnh c tc v1 v tc quay ng c bit trc n1 n0 const c
th xc nh c im cng tc B. Ti im B tng ng vi mc cng sut N b chnh
l cng sut yu cu ng c pht ra duy tr tc quay khng thay i khi tu
cng tc trong iu kin sng gi.
T th hnh 39.2 xc nh Nb v tnh ton h s C1 ca c tnh chn vt trong iu
kin sng gi nh sau:
C1
Nb Nb
vi x log n
n1x n0x
Na
C0
Mi quan h cng sut vi tc quay trn th c tnh C1 nh sau:

N1 C1 n x
Theo kinh nghim khai thc khi tu khai thc trong iu kin sng gi th ng c d
b qu ti v mmen v qu ti nhit. Trng hp tu c nh chy ballast th cn c
hin tng qu ti vng quay do hin tng chn vt nh ln khi mt nc. hn
ch v duy tr khai thc ng c ta phi thay i ch s thanh rng bm cao p (thng
qua tay iu khin) duy tr ch hot ng an ton, tin cy cho ng c.
106/341
Hnh 39.2 c tnh chn vt trong iu kin sng gi.

Trong thc t khai thc tu, cn phi tnh ton da trn mt s la chn nh sau:
- Nu bt buc phi hnh trnh trong iu kin sng gi xc nh vi iu kin phi
duy tr tc khai thc my chnh, im phi hp cng tc s chuyn t im A sang
im B (hnh 39.2). Ti im B s phi cn nhc tnh an ton, hp l khai thc my
chnh;
- La chn thay i hng tu c th t c im khai thc hp l. Thc t, hu
ht cc cng ty khai thc tu u la chn phng n thay i hng hnh trnh trn
c s gi nguyn hoc thay i mt cht tc quay my chnh cn nhc mc
hp l trong khai thc.
A. Cu s 40
Hy trnh by v ch lm vic ca my chnh khi mt tua bin tng p b s c.
B. Hng dn tr li
- Cc trng hp h hng;
- Lu khi khai thc;
C. p n
Khi tua bin b s c cc cng vic cn lm nh sau:
- u tt ng kh x i qua cm tua bin b hng (by pass), trnh i p ng x;
- Tng cng n mc cao nht kh nng cp khng kh np cho ng c, gim ti a
sc cn ng np;
- Tn dng ti a cc thit b, qut gi ph nhm cp khng kh np cho ng c;
V mt l thuyt, im phi hp cng tc gia my chnh vi chn vt khi s c tua
bin tng p vi cng sut c xc nh theo cng thc:
N esc N e
pk
ps
trong N e , N esc , ps v pk - cng sut, p sut kh np ng c lc bnh

thng v s c;
107/341
Tuy nhin, trong thc t, mc cng sut khai thc thng thp hn rt nhiu so vi
tnh ton l thuyt. Mc tiu quan trong nht trong trng hp ny vn l m bo tnh
an ton. Cn phi duy tr thng s hot ng ca ng c khng vt qu gii hn cho
php. Thng s c quan tm trong trng hp ny chnh l nhit kh x.
A. Cu s 41
Hy trnh by cc loi chn vt dng cho tu thy v cc c tnh c bn ca chn vt.
B. Hng dn tr li
- c tnh cng tc ca chn vt;
C. p n
1. Cc loi chn vt

2. Mt s thng s v c tnh cng tc
H/D, s cnh, t l mt a, ...
Mt s thng s lin quan qu trnh lm vic ca chn vt: tc quay n, lc y T,
m men cn Q, tc dc trc thc t ca chn vt vp v hiu sut cng tc p.
Mt s thng s lin quan kho st cng tc ca chn vt: h s lc y v h s
mmen KT v KQ, h s tin thc J = vp/(n.D).
108/341

Ns = Q. = 2.KQ.r.n3D5
cng bng khng.
A. Cu s 42
Hy nu vng gii hn l thuyt cho php ng c chnh lai chn vt hot ng. Mt
s bin php nhm m rng vng khai thc.
B. Hng dn tr li
- Trnh by cc c tnh trn th N - n; cc c tnh gii hn: nmax; hmax; Cu; ...
- Xc nh vng gii hn l thuyt cho php khai thc v cc bin php m rng;
C. p n
1. Vng gii hn l thuyt cho php
109/341
Da trn c s cc c tnh cng sut ca ng c v chn vt, im phi hp cng

tc, c th xc nh vng gii hn v l thuyt cho php ng c l my chnh lai chn
vt c th hot ng.
Vng gii hn l thuyt cho php hay phm vi cng tc ca ng c diesel lai chn vt
nh bc c gii hn bi cc ng sau (hnh 42.1):
- c tnh th buc tu ti bn Cu;
- c tnh cng sut ln nht ca ng c hmax;
- c tnh cng sut nh mc ca ng c hn;
- c tnh cng sut khai thc ca ng c hkt;
- c tnh tc quay nh mc ca ng c nn;
- Gii hn tc quay ln nht ca ng c nmax;
- Gii hn tc quay ti thiu n nh ca ng c nmax;
Hnh 42.1 Vng gii hn l thuyt cho php diesel lai chn vt
Cc vng khai thc vi nhng c im c th bao gm:
- Vng 1: Gii hn bi cc ng n min; Cu; hkt; nn v hmin - tng ng vi trng hp
ng c hot ng ch nh ti, v d khi ng; man trong lung hp hoc khi
ng c c.
- Vng 2: Gii hn bi cc ng C u; hn; nn v hkt - tng ng l vng th hin kh
nng ng c pht ra cng sut ti u vi hiu qu kinh t tt nht. Thng ch khai
thc ng c trong vng (2) khi ng c cn mi trong iu kin thun li.
- Vng 3: Gii hn bi cc ng Cu; hmax; nmax v hn - tng ng l vng th hin kh
nng pht ra cng sut ln nht ca ng c. Vng ny ch p dng trong qu trnh
th tu xut xng; th sau sa cha ln; tu chy trong bo, tu giy cn; ... nhng
phi ch qu ti ng c (c bit torque rich).
2. M rng vng khai thc
Vng 2 (hnh 42.1) l vng th hin kh nng ng c pht ra cng sut ti u vi hiu
qu kinh t tt nht. Tuy nhin, vi ng c diesel lai chn vt nh bc, phm vi s
dng vng 2 kh hp. i vi mt s loi tu nh tu cng trnh, khng h d la chn
khai thc trong vng 2. M rng vng khai thc thc cht nhm vo m rng vng 2.
Mt s bin php: dng nhiu ng c lai mt chn vt; dng hp s v dng chn vt
bin bc (thay i c bc v tc quay).
A. Cu s 43
Nhng thng s no trong khai thc th hin ch tiu ng sut c? Ngi vn hnh
khai thc cn ch nhng g trnh qu ti v ng sut c.
110/341
B. Hng dn tr li
- Cc thng s nh gi v bin php trnh qu ti ng sut c;
C. p n
1. th cng ch th

pi
Li
v pe pi m
Vh
3. Qu trnh chy n
pz
dp
p

;
;
d
pc
2. ng sut c trong khai thc

ng, b my v cc chi tit khc trong qu trnh hot ng, di tc dng ca ph ti.
Trong khai thc vic o trc tip ng sut c l khng th, v vy mt cch gin tip
ngi ta nh gi ng sut c ca ng c thng qua cc lc ca p sut kh chy, lc
qun tnh ca cc chi tit chuyn ng,
trnh qu ti v ng sut c, ngi vn hnh khai thc cn:
- Khng tng, gim vng quay nhanh;
111/341
- Khng tng gc phun sm qu cao;

- Trnh tng pz qu gii hn cho php;
- Gii hn cp nhin liu mt gi tr vng quay;
- Khai thc ng c trnh xa vng tc quay cng hng;
- Trnh xy ra cc dao ng xon v dao ng dc trc;
- Trnh qu ti cho ng c v tc quay, cng sut, m men
A. Cu s 44
Phn tch cc thnh phn trong phng trnh cn bng nhit ng c diesel tu thu.
Nu gii php tn dng nhit kh thi v cc ch trong khai thc.
B. Hng dn tr li
- Cc bin php tn dng nhit kh thi v ch trong khai thc.
C. p n

ngoi.
khong t 3 n 5%.
- Nng cao cht lng phun nhin liu, to hn hp v qu trnh chy: phun nhin
liu kiu common rail; thay i quy lut phun v thi im phun; dng nhiu vi
phun; ...
- Nng cao cht lng qu trao i kh v d: thay i thi im ng m cc xu pp;
ci tin h thng trao i kh tng p; nng cao hiu sut tua bin tng p; ...
112/341
Bn cnh , cc ng c cng p dng cc bin php nhm mc ch gim thiu cc

tn tht, bao gm:
Ch trong khai thc cc thit b tn dng nhit kh thi:
- Sc cn lu ng trong thit b tn dng nhit c th gy i p ng x. Cn trnh
lm tng sc cn lu ng bng cch thc hin thi mui, v d: khng chy tc
thp qu lu, nh k tng tc my thi mui; thi mui thit b bng hi nc;
- Sn phn chy nhin liu c lu hunh do c th to thnh axit H 2SO4 do cn
lu hoc trnh khai thc thit b khi nhit kh x thp.
A. Cu s 45
Gii thch hin tng ho my nn tng p trn th c tnh v bin php x l.
B. Hng dn tr li
- im phi hp cng tc ca my nn ly tn cnh dn trn th p G v s thay i;
- Tnh t n nh phi hp cng tc ca my nn vi h thng;
- Ho my nn v cc lu ;
C. p n
im phi hp cng tc gia my nn vi h thng l giao im gia c tnh ca my
nn cnh dn B vi c tnh sc cn h thng S trn th p - G (ct p - lu lng),
cng cht lu ng trong h thng l khng kh, hnh 45.1.
Hnh 45.1 im lm vic ca my nn trong h thng

1. S thay i cc ng c tnh
Thng thng, tuyn lu ng c th k ra bt u t phin lc vo my nn, qua my
nn, n sinh hn kh tng p, bu gp kh np, ca np (hoc xu pp np), bung t
ng c diesel ri n tuyn ng x, ... V l thuyt, c tnh sc cn h thng c dng
mt parabol trong , sc cn lu ng t l bc hai vi lu lng. Trong qu trnh
hot ng, c tnh ca h thng c th thay i v khi , n c th chuyn t ng
113/341
S3 sang S2 hoc S1. c tnh ca my nn cng c th thay i trong yu t chnh l

tc quay ca tua bin - cng chnh l tc quay ca my nn.
2. Kh nng t n nh phi hp cng tc
im phi hp cng tc gia my nn vi h thng ti im A1 nh hnh 45.1, cng c
tnh cht . V mt tc ng nhiu lm cho lu lng G tng ln G 2, khi sc cn
h thng ln hn ct p do my nn to ra v iu lm cho lu lng khng th tip
tc tng v t c xu hng tr v gi tr G. Tng t nh khi lu lng gim v G 1, do
ct p ca my nn ln hn sc cn h thng, iu lm cho lu lng khng th
tip tc gim m bt u tng tr li. Ngi thit k chn vng cng tc nh th
m bo s n nh phi hp cng tc ca h thng.
Tuy nhin nu im phi hp cng tc ti B 1 th vn li ngc li. H thng c th
lm vic n nh ti B1 cho n khi bt k mt nhiu lon no tc ng, im phi hp
cng tc ca my nn vi h thng s mt.
3. Hot ng ca my chnh khi thi tit xu
Khi my chnh (ng c diesel lai chn vt) lm vic trong thi tit xu, ph ti tc
ng lm tc quay ng c thay i t ngt. Theo thi gian, cc din bin chnh
lin quan mt cch nh tnh n lu ng ca dng kh nh sau:
- S tng p sut ps chnh l i p ca my nn, lm gim tc lu ng ca dng
kh do , lm gim lu lng cung cp ca my nn;
- Ngay lc , tc quay ca my chnh li tng, lu lng khng kh tiu th qua
ng c tng nhanh, p sut tng p ps gim nhanh. Cc din bin nh th li tip tc
vi s gim tc quay ca my chnh.
s y ng c tnh Hs ln cao (hnh 45.2).

114/341

5. X l
Trong khai thc, bin php x l khng dng my c th l:
- X bt kh np, gim p sut kh tng p;
- Gim tc khai thc my chnh;
- i hng hnh trnh ca tu;
A. Cu s 46
Nhng gii php nng cao tnh kinh t, k thut trong khai thc ng c. Cho v d
minh ha.
B. Hng dn tr li
- Trnh by tm tt mt s ch tiu kinh t k thut;
- Gii php nng cao tnh kinh t, k thut trong khai thc ng c v mt s v d
minh ha;
C. p n
1. th cng ch th

pi
Li
v pe pi m
Vh
3. Qu trnh chy n
pz
dp
p

;
;
d
pc

Ni M i
n
n
; Ne M e
30
30

Gs a G0 g ct
Gs
in z
; g a N a G0 g e
60
e
kk
h
s
n
; G g G g
0
ct
0
ct
115/341

gi
Gnl
Gnl
v g e
Ni
Ne
7. Hiu sut
i
Ni
Li
Ne
N
3600
3600
m e e
;
v
Gnl QH g e QH
N i i
2. Mt s bin php nng cao tnh kinh t, k thut trong khai thc
Mt s bin php nhm nng cao tnh kinh t trong khai thc ng c:
- Duy tr tt tnh trng h thng cung cp nhin liu, m bo vic phun v ha trn
nhin liu tt nht;
- Duy tr tt tnh tng h thng tng p, trao i kh nhm m bo lng khng
kh cho vic ha trn vi nhin liu l tt nht;
- Trong trng hp cho php, cn khai thc ng c ch tc kinh t gemin;
- Vi cc ng c chm tc, cn ch vic hiu chnh duy tr p sut chy p z;
- Khai thc tt cc h thng t ng lin quan n qu trnh chy nh t ng iu
chnh gc phun sm, t ng iu chnh gc phi kh, ...
- Nng cao trng thi nhit ca ng c khi hot ng ch ti thp;
- Ap dng chin lc bo qun bo dng duy tr tnh trng k thut tt nht;
3. Mt s v d
My chnh tng p ng p, nhin liu common rail, phun nhin liu in t, t ng
iu chnh gc phun, ng m xu pp thay i c,
A. Cu s 47
Gii thch hin tng ho my nn tng p trn th c tnh khi gim nhanh tc
quay ca my chnh.
B. Hng dn tr li
- Gii thch hin tng ho trn c tnh p sut - lu lng (p - G);
- Gii thch ho khi gim nhanh tc my chnh;
C. p n
s y ng c tnh Hs ln cao.
116/341

2. Ho khi gim nhanh tc quay ca my chnh
Khi gim nhanh tc quay ca my chnh (ng c diesel lai chn vt), cc din bin
chnh lin quan mt cch nh tnh n lu ng ca dng kh nh sau:
- S tng p sut ps ng ngha vi vic c tnh HsVs (hnh 47.1) ln cao.
- im phi hp cng tc ca my nn vi h thng dch chuyn t A n v sau
vt qua N n D chnh l vng mt n nh, gy ho ;
A. Cu s 48
Hy trnh by cc loi chn vt dng cho tu thy v thng s c trng. c tnh hiu
sut cng tc ca chn vt c c im g? Tnh ton trt trong khai thc tu thy
lin h g n nh gi hiu sut chn vt?
117/341
B. Hng dn tr li
- c tnh cng tc ca chn vt; tnh ton trt S (slip);
C. p n
1. Cc loi chn vt

2. Mt s thng s c trng
H/D, s cnh, t l mt a, ... Cc thng s lin quan qu trnh lm vic ca chn vt:
tc quay n, lc y T, m men cn Q, tc dc trc thc t ca chn vt v p v hiu
sut cng tc p ... Thng s nh gi hiu sut cng tc ca chn vt: h s lc y v
h s mmen KT v KQ, h s tin thc J = vp/(n.D).
3. c tnh cng tc ca chn vt

Ns = Q. = 2.KQ.r.n3D5
118/341

cng bng khng.
4. trt
trt c tnh ton trong vn hnh theo cng thc sau:
S
H n vp
H n
H s tin thc:
J
vp
nD
Quan h:
J 1 S
H
D
Thc cht, tnh ton trt cho php nh gi hiu sut y chn vt p.
A. Cu s 49
Trnh by cc bc nh gi trng thi cng tc ca ng c diesel sau khi sa cha,
hiu chnh h thng nhin liu.
B. Hng dn tr li
- Mt s sa cha hiu chnh h thng nhin liu thng gp;
- o c thng s v nh gi kt qu da trn tiu th nhin liu;
C. p n
C nhiu yu t nh hng n mc tiu th nhin liu nhng tt c cc yu t khng
c li hoc cn sai st, cha chun, ... u a n tng mc tiu th nhin liu.
1. Sa cha, hiu chnh h thng nhin liu
119/341
Sa cha, hiu chnh h thng nhin liu lin quan n s thay i mt s thng s
khai thc, v d:
- Gc phun sm nhin liu;
- Ap sut phun nhin liu;
- Nhit hm v nht nhin liu;
- Ap sut cp nhin liu trc bm cao p;
- Ch tc v ch s ti khai thc my chnh (hoc cng sut ca my n);
- Cc thng s khc (v d quy lut hiu chnh VIT, loi vi phun, ...);
2. Th nghim sau sa cha, hiu chnh
1. Cc yu cu
Th nghim cho my chnh trong vng sng khng qu cp 3, su, chy thng,
duy tr ch tc quay khng i v cc thng s phc v n nh.
2. o c thng s, nh gi
Trong ton b qu trnh th nghim, cc thng s hot ng ca ng c v h thng
phc v phi nm trong gii hn an ton.
Phng php sa cha hoc xu hng hiu chnh c xem l ng nu nh lng
tiu th nhin liu o c:
- t c gi tr cho php trong ly lch my;
- (hoc) Gim so vi trc khi sa cha hiu chnh G < 3%.
A. Cu s 50
Hy trnh by v vn kim tra cc thng s, nh gi tnh trng v hiu chnh cn
bng cng sut gia cc xi lanh ng c diesel trong qu trnh khai thc.
B. Hng dn tr li
- Thit b indicator;
- nh gi kt qu o;
C. p n
1. Kim tra cc thng s, yu t
nh gi cng sut xi lanh ng c trong khai thc da vo cc thng s, yu t sau:
- Ap sut nn pc: nh gi tnh trng k thut ca b hi, gm xi lanh, xc mng, xu
pp, chiu cao bung t, ...;
- Ap sut chy pz: nh gi thi im chy, cht lng qu trnh chy, tnh trng k
thut vi phun, bm cao p, ...;
- Nhit kh x Tkx: nh gi v lng nhin liu, chy lng qu trnh chy (chy
rt), cht lng nhin liu, thi im chy, ...;
- Ch s thanh rng bm cao p: nh gi lng nhin liu phun vo xi lanh trong mt
chu trnh;
- Gc phun sm: nh gi thi im phun nhin liu v nh hng n cht lng
qu trnh chy;
- Tnh trng k thut bm cao p, vi phun: nh hng n cht lng phun sng
nhin liu v to hn hp, thi im phun, ...;
120/341
2. Hiu chnh cn bng cng sut

Mc d c th khng trc tip o c cng sut ca ring xi lanh nhng vic o c
v so snh cc thng s p c, pz v Tkx gia cc xi lanh cng c th nh gi mc
ng u cng sut xi lanh ca ng c.
Trng hp 1. Ap sut pc thp: c th do tnh trng k thut ca b hi, gm xi lanh,
xc mng, xu pp, chiu cao bung t, ... yu cu kim tra, sa cha;
Trng hp 2. Ap sut pz thp, pc bnh thng, nhit kh x cao: c th chy rt do
phun mun qu, bm cao p b tt hoc vi phun km, ... yu cu kim tra, hiu chnh,
sa cha;
Trng hp 3. Ap sut pz thp, pc bnh thng, nhit kh x thp: c th do lng
nhin liu phun khng hoc vi phun b tc mt vi l: kim tra vi phun, hiu
chnh ch s thanh rng bm cao p;
Trng hp 4. Ap sut pz cao, pc bnh thng, nhit kh x thp: c th phun nhin
liu sm qu, ... yu cu kim tra, hiu chnh;
Trng hp 5. Ap sut pz cao, pc bnh thng, nhit kh x cao: c th do lng
nhin liu phun nhiu hn: kim tra, hiu chnh ch s thanh rng bm cao p;
Cc trng hp khc ...
121/341
III. MN: IN TAU THU

A Cu hi: Cu 1: Nguyn l lm vic ca my pht in ng b 3 pha c chi
than, nhng ch khi khai thc vn hnh, nh gi u, nhc im.
B Hng dn tr li:
+ Trnh by nguyn l lm vic ca my pht in ng b 3 pha c chi than
+ Trnh by nhng ch khi khai thc vn hnh, nh gi u, nhc im
C Ni dung trnh by:
1 - Nguyn l lm vic ca my pht in ng b 3 pha c chi than
* Gii thiu phn t:
Di y trnh by nguyn l ca loi my pht in ng b c chi than.
Cho dng in mt chiu vo cun dy kch t thng qua chi than v vnh
trt. Khi cho r to quay vi vn tc n = const khng i th dng in mt chiu chy
trong r to s sinh ra t trng quay trn u so vi Stato. T trng ny ct cc cun
dy Stato v cm ng trong cc cun dy ca Stato sc in ng 3 pha lch nhau
120. Khi c ti th dng in trong cc cun dy 3 pha sinh ra mt t trng = t
trng ca r to (t trng kch t)
2 - Nhng ch khi khai thc vn hnh
- Kim tra chi than v vnh trt, nh bng vnh trt, v sinh, chnh nh lc t
chi than:
- Thay than: phi chn ng chng loi v kch thc chi than ri mi cho c hnh
dng ph hp. Dng mt t giy kim tra s tip xc bng cch cho via trc ri xem
vt t
- Trong qu trnh tho lp my pht in v sa cha Diesel th phi coi trng co
bp trc khuu ca Diesel v khe h gia r to v Stato ca my pht
- Kim tra du bi trn bc trc my pht in, thng xuyn bm m, ch ting
n bc
- Nhit ca my pht tng ln 10C th tui th ca my pht gim cn mt na. Do
ch vn lm mt my pht, m bo thng gi, thng xuyn v sinh phin lc
gi cho my pht
- nh k o in tr cch in, ghi nht k.
3 - nh gi u, nhc im.
* u im:
t b phn, cu to n gin, gi thnh chung thp
* Nhc im:
Khu vc vnh trt chi than hay b hng, b mn do:
122/341
+ Gy tia la in gia chi than v vnh trt do s khng trn u ca chi

tha v vnh trt
+C nhiu bi than, km theo vi hi nc dn n gim hiu qu cm ng sc
in ng
Do c nhiu nhc im nn my pht in ng b 3 pha c chi ngy cng t
c s dng trn tu thy
A Cu hi: Cu 2: Nguyn l lm vic ca my pht in ng b 3 pha khng c
chi than, nhng ch khi khai thc vn hnli, nh gi u, nhc im.
B Hng dn tr li:
+ Trnh by nguyn l lm vic ca my pht in ng b 3 pha khng c chi than
+ Trnh by nhng ch khi khai thc vn hnli, nh gi u, nhc im
C Ni dung trnh by:
1 - Nguyn l lm vic ca my pht in ng b 3 pha khng c chi than
* Gii thiu phn t:
Di y trnh by nguyn l ca loi my pht in ng b khng c chi than.
- Cun dy 3 pha ca my pht in ng b 3 pha chnh (stato)
- Cun dy knh t ca my pht in chnh (Rto)
- Cun dy knh t ca my pht in kch t (Stato)
- Cun dy 3 pha ca my kch t (Rto)
- B chnh lun 3 pha ca Rto.
- AVR b t ng iu chnh in p
V cu to thc cht my pht in ng b 3 pha khng chi than gm 2 my
pht in ng b:
- My pht chnh: C cun 3 pha Stator, cun knh t Rto.
- My pht knh t: Lm nhim v to ra ngun in 1 chiu a vo cun knh
t chnh c cun dy knh t Stator, cun dy 3 pha Rto.
- B chnh lu cu 3 pha Rto (chnh lu cng quay vi Rto)
c im cu to: Khng c chi than v vnh trt.
* Nguyn l hot ng:
Khi cho dng in mt chiu vo cun knh t ca my pht knh t; ng thi
ng c c s cp quay Rto vi tc khng i, t trng ca cun dy knh t l
t trng quay trn u so vi cun dy 3 pha Rto. T trng ny cm ng trong
cun dy Rto, sc in ng 3 pha. Ngun in 3 pha sau khi c chnh lu l dng
in mt chiu a vo cun knh t chnh. T trng ca cun knh t chnh s cm
ng sang cun dy 3 pha chnh sc in ng 3 pha xoay chiu.
123/341
Nh vy, chng ta thy khng cn c vnh trt v chi than, nhung vn to ra

ngun in 3 pha.
2 -Nnhng ch khi khai thc vn hnh:
- B chnh lu cu t Roto nn hay b hng.
- Trong qu trnh tho lp my pht in v sa cha Diesel th phi coi trng co
bp trc khuu ca Diesel v khe h gia r to v Stato ca my pht
- Kim tra du bi trn bc trc my pht in, thng xuyn bm m, ch ting
n bc
- Nhit ca m pht tng ln 10 c th tui th ca my pht gim cn mt na. Do
ch vn lm mt my pht, m bo thng gi, thng xuyn v sinh phin lc
gi cho my pht
- nh k o in tr cch in, ghi nht k.
3 - nh gi u, nhc im.
* u im:
- Do khng c vnh trt v chi than, cho nn lm vic trong iu kin bin tt hn.
- B t ng iu chnh in p tc ng vo cun knh t ca my pht t nh cho
nn kch thc trng lng nh m bo tnh kinh t hn.
- Bo qun, bo dng khi khai thc vn hnh d.dng hn.
* Nhc im:
- Do phi c 2 my pht in, cho nn hot ng vi qun tnh in ln, tc ng iu
chnh chm (phi qua 2 khu).
- C nhiu b phn hn tho lp phc tp hn, gi thnh chung ca c my pht cao
hn
- B chnh lu cu t Roto nn hay b hng.
- Do hn ch v cng sut ca phn t chnh lu, m cng sut ca loi my in ny
b hn ch. Mc d vy, loi my in ny cng thch hp c vi tu thu v ngy
cng c s dng rng ri.
A Cu hi: Cu 3: Ni v chc nng, v tr lp t, cc yu cu c th i vi ph
ti, quy trnh kim tra, vn hnh my pht in s c tu thy.
B Hng dn tr li:
+ Trnh by chc nng, v tr lp t, cc yu cu c th i vi ph ti
+ Trnh by quy trnh kim tra, vn hnh my pht in s c tu thy
C Ni dung trnh by:
1 - Chc nng, v tr lp t, cc yu cu c th i vi ph ti
* Chc nng
My pht in s c c chc nng cung cp ngun in cho cc thit b cn
thit trn tu trong trng hp mt ngun in chnh gip cho con tu c th tip tc
124/341
duy tr c tnh trng an ton trong mt khong thi gian nht nh (ti a l 18 gi)
ngi vn hnh c thi gian khc phc nhng h hng i vi ngun cung cp in
chnh.
* V tr lp dt
V tr lp t ca My pht in s c l trn mn nc khi tu c ti nh mc
m bo duy tr in khi tu b s c, k c trng hp nc vo bung my
* Cc yu cu
Yu cu i vi my pht v bung my pht:
- My pht in s c phi c t ng khi ng v a in ln bng in s c
khi tu mt in chnh. Sau khi mt ngun in chnh 45 giy, my pht s c phi
c t ng khi ng v nhn ti thnh cng My pht s c phi c mch khng
ch t ng khi ng li 3 ln nu vic khi ng ln 1 khng thnh cng.
- Diesel phi sn sng hot ng cao. Trong trng hp khi ng bng kh nn th
phi c my nn kh s c v chai gi s c. Trong trng hp khi ng bng in th
cc c quy khi ng phi lun c np no
- Bung t my pht s c phi sch s, kh thong, c bn hng dn quy trnh khi
ng, ng in ln bng in, th mt in..
Yu cu i vi ngi vn hnh:
- Phi bit thao tc chuyn i v tr ca cng tc la chn ch khi th my pht
s c khng phi dng my pht in chnh
- nh k chy th my pht s c
Yu cu i vi ph ti:
- MFSC phi p ng yu cu v cng sut cho tt c cc thit b s c hot ng
cng mt lc.
- Ph ti s c gm c: Bm cu ha s c; Mt trong hai my li chnh (i vi mt
s tu); My nn kh s c; Thit b chiu sng s c; Thit b thng tin lin lc
2 - Quy trnh kim tra, vn hnh my pht in s c tu thy.
Quy trnh kim tra, vn hnh cng ging nh vi cc my pht in chnh
Ch thm: Tm Rle in trn bng in ca my pht s c, tho ra hoc
knh gi mt in trong trng hp th MFSC
A Cu hi: Cu 4: Trnh by s h thng phn phi in nng tu thu theo hnh tia
phc hp. Cc cp in p mng in ng lc v mng in thp p.
B Hng dn tr li:
+ Trnh by s h thng phn phi in nng tu thu theo hnh tia phc hp
+ Trnh by cc cp in p mng in ng lc v mng in thp p
C Ni dung trnh by:
1 - S h thng phn phi in nng tu thu theo hnh tia phc hp.
125/341
Tu thu c th c coi l mt nh my di ng trn bin. Ngun in l cc

my pht in, ph ti l cc ng c phc v cho vic iu khin tu, cho vic lm
hng v cc cng vic hng hi, c mng in chiu sng v h thng thng tin lin
lc, thit b phc v sinh hot...
Tm li trn tu hng hin nay gm c:
- Cc my pht in ng b ba pha lm nhim v cp ngun
- Cc ng c in khng ng b ba pha r to lng sc, dy qun quay cc loi
bm qut gi, bm thu lc vi cc loi cng sut khc nhau.
- Thit b bp in, thit b sy
- C h thng mng in yu cung cp nh sng, cung cp in cho cc h thng
thng tin lin lc ...
- H ng lc thng c cc cp in p: 3 pha 380V, 3 pha 440V, 3 pha 220V. C
th l h ba pha 3 dy hoc ba pha 4 dy. (hnh v 3, 4 dy)
- Thng thng h ba pha 3 dy:
- H in p thp: 3pha 220V; 3 pha 110V; 3 pha 110V
V h chnh l ba pha 3 dy cho nn to ra cp in p thp ngi ta phi c
bin p h p.
- Trn tu cn c cc h in p thp 56V hoc 24V xoay chiu do chiu sng di ng,
cm tay.
- Trn tu cn c h in p mt chiu 24V dng cho chiu sng s c hoc dng cho
h thng iu khin, kim tra, bo ng ....
H thng phn phi in c hiu l h thng cung cp ngun cho cc ph tu
trn tu. H thng phn phi theo hnh tia phc hp l h thng m vic cung cp
in t ngun n ph ti c cung cp trc tip i vi ph ti quan trng, cng sut
ln v c cung cp gin tip qua cc bng in ph trung gian i vi cc ph ti
khc.
2 - Cc cp in p mng in ng lc v mng in thp p.
* Mng in ng lc
- Cc ph ti quan trng nh: + ti neo; + my li; + cc ph ti phc v cho my
chnh nh ( Bm du nhn; Bm nc bin v nc ngt lm mt; Bm nhin liu;
My nn kh;
- Cc ph ti t quan trng nh: iu ho, bp, qut gi.
Hin nay, diezel chnh thng c iu khin t xa tp trung cho nn cc b
khi ng cho cc loi ph ti lin quan n my chnh thng c b tr ngay trn
bng in chnh.
- H thng ng lc thng c cp in p: 3 pha 380V ; 3 pha 440V ; 3 pha 220V.
C th l h ba pha 3 dy hoc ba pha 4 dy. Thng thng h ba pha 3 dy.
* Mng in thp p.
126/341
i vi ph ti mang in p thp, ngi ta cng lm nh vv, ph ti quan

trng ly trc tip, nh sng chung ly qua bng in trung gian nh: rada ; in cp
cho iu khin my li ; chiu sng hnh trnh, s c.
- H in p thp: 3 pha 220V ; 3 pha 110 V ; DC 24V
A Cu hi: Cu 5 : Trnh by chc nng, cu to, v tr lp t, cc yu cu chung

v cc ch khi vn hnh khai thc bng in chnh.
B Hng dn tr li :
Trnh by cc ni dung : chc nng, cu to, v tr lp t, cc yu cu chung v
cc ch khi vn hnh khai thc bng in chnh.
C Ni dung trnh by :
1 - Chc nng
Bng in chnh l trung tm iu khin, phn phi in cho ton b con tu.
Ti bng in chnh, ngi ta c th thc hin ng cc my pht vo li in chung,
ho song song, phn phi ti v cp in cho cc ph ti, cho cc bng in ph ....
Tm li, ti bng in chnh l trung tm phn phi in ton tu.
2 - Cu to
Bng in chnh thng c cu to bi cc panel, thng c cc panel phc
v cho vic iu khin, ng, ct, ho song song, c cc panel cho mng in ng lc
cung cp in cho cc ng c, cho cc bng in trung gian, C cc panel in p
thp. Hnh di y m t tng qut bng in chnh mt trc.
VD : Bng in chnh (MSB)c 10 panel.
Cc panle my pht c cc ng h o dng in, in p, cng sut, tn s ca
tng my pht; c cc nt iu khin tng, gim tn s, tng, gim dng kch t (c th
t trong bng in), c cc nt ng, m cu dao chnh, c cc n bo, ng, m cu
dao chnh, c cng tc sy my pht... Panel ti y c th c h thng la chn ho
song song cc my pht, c thit b kim tra thi im ho song song...
- Cc panel cung cp in cho cc ph ti in ng lc c th iu khin trc
tip hoc ng in cho cc bng in trung gian, cc bng in c th c cc ng
h o dng ca ph ti chnh hoc ca c nhm. Ti cc cu dao t ng cp in ny,
pha di c th c nh du theo mu. (cn xem ch dn bit r mu). Cng c
th c cc ph ti ngi ta b tr cc nt khi ng, dng ti y.
- Cc panel mng in yu in p 220V hoc 110V gm cc cu dao t ng
khng ch.
- Ti bng in chnh cn b tr ng h hoc h n kim tra cch in. Pha
trong bng in chnh l h thng thanh ci, h thng thanh ci phi c bt chc
chc, cch in vi v v c sn theo cc mu nh du v to iu kin to
nhit.
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- Trong bng in chnh cn c cc cu ch bo v cc mng tn hiu bo ng

iu khin, c r le dng cc i, cng sut ngc, cc bin dng ...
3 - V tr lp dt
Bng in chnh thng c b tr cc tng vi cc my pht in chnh.
Trn v tr t my chnh t nht mt tng v t vung gc hoc song song vi trc
chnh ca tu v chu iu kin va p ca sng t nht. Bn ngoi pha trc v pha
sau c tm thm v tay vn cch in.
4 - Cc yu cu chung v ch trong khai thc, vn hnh
- Trong qu trnh khai thc, s dng phi gi cho bng in chnh kh ro, sch
s, khng c hi nc, nc bn vo, khng cc vt t pha sau bng in
chnh. Phi c y dng c nh ng cch in v cc dng c an ton theo yu cu
ca cc kim tra.
- Khi iu ng tu, trong trng hp cn thit phi khng ch cng sut, th s
quan in phi trc tip iu khin.
A Cu hi: Cu 6: iu kin ho song song cc my pht in ng b 3 pha. Nu
quy trnh ho ng b, minh ha bng cc h thng n quay v ng b k.
B Hng dn tr li:
+ Nu cc iu kin ho song song cc my pht in ng b 3 pha
+ Nu quy trnh ho ng b, minh ha bng cc h thng n quay v ng b k.
C Ni dung trnh by:
Khi nim:Khi 2 my pht cng cung cp nng lmg in cho ph ti trn tu
ngi ta gi 2 MF cng tc song song vi nhau. Qu.trnh a mt my pht vo lm
vic song song vi cc my pht khc gi l qu trnh ho ng b.
m bo ho ng b cc my pht phi tho mn cc iu kin sau:
1 - Cc iu kin ha song song
K1. in p khng ti ca my pht nh ho phi bng in p li:
Ukhng ti MF = Uli
K2. Tn s ca my pht phi bng tn s li: fMF = fli
K3. Th t pha cc my pht v li l nh nhau (pha R, s, T ca my pht tng
ng R, S, T li).
K4. Gc pha ban u ca in p my pht v li phi bng nhau: MF = li
2 - Quy trnh ho song song, minh ha bng cc h thng n quay v ng b k.
* Quy trnh ho song song:
- Khi ng ng c Diezel quay rto my pht, kim tra Diezel
- Ti bng in chnh, chng ta tin hnh iu chnh sao cho U0MF = Uli
v fMF = fli. So snh, kim tra bng cc ng h in p v tn s.
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- Bt cng tc la chn ch ha bng tay hoc t ng

- Bt cng tc a h thng kim tra thi im ho vo hot ng v chn thi
im ho song song.
- ng cu dao ho song song ng thi im.
- Ngt h thng kim tra ho ng b.
- Phn phi ti bng tay hoc t ng
Trong mi trng hp, phi ch sao cho in p li v tn s li khng i
* Minh ha bng cc h thng kim tra bng n quay v ng b k:
h thng n quay, khi tn s khng bng nhau, cc bng n sng ln lt 1,
2, 3 (nu fMF > fli hoc 1, 3, 2 nu fMF < fli- Thi im ho l thi im bng n 1
tt, bng n 2, 3 sng nht v sng bng nhau
Minh ha ng b k
. h thng ng b k th khi tn s MF ln hn tn s li, kim ng h k
quay cng chiu kim ng h -> chiu nhanh cn khi fMF < fli kim ng b k quay
theo chiu chm. S khc nhau cng ln kim quay cng nhanh. Thi im ho l thi
im cho kim ng b k quay t t theo chiu tin v khng, ng cu dao.
A Cu hi: Cu 7: iu kin ho song song cc my pht in ng b 3 pha. Nu
quy trnh ho ng b, minh ha bng cc h thng n tt v ng b k.
B Hng dn tr li:
+ Nu cc iu kin ho song song cc my pht in ng b 3 pha
+ Nu quy trnh ho ng b, minh ha bng cc h thng n tt v ng b k.
C Ni dung trnh by:
Khi nim: Khi 2 my pht cng cung cp nng lmg in cho ph ti trn tu
ngi ta gi 2 MF cng tc song song vi nhau. Qu.trnh a mt my pht vo lm
vic songsong vi cc my pht khc gi l qu trnh ho ng b:
m bo ho ng b cc my pht phi tho mn cc iu kin sau:
1 - Cc iu kin ha song song
K1. in p khng ti ca my pht nh ho phi bng in p li
Ukhng ti MF = Uli
K2. Tn S ca my pht phi bng tn s li: fMF = fli
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K3. Th t pha cc my pht v li l nh nhau (pha R, s, T ca my pht tng

ng R, S, T li).
K4. Gc pha ban u ca in p my pht v li phi bng nhau: MF = li
2 - Quy trnh ho song song minh ha bng cc h thng n tt v ng b k:
* Quy trnh ho song song:
- Khi ng ng c Diezel quay rto my pht, kim tra Diezel
- Ti bng in chnh, chng ta tin hnh iu chnh sao cho UOMF = Uli v
fMF = fli. So snh, kim tra bng cc ng h in p v tn s.
- Bt cng tc la chn ch ha bng tay hoc t ng
- Bt cng tc a h thng kim tra thi im ho vo hot ng v chn thi
im ho song song.
- ng cu dao ho song song ng thi im.
- Ngt h thng kim tra ho ng b.
- San ti bng tay hoc t ng
- Phn phi ti. Trong mi trng hp, phi ch sao cho in p li v tn s
li khng i.
* Minh ha bng h thng kim tra bng n tt v ng b k:
h thng.tt n, khi tn s khng bng nhau, cc bng n cng sng, cng
tt. S khc nhau cng ln th nhp tt sng cng nhanh. Khi tn s bng nhau, cc
bng n c nhp tt sng chm, thi im ho ng b khi cc bng n cng t t
tt, lchi ta ng cu dao vo li.
Hnh v:
S h thng n tt
h thng ng b k th khi tn s MF ln hn tn s li, kim ng h k
quay cng chiu kim ng h -> chiu nhanh cn khi f MF < flui kim ng b k quay
theo chiu chm. S khc nhau cng ln kim quay cng nhanh. Thi im ho l thi
im cho kim ng b k quay t t theo chiu tin v khng, ng cu dao.
Minh ha ng b k
A - Cu hi: Cu 8: Nguyn l v phn phi ti phn tc dng gia cc my
pht in ng b. Cc phng php phn phi trn tu thy. Trnh by cc thao tc
phn phi ti bng tay.
B Hng dn tr li:
+ Trnh by nguyn l phn phi ti phn tc dng
+ Nu cc phng php phn phi trn tu thy
+ Trnh by cc thao tc phn phi ti bng tay.
C Ni dng trnh by:
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1 - Nguyn l phn phi ti phn tc dng

- My pht in ng b sau khi ho song song vo li, ta tin hnh phn phi ti
- phn chia ti phn tc dng, v nguyn tc ta phi tng dng kch t ca my pht
mi c ho vo v ng thi gim dng kch t ca my pht li.
- Trong qu trnh phn phi ti, ta lu cho in p li l khng i.
- Qu trnh phn phi ti phn tc dng kt thc khi dng in ti ca hai my pht
bng nhau. IMF1 = IMF2
- Thc t trn tu thy, cng sut phn tc dng c t ng phn phi mt cch t
ng bng cch iu chnh dc c tnh ngoi thng qua b t ng iu chnh in
p v phng php ni dy cn bng pha mt chiu hoc xoay chiu trong cc b t
ng iu chnh in p.
2 - Cc phng php phn phi trn tu thy.
C 2 phng php phn phi ti trn tu:- Phn phi bng tay; - Phn phi t ng:
+ T ng iu chnh c tnh ngoi thng qua b t ng iu chnh in p
+ Ni dy cn bng bn 1 chiu hoc bn xoay chiu trong cc bT C in p..
3 - Trnh by cc thao tc phn phi ti bng tay.
phn chia ti phn tc dng, v nguyn tc ta phi tng dng kch t ca
my pht mi c ho vo v ng thi gim dng kch t ca my pht li. Thc
hin bng tay ta ng thi iu chnh tng dng kch t ca my pht mi ho vo v
gim dng kch t ca my pht li thng qua chit p phia ngoi bng in chnh.
- Lu : khi chuyn ti phi gi cho tn s v in p ca li khng i
khng nh hng ti cc ph ti ang hot ng. Trong trng hp t ng, phn phi
ti phn tc dng hoc khi trn bng in chnh khng b tr nt chnh dng kch t,
th ch thc hin nhng thao tc tc ng thay i cng sut tc dng.
A Cu hi: Cu 9: Nguyn l v phn phi ti tc dng gia cc my pht in
ng b. Cc phng php phn phi trn tu thy. Trnh by cc thao tc phn phi
ti bng tay.
B Hng dn tr li:
+ Trnh by nguyn l phn phi ti tc dng
+ Nu cc phng php phn phi trn tu thy
+ Trnh by cc thao tc phn phi ti bng tay.
C Ni dung trnh by:
1 -Nguyn l phn phi ti tc dng
My pht in ng b sau khi ho song song vo li, ta tin hnh phn phi ti:
- phn phi ti tc dng, chng ta phi tc ng vo nt n tng hoc gim du vo
ng c Diezel lai my pht. Nt n ny tc ng vo ng c sc-v, dch chuyn
im t ca b iu tc v pha tng hoc gim lng du vo Diezel. cho my
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pht nhn ti tc dng, chng ta ch vic tng du cho my pht mi ho vo, ng

thi gim du cho my pht li.
- Trong qu trnh tng, gim phi theo di tn s ca li v m bo l chng khng
thay i (thng bng nh mc).
- Qu trnh phn chia ti kt thc khi hai ng h cng sut ca hai my pht ch gi tr
cng sut bng nhau.
2 - Cc phng php phn phi trn tu thy.
C 2 phng php phn phi ti trn tu:
- Phn phi bng tay
- Phn phi t ng (T ng iu chnh c tnh ngoi nh b iu chnh tn s)
C. Trnh by cc thao tc phn phi ti bng tay.
phn phi ti tc dng, chng ta phi tc ng vo nt n tng hoc gim
du vo ng c Diezel lai my pht. cho my pht nhn ti tc dng, chng ta ch
vic tng du cho my pht mi ho vo, ng thi gim du cho my pht li.
Lu : khi chuyn ti phi gi cho tn s v in p ca li khng i
khng nh hng ti cc ph ti ang hot ng. Trong trng hp t ng, phn phi
ti phn tc dng hoc khi trn bng in chnh khng b tr nt chnh dng kch t,
th ch thc hin nhng thao tc tc ng thay i cng sut tc dng.
A Cu hi: Cu 10: Ni v my pht in ng trc. Trnh by thao tc ha song
song, phn phi ti vi cc my pht in khc.
B Hng dn tr li:
+ Trnh by khi nim v kt cu ca my pht in ng trc trn tu
+ Trnh by thao tc ha song song, phn phi ti vi cc my pht in khc.
C Ni dung trnh by:
1 Khi nim v my pht in ng trc
Trn tu quay chn vt chnh to ng lc y tu thcmg dng Diezel gi l
my chnh. Khi ngi ta trch mt phn nng lmg ca Diezel chnh quay Roto ca
mt pht in khi ngi ta gi l my pht in ng trc. My pht ng trc c
th c b tr u my hoc qua hp s v ly hp trn ng trc t diezel n
chn vt (Xem hnh v km theo).
c im ni bt l my pht in ng trc (Shaft Generator) khi diezel chnh
l loi chn vt c nh (khng bin bc) ch c a vo hot ng khi tu chy
ch ton tc trn bin, trong iu kin hng hi cho php, cn lu rng: my pht
in ng trc ch l phn ph thuc vo My chnh, cho nn trong qu trnh khai thc
khng c kh nng iu chnh tn s ca my pht (chnh xc l iu chnh tc ).
Mt khc, khi cho my pht ng trc hot ng cng phi ch l khng c
thay i tc quay ca my chnh. Khi chy my pht in ng trc, cn c lu
c bung iu khin my v trn bung li.
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My pht ng trc v cc my pht in khc ca tu khng cng tc song

song lu di vi nhau c v khi hnh trnh, ph thuc vo iu kin hng hi tc
quay ca Diezel chnh dao ng, dn n thay i tn s, dao ng ti ca my pht.
V vy, ngi ta thc hin ho song song my pht in ng trc v sau khi cho my
pht in ng trc nhn ti xong s ct my pht li ra. Hoc khi mun ngt my
pht in ng trc ra, ngi ta thc hin chuyn ht ti ca my pht in ng trc
sang my pht li v ct my pht ng trc ra khi li in.
2 - Trnh by thao tc ha song song, phn phi ti vi cc my pht in khc.
* Thao tc ha song song
ho song song my pht in ng trc vi li in, ngi ta tin hnh nh sau:
- Khi tu chy ton tc ch chy bin, ngi ta ng ly hp my pht
ng trc v iu chnh in p sao cho U0UF ng trc = Uli
- fmfdt = fli, trong trng hp tn s ca MF ng trc khng bng tn s ca
MF li (tn s nh mc) th phi thay i tn s ca MF li cho hai tn s bng
nhau (c th nh hn tn s nh mc).
- Chn thi im ho bng thit b kim tra, nh h thng n quay, n tt,
ng b k. Ho ng b xong, ct thit b kim tra.
* Phn phi ti vi cc my pht in khc.
Vic phn chia ti phn tc dng vn thc hin nh bnh thng, c ngha l
tng dng knh t ca my pht in ng trc, gim dng kch t ca my pht li
sao cho in p khng i. (thng c phn phi t ng).
i vi vic phn phi cng sut tc dng do khng c tc ng vo b iu
tc ca Diezel chnh (nhim v chnh ca Diezel chnh l quay chn vt) m ta ch
lm bng cch gim dn du (n nt gim) ca Diezel lai my pht li, qu trnh
chuyn ti thnh cng khi PMF li = 0) ton b cng sut tc dng uc chuyn sang
mt pht ng trc v sau thc hin ct my pht chnh.
nh gi: u, nhc im:
Khi s dng my pht ng trc gim c ting n, tng hiu qu kinh t tng
d tr ... nhng i hi phi c trnh chuyn mn cao khi s dng, khai thc v
ch hot ng khi tu chy bin, Mc du vy, my pht in ng trc ngy cng
c s dng nhiu trn cc tu. Ngi ta khuyn co My Trng s dng MF ng
trc khi n c trang b trn tu.
A Cu hi: Cu 11: Nhng ch khi vn hnh khai thc my pht in ng trc.
Quy trnh thao tc ngt my pht in ng trc ra khi li.
B Hng dn tr li:
+ Nu Nhng ch khi vn hnh khai thc my pht in ng trc trn tu thu
+ Trnh by quy trnh thao tc ngt my pht in ng trc ra khi li.
C Ni dung trnh by:
1 - Nhng ch khi vn hnh khai thc my pht in ng trc.
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Trn tu quay chn vt chnh to ng lc y tu thcmg dng Diezel gi l

my chnh. Khi ngi ta trch mt phn nng lmg ca Diezel chnh quay Roto ca
mt pht in khi ngi ta gi l my pht in ng trc. My pht ng trc c
th c b tr u my hoc qua hp s v ly hp trn ng trc t diezel n
chn vt (Xem hnh v km theo).
c im ni bt l my pht in ng trc (Shaft Generator) khi diezel chnh
l loi chn vt c nh (khng bin bc) ch c a vo hot ng khi tu chy
ch ton tc trn bin, trong iu kin hng hi cho php, cn lu rng, my pht
in ng trc ch l phn ph thuc vo My chnh, cho nn trong qu trnh khai thc
khng c kh nng iu chnh tn s ca my pht (chnh xc l iu chnh tc ).
Khi cho my pht ng trc hot ng cng phi ch l khng c thay
i tc quay ca my chnh. Do khi chy my pht in ng trc, cn c
lu c bung iu khin my v trn bung li.
My pht ng trc v cc my pht in khc ca tu khng cng tc song
song lu di vi nhau c v khi hnh trnh, ph thuc vo iu kin hng hi tc
quay ca Diezel chnh dao ng, dn n thay i tn s, dao ng ti ca my pht.
V vy, ngi ta thc hin ho song song my pht in ng trc v sau khi cho my
pht in ng trc nhn ti xong s ct my pht li ra. Hoc khi mun ngt my
pht in ng trc ra, ngi ta thc hin chuyn ht ti ca my pht in ng trc
sang my pht li v ct my pht ng trc ra khi li in.
2- Quy trnh thao tc ngt my pht in ng trc ra khi li.
ngt my pht in ng trc vi cc my pht khc ang lm vic vi li
in, ngi ta tin hnh nh sau:
- San dn ti ca my pht in ng trc cho my pht in khc, bng cch tng du
cho diezel lai cc my pht li.
- Chn thi im ti ca my pht in ng trc bng khng (khi P MF ng trc= 0), th
thc hin ngt cu dao t ng ca MF ng trc v my pht ng trc c ngt
khi li v c th iu chnh tc my chnh bnh thng.
nh gi: u, nhc im:
Khi s dng my pht ng trc gim c ting n, tng hiu qu kinh t tng
d tr ... nhng i hi phi c trnh chuyn mn cao khi s dng, khai thc v
ch hot ng khi tu chy bin, Mc du vy, my pht in ng trc ngy cng
c s dng nhiu trn cc tu. Ngi ta khuyn co My Trng s dng MF ng
trc khi n c trang b trn tu.
A Cu hi: Cu 12: Nhng ch khi vn hnh khai thc trm pht in tu thy khi
chun b my chnh vo man, tu lm hng v c bit l trong trng hp bt buc
iu ng tu khi ch c mt my pht in.
B Hng dn tr li:
+ Trnh by quy trnh khai thc trm pht in rong cc ch : Kh chun b my
chnh vo man, Khi tu lm hng
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+ Trnh by nghip v chuyn mn khi bt buc iu ng tu khi ch c mt my pht

in
C - Ni dung trnh by:
1 - Kh chun b my chnh vo man
- Chy thm my pht in na trc khi chun b my (vi tu chun b ri cng)
hoc trc khi chy cc ti mi, li (vi tu chun b cp cng)
- Khng n khi ng nhiu thit b in cng mt lc
- S quan in phi c mt bung my trc trong thi gian ma n
- Ch s dao ng ti v phn phi ti ca hai my pht
2 - Khi tu lm hng
- Chy thm my pht in na trc khi cp in cho cu
- Ch s dao ng ti v phn phi ti ca hai my pht
3 - Trong trng hp bt buc iu ng tu khi ch c mt my pht in.
- Thng bo cho ton tu bit mi ngi c thc s dng thit b in hp l
- C gng khng cho qu ti theo tnh trng ca ng c, my mc bng cch:
* Ct cc ph ti khng quan trng nh: My lc; Nh bp; iu ha; Chiu
sng mt s ni; Bnh nc nng; Cc cm Container lnh
* Chuyn tt c cc thit b t ch lm vic t ng sang ch bng tay.
v d: my nn kh, bm nc ngt sinh hot... lm u ti
Kim tra lin tc My pht in, Diesel theo ch chm sc c bit.
- ngh bung li ch c s dng ti neo mi v ti qun dy sau li lun phin

nhau (C th phi dng hn mt ti khi iu khin ti kia)
A Cu hi: Cu 13: Cc nguyn nhn lm st p li in tu thy, yu cu ca
ng kim v thay i in p. c s b T CA theo nguyn tc lch.
B Hng dn tr li:
+ Trnh by cc nguyn nhn lm st p li in tu thy
+ Nu cc yu cu ca ng kim v thay i in p
+ Gii thiu v c s b T CA theo nguyn tc lch
C Ni dng trnh by:
1 - Cc nguyn nhn lm st p li in tu thy
- Trong khi cc my pht lm vic c s tng dng ti (I T) t ngt hoc lin tc ca
ti nh vic ng thm cc ph ti mi.
- Do vic tng ti km theo tnh cht ti thay i nh thay i cc ch lm vic ca
ng c in khng ng b (khi c ti h s Cos ln v khng ti h s Cos nh).
- Do tc quay ca ng c s cp dao ng (do s lm vic thiu chnh xc ca cc
b iu tc).
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- Do nhit mi trng thay i, do s gi ho ca vt liu cch in v.v...

2 - Yu cu ca ng kim v thay i in p
* ch tnh Utnh % = (2,5 n 3)%.Um,
- i vi my pht chnh l 2,5%
- i vi my pht s c l 3%
Khi ph ti thay i t 0 I m vi cos = cosm. Vi tc quay ca my lai
khng c n < 5% nm. Th in p ca my pht U khng c dao ng qu gii
hn 2,5% Um. Nu cos thay i t 0,6 0,9 th s dao ng in p ca my pht
khng qu gii hn 3,5%.
ch ng Umax% = (15 n 20)%.Um
Xt c tnh in p ca my pht khi ti thay i theo thi gian

Khi thay i t ngt mt lng khong 60% Pm ca my pht th thi gian iu
chnh c tnh t thi im thay i ti n lc gi tr in p khi phc li trong gii
hn 3% um th Umax nm trong gii hn -15% + 20%. V thi gian iu chnh khng
c vt qu l,5s vi cos > 0,4. S phn b ti v cng khng u gia hai my pht
song song khng c ln hn 10% cng sut phn tc dng nh mc ca my pht c
cng sut ln nht. H thng iu chnh in p phi c kh nng gi cho U qt=Um khi
I=l,5Im trong thi gian 2 pht. Thi gian qu iu chnh khng vt qu l,5s.
hnh bn tri: Khi ng thm ti vo v khng c b iu chnh in p AVR
th in p tt rt nhiu, sau n nh li nhng mc thp hn
hnh bn phi: Khi ng thm ti vo v c b iu chnh in p AVR th
in p tt 15%, ri li qu tng ln, sau lp li cn bng 100%. Thi gian iu
chnh l 1,5 giy.
3 - c s b T CA theo lch:
- Thyristor Control - A.K.G: l mt it c iu khin c kh nng m to, nh nh
mt van iu chnh dng kch t cho my pht ln hay nh.
- D.C. field current: Dng kch t chnh
- Extemal manual trimmer: l b tinh chnh in p bng tay, t bn ngoi
- Voltage sensing: Thit b o v cm bin in p.
ch nh ti th: thct = Ut do Thyristor Control - A.K.G m nh nht.
Khi ti thay i Voltage sensing cm bin v so snh U Thc vi Ut ri a tn
hiu lch qua b khuych i. Tn hiu sau khi c khuych i s c a vo
Thyristor Control - A.K.G iu chnh in p.
Nu Uthc t < Ut th Thyristor Control - A.K.G s m to hn tng dng kch
t dn n tng u.
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Thm: u im:+ H thng c tnh vn nng, tc ng nhanh; + C kh nng phn

phi ti phn tc dng gia cc my pht in khi cng tc song song;+ C kh nng
t kch nhanh trong trng hp bo ng thp p hoc cao p.
Lu : B t ng iu chnh in p theo lch: Khi bo dng Diesel lai my pht
(c bit khi lm li c trc) th ta phi chy r vi tc thp mt thi gian, do
in p ra ca my pht thp v b iu chnh phi hot ng mnh. Do ta phi
ngt kch t ra, hoc rt chi than ra (vi MF c chi than)
A Cu hi: Cu 14: Cc nguyn nhn lm st p li in tu thy, yu cu ca
ng kim v thay i in p. c s b T CA theo b nhiu.
B Hng dn tr li:
+ Trnh by cc nguyn nhn lm st p li in tu thy
+ Nu cc yu cu ca ng kim v thay i in p
+ Gii thiu v c s b T CA theo nguyn tc b nhiu
C Ni dng trnh by:
1 - Cc nguyn nhn lm st p li in tu thy
- Trong khi cc my pht lm vic c s tng dng ti (I T) t ngt hoc lin tc ca
ti nh vic ng thm cc ph ti mi.
- Do vic tng ti km theo tnh cht ti thay i nh thay i cc ch lm vic ca
ng c in khng ng b (khi c ti h s Cos ln v khng ti h s Cos nh).
- Do tc quay ca ng c s cp dao ng (do s lm vic thiu chnh xc ca cc
b iu tc).
- Do nhit mi trng thay i, do s gi ho ca vt liu cch in v.v...
2 - yu cu ca ng kim v thay i in p
* ch tnh Utnh % = (2,5 n 3)%.U m,(- i vi my pht chnh l 2,5%; - i
vi my pht s c l 3%)
Khi ph ti thay i t 0 I m vi cos = Cosm- Vi tc quay ca my lai
khng c n < 5% nm. Th in p ca my pht U khng c dao ng qu gii
hn 2,5% Um. Nu coscp thay i t 0,6 0,9 th s dao ng in p ca my pht
khng qu gii hn 3,5%. ch ng Umax% = (15 n 20)%.Um
Khi thay i t ngt mt lng khong 60% pm ca my pht th thi gian
iu chnh c tnh t thi im thay i ti n lc gi tr in p khi phc li
trong gii hn 3% un th Umax nm trong gii hn -15% + 20%. V thi gian
iu chnh khng c vt qu l,5s vi cos > 0,4. S phn b ti v cng khng
u gia hai my pht song song khng c ln hn 10% cng sut phn tc dng
nh mc ca my pht c cng sut ln nht. H thng iu chnh in p phi c kh
nng gi cho Uqt = Um khi I=l,5Im trong thi gian 2 pht.
Thi gian qu iu chnh khng vt qu l,5s.
c tnh in p ca my pht khi ti thay i theo thi gian
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hnh bn tri: Khi ng thm ti vo v khng c b iu chnh in p AVR

th in p tt rt nhiu, sau n nh li nhng mc thp hon
hnh bn phi: Khi ng thm ti vo v c b iu chnh in p AVR th
in p tt 15%, ri li qu tng ln, sau lp li cn bng 100%. Thi gian iu
chnh l 1,5 giy.
3 - oc s b T CA theo b nhiu
Khi c s thay i in p do thay i ti th b iu chnh in p c cc thit
b cm bin theo gi tr v tnh cht ti s a v iu chnh in p ra ca my pht.
Th d khi tng ti in p ca my pht gim i, tn hiu a v lm tng dng
kch t lm cho in p my pht tng ln.Cng tng t nh vy, khi gim ti s dn
n gim dng kch t cho in p khng thay i.
S iu chnh in p phc hp pha:
PRI.l cun s cp th 1, c ni vi tr khng Reactor Coils, tr khng ny
ni vi 3 pha v c gi l cun tn hiu p
PRI.2 cun s cp th 2 - cun tn hiu dng
SEC cun th cp c u sn hnh sao v c ni n b chnh lu cun tn hiu ra tng hp.
Nguyn l hot ng:
Khi dng ti thay i:
(I U il Uth cp Ikch t Umy pht )
Khi tnh cht ti thay i:
(I U Uth cp Ikch t Umy pht )
Khi ti v tnh cht ti thay i lm cho gi tr dng ti (cun dng) v gc lch
pha gia tn hiu dng v p thay i dn n t thng tng hp thay i lm cho in
p ra ca cun thc cp thay i thng qua chnh lu dng in trong cun kch t
thay i - in p thay i ph hp.
u im ca h thng ny l tc ng trc tip vi nhiu chnh, tc ng nhanh.
A Cu hi: Cu 15. Trnh by cc khu bo v c bn i vi trm pht in tu
thy, phng php kim tra, nghim thu bo v ngn mch v qu ti.
B Hng dn tr li:
+ Trnh by cc khu bo v c bn i vi trm pht in tu thy
+ Phng php kim tra, nghim thu bo v ngn mch v qu ti.
C Ni dung trnh by:
1 - Trnh by cc khu bo v c bn i vi trm pht in tu thy
Mi mt my pht in u c trang b bo v cng sut ngc, bo v ngn
mch, bo v qu ti v bo v thp p. Cc bo v ny nhm bo v my pht in
ng thi bo v cht lng ca li in, bo v diezel.
138/341
a. Bo v cng sut ngc (RPR):

Khi my pht khng pht ra cng sut tc dng m li nhn cng sut tc dng
t li. Khi , my pht tr thnh ng c th cn phi c bo v. R le cng sut
ngc c t bng in chnh. Khi c tn hiu cng sut ngc, r le ny gi tn
hiu ti cc cu dao t ng ct my pht ra khi li.
Mt khc, khi my pht tr thnh ng c th lm cho trm pht b tng thm ti
(i vi cc my pht ang lm vic). R le cng sut ngc hot ng theo gi tr
cng sut ngc v thi gian tn ti cng sut ngc. R le cng sut ngc bo v
trong khong 2 n 15%.
b. Bo v in p thp v cao (UV/OV)
Mi mt mt pht in u c trang b r le bo v in p thp v cao t ti
bng in chnh, r le bo v in p thp v cao th thuc vo gi tr in p thp v
cao v thi gian tn ti in p thp v cao. Thit b in p nhm bo v cht lng
in p li.
Nu U 0,8.Um > Bo v thp
Nu U l,2.Um > Bo v cao
Thng thng th in p st xung cn t 60-75% th phi bo v.
c. Bo v qu ti (O.C):
Khi my pht b qu ti, nu my mi th khi 1=1,1 Im, cn khi my pht
chy lu ngy, diezel lai my pht yu, th ta c th coi khi my c dng ln hn
dng t th phi c bo v qu ti. Khi b qu ti, cc ph ti khng quan trng s
c t ng ct ra khi li, nu my pht vn b qu ti th ngi s dng ct tip
cc ph ti v tm nguyn nhn v x l tip nh t ng khi ng my pht s 2, t
ng ng vo li.
d. Bo v tn s thp v cao (UF/OF)
Nu f < 55.HZ Bo v thp
Nu f > 65.Hz Bo v cao
e. Bo v ngn mch (OCIT)
Khi dng in IMF > l,5Im th ta phi coi my pht b ngn mch v phi c
bo v. Nu 1=1,5 Im th cc r le dng cc i tc ng ctt cu dao ra khi li, tu
theo loi cu dao t ng thi gian ct cng sm cng tt. Trong trng hp th
nghim r le dng cc i phi mang v phng th nghim chuyn dng cho ngun
dng th trc tip. Cn trong iu kin trn tu, ta c th to tn hiu qu th cp
ca bin dng (hnh v sau m t cc dng bo v cho my pht in)
2 - Phng php kim tra, nghim thu bo v ngn mch v qu ti.
Trc ht cc tn hiu a vo th l gi ch khng tht, Lc my ang
khng chu ti.
a. Bo v ngn mch:
Trong trng hp th nghim r le dng cc i phi mang v phng th
nghim chuyn dng cho ngun dng th trc tip. Cn trong iu kin trn tu, ta
c th to tn hiu qua th cp ca bin dng.
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b. Bo v qu ti:
Dng mt bin dng lp song song vi dy ngun cn bo v. Bng cch iu
chnh bin tr ta t c gi tr dng bo v vi t l cho trc. By gi to tn
hiu gi th bng cch gim gi tr in tr ca bin tr R s lm tng cng
dng in ra ca bin dng. Tn hiu dng gi ny c a n Rle bo v v Rle
s ngt ngun in theo gi tr t v theo thi gian tr.
A Cu hi: Cu 16. Trnh by cc khu bo v c bn i vi trm pht in tu
thy, phng php kim tra, nghim thu bo v cng sut ngc v in p thp.
B Hng dn tr li:
+ Trnh by cc khu bo v c bn i vi trm pht in tu thy
+ Phng php kim tra, nghim thu bo v cng sut ngc v in p thp
C Ni dung trnh by:
1 - Trnh by cc khu bo v c bn i vi trm pht in tu thy
Mi mt my pht in u c trang b bo v cng sut ngc, bo v ngn
mch, bo v qu ti v bo v thp p. Cc bo v ny nhm bo v my pht in
ng thi bo v cht lng ca li in, bo v diezel.
a. Bo v cng sut ngc (RPR):
b. Bo v in p thp v cao (UV/OV)
in p li.
c. Bo v qu ti (O.C):
ng ng vo li.
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d. Bo v tn s thp v cao (UF/OF)

Nu f < 55.HZ Bo v thp
e. Bo v ngn mch (OCIT)
Khi dng in IMF > l,5Im th ta phi coi my pht b ngn mch v phi c
bo v. Nu IMF = 1,5 Im th cc r le dng cc i tc ng ctt cu dao ra khi li,
tu theo loi cu dao t ng thi gian ct cng sm cng tt. Trong trng hp th
nghim r le dng cc i phi mang v phng th nghim chuyn dng cho ngun
dng th trc tip. Cn trong iu kin trn tu, ta c th to tn hiu qua th cp
ca bin dng
2 - Phng php kim tra, nghim thu bo v cng sut ngc v in p thp.
a. Bo v cng sut ngc:
Mun kim tra ngi ta lm nh sau:
Cho my pht lm vic song song vi my pht khc, tin hnh chuyn ht ti
tc dng ca my pht khc. Khi cng sut ngc t 2 n 15 %, cu dao phi t ng
ngt ra. Nu khng ngt ra theo yu cu th phi chnh nh sa cha r le. Tuyt i
khng c ngt my pht ch bnh thng bng r le cng sut ngc. Khi r le
cng sut ngc hot ng, mun cho cu dao c th ng li vo bin phi n nt
hon nguyn.
b. Bo v in p thp:
Cch th: Cho my pht lm vic c lp v ct cc ph ti, ch li ph ti
ti cn thit cho vic lm ca diezel lai MF hot ng. Sau , gim dng kch t
gim in p, khi in p cn 50-60% in p nh mc ca MF th cu dao my pht
in c ct ra.
A Cu hi: Cu 17. Trnh by cc khu bo v c bn i vi Diezel lai my pht
in tu thu, phng php kim tra, nghim thu.
B Hng dn tr li:
+ Trnh by cc khu bo v c bn i vi Diezel lai my pht in tu thu
+ Phng php kim tra, nghim thu cc khu bo v c bn i vi Diezel lai my
pht
C Ni dung trnh by:
1 - Trnh by cc khu bo v c bn i vi Diezel lai my pht in tu thy.
i vi Diezel lai my pht in c nhng khu bo ng, bo v sau y:
- Du bi trn
+ Bo ng khi p lc du bi trn thp
+ Dng my khi p lc du bi trn qu thp
m bo chc chn, ngi ta thng chia ra lm hai cp: cp bo ng v
cp dng. Chng ta c th th nghim bng cch tc ng vo cc tip im ca r le
141/341
to tn hiu th. Cc r le ny thng c t cc nhnh ph ca ng du bi

trn vo my. i vi nhiu Diezel lai my pht, do bm du bi trn c t lai, nn
khu ny sau thi gian tr mi c a vo hot ng.
- Nc lm mt:
+ Bo ng khi nhit lm mt cao
+ Dng my khi nhit nc lm mt qu cao
Hai cp bo ng v dng my bo v chc chn. Ngi ta c th bo v
nc lm mt c bng p lc v nhit ca nc lm mt. Tu theo h thng m c
th thc hin: p lc nc bin lm mt nc ngt v nhit nc ngt lm mt my.
- Vt tc(qu tc): Khi v bt k l do g m Diezel b vt tc, bo v
diezel, ngi ta phi ct du hoc a ngay tay ga v v tr stop.
Trong thc t, c nhng Diezel lai my pht ch c bo ng cc thng s p
sut du bi trn, nhit nc lm mt v khng bo v vt tc, khi trong qu
trnh khai thc, s dng, phi c lun c bit, phi c ngi trc ca ti bung my.
Trong khi khai thc, cc thit b ny thng c ng kim hoc chnh quyn
cng kim tra, v vy h thng phi c chm sc, kim tra thng xuyn.
2 - Phng php kim tra, nghim thu.
Chng ta c gng th bng cch to tn hiu gi th, hn ch lm tn hi cho
ng c. i vi bo v p sut du bi trn v nhit nc lm mt th c 2 cp bo
v: Bo ng v dng my.
- Du bi trn: Trn ng cp du nhn t bm vo cho ng c, ngi ta
trch mt ng ng nh (ng knh khong 6 hoc 8 mm), dng ng ny li chia
lm 2 nhnh. Mt nhnh ln ng h ch bo p sut, mt nhnh i n Rle t. Trn
nhnh ny c 1 van chn du trc khi vo Rle t. Khi th ta ng van ny ri x
nt du gia van v Rle, p sut du Rle s gim dn. Nu ng c c bo v
trong trng hp ny th ta da vo gi tr t trn R le bit ng c dng bo v
khi p sut du l bao nhiu.
- Nc lm mt:i vi cc ng c c. Chng ta buc phi th tht bng cch
ngt nc bin lm mt nhit nc ngt lm mt cao dn v theo di bit
nhit no thit b bo v s dng my
i vi cc ng c hin i. Chng ta rt cm bin nhit nc lm mt ra
ri nhng vo mt bnh dung dch th. Nng dn nhit ca bnh dung dch th. n
mt nhit no thit b bo v s dng ng c.
- Vt tc:
Pha trong ca bng iu khin ng c c mt nm nh c tn: Over Speed. Ta
dng mt thanh nh n vo nt to tn hiu gi, ng c s dng.
A Cu hi: Cu 18: Trnh by cc khu kim tra p ng yu cu ca Chnh quyn
cng, ng kim i vi trm pht in tu thu.
B Hng dn tr li:
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Trnh by cc khu kim tra trm pht in tu thu p ng yu cu ca Chnh

quyn cng, ng kim : - Kim tra cch in; - Kim tra cc bo v
C Ni dung trnh by:
1. Bo v cng sut ngc (RPR):
2. Bo v in p thp v cao (UV/OV)
in p li.
3. Bo v qu ti (O.C):
ng ng vo li.
4. Bo v tn s thp v cao (UF/OF)
Nu f < 55.HZ Bo v thp;
5. Bo v ngn mch (OCIT)

Khi dng in IMF > l,5Im th ta phi coi my pht b ngn mch v phi c bo v.
Nu 1=1,5 Im th cc r le dng cc i tc ng ctt cu dao ra khi li, tu theo
loi cu dao t ng thi gian ct cng sm cng tt. Trong trng hp th nghim r
le dng cc i phi mang v phng th nghim chuyn dng cho ngun dng th
trc tip. Cn trong iu kin trn tu, ta c th to tn hiu qua th cp ca bin dng
- Khu vc my pht v my pht phi sch s, kh ro
- C t hng dn vn hnh treo bn cnh my
A Cu hi: Cu 19: Trnh by nhng quy nh chung v bung t c quy v vn
hnh khai thc c quy.
B Hng dn tr li:
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+ Trnh by nhng quy nh chung v bung t c quy

+ Trnh by nhng quy nh chung v vn hnh khai thc c quy.
C Ni dung trnh by:
1 - Nhng quy nh chung v bung t c quy
- Bung t c quy phi c thng gi v c gi gn sch s, khng to
ra tia la in hay cc ngun nhit nh ht thuc l, hn... v khi np c quy kh O 2 s
thot ra khi cc dng v kh H2 s thot ra khi cc m rt d chy.
- Trong mt bung t c quy khng chung c quy kim v axit
- Cc bng in phi c chp, cng tc phi c hp kn phng chng chy n,
khi thay bng in phi tt cng tc ngun
- Pha ngoi ca bung c quy phi c bin cm la
- Khng dng c kim loi ln trn b mt c quy, khng cc dng c
khc bung c quy
- Kim tra bung c quy trc khi n cng
2 - Vn hnh khai thc c quy.
- Phi c dng c bo h nh ng, gng tay cch in, x, go nha
- Phi thay i cc h c quy v np b sung trong qa trnh s dng
- Khng c quy b phng ht qu lu. Phi np c quy mi thng mt ln vi
dng np =1/10 dung lng
- Khng mc dung dch xung di cc bn cc, b sung dung dch thng
xuyn
- Khi pha dung dch phi dung dch vo nc ct, khng lm ngc li. Khi
nhit dung dch xung thp mi vo c quy
- Khi vn chuyn phi ch v c quy nng v c dung dch axit
- C dung dch v nc ct d tr
A Cu hi: Cu 20: Trnh by cc khu kim tra p ng yu cu ca Chnh quyn
cng, ng kim i vi h thng chiu sng s c v c quy.
B Hng dn tr li:
+ Trnh by cc khu kim tra i vi h thng chiu sng s c p ng yu cu ca
Chnh quyn cng, ng kim
+ Trnh by cc khu kim tra i vi h thng c quy p ng yu cu ca Chnh
quyn cng, ng kim
C Ni dung trnh by:
1 - Cc khu kim tra p ng yu cu ca chnh quyn cng, ng kim i vi
h thng chiu sng s c.
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Kim tra v tr lp t cc bng n s c, cht lng ui v bng n, c bit

n pha s c cquy trn boong cu sinh
Kim tra tn hiu gi th chiu sng s c (n nt th v gi c nh, khng
ch Rle in p li)
2 - Cc khu kim tra p ng yu cu ca Chnh quyn cng, ng kim i vi
c quy
- Trong mt bung t c quy khng chung c quy kim v axit
- Cc bng in phi c chp, cng tc phi c hp kn phng chng chy n,
khi thay bng in phi tt cng tc ngun
- Pha ngoi ca bung c quy phi c bin cm la
- Khng dng c kim loi ln trn b mt c quy, khng cc dng c khc
bung c quy
- Cc dng c bo h nh ng, gng tay cch in, x, go nha
- Mc dung dch v nng dung dch ca cquy.
- S lng dung dch v nc ct d tr.
A Cu hi: Cu 21. c im cu to ca ng c khng ng b 3 pha r to lng

sc. Nguyn l lm vic ca ng c khng ng b 3 pha.
B Hng dn tr li:
+ Trnh by c im cu to ca ng c khng ng b 3 pha r to lng sc
+ Trnh by nguyn l lm vic ca ng c khng ng b 3 pha
C Ni dung trnh by:
1 - c im cu to ca ng c khng ng b r to lng sc.
ng c khng ng b ba pha rto lng
ng c khng ng b ba pha
sc
rto lng sc c 2 phn:
Phn l: Stato c 3 phn: li thp,
v my v cun dy 3 pha.
- V: lm bng gang hoc thp hp kim c
tc dng tn nhit, bo v v li thp
v cc phn khc
- Li thp: gm cc l thp tn Silic k
thut in c sn cch in v c
ghp li vi nhau to thnh ng hnh tr
gim dng Fuco, dn in km nhng
dn t tt v c dc cc rnh c hnh
dng khc nhau
145/341
Cun dy 3 pha c t trong cc rnh ca li thp v c cch in vi li

thp. Cun dy c u hnh sao hoc tam gic. Cc dy c lm bng ng tit
din trn, vi ng c c cng sut ln th c th c tit din vung.
Phn 2: R to: gm c 3 phn: trc, li thp v cun dy.
- Li thp: gm cc l thp k thut in dy: (0,25 - 0,5) mm ghp li vi nhau
nh hnh v (a) bn tri.
- Cun dy: Cun dy ca r to gm cc thanh ng hoc nhm c (nu ng
c c cng sut ln) c t trong cc rnh li thp v c ngn mch 2 u to
thnh lng gi l ng c khng ng b 3 pha r to lng sc.
c im ni bt ca rto l cc thanh ng hoc nhm khng phi cch in
vi li thp. V vy, v mt cu to, ng c KB r to lng sc cu to n gin,
chc chn, hot ng tt trong iu kin kh khn trn tu nh hn nc bin, rung,
lc va p ca sng gi, s thay i nhit mi trng.
2 - Nguyn l lm vic ca ng c khng ng b ba pha.
Khi cho h thng dng in xoay chiu ba pha chy vo cc cun dy 3 pha
stator, cc cun dy c u hnh sao hoc hnh tam gic. Cc cun dy c t
trong rnh v lch nhau 120 in. T trng do cc dng in ny sinh ra l t trng
quay trn u (vi tc quay v bin khng i). T trng ct cc cun dy rto
cm ng sc in ng trong cc cun dy. Do cun dy c khp kn (dy qun
hoc lng sc) s c dng in, sinh m men lm cho rto trong cng chiu vi chiu
quay ca t trng quay vi tc :
n = 60.f1.(l- s)/p
fi: l tn s; p: s cp cc; s: trt; n: tc quay rto.
s = ( ntt - n)/ntt
ch ng c, tc quay ca r to lun lun nh hn tc quay ca t
trng quay do c ti c hc gn trn trc ng c, ma st vng bi v roto.
ng c khng ng b r to lng sc c s dng rng ri trn tu thu nh
quay tt c cc loi bm, qut gi, bm thu lc, ng m van. Cc ph ti ny
hoc ch cn mt cp, hoc hai, ba cp tc .
Mc khc, c th dng b bin tn iu chnh tc quay ng c khng ng
b v cp, cho nn ng c khng ng b 3 pha r to lng sc c s dng ngy
cng nhiu.
u im ni bt nht l ng c thch ng c iu kin bin, vn hnh khai
thc d dng, gi r.
Tuy nhin, c mt s nhc im nh phm vi iu chnh tc hp, m men
khi ng nh, kh nng qu ti km. Nhng nhc im ny v ang c khc
phc mt cch trit , to iu kin cho ng c khng ng b cnh tranh vi tt c
cc ng c khc.
146/341
A Cu hi: Cu 22: Yu cu chung khi khi ng ng c khng ng b 3 pha r

to lng sc. Trnh by phng php khi ng trc tip v c s minh ha.
B Hng dn tr li:
+ Trnh by yu cu chung khi khi ng ng c khng ng b 3 pha r to lng sc.
+ Trnh by phng php khi ng trc tip v c s minh ha.
C Ni dung trnh by:
1 - Yu cu chung khi khi ng ng c khng ng b 3 pha r to lng sc.
- Khng lm st p li in (dng khi ng nh)
- Thi gian khi ng nhanh (mmen khi ng ln)
2 - Trnh by phng php khi ng trc tip.
c im: khi khi ng trc tip th:
Dng khi ng ln: I = (5 7).Im
Mmen khi ng nh: Mk = (0,8 + l,2). Mm
Dng khi ng ln v Mmen khi ng nh l nhc im ca ng c
khng ng b 3 pha r to lng sc. Do trn tu nhng ng c c cng sut t
khong 20% cng sut ngun cho php khi ng trc tip nhng R to cng phi l
loi rnh su hoc rnh kp.
Thc t trn tu cc thit b nh: qut gi, my lc, bm... c m men cn t l
vi bnh phng ca tc quay n nn c m men cn ln. Cc my nn kh v cc
my nn lnh cng c m men cn ln
Nhm ph ti gm cc my nn kh v cc my nn lnh c c im l s
dng kiu bm piston, cho nn yu cu mmen khi ng phi ln thng c
mmen cn. Ring vi my nn kh, c th ni y l mt trong nhng ph ti quan
trng ca tu, nhm cung cp kh nn khi ng, iu khin MC, my ph...My
nn kh lm vic ch ngn hn, iu ho, my lnh lm vic ch ngn hn
lp li. khi ng phi gim mmen cn bng cch m van in t x nc i vi
my nn khi, hay c th dng ch trt ca dy cuaroa i vi my nn lnh.
c tnh c ca ng c khng ng b 3 pha r to lng sc.
3- c s minh hoa.
Cc phn t:
+ Q1: Cu dao c s dng cu ch; Cc cu ch bo v cho mch iu khin.

+ KM1: Cun ht v cc tip im ca cng tc t.
+ F1 : R le nhit bo v qu ti cho ng c v c tip im mch iu khin
+ Cc nt n Dng thng ng, nt n Khi ng thng m.
+ M: ng c KB ba pha
Khi ng:
+ ng Q1 cp ngun cho mch iu khin v sn sng cho mch ng lc.

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+ n nt K cun ht cng tc t KM1 c in s ng ba tip im mch

ng lc cp ngun cho ng c, n s khi ng v lm vic xc lp, v dng
tip im ph t duy tr v n GL sng bo ng c ang lm vic.
Dng:
Gi s ng c ang lm vic khi n nt dng cun ht KM1 mt in s

ngt in vo ng c v m tip im t duy tr ng c s dng li.
Bo v:
Bo v ngn mch, qu ti, thp p v bo v khng.
A Cu hi: Cu 23: Yu cu chung khi khi ng ng c khng ng b ba pha r

to lng sc. Trnh by phng php khi ng i ni sao/tam gic v c s minh
ha.
B Hng dn tr li:
+ Trnh by phng php khi ng i ni sao/tam gic v c s minh ha.
C Ni dung trnh by:
1 - Yu cu chung khi khi ng ng c khng ng b 3 pha r to lng sc.
- Khng lm st p li in (dng khi ng nh)
2- Trnh by phng php khi ng i ni sao/tam gic.
Phng php khi ng i ni sao/tam gic l phng php c dng rt
nhiu trn tu khi ng cho cc ng c c cng sut ln.
Trong lc khi ng ng c c ni hnh sao, sau khong (8 16) giy
chuyn sang ch lm vic di hn vi cch u hnh tam gic.
Mc ch ca Phng php khi ng i ni sao/tam gic l gim in p
khi ng i 3 ln. Khi gim nh vy th dng in chy trong cc cun dy gim i
3 ln nhng dng li in gim n 3 ln.
Nhc im ca phng php ny l mc d gim c dng khi ng nhng
m men khi ng v th cng gim theo.
3 - c s minh ha.
Ta xt s khi ng sao/tam gic ng c khng ng b ba pha r to lng sc.
Cc phn t:
+ Q1: Cu dao c s dng cu ch; Cc cu ch bo v cho mch iu khin.

+ KM1; KM2; KM3: Cun ht v cc tip im ca cng tc t.
+ F1 : R le nhit bo v qu ti cho ng c v c tip im mch iu khin
+ Cc nt n dng S1 thng ng, nt n khi ng S2 thng m.
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+ M: ng c KB ba pha
Khi ng:
+ ng Q1 cp ngun cho mch iu khin v sn sng cho mch ng lc.

+ n nt K S2 cun ht cng tc t KM1 c in s ng ba tip im
mch ng lc cho ng c ni hnh sao, tip im ph KM1 ng cp ngun
cho KM2 cp ngun cho ng c s khi ng ch ni sao v sau thi gian
tr tip im ph KM2 m ngt in vo KM1 v ng tip im cp ngun
cho cun KM3 m sau khi Cng t t KM1 m hon ton. Khi KM3 c in
s ni cun dy ng c ch tam gic v ng c s lm vic xc lp.
Dng:
Gi s ng c ang lm vic khi n nt dng cun ht KM2, KM3 mt

in s ngt in vo ng c v m tip im t duy tr ng c s dng li.
Bo v:
Bo v ngn mch, qu ti, thp p v bo v khng.
A Cu hi: Cu 24: Yu cu chung khi khi ng ng c khng ng b ba pha r

to lng sc. Trnh by phng php khi ng bng bin p t ngu v c s minh
ha.
B Hng dn tr li:
+ Trnh by phng php khi ng bng bin p t ngu v c s minh ha.
C Ni dung trnh by:
1 - Yu cu chung khi khi ng ng c khng ng b ba pha r to lng sc.
- Khng lm tt p li in (dng khi ng nh)
2 - Trnh by phng php khi ng bng bin p t ngu.
Trong h thng c dng bin p t ngu, khi n nt khi ng bin p t ngu
c in v mt in p khi ng = 65% in p li c a thng qua my bin p
vo ng c. Sau ng c s quay vi 65% in p nh mc, sau mt khong thi
gian (8 16)giy ng c mi quay vi ton b in p nh mc v ngt bin p t
ngu, qu trnh khi ng kt thc.
Ngi ta cn c th iu chnh cho in p t ngu bt u = 0 ri t t tng
ln mt cch lin tc n in p nh mc. Phcmg php khi ng nh vy gi l
khi ng mm.
3 - c s minh ha.
Ta xt s khi ng dng bin p t ngu ng c khng ng b ba pha r to lng
sc.
* Thuyt minh
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ng cu dao t ng Ql, n nt khi ng S2 dn n: Cun ht cng tc t

KM1 c in ng tip im chnh KM1 bin p t ngu u sao. Tip im ph
thng m KM1 ng li cp in cho tip im KA1 ca mch KM2 lm cho
cun ht KM2 c in ng tip im chnh KM2 trn mch ng lc v in c
a vo bin p t ngu vi in p = 65% in p nh mc a vo ng c v ng
c quay.
ng thi vi vic tip im ph thng m KM1 ng li nh ni trn th tip
im ph thng ng KM1 trn mch cun ht KM3 m ra dn n cun ht KM 3 =
0, ng c cha c cp in ton p.
Sau thi gian (8 16)giy th Rle thi gian thng ng KA1 m ra lm mt
in ca cun ht KM1 v tip im thng m KM1 lc trc ng vo by gi m
ra. ng thi tip im ph thng m KM2 lc trc cha ng by gi ng li dn
n tip im ph thng ng KM1 by gi c in, cp in cho cun ht KM3
ng tip im KM3 trn mch ng lc ng c lc ny c cp 100% in p.
ng thi khi cun ht KM3 c in n li m tip im thng ng KM3
trn mch ca cun ht KA1 dn n cun ht KA1 mt in, n m tip im thng
m KA1 trn mch ca cun ht KM2 lm cho cun ht KM2 mt in. Nh vy n
y c KM1 v KM2 u tch ra, ch cn KM3 cp in cho ng c.
Interlock - kha lin ng c vai tr m bo chc chn rng khi KM1 = 1 ng
c quay vi in p t ngu th KM3 = 0 v ngc li khi KM3 = 1, ng c quay vi
100% in p li th KM1 = 0.
A Cu hi: Cu 25: ng c khng ng b 3 pha r to dy qun, u nhc im
v ng dng trn tu thy.
B Hng dn tr li:
+ Trnh by c im cu to ca ng c khng ng b 3 pha r to dy qun
+ nh gi u, nhc im v ng dng trn tu thy.
C Ni dung trnh by:
1 - ng c khng ng b ba pha r to dy qun
ng c khng ng b ba pha rto dy qun c 2 phn:
Phn 1: Stato c 3 phn: li thp, v my v cun dy 3 pha.
- V: lm bng gang hoc thp hp kim c tc dng tn nhit, bo v v li

thp v cc phn khc
- Li thp: gm cc l thp tn Silic lc thut in c sn cch in v c
ghp li vi nhau to thnh ng hnh tr gim dng Fuco, dn in km nhng dn
t tt v c dc cc rnh c hnh dng khc nhau (hnh t v)
Cun dy 3 pha c t trong cc rnh ca li thp v c cch in vi li
thp. Cun dy c u hnh sao hoc tam gic. Cc dy c lm bng ng tit
din trn, vi ng c c cng sut ln th c th c tit din vung.
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Phn 2: R to: gm c 3 phn: trc, li thp v cun dy.

- Li thp: gm cc l thp k thut in dy: (0,25 0,5) mm ghp li vi
nhau,
- Cun dy: Thay cc thanh ng /nhm ng c khng ng b 3 pha r to
lng sc bng cc dy qun c ni sn hnh sao c 3 u y, 3 u dy ny c
ni vi 3 vnh trt, 3 vnh trt c ni vi 3 chi than, 3 chi than c ni vi 3
in tr.
2 - u nhc im v ng dng trn tu thy.
* u im: - M men khi ng ln.; - D dng iu chnh tc
* Nhc im: Cu to phc tp, trng lng, kch thc, gi thnh cao
- Vn hnh km tin cy so vi ng c KB r to lng sc. Phi ch n vn
cch in.
* ng dng: Trn tu thng gp loi ng c ny :
+ Ti neo ;+ Chn vt mi; + Thit b lm hng ; + Ti qun dy
Trn cc tu ng lnh cng sut ln thng gp cc my nn lnh.
A Cu hi: Cu 26: Trnh by cc khu bo v c bn i vi ng c khng ng
b ba pha r to lng sc. Minh ha bng s , gii thch c tnh Ampe - giy.
B Hng dn tr li:
+ Trnh by cc khu bo v c bn i vi ng c khng ng b ba pha r to lng
sc
+ Minh ha bng s , gii thch c tnh Ampe - giy.
C Ni dung trnh by:
1 - Cc khu bo v c bn i vi ng c khng ng b ba pha r to lng sc.
C rt nhiu loi bo v trong h truyn ng in m t thng c 2 loi bo v sau:
* Bo v qu ti (OverCurrent)
Cc m t c bo v bng cch kim sot nhit mt cch gin tip bng
cch o cng dng in trong cc mch ngun, phng php ny s dng cc
Rle bo v qu ti tr loi nhit, in hay in t (OCRs), trong hp khi ng m t.
H thng ny c thit k nu dng ca m t qu ln do qu ti c kh (OCRs) s
ngt li cng tc to' sau khong thi gian tr trc khi s qu nhit c th xy ra.
* Bo v ngn mch (Short Circuit)
Nu xy ra ngn mch trong hp khi ng hay dy ngun th s gy r r in
m t gy h hng hoc chy cc thit b v e da n tnh mng con ngi. ngn
nga, chng ta lp t cc cu ch trc cc cng tc t v s ngt ngun hu nh ngay
lp tc bo v cng tc t v cc thit b sau n.
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2 - Minh ha bng s , gii thch c tnh Ampe - giy.

* ng c tnh bo v qu ti (Over Current) Trn th ta c th thy:
Khi Ik = 10.Im OCR tc ng thi gian l 7,5 giy ; Khi Ik = 5. Im OCR tc ng thi
gian l 12 giy ; Khi I k = 3. Im OCR tc ng thi gian l 16 giy ; Khi I k ~ 1,4.Im
OCR tc ng thi gian l lpht
* ng c tnh bo v ngn mch (Short - Circuit): Trn th ta c th thy:
Khi Ik = 10.Im Cu ch tc ng thi gian l 4 giy ; Khi I k = 5.Im Cu ch tc ng
thi gian l 14 giy ;Khi Ik = 3.Im Cu ch tc ng thi gian l 50 giy ;Khi Ik =
2,5.Im Cu ch tc ng thi gian l 3 pht
* ng c tnh khi ng: Khi bt du khi ng, dng khi ng ln hn 5 ln
dng nh mc mt cht: Ik = 5.Im. Sau gim nhanh v n lchi khi ng c
khong 7,5 giy th Ik = Im. Do cc bo v s khng lm vic trc 10 giy k t
khi khi ng. Trong thi gian ny m t chu ti rt cao nh vy nhng do thi gian
ngn nn cng khng c vn g.
Nhn xt chung:
Ta thy cc ng c tnh bo v qu ti v ngn mch u cn mt khong
cch so vi dng nh mc ca m t c bit l bo v ngn mch nn khi m t lm
vic vi dng h mc th m bo khng c tc ng bo v
Hai ng c tnh bo v qu ti v ngn mch c dc khc nhau v ct
nhau ti mt im tng ng vi cng mt gi tr dng in: I k = 6.Im v thi gian l
10 giy nh nhau.
ng c tnh bo v ngn mch dc hn c ngha l: vi cng mt gi tr
dng in nh nhau th bo v qu ti din ra sm hn, bo v ngn mch din ra
mun hn. Hoc ni cch khc, vi cng mt thi gian bo v nh nhau (v d 1 pht)
th bo v qu ti vi Ik = l,45.Im, cn bo v ngn mch s l: Ik = 2,8.Im.
A Cu hi: Cu 27: c im ca nhm ph ti bm ly tm v qut gi. c s
iu khin qut gi bung my c o chiu.
B Hng dn tr li:
+ Trnh by c im ca nhm ph ti bm ly tm v qut gi
+ c s iu khin qut gi bung my c o chiu.
C Ni dung trnh by:
1 - c im ca nhm phu ti bm ly tm v qut gi.
Bm ly tm v qut gi c s dng rng ri trn tu thu. i vi bm ly
tm nh bm ba lt, cu ho, tng hp, bm nc sinh hot, nc bin. i vi qut
gi l cc qut gi hm hng, bung , bung my, nh bp..
c im th nht l loi ny c mmen MC cn t l vi bnh thng ca tc
, cho nn khi khi ng, n = 0, mmen cn nh. Cho nn c th p dng cc phng
php khi ng trc tip, khi ng bng phng php gim in p ....
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c im th hai l hu ht cc loi ph ti ny ch cn mt cp tc , nhiu

nht l hai cp tc , cho nn khng cn thit phi p dng cc phng php iu
chnh tc quay vi nhiu cp tc .
c im th ba l hu ht cc loi bm, qut gi u lm vic mi trng
kh khn nh: rung, lc, hi m, hi du, m v hot ng thng xuyn.
Vi tt c cc c im trn, ngi ta dng cc ng c in khng ng b rt
lng sc. Loi ng c ny khi ng trc tip hoc gin tip.
2 - c s iu khin qut gi bung my c o chiu
a/ S nguyn l:
(S 40 tp ri)
b/ Gii thiu cc phn t trong s bao gm:
ptmt 89, ng h Ampe, rle nhit 51, cu ch F1,2,3,4, bin p cp ngun
mch iu khin T, cng tc t iu khin chiu thun 88F, ngc 88R, nt n khi
ng chiu thun 3CF, chiu ngc 3CR, nt dng 3-0, cc nt n iu khin t xa,
cc n ch bo ngun v chiu thun ngc.
c/ Nguyn l hot ng:
- Bt Attomt 89 cp ngun cho h thng. n nt khi ng theo chiu thun
3CF, Contactor 88F c in v cp ngun cho ng c chy theo chiu thun.
- Dng ng c , n nt dng 3-0, Contactor mt in, tip im chnh m v ct
ngun mch chnh lm ng c dng.
- Mun khi ng theo chiu ngc li th n nt 3CR, Contactor 88R c in v
cp ngun cho ng c chy theo chiu ngc li.
-
Ch mun khi ng theo chiu ngc li phi dng ng c trc.
d/ Cc loi bo v:
-
Bo v ngn mch mch iu khin nh cu ch F3,4,1,2
Bo v ngn mch chung h thng nh Aptomt
Bo v qu ti nh rle nhit 51
-
Bo v khng h thng
A Cu Hi: Cu 28: c im ca nhm ph ti bung my. c s khi ng

ng c hai cp tc bng phng php i ni t hnh sao sang hnh sao kp.
B Hng dn tr li:
+ Trnh by c im ca nhm ph ti bung my
+ c s khi ng ng c hai cp tc bng phng php i ni t hnh sao
sang hnh sao kp.
C Ni dung trnh by:
1 - c im ca nhm ph ti bung my
* Nhm 1. Bm ly tm v qut gi.
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Bm ly tm v qut gi c s dng rng ri trn tu thu. i vi bm ly

tm nh bm ba lt, cu ho, tng hp, bm nc sinh hot, nc bin. i vi qut
gi l cc qut gi hm hng, bung , bung my, nh bp..
c im th nht l loi ny c mmen MC cn t l vi bnh thng ca tc
, cho nn khi khi ng, khi n = 0 mmen cn nh. Cho nn c th p dng cc
phng php khi ng trc tip, khi ng sao/tam gic, khi ng bng phng
php gim in p ....
c im th hai l hu ht cc loi ph ti ny ch cn mt cp tc , nhiu
nht l hai cp tc , cho nn khng cn thit phi p dng cc phng php iu
chnh tc quay vi nhiu cp tc .
c im th ba l hu ht cc loi bm, qut gi u lm vic mi trng
kh khn nh: rung, lc, hi m, hi du, m v hot ng thng xuyn.
Vi tt c cc c im trn, ngi ta dng cc ng c in khng ng b r
to lng sc. Loi ng c ny lm vic chc chn, c kh nng lm vic trong iu
kin kh khn, m t nh trong bung my, khi ng trc tip hoc khi ng
sao/tam gic, bng cun khng, bin p t ngu v khng cn iu chnh tc quay.
* Nhm 2. My nn kh, my lnh, my iu ho.
Nhm ph ti ny thng c s dng kiu bm piston, cho nn yu cu
mmen khi ng phi ln thng c mmen cn. Ring vi my nn kh, c th
ni y l mt trong nhng ph ti quan trng ca tu, nhm cung cp kh nn khi
ng, iu khin my chnh, my ph...My nn kh lm vic ch ngn hn, iu
ho, my lnh lm vic ch ngn hn lp li.
Nhm ph ti ny thng dng mt cp tc hoc hai cp tc . trong qu
trnh hot ng khng cn thit phi iu chnh tc quay.
iu khin hot ng thng c ch bng tay v t ng.
Khi khi ng phi gim mmen cn nh m van in t x nc i vi my
nn khi, hay c th dng ch trt ca dy cuaroa i vi my lnh thc phm.
ng c c s dng rng ri ngy nay vi nhm ph ti ny l ng c
khng ng b r to lng sc: Khi ng trc tip v iu chnh tc
2 - c s khi ng ng c hai cp tc bng cch i ni hnh sao sang
sao kp.
Vit thuyt minh bng tay
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A Cu hi: Cu 29: c im ca nhm ph ti my nn kh, my lnh, my iu

ho. c s iu khin my nn kh
B Hng dn tr li:
+ Trnh by c im ca nhm ph ti my nn kh, my lnh, my iu ho
+ c s iu khin my nn kh
C Ni dung trnh by:
1 - c im ca nhm ph ti my nn kh, my lnh, my iu ho.
Nhm ph ti ny thng c s dng kiu bm piston, cho nn yu cu
mmen khi ng phi ln thng c mmen cn. Ring vi my nn kh, c th
ni y l mt trong nhng ph ti quan trng ca tu, nhm cung cp kh nn khi
ng, iu khin MC, my ph...My nn kh lm vic ch ngn hn, iu ho,
my lnh lm vic ch ngn hn lp li.
Nhm ph ti ny thng dng mt cp tc hoc hai cp tc . trong qu
trnh hot ng khng cn thit phi iu chnh tc quay.
iu khin hot ng thng c ch bng tay v t ng.
ng c c s dng rng ri ngy nay vi nhm ph ti ny l ng c
khng ng b r to lng sc. Khi ng trc tip hoc khi ng sao/tam gic
2 - c s iu khin my nn kh t ng
a/ S nguyn l:
b/ Gii thiu phn t:
M - ng c thc hin; f1- Bin p h p cp ngun cho cc kh c iu khin; f 2
- Bin p v n tn hiu bo ngun; AB - Cu dao t ng, cp ngun cho h thng;
CT - Cng tc chn ch - Bng tay hoc t ng; C 1 - Cng t mch chnh; 83T R le thi gian, c thi gian tr 13 giy; (2-1)- R le thi gian, c thi gian tr 10 giy
(2-2) - R le thi gian, c thi gian tr 13 pht; 4, 2X, 1X; RY1, RY - Cc r le trung
gian; MV - Van in t x nc ng ca x ca my nn; TH - Tip im ca
Rle nhit bo v my nn khi nhit nc lm mt cao (Tip im ng khi
nhit cao hn mc t trc); PS (P3 - P4) - Tip im ca rle p lc.Tc ng khi
p lc du bi trn cho my nn thp (tip im ny ng khi p lc du bi trn thp
hn mc p lc t ); PS (P 1 - P2) - Cc tip im ca rle p lc khng ch p lc
chai gi. y l cc r le vi phn, tip im s ng khi p lc gi trong chai gim
thp hn mc t p lc thp v m ra khi p lc gi ln hn mc t p lc cao; B 4
nt n t li (Reset). Khi mt trong s cc bo v nhit nc lm mt cao hoc p
lc du bi trn thp tc ng, mun h thng my nn hot ng tr li (sau khi
x l s c) cn phi n nt ny; F3: Bin dng o lng. A: Cc Am pe k. PT: Cc
Rle nhit bo v qu ti cho my nn. C 4, C5, C6: Cc cu tr bo v ngn mch cho
h thng iu khin; K V D: Cc nt khi ng v nt dng.
c/ Nguyn l hot ng:
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Ch khng t ng: Cng tc chn ch lm vic B v tr HAND. ng

cu dao cp ngun a1 n bo c ngun 1 sng (n mu vng). n nt khi ng B 1
(hoc B2). Trong h thng iu khin s c cc hot ng sau:
Cng tc t C1 c in lm ng tip im C 1a t duy tr ngun cp cho cng
tc t C1; n 2 (mu xanh) sng bo ng c bt u lm
Rle thi gian 83T c in. Sau 13s tip im 83 Ta c ng li, a mch bo
v p lc du bi trn v nhit nc lm mt my nn vo trng thi sn sng hot
ng.
Van in t MV cha c cp in, ca x nc ng m, my nn c khi
ng ch nh ti ng thi nc ng ca qu trnh nn trc c y ra
ngoi.
Rle thi gian (2-1) c in. Sau 10 giy, tip im 2-1a ng li. Khi :
Rle trung gian 2X c in v rle thi gian (2-2) c in. Rle 2X c in lm
cho:
Tip im 2Xa ng li, cp in cho van in t MV lm ca x nc ng
ng li.
Tip im 2Xc ng li, sn sng cp ngun cho r le 2X.
Tip im 2XB m ra lm cho rle thi gian (2-1) mt ngun cp. Tip im (2-1a)
m ra. Rle trung gian 2X tip tc c cp ngun qua tip im 2X C v (2-2b).13 pht
k t sau khi c cp ngun, rle thi gian (2-2) m tip im (2-2b) ca n lm mt
ngun cp cho rle trung gian 2X. Khi tip im 2X a m ra lm van in t MV
mt ngun cp, ca x nc ng m nc ng trong my nn c x ra
ngoi.Tip im 2Xcra lm mt ngun cp cho r le thi gian (2 - 2) lm tip im (2 2b) ca r le ny ng li. Tip im 2X B ng li cp ngun cho r le thi gian (2-1).
Tuy nhin phi 10 giy sau, tip im (2.1a) mi ng li cp ngun cho rle trung
gian 2X v r le thi gian (2-2).
Khi r le 2X c in cc tip in 2Xa, 2Xc ng li v 2X B m ra. Van in t
MV c cp in lm ca x nc ng ng li. R le thi gian (2 - 2) c in
13 pht sau s lp li qu trnh t ng x nc ng nh ni trn.
Ch t ng: t cng tc chn ch v tr AUTO. n nt khi ng B1
(hoc B2). R le trung gian 4 c cp ngun lm cc tip im 4a ng li sn sng
cho h thng sn sng hot ng ch t ng.
Nu p lc trong cc chai gi ang mc cao (hight), cc tip im ca R le p
lc PS(P11 - P12) m, khng c ngun cp cho mch in iu khin. ng c M cha
lm vic. Nu p lc trong cc chai gi tt xung mc thp (Low) tip im PS (P11 P12) ng li. Ngun c a ti cng tc t C 1, cc r le thi gian 83T (2 - 1). My nn
c a vo lm vic v qu trnh t ng x nc ng din ra nh trnh by trn.
Khi p lc trong cc chai gi t n mc cao, cc tip im ca r le p lc PS (P 11 P12) li m ra lm mt ngun cp cho mch iu khin. My nn ngng lm vic. My
nn s t ng hot ng tr li khi p lc gi trong chai b tt xung mc thp.
d/ Bo v cho h thng:
- Bo v ngn mch ng lc v mch iu khin c thc hin nh cc cu ch e 1
e6
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- Bo v khng nh cng tc t C 1 ( ch khng t ng ) v r le trung gian 4 (

ch t ng).
- Bo v qu ti nh cc r le nhit PT.
- Bo v p lc du bi trn my nn thp, nhit nc lm mt cao c thc
hin nh r le p lc P S v r le nhit TH cng vi cc r le trung gian RY 1, RY2. Nu
cc s c ny xy ra RY1 hoc RY2 c cp in lm m tip in RY1b (hoc RY2b).
Mch iu khin b mt in my nn ngng hot ng. Sau khi khc phc c s
c, mun a my nn vo hot ng, ngi iu khin cn phi n nt B 4 (Reset) sau
n nt n khi ng B1 (hoc B2).
A Cu hi: Cu 30: Cc khu bo ng, bo v ca my nn kh. c s minh
ha v nu nhng ch khi khai thc vn hnh my nn kh
B Hng dn tr li:
+ Trnh by cc khu bo ng, bo v ca my nn kh
+ c s minh ha v nu nhng ch khi khai thc vn hnh my nn kh
C Ni dung trnh by:
1 - Cc khu bo ng, bo v ca my nn kh.
- Bo v ngn mch
- Qu ti
- L.O thp
- Nhit kh nn cao .
2 - c s minh ha v nu nhng ch khi khai thc vn hnh my nn kh:
a/ c s minh ha cho cc bo v:
- Bo v ngn mch ng lc v mch iu khin c thc hin nh cc cu ch e 1
e6
- Bo v khng nh cng tc t C 1 ( ch khng t ng ) v r le trung gian 4 (
ch t ng).
- Bo v qu ti nh cc r le nhit PT.
- Bo v p lc du bi trn my nn thp, nhit nc lm mt cao c thc hin
nh r le p lc PS v r le nhit TH cng vi cc r le trung gian RY 1, RY2. Nu cc
s c ny xy ra RY1 hoc RY2 c cp in lm m tip in RY1b (hoc RY2b).
Mch iu khin b mt in my nn ngng hot ng. Sau khi khc phc c s
c, mun a my nn vo hot ng, ngi iu khin cn phi n nt B 4 (Reset) sau
n nt n khi ng B1 (hoc B2).
b/ Nhng ch khi vn hnh khai thc:
My nn kh lm vic mi trng kh khn nh: rung, lc, hi m, hi nc
bin, bi, hi du, m v hot ng thng xuyn
157/341

iu khin hot ng thng c ch bng tay v t ng. Nhng khi ng
bng tay hay t ng th cng phi tun theo nhng quy trnh sau:
Khi ng > x nc (5 - 10)giy np trong (10 - 13) pht sau * x
nc ln 2 nng cao cht lng kh trong (5 - 10)giy > np tip.
Bo v p lc du bi trn thp tr (3 - 5) ng c chy t c tc to
c p sut du bi trn mi a cm bin vo mch bo v.
A Cu hi: Cu 31: th ti ca qu trnh thu ko neo. Yu cu chung ca h
thng truyn ng in neo. c s vi ng c khng ng b nhiu cp tc .
B Hng dn tr li:
+ Trnh by chc nng ca H thng Neo v th ti ca qu trnh thu ko neo
+ Nu cc yu cu chung ca h thng truyn ng in neo
+ c s vi ng c khng ng b nhiu cp tc
C Ni dung trnh by:
1 - th ti qu trnh thu ko neo.
Neo l mt h thng thit b rt quan trng trn tu thu c chc nng:
+ Gi tu neo u ti khu vc reo.
+ iu ng tu.
+ Thu th dy buc buc tu pha mi v pha lai khi iu ng
th ti qu trnh thu ko neo:
+ Giai on I: Thu on xch trng nm trn bn.
+ Giai on II: Thu on xch neo trng trong nc
Bt u: kt thc giai on I n khi mi tu v neo to thnh ng thng
ng.
+ Giai on III: nh neo ln khi bn, y l giai on kh khn nht i hi
m men phi ln. Tu theo y bin v iu kin hng hi c th thi gian thc hin
phi lu v cn s h tr ca my chnh.
+ Giai on IV: thu on xch neo trong nc, kt thc khi neo c ko ln
khi mt nc.
+ Giai on V: ko neo vo ng dn xch neo.
2 - Yu cu chung ca h thng truyn ng in neo.
+ H thng neo s dng trong mi iu kin thi tit bin + Mmen khi ng
neo ln Mk = 2Mm
+ ng c c th dng di in 30 giy
158/341
+ Thi gian thu ht neo <30 pht + Phi c t nht 3 cp tc

+ C kh nng ko 2 neo mt lc su = V su nh mc + iu kin
n gin, tin cy cao.
+ m bo chi tit kinh t.
C - c s vi ng c khng ng b nhiu cp tc .
a/ S mch ng lc:
b/ S mch iu khin:
A Cu hi: Cu 32: Yu cu chung ca h thng truyn ng in thit b lm hng.
c s minh ha ng c lai bm thy lc.
B Hng dn tr li:
+ Trnh by yu cu chung ca h thng truyn ng in thit b lm hng
+ c s minh ha ng c lai bm thy lc
C Ni dung trnh by:
1 - Yu cu chung ca h thng truyn ng in thit b lm hng.
- Ngi s dng l cng nhn ca cc cng khc nhau, cho nn thit b lm hng phi
tho mn yu cu v s dng khai thc, lm vic chc chn, vn hnh d dng.
- Thit b lm hng phi p ng c yu cu lm hng ca cng nhn theo ca, khon
thi gian lm vic lin tc, c kh nng qu ti ln.
- Thit b lm hng phi c chm sc, bo qun tt sn sng lm vic cao.
- tng nng sut lm hng, thit b lm hng phi c nhiu cp tc , iu chnh,
m, cc cp tc ph hp.
- Phi c tc thp nhc th, cng nh iu chnh khi hng chm t, phi c tc
cao khi nng, h, mc khng v tc trung bnh nng h hng.
- Phi c cc thit b bo v, ngt cui...
2 - c s minh ha ng c lai bm thy lc.
(S , thuyt minh vit tay)
159/341
A Cu hi: Cu 33. in tr cch in ca cun dy my in, cc yu t nh

hng, gi tr ti thiu cho php, cc phng php v cc lu khi tin hnh o in
tr cch in.
B Hng dn tr li:
+ Trnh by khi nim in tr cch in ca cun dy my in
+ Nu cc yu t nh hng, gi tr ti thiu cho php
+ Cc phng php v cc lu khi tin hnh o in tr cch in
C Ni dung trnh by:
1 - in tr cch in ca cun dy my in.
Cc cun dy my in l phn c dng in chy qua, cch in l s cch ly
thng qua cc vt liu cch in gia phn dn in v li thp, v my, gia cc phn
dn in ca cc pha vi nhau.
in tr cch in l in tr ca vt liu cch in. Trn tu chng ta thng
gp cp cch in F. Trong qu trnh khai thc phi gi cho in tr cch in cao
trong phm vi cho php :
+ An ton cho ngi s dng (khng b in git khi s vo v my).
+ Khng lm ngn mch cc cun dy (chy hng cc cun dy)
+ Lm mt pha nh hng n cc ph ti khc ...
2 - Cc yu t nh hng, gi tr ti thiu cho php.
* Cc yu t nh hng
Gi tr ca in tr cch in ph thuc vo cc yu t sau y:
- Bn cht ca chnh vt liu c s dng
- Nhit v m ca mi trng xung quanh
- sch ca vt liu (do b nc,du...) lm bn
* Gi tr ti thiu cho php
Stato ca my pht in ng b, ng c khng ng b, rto ca ng c
khng ng b ba pha r to dy qun, bin p 3 pha (cc cun dy ba pha):
RCD >1M; khi khai thc RCD >: 0,5 M
Ro t (phn cm) my in ng b:
RCD > 0,5M; Khi khai thc 0,15 0,3 M.
3 - Cc phng php v cc lu khi tin hnh o in tr cch in.
* Phng php o:
Dng Megam k kiu quay tay hoc kiu tnh.
Cc loi ng h o ny u c hai u ra, ta cho mt u tip mt tt, u kia
chm vo u dy cn o, hoc cho hai u vo hai pha khc nhau, tin hnh quay u
hoc n nt, gi tr in tr cch in c hin th trn mt ng h.
160/341
* Cc lu khi o:
+ Trc khi o phi th xem thit b o c lm vic chnh xc hay khng. Cch
th: Chp 2 u ra ca thit b vi nhau hoc mt u tip mt tt, u kia chm vo
u dy cn o ri n nt th Test xem kim c chy v 0 hay khng, nu c th
chng t thng mch.
+ Trn tu thng in p nht l 440 V tr bin th nh la ca Ni hi v tr
mt s tu dng in p cao hn. Khi o vi mc in p < 500V th ta thang o l
500 V nh vy s c kt qu chnh xc nht.
+ Dng Megam k o in tr cch in, khng nn dng ng h vn
nng o v s cho kt qu khng chnh xc, in p ra ca ng h vn nng ch l 9
V
+ Ch thc hin o khi my ngh
+ Trong trng hp c lu i vi cc mch in t th phi cch ly phn in
t ra.
+ Trn tu phi c nht k ghi li in tr cch in ca cc my in. Thng
thng, c ba thng mt ln phi kim tra cch in tng th mt ln.
+ i vi nhng ph ti c in tr cch in thp m ta cha c iu kin tho
ra bo dng th phi sy v kim tra cch in trc khi chy.
A Cu hi: Cu 34: Quy trnh tho lp my in, cc ch v cc khu sa cha c
kh i vi my in.
B Hng dn tr li:
+ Trnh by quy trnh tho lp my in
+ Nu cc ch v cc khu sa cha c kh i vi my in.
C Ni dung trnh by:
1 - Quy trnh tho lp my in.
* Tho my in.
- Chun b ng, dng c.
- Ct ngun in (dp cu dao, rt c cu ch cho chc chn)
- Treo bng lu vi mi ngi v cng vic mnh ang lm
- Tho cc u dy, nh du bng mu hay s hoc ch.
- Tho cc phn bo v, hp ni dy, dy mt...
- Tho khp truyn ng gia my in v my c lai, trc khi tho phi o
khe h khi lp li c chnh xc.
- Tho buloong chn my. Nhiu trng hp c cht nh v, phi tho cht nh
v ra ri mi tho c buloong. Cc l cn chn my phi nh du lp li c
chnh xc.
- Cu my ra khi v tr v a v xng sa cha
161/341
- Tho R to ra khi Stato. Tho ra t pha khp ni ch khng tho ra t pha

cnh qut. Bch ni thng lm bng gang nn trnh lm v bch.
* Lp my in
- Chun b ng, dng c.
- Ch lp ng th t: B phn no lc trc tho ra sau th khi lp phi lp
vo trc.
- Ch lp ng v tr v cc khe h nh trc khi tho ra.
2 - Cc ch v cc khu sa cha c kh i vi my in.
+ Sau khi tho Rto ra khi Stato, tin hnh v sinh s b bng kh nn
+ Dng du ra cch in ng chng loi kt hp kh nn phun vo cc chi tit
+ Ra xong bay hi (30 - 60) pht, sau sy cun dy bng l sy; bng n; in
tr dy sy. Nhit sy ph thuc vo cp cch in, c th sy ti 110C nhng
khng nng cc b
+ Sau khi sy xong cho nhit cc cun dy gim cn (60 - 80) C, nhng vo
du cch in. Du cch in phi ng chng loi.
+ Trng hp b nhim nc mn th luc bng nc ngt nhiu ln ri mi sy.
Tun th ng cc quy trnh tho lp nu; Ch khng lm h hi cho cc chi
tit, thit b i km vi my in ang sa cha; Trnh lm mt mt cc chi tit
tho ra
A Cu hi: Cu 35: Quy trnh bo dng cun dy my in, nhng ch x l khi
cun dy my in thm nc mn
B Hng dn tr li:
+ Trnh by quy trnh bo dng cun dy my in
+ Nu nhng ch x l khi cun dy my in thm nc mn
C Ni dung trnh by:
1 - Quy trnh bo dng cun dy my in.
* Tho my in.
- Chun b ng, dng c
- Ct ngun in (dp cu dao, rt c cu chi cho chc chn)
- Treo bng lu vi mi ngi v cng vic mnh ang lm Tho cc u dy, nh
du bng mu hay s hoc ch Tho cc phn bo v, hp ni dy, dy mt..
- Tho khp truyn ng gia my in v my c lai, trc khi tho phi o khe
h khi lp li 'c chnh xc.
- Tho buloong chn my. Nhiu trng hp c cht nh v, phi tho cht nh v ra
ri mi tho c buloong. Cc l cn chn my phi nh du lp li c chnh
xc.
- Cu my ra khi v tr
162/341
- Tho R to ra khi Stato. Tho ra t pha khp ni ch khng tho ra t pha cnh
qut. Bch ni thng lm bng gang nn trnh lm v bch.
* Bo dng cun dy my in:
+ Sau khi tho Rto ra khi Stato, tin hnh v sinh s b bng kh nn
+ Dng du ra in ng chng loi kt hp kh nn phun vo cc chi tit
+ Ra xong bay hi (30 - 60) pht, sau sy cun dy bng l sy, bng n, in
tr sy. Nhit sy ph thuc vo cp cch in, c th sy ti 110 c nhng khng
nng cc b v thng xuyn kim tra theo di in tr cch in.
+ Sau khi sy xong cho nhit cc cun dy gim cn (60 - 80)C, nhng vo du
cch in. Du cch in phi ng chng loi.
* Lp my in:
- Chun b ng, dng c
- Ch lp ng th t: B phn no lc trc tho ra sau th khi lp phi lp vo
trc.
- Ch lp ng v tr v cc khe h nh trc khi tho ra.
Ch : Sau khi lp xong my in phi kim tra phn in v c
2 - Nhng ch x l khi cun dy my in b thm nc mn.
Trng hp b nhim nc mn th luc bng nc ngt nhiu ln sao cho
lng mui trong cun dy my in tri ht ra ngoi ri mi sy v tin hnh cc
cng vic nu phn trn.
A Cu hi: Cu 36: Nhng yu cu chung v nhng ch khi khai thc s dng
my in (ng c, my pht) trn tu thy.
B Hng dn tr li:
+ Trnh by nhng yu cu chung khi khai thc s dng my in trn tu thy
+ Trnh by nhng ch khi khai thc s dng my in trn tu thy
C Ni dung trnh by:
1 - Nhng yu cu chung.
- Ngi vn hnh phi c kin thc vn hnh cc my in
- Vn hnh ng quy trnh vn hnh v quan tm n cc khuyn co ca nh ch to
- Dng in ti ca my in khi lm vic n nh phi thp hn dng nh mc
- m bo cch in ca vt liu theo yu cu. Hng thng phi o in tr cch
in t nht mt ln.
VD: Bng theo di in tr cch in ca ng c lai my nn kh s 1:
2 - Nhng ch khi khai thc s dng my in trn tu thy.
* m bo iu kin l mt.
163/341
Cc my in thng c tui th (15 - 20) nm. Nhng nu thng xuyn b

qu ti nhit ti 10% th tui th ca my in ch cn mt na. Do phi ch n
nhit ca my, kim tra bng tay, thay phin lc gi (i vi my pht), khng c
tho b hay lm hng cc qut gi ca cc ng c, my pht in. Thng xuyn
bm m cho cc b (nu c b tr v m) hn ch s sinh nhit
* Ch iu kin kn nc.
- Khi my in b m t, c bit b nhim nc mn th in tr cch in s rt
thp, gy nguy him cho con ngi v my mc. Do phi ch trnh nc vo cc
my in, kim tra - thay cc Gasket bng cao su kn nc cho cc my in trn cc
boong trnh thi tit ma v m.
- Trnh va p, lm hng cc cm bin, dy dn, ch ting n, nhit ca cc my
in khi chng ang hot ng
A Cu hi: Cu 37: Khi nim ch li n gin, li lp v li t ng. Trnh by
thut ton iu khin v s tng qut h thng li t ng.
B Hng dn tr li:
+ Trnh by khi nim ch li n gin, li lp v li t ng
+ Trnh by thut ton iu khin v s tng qut h thng li t ng.
C Ni dung trnh by:
Khi nim: H thng li l mt h thng rt quan trng trn tu thu. H thng dng
li tu theo hng bt k t 0 n 360 ph thuc vo yu cu trong qu trnh tu
hnh trnh trn bin.
1 - Khi nim ch li n gin, li lp, li t ng.
* Khi nim ch li n gin (Non follow-up)
- Ch li n gin ch c dng khi tu hot ng trong iu kin s c li
lp hoc li t ng khng hot ng. ch ny, v tr bnh li khng ph thuc
vo v tr tay iu khin. Khi ngi iu khin cn tc ng vo h thng th bnh li
cn quay. Ngi iu khin phi nhn vo thit b ch bo gc li iu khin.
Y = K1 .
Thut ton iu khin ch c mt tn hiu iu khin. y l mt h thng h.
* Khi nim ch li lp (li truy theo) (Follow-up)
ch li lp v tr ca tay iu khin quyt nh c v tr bnh li. Khi tay
iu khin quay i mt gc nht nh th bnh li quay i mt gc .
Y = K1. - K4.
Khi K4. = K1. th bnh li dng.
: Gc iu khin v lng; : Gc quay ca bnh li
Ni mt cch khc, khi bnh li t n gc yu cu th tn hiu a vo h
thng bng khng. y l h thng kn c phn hi m.
* Khi nim ch li t ng (AutoPilot)
164/341
- Ch li t ng ch c s dng khi tu chy trn bin trong iu khin

hng hi cho php (sng di cp 6).
ch li t ng Tu t duy tr hng cho trc. Khi tu lch khi hng i
(thng qua la bn o c) tn hiu iu khin s t ng lm cho tu tr li hng c.
Y = K1. + K2.d/dt + K3. dt - K4. - K5.d /dt
= 0 -thc, trong : 0 gc t trc hng i, thc gc thc o ca la bn
: gc phn hi bnh li
2 - Trnh by thut ton iu khin v s tng qut h thng li t ng.
* Thut ton iu khin
Trong :
= thc - t - l lch gia hng i thc so vi hng i t, so snh trn
la bn t.
K1: l tn hiu t l. Khi sai s v hng i cng ln th tn hiu iu chnh
cng ln
: Tc lch. Tc lch cng ln th tn hiu cng ln
Tng hp cc sai s nh
K4. : Tn hiu t l gc bnh li
: Phn hi gc li
* Gii thch
- KT: Phn t khuych i; THTG: Phn t thc hin; - ML: My li ; - BL: Bnh
li; - CT: Con tu ; - LB: La bn
C 2 gi tr gc li t v gc li thc t T c a vo phn t so snh.
Phn t ny s tnh ton, so snh v a ra c mt gi tr lch th hin trn la
bn t. Gi tr lch ny bao gm: T hiu t l K 1., tc lch , tng hp cc sai
s nh a n b x l trung tm. Bn cnh cc tn hiu phn hi m K 4. v phn
hi gc li cng c a n y. dt
T b x l trung tm, tn hiu iu khin c a qua b khuch i ln ri
a n phn t thc hin ( y chnh l cc van in t lm nhim v hng dng
du thy lc). Phn t ny tc ng, ra lnh cho my li lm vic, gip cho bnh li
dch chuyn v do l c con tu i hng nu lc u gc li t gc li thc
t T.
Sau khi iu chnh, bnh li v con tu li c gc T mi, gi tr gc T li c
a quay tr li phn t so snh thng qua la bn in.
165/341
A Cu hi: Cu 38: Nhng yu cu chung i vi h thng li t ng. Trnh by

cc khu kim tra an ton ca chnh quyn cng v ng kim i vi h thng li t
ng.
B Hng dn tr li:
+ Trnh by nhng yu cu chung i vi h thng li t ng
+ Trnh by cc khu kim tra an ton ca chnh quyn cng v ng kim i vi h
thng li t ng.
C Ni dung trnh by:
1 - Nhng yu cu chung i vi h thng li t ng.
H thng li l mt h thng rt quan trng trn tu thu. H thng dng li
tu theo hng bt k t 0 n 360 ph thuc vo yu cu trong qa trnh tu hnh
trnh trn bin. Yu cu c bn i vi my li t ng nh sau:
+ H thng li phi hot ng tt trong mi iu kin hng hi (sng, gi, bo, hi lu,
thay i nhit ...)
+ Phi c kh nng qu ti cao
+ Thi gian b li t 35 ny sang 35 kia khi tu chy tin ton tc vi trng ti nh
mc < 28s
+ Phi c t nht hai ch li v hai v tr li.
+ M men quay ca ng c thc hin c th thay i trong gii hn t 0 n
200%Mm
+ ng c in c th dng di in mt pht sau khi cng tc n nh.
+ Ngun in cung cp cho h thng li phi c ly trc tip t bng in chnh
theo hai ng cp khc nhau.
+ C cc bng ch dn chuyn i my li ti bung my li v bung li.
+ B ch bo gc li phi c chnh xc cao, phi c b tr t nht hai v tr.
2 - Trnh by cc khu kim tra an ton ca chnh quyn cng v ng kim i
vi h thng li t ng.
+ Thi gian b li t 35 ny sang 35 kia khi tu chy tin ton tc vi trng ti nh
mc < 28s
+ Phi c t nht hai ch li v hai v tr li.
+ ng c in c th dng di in mt pht sau khi cng tc n nh.
+ Ngun in cung cp cho h thng li phi c ly trc tip t bng in chnh
theo hai ng cp khc nhau.
+ C cc bng ch dn chuyn i my li ti bung my li v bung li.
+ B ch bo gc li phi c chnh xc cao, phi c b tr t nht hai v tr.
+ My li phi chy ngay lp tc sau khi c cp in ngun tr li nu trc mt
in v ngi iu khin cha tt my li.
166/341
A Cu hi: Cu 39: c S khi ng ng c in quay bm thy lc my li.

Trnh by cc khu bo ng, bo v ca h thng.
B Hng dn tr li:
+ c S khi ng ng c in quay bm thy lc my li.
+ Trnh by cc khu bo ng, bo v ca h thng.
C Ni dung trnh by:
1 - c s khi ng ng c in quay bm thy lc my li.
a) Gii thiu phn t :
\ M(U,V,W): ng c d b roto lng sc, P = 7,5KW, U = 440V
\ 89
: ptmt cp ngun cho h thng.
\ 88
: Contactor chnh
\A
: Ampek o dng in.
\ 51
: Rle nhit.
\ 47X
: Khi kim tra s c mt pha.
\ WL
: n bo ngun.
\ GL
: n bo ng c ang hot ng.
\ 4C
: Rle khi ng.
\ 4T,3-OX : Cc rle dng.

\ 3C
: Nt khi ng.
\3-0
: Nt dng.
\ 47Y
: Rle trung gian tn hiu mt pha.
\ 51X
: Rle trung gian tn hiu qu ti.
\ 27X
: Rle trung gian tn hiu mt ngun.
\ 88X2
: Rle trung gian tn hiu ng c s 2 ang hot ng.
\ 33LT
: Rle thi gian to tr tn hiu mc du trong kt thp.
\ FS
: Tip im cm bin mc.
\ 33LX
: Rle trung gian tn hiu mc du trong kt thp.
b) Nguyn l hot ng :
Cp ngun cho h thng khi ng ng c lai bm bng aptomat 89, khi
n WL sng bo c ngun.
Gi s khi ng ng c bm s 1. n nt khi ng (3C) ti bung my
li hoc trn bung li cp in cho rle 4C. Rle 4C c in, ng tip im 4C(1314). Nu bm s 2 ang dng tip im 88X2 trng thi ng. Ngun c cp ti
contactor 88. Contactor 88 c cp in ng cc tip im chnh 88 trn mch
167/341
ng lc a ngun vo ng c. ng thi ng tip im trong mch iu khin cp

tn hiu qua rle 88X ti bo ng c s 1 hot ng v ti kho lin ng vi mch
iu khin khi ng ng c lai bm s 2. Tip im 88X ng cp ngun cho n
GL sng bo ng c hot ng.
dng ng c, n nt dng 3-0. Rle 3-0X c cp in ng tip im
ca n cp ngun cho rle 4T.(Rle 4T v 4C lin h vi nhau v c kh. 4C sau khi
ng ch c th m ra khi 4T tc ng) 4T c in tc ng lm 4C m ra. 4C m
m tip im 4C(13-14) ct ngun cp ca contactor 88. Contactor 88 mt ngun,
m cc tip im trn mch ng lc ct ngun vo ng c ng c dng.
2 - Trnh by cc khu bo ng, bo v ca h thng my li.
a. Ngn mch:
Aptomat 89 mch ng lc; Cc cu ch: Fl, F2, F3, F4 mch iu khin
b. Qu ti:
R le nhit thng m 51 ng li lm cho 5IX = 1 c in, cc tip im ca
51X l: (13 - 14) ECC, (15 - 16) WH, (17 - 18) VDR m ra, n tt bo ng
qu ti.
c. Bo ng mt pha:
R le 47X: l mt bin dng 3 pha. Khi ng c chy th ti i xng: I A + IB +
IC = 0. Khi b mt pha th: I A + IB + IC 0 lm cho 47x = 1, tip im (T C - TA) = 1 dn
n 47Y = 1 bo ng c 3 ni.
d. Bo ng mc du thy lc trong kt trc thp:
Khi mc du thp, (F1 - F2) m ra sau 15 R le 33LT ng li, tip im (1
- 4)33LT = 1 ng li (tip im ny khng c in th ng, c in th m ra, mc du
bnh thng th m, khi mc du thp - mt in th n ng li) lm cho 33LX = 1
bo ng c 3 ni.
e. Khng ch kha lin ng:
Gi s my 2 ang chy trc ri th my 1 khng c chy hoc ngc li.
y l s ca my li s 1, Gi s my 2 ang chy trc th Rle (BI - B2)88.1X
ca my 2=1 ng li lm cho Rle 88X2 ca my 1 = 1 ng tip im (1 - 2) 88X2 = 1
dn n 4T = 1, (33 - 34)4C = 0 > My 1 = 0
f. Bo v khng:
H thng khng c bo v khng. Gi s my ang hot ng, mt in th 89
= 0 nhng tip im (33 34)4C vn = 1, khi c in tr li my lp tc chy ngay.
Cc trng hp bo ng, bo v phi n nt Auto Reset.
A Cu hi : Cu 40: Trnh by cc qu trnh t ng trong h thng Ni hi ph.
c s t ng bm nc ni.
B Hng dn tr li:
+ Trnh by cc qu trnh t ng trong h thng Ni hi ph.
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+ c s t ng bm nc ni.
C Ni dung trnh by:
Khi nim : Ni hi l mt h thng quan trng trn tu, ni hi ph sn xut
hi phc v sy du chy my chnh, phc v sinh hot hoc cc yu cu khc nh ra
hm hng i vi tu du.
-Yu cu c bn:
+ S dng an ton phng chng chy n
+ Cu to gn nh, d chm sc, sa cha.
+ Hiu qu cao
+ Hot ng tin cy trong mi iu kin
- Phn loi
+ Ni hi chnh, ni hi ph
+ Ni hi ph, ni hi kinh t
- Quy trnh t ni hi kinh t
+ Kim tra mc nc trong ni hoi
+ Khi ng qut gi thi sch kh bung t, chy bm du tun hon.
+ nh la (ti a 25 n 30s)
+ Tt bin p nh la (d t thnh cng hay khng thnh cng)
+ Khi t thnh cng tng du, tng gi, thng xuyn kim tra p sut ni hi,
thng bo t ni hi bng tay.
+ Khi t khng thnh cng tt van du, thng l, bo ng.
1- Cc qu trnh t ng trong h thng Ni hi ph
C ba qu trnh t ng c lp ln nhau, l:
+ Qu trnh t ng bm nc vo ni hi
+ Qu trnh t ng sy du trc khi t
+ Qu trnh t ng t
+ Qu trnh t ng kim tra, gim st, bo ng v bo v.
qu trnh t ng bm nc vo ni hi: Lnh bm khi mc nc gim ti
mc quy nh, lnh bm vn tip tc khi t mc nc t trn dng bm.
Lnh sy du: Lnh sy khi nhit du gim ti mc quy nh, lnh sy vn
tip tc khi t nhit t trn dng sy, hot ng ph thuc vo im t nhit
sy.
2 - c s t ng bm nc ni hi.
(cc s trang 1; 2; 3; 10; 11; 12/14 - tp bn v ni hi)
Thuyt minh:
Trang 1/14:
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- BTP: Bm nc tun hon cho Ni hi kinh t

- WP-1; WP-2: Cc bm nc cp. Khng ch 2 bm ny l cc Rle trung
gian R88WX1 v R88WX2. MC88Wlv MC88W2 l cc tip im chnh ca cc
Rle R88W1 v R88W2.
- Trang 2/14: Bm nc tun hon cho Ni hi kinh t
88CP1; 88CP2: Cc Rle ca cc bm nc tun hon
CTT: Cc Rle thi gian iu khin cc bm Cir.Pump (thng t 6 ting).
SS43CP: Cng tc xoay la chn chy bm s 1 hay s 2.
Trang 3/14: Bm nc cp cho Ni hi ph 88W1; 88W2: Cc Rle ca cc
bom nc cp SS43W: Cng tc xoay la chn chy bng tay hay t ng.
SS43WA: Cng tc xoay la chn chy bm s 1 hay s 2
Trang 12/14:Mch t ng bm nc Ni hi v cc mc nc.
Cc mc nc:
S: Dng bm
M: Khi ng bm
L: Bo ng mc nc thp
LL: Bo ng mc nc rt thp, dng t, khng cho t k c t bng tay.
LM1-200: Hp cc que in cm bin mc nc
Cc bm nc u hot ng c lp vi qu trnh t Ni nhng phi nc
th mi t c.
By gi gi s chn chy t ng v cho bm cp nc Ni hi ph s 1 chy
(bn v s 3).
Khi mc nc thp n mc bm M th LM1-200 - mch Y171 (bn v s 12)
cm bin a ra tn hiu bm vo SEQUENCER INPUT UNIT. B ny a cc tn
hiu sang b SEQUENCER OUTPUT UNIT No.2, tip im 10100 bn v s 10
c in, Rle RWX1 ct 9 - bn v s 10 c in th tip im ca n ct 11 (bn
v s 3) ng dn n Rle 88W1 = 1 ct 9 (bn v s 3) c in, bom WP-1 ct 3
bn v 1/14 chy.
ng thi bm WP-1 ct 3 bn v 1/14 chy s a tn hiu n ng tip
im 88WX1 ct 14 trang 3 lm cho n GL sng xanh bo bm chy
Khi mc nc cao n mc s dng bm th LM1-200 - mch Y170 (bn v s
12) cm bin a ra tn hiu bm vo SEQUENCER INPUT NIT. B ny a cc
tn hiu sang b SEQUENCER OUTPUT UNIT No.2, tip im 10100 bn v s
10 mt in, Rle RWX1 ct 9 - bn v s 10 mt in th tip im ca n ct 11
(bn v s 3) m dn n Rle 88W1 = 0 ct 9 (bn v s 3) mt in, bm WP-1
ct 3 bn v 1/14 dng.
A Cu hi: Cu 41: Trnh by cc qu trnh t ng trong h thng Ni hi ph.
c s t ng hm du.
B Hng dn tr li:
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+ Trnh by cc qu trnh t ng trong h thng Ni hi ph.

+ c s t ng hm du
C Ni dung trnh by:
1 - Cc qu trnh t ng trong h thng Ni hi ph
C ba qu trnh t ng c lp ln nhau, l:
+ Qu trnh t ng bm nc vo ni hi
+ Qu trnh t ng sy du trc khi t
+ Qu trnh t ng t
+ Qu trnh t ng kim tra, gim st, bo ng v bo v.
2 - c s t ng hm du.
(cc s trang 1; 5; 7; 9; 10/14 - tp bn v ni hi)
Thuyt minh:
Trang 1/14, ct 9:
QH: Hm du. MC88H l tip im chnh ca Cng tc t 88H.
Trang 5/14, ct 9:
B iu khin hm du.
Trang 7/14, ct 9:
SS43H: Cng tc xoay bt/tt hm du; 88H: cng tc t; SS43H: Cng tc xoay
bt/tt hm du.
Trang 9/14. ct 17:
RL-9: Nhit du cao.
trang 7 v 9 ta xoa cng tc la chn SS43H v v tr C: hm du (nu dng
du nng). Lu l bt k hm du bng tay hay t ng th cng u phi chy bm
du.Khi nhit qu cao th Rle 23 T ca b iu chnh nhit ct 10 trang 5 m
ra tip im (4 - 5)23T ct 9 trang 9/14 ca Rle 23 T m ra -> Rle 88H = 0
> mt in, tip im chnh MC88H ct 7 trang lm ra bu hm OH mt in ngt
in tr sy. ng thi n RL-9 ct 17 trang 10 sng bo ng v tip im (3 28B) ct 12 trang 8/14 ng, chung ku bo ng.
Khi nhit du gim xung n di gi tr nhit t dng hm nhng
vn cao hn nhit bt u hm th Rle 23T bn v 8/14 ng li nhng 23T
vn cha ng do 88QH vn cha c in, cha hm li.
Khi nhit du gim xung n di gi tr nhit t bt u hm th
Rle 23 T b iu chnh nhit ct 10 trang 5 ng li, tip im (4 5)23T
ct 9 trang 9/14 ca n ng li Rle 88H = 1 c in tr li, tip im chnh
MC88H ct 7 trang lng vo, bu hm OH c in sy li.
A Cu hi: Cu 42: c s t Ni hi bng tay v nhng ch trong khai thc
s dng.
B Hng dn tr li:
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+ c s t Ni hi bng tay.
+ Trnh by nhng ch trong khai thc s dng.
C Ni dung trnh by:
1 - c s t Ni hi bng tay.
(cc s trang 5; 6; 9/14 - tp bn v ni hi)
- Quy trnh t bng tay:
Bc 1: Chy bm du v hm du (F.O Pump and Heater).
SS88Q = 1 th Rle 43BX2 c in > trang 9/14 ct: 7, 9, 18, 23 = 1
Trang 9 ct 7 v 9: Rle 43BX2 = 1. Nu nhit du vn thp th 23 T vn
ng > 88H = 1 vn hm du ng thi 88Q = 1 chy bm tun hon ( sy l
phi chy bm).
Trang 9 ct 18: Rle 43BX2 = 1 > Rle PMX = 1 sn sng cho vic chy
bm du mi.
Trang 9 ct 23: Rle 43BX2 = 1 > sn sng ng van du mi
Bc 2: Chy qut gi
SS88F = 1 th Rle 88F bn v 9/14 ct 12 c in chy qut gi. i 35
giy.
Bc 3: nh la.
SSIGT = 1 th Rle IGX bn v 9/14 ct 13 = 1 nh la dn n cc s kin:
Trang 5 ct 19: Rle 20VL = lc in
Trang 9 ct 19: Rle PMX = 1 ng tip im PMX ct 12 trang 5/14 lm
cho bm mi PM hot ng.
- Trang 9 ct 24: Rle 20VPX = 1 lm cho van in t 20VP1 = 1 trang 5 ct
15, van mi m
Bc 4: t trc (t mi).
L giai on qu t t mi sang t chnh. Lc ny vn cn nh la v t
bng du mi (mi c 5 giy) v du chnh cng bt u c phun vo.
SS20V = 1 c in nhng cn phi tha mn cc iu kin sau y:
33 WLLX = 1: mc nc trong Ni hi khng qu thp
63 sx = 1: p sut hi trong Ni khng qu cao
FRX = 1: Mt thn bo: t mi thnh cng
TSX = 1: Nhit ng thp
Cc iu kin ny u tha mn dn n Rle 20VLX = 1 ct 15 trang 9 c
in dn n tip im 20VLX ct 18 trang 5 ng lm cho Rle 20VL = 1 cng
ct 18 c in, m van du chnh v chuyn sang t chnh.
Sau t bng du chnh, chy thnh cng ri nn tt van du mi, nh la
v bm du mi.
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2 - Nhng ch trong khai thc s dng.

Tun th mi quy trnh vn hnh, bo dng Ni hi ca nh ch to
Khi buc phi vn hnh Ni hi bng tay phi ch n: p sut hi, mc nc
trong ni v phng Ni hi c th b tt t ngt th phi kp thi pht hin
nhanh chng tt van du, nu khng khi t li c th vi lng du phun rt
nhiu vo trong bung t s gy n rt ln. Khi Ni hi b chy hoc n th s gy
nhng hu qu ht sc nghim trng.
Thng xuyn x l nc Ni hi: cho ha cht, gn mt, x y nc ni,
m bo cht lng nc s hn ch cu cn bm vo thnh ng, c nh vy mi hn
ch c ng sut c v ng sut nhit, ko di tui th cho ng v tng kh nng trao
i nhit, sinh hi ca Ni hoi.
Thng xuyn thi mui, nh k v sinh pha la cho ng Ni hi hn ch s
bm mui ng hn ch c ng sut c v ng sut nhit, ko di tui th cho ng v
tng kh nng trao i nhit, sinh hi ca Ni hi.
Cc van an ton ca Ni hi t khi hot ng, li c t trong mt mi trng
c nhit v m cao nn rt d b kt. Do thnh thong phi vn hnh n bng
cch ko cn gt ln ri h xung vi ln.
A Cu hi :Cu 43: Gii thch chng trnh thi gian t Ni hi t ng. c s
minh ha.
B Hng dn tr li:
+ Gii thch chng trnh thi gian t Ni hi t ng.
+ c s minh ha.
C Ni dung trnh by:
1 - Gii thch chng trnh thi gian t ni hi t ng.
+ Cc cng vic chun b xong, n nt PB - 3-4B t Ni hi ch t
ng. Sau khi n nt th: Qut gi, bm du mi v hm du u t ng lm vic.
Qut gi chy qut sch kh co v C02 trong l.
+ Sau khi qut gi bt u chy c khong thi gian l: (30 35) giy th
nh la. Thi gian nh la: Ti a l 8 giy d c t thnh cng hay khng.
+ Sau khi bt u nh la c 5 giy th van du mi m ra, phun du vo
bung t. Thi gian phun du mi l: 12 giy th ng li d c t thnh cng hay
khng.
+ Sau khi bt u m van du mi c 7 giy th van du chnh m. Nu t
thnh cng th sau van du chnh vn tip tc m
+ ng thi vi vic m van du mi th mt thn cng lm vic xc nh
vic t c thnh cng hay khng.
Trng hp t thnh cng:
S chy din ra sau cho n lchi p lc hi trong Ni t n gi tr t
trc th s t ng ngt van du chnh - dng t, mt la ngay lp tc cng dng
cm bin nhng qut gi vn tip tc chy thm (30 - 35) giy na mi dng.
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Khi p sut hi gim n gi tr t trc, Ni hi li t ng chy li. Chng

trnh lp li nh trn trnh by.
Trng hp t khng thnh cng:
Sau khi van du mi m c 3,5 giy m mt thn khng cm bin thy la
th k t y c 3 vic ng thi din ra:
+ a ra bo ng: ci lin tc v n nhp nhy
+ S khng m van du chnh
+ Qut chy thm 35 giy na th dng li
Sau khi a ra bo ng li t th: Tt chung v n sng lin tc (cng c
ngha l sau khi van du mi m c 7 giy)
Sau mt khong thi gian, ngi vn hnh n nt Reset hon nguyn v k
t qut gi li chy li t Ni hi theo chng trnh nu trn.
B - c s minh ha thi gian t ni hi.
A Cu hi : Cu 44: Trnh by cc khu bo ng, bo v Ni hi. c s minh
ha.
B Hng dn tr li:
+ Trnh by cc khu bo ng, bo v Ni hi.
+ c s minh ha.
C Ni dung trnh by:
1 - Trnh by cc khu bo ng, bo v Ni hi.
+ Mc nc thp qu cho php bo ng > ct in h thng iu khin
k c iu khin bng tay cng khng thc hin c.
+ Mc nc thp: bo ng -> bm nc
+ Mc nc cao -> bo ng, dng bm nc.
+ Khi t khng thnh cng v bt k l do g.
+ L tt
+ p sut hi qu cao
+ Qut gi khng chy
+ Nhit hm du qu cao
+ Nhit hm du thp
+ Nhit ng qu cao
+ Khng nh la c
2 - c s minh ha.
* c s bo v mc nc thp
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- i vi t bng tay:
Nu mc nc trong ni qu thp th Rle 33WLLX ca thit b cm bin mc
nc ct 11 trang 7 s a tn hiu m tip im ca n l: 33WLLX ct 14 trang
9 dn n Rle 20VLX ct 15 trang 9 khng th c in nn khng th ng tip
im ca n l: 20VLX ct 18 trang 5 lm cho le 20VL = 0, khng th m c
van du chnh, khng t chnh c.
- i vi t t ng:
Hp cc que thm mc LM1 - 200 trang 12 a cc tn hiu v mc nc (S,
M, L, LL) ln b sp xp cc thng tin a vo SEQENCER INPUT NIT . B
ny a cc tn hiu sang b SEQUENCER OTPT UNIT No.2 trang 10 -
cn c rt nhiu cc tn hiu bo v khc. Mi tn hiu ny - trong c tn hiu bo
v mc nc rt thp s lm cho Rle AX2 (Bumer cut) = 1 ct 4 trang 11 c in.
Rle ny s m tip im AX2 ca n ct 3 trang 6/14 ngt ngun ca mch t t
ng khng t c.
* c s bo v do mt thn khng thy la
Khi mt thn Cds ca thit b FLAME DETECTOR trang 6/14 khng thy c
la trong bung t lm cho Rle FR vn khng c in, tip im FR ct 12 trang
6/14 vn m, Rle trung gian FRX = 0 khng c in dn n:
- n bo COMBUSTION GL ct 8 trang 4 khng sng
- Tip im FRX ct 19 trang 7 vn m
- Tip im FRX ct 16 trang 9 vn m khng cho t bng tay
- Tip im FRX ct 4 trang 11 vn m khng cho t t ng
* i vi t bng tay:
Tip im FRX ct 16 trang 9 vn m nn Rle 20VLX ct 15 trang 9
khng c in m cho Rle 20VL khng c in khng m c van du chnh>
khng t c.
* i vi t t ng:
COMBUSTION l mt trong nhng hng mc ca TOTAL ALARM Rle AX
ct 23 trang 10 c in dn n Rle AX2 (Bumer cut) = 1 ct 4 trang 11 c in.
Rle ny s m tip im AX2 ca n ct 3 trang 6/14 ngt ngun ca mch t t
ng khng t c.
A Cu hi : Cu 45: Trnh by tng quan h thng t ng kim tra trn tu thu.
Nu cc yu cu chung, cng tc kim tra h thng theo cng c quc t.
B Hng dn tr li:
+ Trnh by tng quan h thng t ng kim tra trn tu thu
+ Nu cc yu cu chung, cng tc kim tra h thng theo cng c quc t
C Ni dung trnh by:
1 - H thng t ng kim tra tu thu.
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H thng t ng kim tra cc thng s ca tu thu l h thng m cc thng

s chnh ca tu u c a n trung tm x l thng tin.
- Chc nng:
+ nh gi kh nng lm vic ca i tng thng qua cc thng s ca n
+ Xc nh nhanh chng thng s v mc s c, bo ng
+ iu khin qu trnh t ng bo v i vi cc thng s quan trng
+ Thng bo tn hiu i vi ngi vn hnh
+ Cho li khuyn, hng dn x l
- Cc thng s cn kim tra trn tu thu:
+ Cc thng s ca my chnh: Nhit kh x, vng quay, p sut du bi
trn, nhit nc lm mt...
+ Cc thng s ca Diesel lai my pht: Nhit kh x, vng quay, p sut du
bi trn, nhit n'c lm mt...
+ Cc thng s ca Ni hi: p sut hi, nhit du t, mc nc Ni.
+ Cc thng s ca My nn kh: Nhit , p sut ca kh nn, p sut hoc
mc du bi trm .
+ Cc thng s ca My li: Gc li ..
+ Cc thng s kt du
+ Cc thng s ca mc nc la canh.
2 - Cc yu cu chung.
+ Tnh chnh xc cao: Bo ng khng nhm ln, khng c bo ng gi do
nhiu gy ln, thng s bo ng phi nm trong phm vi cho php.
+ Tnh lin tc: H thng bo ng v d bo c th c mt vi thng s c
khng nh ( bo ng) th cc thng s cn li vn hot ng bnh thng trng
thi sn sng (cc nt set, reset).
+ Kt cu n gin, gn nh: Nh k thut in t, s, my tnh m cc h
thng kt cu n gin, tp trung
+ Thun tin kim tra trong mi iu kin: khi kim tra trng thi sn sng hot
ng ca h thng ch cn nt test. C 2 nt test n, ci v test h thng.
3 - Cng tc kim tra h thng theo cng c quc t.
V d i vi thit b cm bi bo ng mc nc la canh bung my:
- Ch ra c v tr cc h la canh, cc phao cm bin
- To tn hiu bo ng gi bng cch nng - h cc qu phao xem c bo ng
khi nng qu phao v tt bo ng khi h qu phao hay khng.
A Cu hi : Cu 46: Trnh by yu cu chung i vi h thng phn ly du nc v
cng tc kim tra h thng theo quy c quc t.
B Hng dn tr li:
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+ Trnh by yu cu chung i vi h thng phn ly du nc

+ Cng tc kim tra h thng phn ly du nc theo quy c quc t
C Ni dung trnh by:
1 - Yu cu chung i vi h thng phn ly du nc.
+ C kh nng lc sch p ng cc tiu chun quc t v nng du trong
nc thi qua mn
+ p ng c cc tiu chun ring ngt ngho hn na (nu c) ca Chnh
quyn cc cng m tu n hoc Chnh quyn cc a phng m tu i qua.
+ Hot ng chnh xc, tin cy.
2 - Cng tc kim tra h thng theo quy c quc t.
Cc c quan ng kim hoc Chnh quyn cng s kim tra i vi h thng
bo chy theo cc hng mc nh sau:
H thng c hot ng hay khng v hot ng ng quy trnh hay khng.
Khi th hot ng thit b c bo ng hay khng
Khi c bo ng th: bm c dng hay khng ; Van in t c m x du v
kt cha hay khng
Ngoi ra nu thy cn thit th nhn vin kim tra cn yu cu ly mu nc
sau thit b phn ly xem c ng l cht lng nc sau khi phn ly c m bo hay
khng, thm ch h yu cu tho on ng sau thit b phn ly ra kim tra sch
bn trong ng nh gi qu trnh lm vic trc y ca thit b
A Cu hi : Cu 47: Trnh by yu cu chung i vi h thng bo chy v cng tc
kim tra h thng theo quy c quc t.
B Hng dn tr li:
+ Trnh by yu cu chung i vi h thng bo chy
+ Cng tc kim tra h thng bo chy theo quy c quc t
C Ni dung trnh by:
1 - Yu cu chung i vi h thng bo chy.
- Phi c y s lng v chng loi cc thit b bo chy nh: Bo theo
khi v theo nhit v theo nh sng.
- Cc thit b phi hot ng chnh xc tin cy
- Phi c bng bo chy cc v tr:
Bung iu khin
Trn li i xung bung my
Bung bm cu ha
- Bo c v tr c chy. bung my nhng v tr sau y c trang b cc

thit b bo chy: + My chnh
+ My pht
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+ Ni hi
+ My lc du
+ Bng in chnh
+ Bung My li
+ Kho xng
2 - Cng tc kim tra h thng theo quy c quc t.
Cc c quan ng kim hoc Chnh quyn cng s kim tra i vi h thng
bo chy theo cc hng mc nh sau:
+ Ch ra v tr lp t cc thit b bo chy
+ cc v tr ny thc t c cc thit b bo chy hay khng
+ Th xem nu c th cc thit b ny c hot ng hay khng.
Th ti bung trung tm: Th mt ngun, bo chy bng cch to tn hiu gi
xem h thng c bo ng hay khng
- Th tht: Dng thit b chun chuyn dng to nhit v to khi t st vo
thit b. Nu khng c thit b chuyn dng nh vy th phi dng iu thuc ang
chy thay th nhng phi ch an ton, phng chy tht.
A Cu hi : Cu 48: Trnh by chc nng, nhim v, yu cu chung i vi h
thng tay chung truyn lnh. c s h thng tay chung truyn lnh.
B Hng dn tr li:
+ Trnh by chc nng, nhim v, yu cu i vi h thng tay chung truyn lnh
+ c s h thng tay chung truyn lnh
C Ni dung trnh by:
1 - Chc nng, nhim v: Dng truyn v tr li lnh iu khin gia bung li bung my - bung li v ngc li v cc ch cng tc ca my chnh trn tu.
2 - Yu cu: Truyn lnh phi chnh xc, r rng, dt khot.
3 - c s h thng.
- H thng tay chung truyn lnh gm 2 h thng Sensin:
- h thng th nht: Sensin t bung li gn vi tay truyn lnh l mt Sensin
pht. Sensin thu gn vi kim ch lnh ca tay chung truyn lnh bung my.
- h thng th hai: Sensin pht t bung my gn vi tay tr li lnh. Sensin thu
gn vi kim ch lnh m bung my thc hin bung li.
- Gi s bung li ra lnh HALF AHEAD kim ca Sensin thu bung my cng
chuyn v HALF AHEAD. Lc ci ku v n sng.
Khi bung my tr li nhn lnh, nh tay trang Sensin thu ca bung my
v HALF AHEAD, kim ch th ca Sense thu bung li v HALF AHEAD th n tt
v ci khng ku.
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A Cu hi: Cu 49: Trnh by cng tc qun l nghip v chuyn mn ca s quan

mc qun l (my trng) i vi S quan in. Yu cu i vi i vi S quan in
khi tu iu ng v hnh trnh.
B Hng dn tr li:
+ Trnh by cng tc qun l nghip v chuyn mn ca s quan mc qun l (my
trng) i vi S quan in
+ Nu yu cu i vi i vi S quan in khi tu iu ng v hnh trnh.
C Ni dung trnh by:
1 - Trnh by cng tc qun l nghip v chuyn mn ca s quan my mc qun
l (My trng) i vi S quan in.
S quan in tu thu l thnh vin ca b phn my. v chuyn mn, s quan
in chu s lnh o trc tip ca My trng. My trng chu nhim php l v
hnh vi ca s quan in. Lnh o s quan in v chuyn mn
+ S quan in phi chu trch nhim ph trch ton b phn in trn tu, gm cc h
thng in trn boong, di bung my, thit b chiu sng, h thng cung cp in ...
+ My trng phn cng v tr lm vic ca S quan in khi tu iu ng trong
trng hp c bit.
+ S quan in phi lp k hoch sa cha khi vo , phi lp k hoch mua d tr
vt t thay th v trnh my trng duyt.
+ Theo di sa cha phn in khi tu vo sa cha.
+ Phi k bin bn nghim thu sau trnh My trng k duyt.
+ Phi c k hoch kim tra cc h thng in sn sng cho cc t kim tra.
+ Phi ghi nht k phn in.
- C th: + Khi tu lm hng, phi c mt tu, trong trng hp c bit phi
c s ng ca My trng ; + Tt c mi t phi c My trng thng
qua ; + Trc mi chuyn i bin phi bo cho My trng bit trc 02 gi v tnh
hnh thit b in.
2 - Yu cu i vi i vi S quan in khi tu iu ng, hnh trnh
* Khi tu iu ng
+ Khi iu ng tu, s quan in phi c mt bung my thc hin phn phi
in, ho song song, theo di cc my pht in, ng c in v cc thit b in khc
+ My trng phn cng v tr lm vic khi tu iu ng trong trng hp c bit
nh : n bung li, bung my li, ti neo...
* Khi tu hnh trnh
+ Hng ngy phi lm vic theo thi gi hnh chnh nhng vn phi sa cha s c
theo yu cu trong bt k thi gian no.
+ Lp k hoch, chun b dng c phng tin cho vic sa cha cho cc thit b mnh
qun l trong thi gian tu cng sp n
179/341
A Cu hi : Cu 50: Trnh by cng tc qun l nghip v chuyn mn ca s quan

qun l (My trng) i vi S quan in. Yu cu i vi i vi s quan khi tu sa
cha v chun b hnh trnh.
B Hng dn tr li:
+ Trnh by cng tc qun l nghip v chuyn mn ca s quan mc qun l (my
trng) i vi S quan in
+ Nu yu cu i vi i vi s quan khi tu sa cha v chun b hnh trnh.
C Ni dung trnh by:
1 - Trnh by cng tc qun l nghip v chuyn mn ca s quan my qun l
(My trng) i vi S quan in.
S quan in tu thu l thnh vin ca b phn my. v chuyn mn, s quan
in chu s lnh o trc tip ca My trng. My trng chu nhim php l v
hnh vi ca s quan in. Lnh o s quan in v chuyn mn
+ S quan in phi chu trch nhim ph trch ton b phn in trn tu, gm cc h
thng in trn boong, di bung my, thit b chiu sng, h thng cung cp in ...
Mi quan h phi c my trng thng qua, gii quyt.
+ My trng phn cng v tr lm vic ca S quan in khi tu iu ng trong
trng hp c bit.
+ S quan in phi lp k hoch sa cha khi vo , phi lp k hoch mua d tr
vt t thay th v trnh my trng duyt.
+ Theo di sa cha phn in khi tu vo sa cha.
+ Phi k bin bn nghim thu sau trnh My trng k duyt.
+ Phi c k hoch kim tra cc h thng in sn sng cho cc t kim tra.
+ Phi ghi nht k phn in.
- C th:
+ Khi tu lm hng, phi c mt tu, trong trng hp c bit phi c s ng
ca My trng.
+ Tt c mi t phi c My trng thng qua.
+ Trc mi chuyn i bin phi bo cho My trng bit trc 02 gi v tnh hnh
thit b in.
2 - Yu cu i vi i vi S quan in khi tu sa cha v chun b hnh trnh
* Khi tu sa cha :
+ Theo di sa cha v nghim thu phn in khi tu vo sa cha.
+ Hng ngy phi lm vic theo thi gi hnh chnh nhng vn phi sa cha
s c theo yu cu trong bt k thi gian no.
* Khi tu chun b hnh trnh :
+ Kim tra n hnh trnh, kh nng cung cp in cho cc thit b: Neo, li, tay
chung truyn lnh, in thoi, c quy, kh nng ha song song n cc my pht, tnh
trng ca cc n hnh trnh, n chy lung.
180/341
+ Kim tra cc h thng t ng bung my v a v ng ch cng tc.

+ Trc mi chuyn i phi bo cho My trng bit trc 02 gi v tnh hnh
thit bi in.
+ Phi m bo cc thit b in trng thi sn sng hot ng.
181/341
IV. MN T NG
Cu hi 1:
Hy ni v biu din trn th c tnh v s qu ti vng quay ca ng c diesel
lai chn vt tu thy. bo v an ton ng c v hn ch b qu ti vng quay
hoc b qu tc, cc ng c diesel lai chn vt hoc lai my pht in cn trang b
thit b g v trong khai thc ngi vn hnh cn ch g?
Hng dn:
-Yu cu nu khi nim v qu ti vng quay, qu tc i vi ng c diesel tu thy,
minh ha trn th i vi diesel lai chn vt. Phn tch nguyn nhn gy h hng ng
c khi b qu ti vng quay, nguyn nhn gy qu ti vng quay, qu tc v cc gii php
phng trnh, bo v.
-Lin h thc t: Chn ch khai thc hp l ng c diesel lai chn vt chy trong iu
kin sng gi ln. Th kim tra thit b bo v qu tc
p n:
Qu ti vng quay ng c diesel xy ra khi ng c lm vic ch tc quay ln
hn tc quay nh mc. Khi ng sut c do lc qun tnh tc ng ln nhm pistonbin-trc khuu ln hn gi tr nh mc, tc l ng c b qu ti v c. Trong mt s
trng hp tc qu cao, ng sut c ln, lc ma st tng s lm nng b mt ma st
v c th gy chy bc , b kt pitston-smi. Nu tc quay vt qu tc gii hn
nmax (qu tc-over speed), ng c c th b h hng nghim trng.
Hin tng qu ti vng quay (hoc qu tc) u c th xy ra i vi c ng c diesel
lai chn vt hoc lai my pht in khi gim hoc ngt ph ti ln t ngt.
Minh ho hin tng ny bng th c tnh ca ng c diesel lai chn vt trong trng
hp khng trang b BT v khi c trang b BT. Gii thch trn th
bo v an ton cho ng c, hn ch kh nng b qu ti v vng quay v qu tc, cc
ng c thng c trang b mt thit b t ng iu chnh tc quay ng c (B
iu tc) thng qua vic iu chnh lng nhin liu cp vo ng c ph hp vi s thay
i ca ph ti gi l B iu tc. Tuy vy, trong trng hp ph ti gim hoc ngt t
ngt vi mc ln th tc ng iu chnh ca BT c th khng p ng kp v hin
tng qu tc vn c th xy ra. V vy ng c diesel cn c trang b thm thit b bo
v qu tc. Nu tc quay ng c t n gi tr t trc (105-110% n m ty theo
ng c c th) th thit b ny to tn hiu iu khin ct nhin liu vo ng c dng
ng c s c. khi ng li ng c phi xa tn hiu dng s c qua cc nt tay
iu khin (hon nguyn-Reset).
Trong thc t khai thc, trnh hin tng qu tc c th xy ra mc d ng c
c trang b BT v thit b bo v qa tc, khng nn gim hoc ct ti vi mc ln
t ngt i vi diesel lai my pht in.
Khi tu chy iu kin sng gi ln, i vi ng c diesel lai chn vt, nn gim tc
khai thc n gi tr an ton, tc dao ng ln nht xp x vi tc khai thc. Mt s
BT in t cn c ch iu chnh ring cho trng hp tu chy trong iu kin sng
182/341
M men
gi ln (HIGH GAIN MODE). Khi t ch ny, BT c tng nhy, tc ng

iu chnh gim nhin liu nhanh v c gii hn thp hn ch bnh thng, do
trnh c kh nng b qu tc.
C1
C2
c tnh BT
C3
Mm
D1
C
Mk
B
nA
nmin
nB nm
nmax
Tc quay
nC
Hnh v 1.1: c tnh phi hp cng tc ca ng c diesel lai chn vt

nh bc khi khng trang b BTv khi c BT.
Cu hi 2:
V v gii thch s chc nng ca mt HTTC tc quay ca ng c diesel
tu thy. Cho mt v d v mt HTTC tc quay ng c diesel tu thy v gii
thch chc nng ca cc phn t, tn hiu gia s chc nng v s kt cu.
Hng dn:
-Yu cu: Trnh by v gii thc s chc nng ca mt HTTC tc quay ca ng
c diesel tu thy, khi nim v cc phn t, tn hiu
-Cho v d v mt s kt cu ca mt HTTC tc quay ng c diesel tu thy,
lin h vi s chc nng gii thch: phn t tn hiu trn s kt cu vi s chc
nng.
p n:
BT gm nhiu phn t phc tp nh: phn t cm ng tc quay, phn t cho trc,
phn t so snh, phn t khuych i, phn t phn hi v.v... c mi lin h chc nng cn
thit vi nhau.
S chc nng tng qut ca mt h thng t ng iu chnh tc quay ng c
diesel tu thu theo nguyn tc iu chnh theo lch c th hin di dng s
khi nh hnh 2.2 (gii thch nguyn l hot ng ca h thng trn s )
Nhng nh ngha c bn:
183/341
* i tng iu chnh (TC): L ng c diesel.

* Phn t cm bin (PTCB):
* Phn t cho trc(PTCT):
* Phn t so snh (PTSS): e(t) = no + nt
Ch : so snh c th no v nt phi c cng bn cht vt l.( lc, in p, p sut)
* Phn t khuch i (PTK): Thng s c trng c bn l h s khuch i K.
* Phn t thc hin (PTTH): * C cu iu chnh (CCC): thng l h thng thanh rng
bm cao p, c cu iu chnh lng nhin liu cp vo ng c
* Phn t phn hi (PTPH):
- Phn t phn hi chnh
- Phn t phn hi ph (PTPHP):
- Phn hi dng: e(t) = xo + xrph
- Phn hi m (hay lin h ngc m): e(t) = xo - xrph
- Phn hi cng (lin h ngc cng): xrph = Kp . xvph
- Phn hi mm (lin h ngc mm): xrph K p .
dxvph
dt
Cho mt v d v mt h thng TC tc quay v gii thch cc phn t theo chc

nng, tn hiu truyn.
Gii hn
nhin liu
Tin hiu n t
PTSS
xo
Phn t
t tc
BCTH
Phn t
K. i
Phn t
Thc hin
Tin hiu Ps
C cu iu ng
chnh nhin c
liu
Phn t
phn hi
Phn t
cm bin tc
B IU TC
Hnh 2.2: S chc nng tng qut ca h thng t ng iu chnh tc quay

ng c diesel tu thy
184/341
Cu hi 3:
Hy ni v c tnh iu chnh v cc thng s c trng c bn ca b iu tc.
Hng dn:
-Yu cu: khi nim v c tnh tnh ca HTT C, c tnh iu chnh ca BC, cc
f(t) Minh ha trn th
thng s c trng c bn ca BT.
y(t)
th
hinc
milp.
-Lin h thc t: Loi BT no hay dng cho
diesel tu thy lm vicSsong
song,
quan
h
giacc
i
xoCc thng s
cn quan tm trong
thc t khai thc BT.
BC
TC
HTTC
u(t)
p n:
lng ca c tnh
iu chnh
Mt h thng t ng iu chnh tc quay c c trng bi hai c tnh quan trng

l c tnh iu chnh v c tnh ng. Cc thng s c trng cho cc c tnh ny
cng l cc thng s c trng ca mt BT.
Khi nim v: c tnh tnh ca HTTC tc quay v c tnh iu chnh ca BT
N (Ps)
(hnh
v). Cc thng s
c trng ca ch Ntnh
v ch ng:
Mmax
(Ps)
Mmax
no n1
100
M1
1
(%)
no n1 A
2
c tnh iu chnh
1
A
Vi b iu
v sai), B iu tc c 1 0 (b
A iu tc hu sai)
A = 0 (iu tc
M3
A tc c
A
M3 10%.
Dizel lai my pht
in
thng 5% v cc ng c izelAlai5 chn vt th
5
2A
4
4
H s khng u v tc c vai tr rt quan trng vi cc ng
c izel lm vic song
2A
3
song.
3
n' n
''
n4 n1 no n5
n
n
4 no n5 100 n (rpm)
1
2. Vng khng nhy (dead zone)
v h s khng nh:y
(%)
(rpm)
n' n''
Hnh a: c tnh iu chnh hu sai
Hnh b: 2
c tnh iu chnh v sai
Trong k thut thng yu cu <1~5%. H s khng nhy cn nh hng ti h s
c tnh iu chnh
khng ng u : tt= o +
n
n 'n ' '
ti
n
Vng khng nhy
100
1
3.
phi
tuyn
(nonlinearity)
%
<0
100
>0 =0
n
( n ' n ' ' )
2
%
nmax
n
4. lch ng (overdamping or overshooting) =
100% ,( 20~30 %)
no
t
n
0% pht in v
5. Thi gian iu chnh Tc: Tc 5 sec i vi diesel lai my
T
c 10 sec i vi
n
no
diesel lai chn vt.
Vng khng nhy
c1tnh iu chnh
6- Khchnh
nng cng tc ca BT (A): c trng cho cng sut ca tc ng iu chnh.
A= Rmax.h trong :
n (rpm)A l kh nng cng tc (N.m hoc foot.pound);
Rmax l lc ln nht ca phn t thc hin (khuych i) tc ng ln c cu
iu chnh (N).
N(PS)
h l hnh trnh tc ng ton b ca trc ra ca BT
n
100%
M1
nmax
1. H s khng u v tc (speed droop) :

A
7. Ngoi ra BT cn c cc thng s c trng khc na nh: cc gi tr gii hn v phm vi

max
n tc cng tc, hnh trnh tc ng ca trc ra....(c tnh ton thit k cho mi BT).
o
T
c
t
c tnh ng ca HTT C tc quay
185/341
n n n
phi tuyn ca c tnh iu chnh
Cu hi 4:
Hy nu khi nim v phn loi cc b iu tc. Cho v d minh ha.
186/341
Hng dn:
-Yu cu: phn loi cc b iu tc theo cc c im ca BT, c im c bn ca mi
loi BT
-Cho v d v s kt cu ca mt BT: nu cc c im c bn
p n:
Phn loi BT l mt trong nhng khi nim quan trng tm hiu, nh gi cc c im c
bn ca mt BT. Ngi ta thng phn loi cc BT nh sau:
Phn loi theo nguyn l xy dng:
- B iu tc hot ng theo nguyn l lch (BT 1 xung)
- B iu tc hot ng theo nguyn l b nhiu (BT 1 xung)
- B iu tc hot ng theo nguyn l kt hp (BT 2 xung: tn hiu v lch tc
v tn hiu v s thay i ca ph ti)
Phn loi theo phng thc truyn ng t thit b iu chnh n c cu iu chnh :
- B iu tc hot ng trc tip (khng c phn t khuych i)
- B iu tc hot ng gin tip (c phn t khuych i)
Phn loi theo s lng ch tc hot ng ca b iu tc:
- B iu tc mt ch (duy tr n= nn)
- B iu tc nhiu ch (duy tr n= nk theo ch khai thc t nmin~nmax)
- B iu tc gii hn. (duy tr n ngh)
Phn loi theo tn hiu ra ca nhm iu chnh (loi nng lng ca tn hiu s dng):
- B iu tc c hc (c kh)
- B iu tc kh nn. (t c p dng)
- B iu tc thu lc, c kh- thu lc
- B iu tc in - in t...
Phn loi theo sai s tnh (h s khng ng u)
- B iu tc v sai tnh, h s khng ng u =0 (minh ha c tnh iu chnh)
- B iu tc hu sai tnh ( 0) (minh ha c tnh iu chnh)
Phn loi theo quy lut tc ng ca tc ng iu chnh ca BC
- B iu tc t l P (BT tnh hc)
- B iu tc t l tch phn PI (BT phi tnh hc)
- B iu tc t l vi phn PD (BT phi tnh hc)
- B iu tc t l -tch phn-vi phn PID (BT phi tnh hc)
Phn loi theo tnh cht ca phn hi ph (lin h ngc ph):
- B iu tc c lin h ngc ph cng,
- B iu tc c lin h ngc ph mm, (BT phi tnh hc)
- B iu tc c lin h ngc ph tng hp. (BT phi tnh hc)
187/341
Hnh 4.1 sau th hin mt BT c kh-thy lc, theo nguyn l iu chnh theo
lch (1xung), c lin h ngc ph cng, l BT hu sai, ....
A
Speeder
Spring
Feedback lever
Spring
holder
Flyweights
Ballhead
B
C
Pilot control
valve plunger
Thrust
bearing
Driving
gear
Power
piston
Pilot control
valve bush
From To
pump sump
Output shaft
Cu hi 5:
Hy trnh by mi lin h gia cc phn t: Tay iu khin tc -B iu tc-C
cu iu chnh lng nhin liu - ng c trong cc trng hp c ng c c BT
v khng c BT. Cho v d v mt HTTC tc quay ng c diesel minh
ha.
Hng dn:
-Yu cu: Gii thch mi lin h gia cc phn t: Tay iu khin tc -B iu tc-C
cu iu chnh lng nhin liu - ng c trong cc trng hp c BT v khng c
BT trn s .
-Cho v d v mt HTTC tc quay ng c diesel minh ha.
p n:
Trong thc t, ty theo kt cu h thng iu khin ca ng c, iu khin tc
ng c ngi iu khin c th iu khin theo cc phng n sau:
Trng hp ng c khng c BT:
188/341
Ngi iu khin tc ng trc tip ln c cu iu chnh lng nhin liu (thanh rng
bm cao p). Phng n iu khin khng p dng c cho diesel lai my pht
in.Thng p dng cho diesel lai trc tip chn vt, khi iu khin s c.
Trng hp ng c c trang b b iu tc:
a-ng c trang b b iu tc gii hn tc ln nht.
Ngi iu khin tc ng trc tip ln c cu iu chnh lng nhin liu (thanh rng
bm cao p). B iu tc ch tc ng ln c cu iu chnh lng nhin liu gim
lng nhin liu khi tc ng c cao hn tc gii hn, duy tr tc ng c
khng vt qu tc gii hn t trc. Khi tc ng c thp hn tc gii hn,
BT khng tc ng vo c cu iu chnh lng nhin liu.
- Khng p dng c cho diesel lai my pht in.
- Thng p dng cho diesel thp tc lai trc tip chn vt
b-ng c c trang b b iu tc nhiu ch :
Ngi iu khin tc ng ln c cu iu chnh tc t cho BT, BT cm bin

tc ng c, so snh vi tc t, t ng tc ng ln c cu iu chnh lng
nhin liu iu chnh lng nhin liu (thanh rng bm cao p) ph hp vi s thay
i ca ph ti, duy tr tc ng c tc t trc mong mun. Phng n iu
khin ny c c im sau:
- Tay iu khin (Tay iu khin tc ) khng tc ng trc tip ln c cu iu
chnh nhin liu
- Lng cp nhin liu cho chu trnh khng n nh khi tc quay thay i, lm
qu trnh chy khng n nh.
- ng c d b qu ti do lng cp nhin liu qu ln khi ph ti ln.
- Tc quay n nh trong pham vi cho php khi ph ti thay i.
- C th kt ni tch hp tay iu khin vi c cu t tc gii hn.
- Duy tr n nh tc quay c chnh xc cao, p ng c vi s thay i ca
ph ti, tin cy cao, an ton, iu khin n gin. p dng c cho diesel lai
my pht in v cho diesel lai chn vt.
Ti
Ngi
iu
khin
Tay ga iu
khin nhin liutc
(tay gii hn
nhinliu)
C cu iu
khin nhin
liu
ng
c
Ti
n
Ch bo
C cu iu
ng
Tay
ga
iu
tc
khin nhin
Ngi
c
khin nhin liuliu
iu
tc
khin
(taylin
giihhn
Hnh 5.1: S mi
Tay iu khin tc -C cu iu chnh lng nhin liu - ng
nhinliu)c trong trng hp khng c BT
Truyn ngCm bin tc quay

t tc gii hn
BT gii
hn
189/341
Hnh 5.2: S mi lin h Tay iu khin tc -C cu iu chnh lng nhin liu - ng

c trong trng hp khng c BT gii hn tc ln nht
Ti
Tay iu khin
tc
Ngi
iu
khin
BT
nhiu ch
C cu iu
khin nhin
liu
ng
c
Truyn ngCm bin tc quay
Hnh 5.3: S mi lin h Tay iu khin tc -C cu iu chnh lng nhin liu - ng

c trong trng hp khng c BT nhiu ch
Cho mt v d v mt h thng TC tc quay v gii thch cc phn t theo
chc nng, tn hiu truyn, mi lin h Tay iu khin- B iu tc- Thanh rng BCA- ng
c.
Cu hi 6:
Cc b iu tc thng c trang b nhng thit b ph no, nhm mc ch g?
Hy phn tch ti sao b iu tc li c trang b thit b ph gii hn nhin liu
theo p sut kh tng p v gii hn nhin liu theo tc t?
190/341
Hng dn:
-Yu cu nu tn, chc nng cc thit bi ph ca BT. Phn tch ti sao b iu tc li
c trang b thit b ph gii hn nhin liu theo p sut kh tng p v gii hn nhin
liu theo tc t. Khi nim v c tnh gii hn ph ti.
-Lin h thc t: thit b ph ca BT loi UG-8D, PGA
p n:
Mt b iu tc c th c trang b thm nhiu loi thit b ph vi cc mc ch
khc nhau tng tnh an ton, kinh t trong qu trnh khai thc ng c cng nh h
thng ng lc.
a/Tn v chc nng ca cc thit b ph ca BT.
b/Thit b gii hn nhin liu theo p sut kh tng p.
V tr
trc
ra
ca
b
iu
tc
c tnh gii hn nhin liu theo

p sut kh tng p Ps
hm
p sut kh tng p Ps
Po
Ps
Hnh 6.1 c tnh gii hn nhinmliu theo p sut kh tng p Ps

c/ Thit b gii hn nhin liu theo tc t.
c tnh gii hn theo tc t c dng nh th di y :
V tr
trc
ra ca
b
iu
tc
c tnh gii hn nhin liu tc t
hm
Tc t
n
no6.3 c tnh gii hn

m nhin liu tc t
Hnh
Lin h thc t, c th gii thiu trn bn v s nguyn l cu to v hot ng ca

BT PGA trn s .
191/341
Hnh 6.4 S nguyn l cu to v hot ng ca BT PGA c thit bph gii

hn nhin liu theo p sut kh tng p v theo tc t
192/341
Cu 7:
Hy gii thch nguyn l cu to, hot ng, c tnh lm vic v ng dng ca b
iu tc c kh-thy lc c lin h ngc ph cng.
Hng dn:
-Yu cu gii thch c nguyn l cu to, hot ng, c tnh lm vic v ng dng
ca b iu tc c kh-thy lc c lin h ngc ph cng, ti sao c sai s tnh.
-Lin h vi thc t, hiu chnh sai s tnh ( st tc-speed droop)
p n:
Khi nim v lin h ngc ph cng (cn c cc tn gi khc l phn hi

cng, hi tip cng): l phn t phn hi c tn hiu ra xrht t l vi tn hiu vo
xvht:
xrht = Kht.xvht
Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca mt b iu tc c lin h ngc cng
-Gii thiu cc phn t ca BT, mi lin h ga cc phn t

- Nguyn l hot ng: trng thi cn bng/ Khi ph ti tng/Khi ph ti
gim
-Gii thch ti sao c sai s tnh, ph thuc vo yu t no
-Tn hiu vo/ra ca lin h ngc ph cng
c tnh iu chnh:
- th c tnh iu chnh
193/341
Ti
100%
Hnh 7.3 c tnh iu
chnh ca BT c lin h
ngc ph cng
>0
no
c im ca b iu tc c lin h ngc ph cng

B iu tc c lin h ngc ph cng c h s khng u 0 (c tnh
iu chnh c dng nh hnh v 6.3
B iu tc c lin h ngc ph cng c tc ng iu chnh nhanh, nhng
qu iu chnh ln do quy lut tc ng iu chnh nhin liu theo qui lut t
l, mang tnh xung.
Thi gian iu chnh ca b iu tc hiu chnh c rt t, do mi loi
ng c li phi c b iu tc ph hp. Thi gian iu chnh ca b iu tc
thay i theo tnh trng k thut v vy khi b iu tc v ng c c, trng
thi k thut km, c th dn ti thi gian iu chnh di hn. B iu tc c lin
h ngc cng c th c trang b cho cc ng c izel lai my pht in, cc
ng c izel lai chn vt, lai bm, my nn, tua bin hi nc, tua bin kh...hot
ng c lp hoc song song.
194/341
A
Speeder
Spring
Feedback lever
Spring
holder
Pilot control
valve plunger
Flyweights
Thrust
bearing
Ballhead
Driving
gear
Power
piston
Pilot control
valve bush
From To
pump sump
Output shaft
Hnh 7.1 B iu tc c lin h ngc cng

Ch thch hnh v 6.1
To sump: v kt khoang cha du
Oil supply from gear pump: du cp t bm
Flyweights: cp qu vng ly tm
Speeder spring: l xo tc
Adjusting nut: ai c iu chnh sc cng l xo tc
Thrust bearing: Vng bi chn (khp trt)
Ball head: mm qu vng
Driving gear: bnh rng truyn ng t ng c
Feedback lever: thanh truyn lin h ngc cng
195/341
Pilot control valve: van trt iu khin

Pilot control valve bush: xilanh (ng bao) van trt iu khin
Power piston: piston lc
Output shaft: trc ra ca b iu tc (ni vi thanh rng nhin liu)
B
A
A
A
C
C
Hnh 7.2 Phn tch chuyn ng ca thanh truyn lin h ngc cng ABC
196/341
Cu 8:
Hy trnh by nguyn l hot ng ca BT in t trn s khi. Nu u nhc
im ca n so vi BT c hc v BT thy lc.
Hng dn:
-Yu cu trnh by nguyn l cm bin tc quay kiu xung, c im kt cu v nguyn l
hot ng ca BT in-in t, c im c bn v ng dng ca BT in t.
-Lin h thc t vi BT in t ca hng NABCO MG-800 hoc loi khc, ch khi s
dng BT
p n:
Nguyn l hot ng BT in t
-Gii thiu cc phn t ca BT, B iu chnh PID, thit b gii hn nhin liu
Nguyn l cm bin tc quay kiu xung
c im ca BT in t
B iu tc kiu in-in t c c im l phn t cm bin vng quay khng
c lin h truyn ng c kh t ng c nh phn t cm bin c hc hoc thy
lc, do khng c cc h hng do truyn ng c kh, h s khng nhy rt
nh, gim cc sai s v tr.
B iu tc kiu in-in t phn ng nhanh vi s thay i ca ph ti, ngha
l tr v thi gian nh hn b iu tc kiu c hc v thy lc.
Phn chnh ca b iu tc l mt my tnh do c th to thnh mt b iu
tc PID vi cc thng s P, I, D c th hiu chnh v thay i d dng. Hn na
c th kt hp vi h thng iu khin v bo v ng c to thnh mt h
thng hon chnh. Xy dng c nhiu ch iu chnh ph hp vi tng
iu kin khai thc ca ng c (khi ng, bnh thng, bin m, sng gi, ....).
B gii hn nhin liu (fuel limiter) bo m an ton v nng cao tnh kinh t
cho ng c cc ch khai thc khc nhau.
Cc tn hiu trong b iu tc l tn hiu in/ dng s nn c th thit k cc
giao din vo ra tin li cho ngi s dng. Cc chng trnh tng, gim tc ,
cc ch gii hn nhin liu c th thay i tu theo h ng lc m khng cn
thay i nhiu v cu trc.
Gim c cng vic bo dng so vi b iu tc kiu c hc v thy lc.
Tuy nhin, mi trng khai thc nh hng ln ti s hot ng ca b iu tc
197/341
v vy phn chnh ca b iu tc (CPU) thng c t trong phng c iu

ho khng kh m bo n nh nhit v m. Cc thit b thc hin c
th t ngoi bung my.
Mt khc, BT in yu cu ngun in phi n nh, phi c ngun in d tr
m bo s hot ng an ton lin tc trong trng hp ngun in chnh b
s c.
i hi ngi khai thc c trnh nht nh.
i hi hiu chnh chnh xc cc phn t cm bin.
Hin nay, b iu tc in- in t c p dng nhiu cho cc ng c lai chn
vt, lai my pht in.
Hnh8.2: o
PERMANENT
S MAGNET N
FERROUS
GEAR
POLE
PIECE
tc quay
OUTPUT
COIL
SPEED
ORDER
kiu xung
PID
LIMITER
_
_
ACTUATOR
DRIVE
ACTUATOR
UNIT
ACTUATOR POSITION
FEEDBACK
F/V
CONTROL
UNIT
PULSE
SPEED
FEEDBACK
GENERATOR
ENGINE
Ps
INC.
Hnh8.1:
LINK
DEC.
B iu
FO
tc in FO PUMP
198/341
Engine: ng c izel
Pulse Generator: thit b o vng quay kiu xung (cm bin tc quay)
Speed feedback: tn hiu phn hi ca lin h ngc chnh
F/V: thit b bin i xung tn s-in p (frequency/voltage converter): tc quay tc thi ca
ng c
Speed order: tn hiu t tc
Control Unit: phn chnh ca b iu tc
PID: b iu tc PID (x l tn hiu iu chnh theo nguyn tc t l-tch phn-vi phn)
Limiter: cc thit b gii hn nhin liu (theo tc t, p sut kh tng p, chng trnh t trc,..)
Actuator drive unit: thit b iu khin c cu thc hin
Actuator: thit b thc hin vic iu chnh thanh rng nhin liu
Actuator position feedback: phn hi ca thit b thc hin (lin h ngc ph)
Link: c cu truyn tc ng
Inc.: (Increase) chiu tng
Dec.:(Decrease) chiu gim
FO pump: bm cao p
199/341
Cu hi 9
Hy gii thch nguyn l cu to, hot ng, c tnh lm vic v ng dng ca
BT hng Woodward loi UG8-D. Lin h thc t.
Hng dn:
-Yu cu trnh by c im kt cu v nguyn l hot ng ca B iu tc thy lc loi
UG-8D ca hng Woodward. c tnh iu chnh, ch khi hiu chnh.
-Lin h thc t: thay du, x kh, hiuchnh BT, s dng c cu gii hn ti
p n:
Gii thiu cu to v nguyn l hot ng (c s dng hnh v khi trnh by)
Nguyn l hot ng:
trng thi cn bng
Trong trng hp ph ti tng
Tc ng ca lin h ngc ph cng
Tc ng ca lin h ngc ph mm
Trong trng hp ph ti gim
Gii thch sai s tnh, nguyn nhn, hiu chnh
Gii thch tnh n nh lin quan ti hiu chnh ng, hiu chnh van kim b, kim chnh
b
Gii thch nguyn l hot ng ca c cu gii hn ti. Chc nng ca c cu gii hn
ti.
V gii thch c tnh iu chnh
Ti
100%
0
=0
nt
Hnh 8.2. c tnh iu chnh ca

BT Woodward loi UG8D
no
c im c bn ca BT UG-8D
B iu tc UG8D thuc loi BT c lin h ngc tng hp
B iu tc UG8D c th hiu chnh c h s khng u = 0~10 % qua nm
Speed droop ty theo trng hp s dng c th.
Thi gian iu chnh ca b iu tc c th thay i c thng qua vic thay i
m ca van kim tit lu Compensating needle valve, kim chnh b Compensating
pointer. Chnh c im ny m loi b iu tc ny c th trang b cho rt nhiu
200/341
lai ng c.
B iu tc c lin h ngc tng hp c th c trang b cho cc ng c izel lai chn
vt, lai my pht in lm vic song song hoc c lp, cc tua bin hi nc, tua bin kh...
Hnh 8.1 Cu to v nguyn l hot ngca BT UG8-D
Ch thch hnh v
Flyweights: cp qu vng ly tm
Output shaft: trc ra ca b iu tc (ni
Speeder spring: l xo tc
vi thanh rng nhin liu)

Floating lever: thanh truyn t do
201/341
Adjusting nut: ai c iu chnh sc cng
Compensating spring: l xo ca c cu b
l xo tc
Thrust bearing: Vng bi chn (khp trt)
Receiving piston: Piston b th ng (b
Ballhead: mm qu vng
Driving gear: bnh rng truyn ng t
ng)
Transmitting piston: piston b ch ng
Compensating needle valve: van kim tit
ng c
Feedback lever: thanh truyn lin h
lu
Pivot: khp quay
ngc cng
To sump: v kt sump
From pump: du cp t bm
Power piston: piston lc

Pilot control valve bush: xilanh (ng bao)
Compensating pointer: kim chnh b
van trt iu khin

Load limit cam: cam hiu chnh gii hn
nhin liu.
Cu hi 10
Hy gii thch nguyn l cu to, hot ng, v ng dng ca BT thy lc hng
Woodward loi PGA c s. Lin h thc t.
Hng dn
-Yu cu trnh by c im kt cu v nguyn l hot ng ca B iu tc thy lc loi UG-8D
ca hng Woodward. c tnh iu chnh, ch khi hiu chnh.
-Lin h thc t: thay du, x kh, hiuchnh BT, s dng c cu gii hn ti
p n:
Gii thiu cu to v nguyn l hot ng (c s dng hnh v khi trnh by)
Nguyn l hot ng:
trng thi cn bng
Trong trng hp ph ti tng
Tc ng ca lin h ngc ph cng
Tc ng ca lin h ngc ph mm
Trong trng hp ph ti gim
Gii thch sai s tnh, nguyn nhn, hiu chnh
Gii thch tnh n nh lin quan ti hiu chnh ng, hiu chnh van kim b
Gii thch chc nng, nguyn l hot ng ca c cu ct b
202/341
Gii thch chc nng, nguyn l hot ng ca c cu iu khin tc t xa va

cnh b iu tc
Gii thch chc nng, nguyn l hot ng c c cu ct b
V gii thch c tnh iu chnh
M men ng c
A
hn
1 = 3%
100%
2 = 5%
1
4
50%
3 = 10%
4 = 0 %
Hnh 10.2
th th hin
s thay i c
tnh iu chnh
khi hiu chnh
v tr ca cam
hiu chnh
st tc.
Tc ng c
0
nA n1 n2 n3
n v/ph
c im ca BT PGA c s
Cht lng iu chnh cao, hot ng n nh, tin cy ( ph thuc vo s
hiu chnh BT)
L BT hu sai : h s khng ng u hiu chnh c = 0~10%
D trang b thm cc thit b ph tng kh nng lm vic an ton, kinh t
cho ng c. Kh nng cng tc ln, hay dng cho diesel lai chn vt, lai
my pht in cng sut ln
203/341
Hnh 10-1: S nguyn l cu to v hot ng ca BT PGA c s

p sut kh iu khin tc t P
(kg/cm2)
P max
Tc t
P
Hnh 10.3 Mi quan h gia p sut kh

iu khin tc vi tc t cho b
iu tc
min
n min
n max
n (v/ph)
204/341
Cu hi 11
Hy gii thch nguyn l hot ng ca thit b ph gii hn nhin liu theo p sut
kh tng p v gii hn nhin liu theo tc t ca BT loi PGA hng
Woodward. Lin h thc t.
Hng dn:
-Yu cu trnh by nguyn l hot ng ca thit b ph gii hn nhin liu theo p
sut kh tng p v gii hn nhin liu theo tc t ca BT loi PGA hng Woodward
trn s v th c tnh.
-Lin h thc t nhng ch khi khai thc ng c c trang b BT c thit b ph
thit b ph gii hn nhin liu theo p sut kh tng p v gii hn nhin liu theo tc
t
p n:
-Gii thiu BT PGA c thit b ph thit b ph gii hn nhin liu theo p sut kh
tng p v gii hn nhin liu theo tc t
-Trnh by nguyn l hot ng thit b ph thit b ph gii hn nhin liu theo p sut
kh tng p. th c tnh.
V tr
trc
ra
ca
b
iu
tc
c tnh gii hn nhin liu theo

p sut kh tng p Ps
hm
p sut kh tng p Ps
Psm
Po
Hnh 11.2 c tnh gii hn nhin liu theo p sut kh tng p Ps

-Trnh by nguyn l hot ng thit b ph thit b ph gii hn nhin liu theo v gii
hn nhin liu theo tc t. th c tnh
V tr
trc
ra ca
b
iu
tc
c tnh gii hn nhin liu tc t
hm
Tc t
no
nm
Hnh 11.3 c tnh gii hn nhin liu theo tc t

205/341
Lin h thc t: nhng ch khi khai thc ng c c trang b BT c thit b ph

thit b ph gii hn nhin liu theo p sut kh tng p v gii hn nhin liu theo tc
t.
Ch thch hnh v 11.1:
Orifice stack: L tit lu
Bellows: Hp xp
Tail Rod: Cn piston tr ng

Adjustable pivot bracket (range adj) Vt hiu
chnh v tr bi (im ta)
Manifold charging air: Ni vi ng gp kh Control Air Pressure: ng p sut kh iu
tng p
khin tc vo hp xp
Cone valve: Van cn
Bellows: Hp xp
Orifice stack: L tit lu
Speed setting pilot valve plunger: Piston van
trt iu khin t tc
Spring and Adjusting Screw B: L xo v vt Limiting max speed valve adjusting: Vt hiu
hiu chnh B
chnh gii hn tc ln nht
Sensor piston: Piston cm bin
Maximum speed limiting valve: Van gii hn tc
ln nht
Adjustable cam A: Cam hiu chnh A
Piston stop adjusment: Vt hiu chnh v tr cao
nht ca piston t tc
Shutdown rod: Thanh dng
Speed setting: Xilanh-Piston t tc
Shutdown block: Block tc ng dng
Speeder spring: L xo tc
Limiter beam: n by gii hn nhin liu
Flyweights: Qu vng li tm
Speed lever: n by st tc
Compensation land: Piston b
Speed droop cam: Cam hiu chnh st tc Pilot valve plunger: Van trt iu khin
Speed droop plunger: Piston st tc
Control land: Xi lanh van trt iu khin
Manual Speed adjusting knob: Nm hiu

chnh tc t bng tay
High speed stop adjustment (for manual
speed adj. nob): Vt gii hn tc cao khi
iu khin tc qua nm cnh BT
Sliding collar: Van trt
High speed stop pin: Cht gii hn tc
cao
Speed setting nut: ai c t tc
Speed setting screw assembly: Vt lin kt
ca c cu t tc
Loading Spring: L xo ti
Restoring lever: Thanh phn hi
Restoring spring: L xo phn hi
Manual low speed adjustment: Vt hiu
chnh tc thp
Accumulator: bnh tch nng
Check valves (close): Cc van mt chiu
(ng)
(A), (B), (C): Cc c cu hiu chnh thit b
Rotating bushing: ng lt xoay

Compensation needle valve: Van kim b
Power cylinder: Xi lanh tr ng
Power piston: Piston tr ng
Teminal output shaft: Trc ra ca BT
Buffer spring: L xo gim chn
Bypass port: Ca i tt
Buffer piston: Piston gim chn
Oil pump: Bm du
Check valves (open): Cc van mt chiu (m)
Sump: Hi v khoang cha du
Compensation cutoff (optional): c cu ct b
(ty chn)
(D), (E), (F), (G): Cc c cu hiu chnh thit b
206/341
gii hn nhin liu theo p sut kh tng p.
gii hn nhin liu theo tc t.
207/341
208/341
Cu hi 12:
Nu quy trnh chm sc, bo dng, hiu chnh h thng t ng iu chnh tc
quay ng c diesel tu thy hot ng c lp. Lin h vi thc t gp.
Hng dn:
-Yu cu nu quy trnh chm sc, bo dng, hiu chnh h thng h thng TC
tc quay ng c diesel tu thy.
-Lin h vi cng vic chm sc, bo dng, hiu chnh h thng thc t.
p n:
Cht lng lm vic ca h thng HTTC tc quay ng c diesel tu thy ph
thuc c bn vo cng vic chm sc, bo dng, hiu chnh h thng v cc thit b c
lin quan.
HTTC tc quay ng c hot ng tt, ngi khai thc vn hnh phi c
hiu r c im kt cu v nguyn l hot ng ca h thng, cc mi lin h gia cc
phn t thit b trong h thng. Cn phi ch ti nhng yu t c bn sau:
i vi ng c:
Lun bo dng, duy tr trng thi k thut ca ng c trng thi tt, c bit l h
thng nhin liu
i vi h truyn ng t ng c-BT: lp t ng, bo dng tt.
i vi BT: tun th theo hng dn ca nh ch to. c v hiu r v BT.
i vi h truyn ng t ng c - BT- Thanh rng: Lun bo dng, duy
tr tt trng thi k thut ca c cu truyn ng t trc ra ca BT n thanh
rng bm cap p: khp ni truyn ng, khe h lp rp, bulong khp ni lin kt.
Qui trnh hiu chnh BT ca ng c diesel tu thu hot ng c lp.
Hiu chnh BT nhm mc ch bo m cho s hot ng phi hp gia BT

v ng c t n nh cn thit, t cc ch tiu cht lng ch tnh v
ch ng.
B1-Chun b trc khi hiu chnh (y l bc rt quan trng.)
B2-Hiu chnh s b t n nh c th th c ng c.
B3-Hiu chnh tnh:
B4-Hiu chnh ng:
B5-Th BT v ng c :
Th BT v ng c lm vic cc ch t khng ti n ton ti, ch ti tnh,
ch ti ng v thay i tc t, kim tra cc c tnh gii hn. Hiu chnh li nu
cn thit.
(C th minh ho trn bn v BT Woodward UG8-D minh ho, v cc th c
tnh iu chnh, c tnh ng gii thch).
209/341
Hnh 12.2: S chc nng tng qut ca h thng t ng iu chnh

tc quay ng c diesel tu thy
Gii hn
nhin liu
Tin hiu n t
xo
PTSS
Phn t
t tc
BCTH
Phn t
K. i
Phn t
Thc hin
Tin hiu Ps
C cu iu ng
chnh nhin c
liu
Phn t
phn hi
Phn t
cm bin tc
B IU TC
Cu hi 13
H thng t ng iu chnh tc quay ca ng c diesel tu thy hot ng
khng n nh hoc khng t yu cu k thut c th hin qua yu t no? Nu
phng php xc nh nguyn nhn gy ra v phng n x l.
Hng dn:
-Yu cu nu nguyn tc chung khi xc nh cc nguyn nhn lm h thng t ng
iu chnh tc quay ca ng c diesel tu thy hot ng khng t yu cu k thut.
Phng php xc nh nguyn nhn gy ra v phng n x l.
-Lin h vi kinh nghim thc t.
p n:
Trong thc t khai thc, khi h thng t ng iu chnh tc quay ca ng c
diesel tu thy hot ng khng n nh hoc khng t yu cu k thut th thng th
hin qua cht lng qu trnh iu chnh v s thay i bt thng tc quay ng c.
210/341
Khi BT hot ng khng n nh hoc b h hng th cht lng qu trnh iu

chnh km hoc c s thay i bt thng ca tc quay ng c. Nhng khi cht lng
qu trnh iu chnh km hoc c s thay i bt thng ca tc quay ng c th
nguyn nhn li c th khng phi do BT.
xc nh c nhanh, chnh xc nguyn nhn khc phc cn phi hiu r c
mi lin h gia ng c v BT cho tng trng hp c th. Xc nh nguyn nhn theo
phng php phn nhm nguyn nhn, loi tr t n gin n phc tp:
1-i vi ng c: Kim tra, chc chn trng thi k thut ca ng c v cc thit b
phc v tt.
2-i vi h truyn ng t ng c-BT:
1. Kim tra trng thi k thut ca c cu truyn ng t ng c n BT
2. Kim tra trng thi k thut thit o tc quay (BT in t)
3-i vi h truyn ng t BT- Thanh rng (C cu iu chnh lng nhin liu):
1. Kim tra cc khp ni truyn ng, s dch chuyn ca thanh rng bm cao p, cc
l xo lin kt : bo m khng b kt, bi r mn, khe h ln.
2. Kim tra hnh trnh lin kt tc ng ca trc ra BT vi thanh rng BCA.
3. Kim tra H thng bi trn c cu truyn ng.
4. Kim tra gii hn nhin liu c kh
5. Kim tra c cu lin h vi tay iu khin, thit b kha lin ng, bo v khi khi
ng v dng ng c.
4-i vi BT:
1. Kim tra trng thi k thut ca BT: mc du, cht lng du, vic hiu chnh
(tnh, ng, gii hn nhin liu, gii hn tc ,...), phi hiu r v BT v tun
th theo hng dn ca nh ch to.
2. Tho, v sinh, kim tra bo dng nh k BT. Th trn b th nu c th.
3. Thay th cc chi tit hng nu cn thit
4. Kim tra, hiu chnh li BT
211/341
Cu hi 14:
Nu nhng yu cu k thut c bn i vi b iu tc ca cc ng c diesel ging
nhau lm vic song song t ch tiu k thut hot ng ng b. Ti sao cc
ng c diesel ging nhau lai chn vt hoc lai my pht in lm vic song song
khng c trang b b iu tc v sai tnh?
Hng dn:
-Yu cu nu khi nim v ch lm vic vic song song ca cc ng c diesel tu
thy. Cc ch tiu k thut v cc yu cu i vi BT tc ca cc ng c diesel ging
nhau lm vic song song;
- Gii thch ti sao cc ng c diesel ging nhau lm vic song song khng c trang
b b iu tc v sai tnh? Lin h kinh nghim thc t khai thc cc ng c lm vic
song song.
p n:
1-Khi nim v ch lm vic vic song song ca cc ng c diesel:
-2 hay nhiu ng c lai 1 chn vt
-2 hay nhiu ng c (ging nhau hoc khc nhau v cng sut) lai MF cng chung 1
li in (ph ti in).
2-Cc ch tiu k thut i vi cc ng c diesel ging nhau lm vic song song :
Ch tiu i vi ch tnh:
-Tc v ti n nh.Ti phn chia u cho cc ng c cc ch ti, lch ti
P10 % Pn hoc M10 % Mn
-ng c khng b qu ti hoc cp ti
-H s khng ng u = 1.5~5% i vi ng c lai MP. ng c lai CV: =
1.5~10%
Ch tiu i vi ch ng:
-Ti tng hoc gim u cho cc ng c khi ph ti thay i, khng dao ng ti.
lch ti ng P10 % Pn hoc M10 % Mn. Thi gian iu chnh Tc5~10 sec.
3-Yu cu i vi BT:
t c nhng yu cu trn, i vi b iu tc ca ng c ging nhau lm vic
song song cn tha mn nhng yu cu sau:
-c tnh tnh ging nhau: , , phi tuyn, gii hn ti....(trng kht ln nhau)
-c tnh ng ging nhau, trng kht ln nhau: Tc,
Trn thc t ngi ta hu nh khng s dng b iu tc v sai tnh cho cc ng c
diesel ging nhau lm vic song song: V d xy ra hin tng cp ti v qu ti. iu
ny c th gii thch trn th c tnh iu chnh:
Gii thch hin tng: cp ti khi ti ngoi gim, qu ti khi ti ngoi tng. Vng
lm vic xy ra hin tng cp ti qu ti
V mt th c tnh minh ho 2 ng c diesel ging nhau lm vic song song
dng BT hu sai: ch ra lch ti, vng lm vic xy ra hin tng cp ti, qu
ti
212/341
Khi tng h s khng ng u, lch ti gim v ngc li. Nu gim ti 0,

lch ti tng n
C1
Li
Hp
C1
MF1
CD2
C2
Li
Hp
C2
MF2
CD2
Hnh 14.1 Trang tr h ng lc c 2 diesel lai 1 chn vt v 2 diesel lai my

pht in lm vic song song.
Ph ti
in
Ne (%)
Ne1 Ne2
hmax
Hnh 14.2:
c tnh cng tc v c tnh iu chnh ca
2 b iu tc v sai tnh trn cc ng c
ging nhau lm vic song
1
no
Ne (%)
n (rpm)
Vng xy ra qu ti
mt my
Nmax
Vng xy ra cp ti v
cng sut ngc
Ne (%)
Tng
n
(rpm)
Nmax
n
(rpm)
Hnh 14.3: c tnh cng tc v c tnh iu chnh ca 2 b iu tc hu sai tnh

trn cc ng c ging nhau lm vic song
213/341
Cu hi 15:
Phn tch cc yu t tnh nh hng n cht lng hot ng ng b ca ca cc
ng c diesel ging nhau lm vic song song. Trong thc t, thng c nhng gii
php no tng cht lng hot ng ng b ch tnh?
Hng dn:
Yu cu nu ch tiu k thut v yu cu i vi BT ca cc ng c diesel ging
nhau lm vic song song. Phn tch nh hng ca cc thng s ch tnh ti cht lng
hot ng ng b ca ca cc ng c diesel ging nhau lm vic song song trn th
c tnh.T a ra nhng gii php tng cht lng hot ng ng b ch
tnh.
Lin h thc t: phng php kim tra, hiu chnh x l lch ti tnh.
p n:
Cc ch tiu k thut i vi cc ng c diesel ging nhau lm vic song song
Yu cu i vi BT ca cc ng c diesel ging nhau lm vic song song:
Trong thc t, i vi trng hp cc ng c ging nhau lm vic song song, nhng yu
t lm cho khng tha mn cc yu cu trn i vi BT s nh hng khng tt ti cht
lng hot ng ng b. Vic phn tch cc yu t ny rt quan trng a ra gii php
khc phc, tng cht lng hot ng ng b.
nh hng ca cc thng s tnh ca b iu tc: v
Trng hp 1: 2 ng c lm vic ng b tt:
H s khng u: 1 = 2>0; H s khng nhy: 1 = 2 =0; h1max = h2max; phi tuyn: 1 =
2 = 0 lch ti N=0
Trng hp 2: lch ti ph thuc vo , (vng b cp ti, CS ngc, qu ti)
H s khng u: 1 = 2; H s khng nhy: 1 < 2 0 ;Gii hn nhin liu cc i: h1max
= h2max; 1 = 2 = 0 :Tc khng ti: no1 = no2. Khi cng nh v cng ln, th lch
ti cng ln v ngc li, Khi cng ln v cng nh th lch ti gim. Tuy nhin
phi nm trong gii hn <5~10%, bo dng tt BT gim
Trng hp 3,4,5 lch ti ph thuc vo , v ti ngoi
H s khng u: 1 2 >0;H s khng nhy: 1 = 2 =0; h1max = h2max; 1 = 2 = 0
no1 = no2, no1 no2 Cn hiu chnh 1=2 =[] khc phc.
nh hng ca tc t:
0 < 1 = 2; 1 = 2 = 0; h1max = h2max; 1 = 2 = 0 ; no1 < n02
Tn ti lch ti N. Khi nh ti, 1 trong 2 ng c d b cp ti hoc cng sut
ngc. Khi ti cao, 1 trong 2 ng c d b qu ti Cn hiu chnh tc t nh nhau
c tnh iu chnh trng nhau.
Li dng thc hin cc thao tc ha ng b, phn chia ti, ngt mt my.
Ngoi ra cn nh hng ca cc yu t khc na nh phi tuyn, gii hn nhin liu
214/341
khc nhau cng gy ra lch ti. Gii hn nhin liu khc nhau thng gy ra lch
ti khi ti cao, mt ng c n gii hn nhin liu ln nht. V vy nn t gii hn
nhin liu ln nht ca cc ng c ging nhau nu kh nng pht cng sut nh nhau.
N
N Vng b
qu ti
hmax
hmax
1, 2
N=0
N
2
n
Hnh 15-1. Hai ng c ging nhau
hot ng ng b tt
Vng b cp ti,
cng sut ngc
Hnh 15-4. nh hng ca tc t ti s lm

vic song song ca cc diesel ging nhau.
Vng b qu ti
hmax
Vng b cp tI v
cng sut ngc
hmax
Vng b
qu ti
Vng b cp tI
v cng sut
ngc
hmax
2
N2
N
N1
Hnh 15-3 nh hng ca ti s lm vic song song ca cc diesel ging nhau.

Vng xy
ra qu ti
(
100 %
%
)
Gim
100%
Pmax
Vng xy
ra, cp ti,
cng sut
ngc
n (rpm)
(
%
)
Pmax
n (rpm)
215/341
Hnh 15-2 nh hng ca , ti s lm vic song song ca cc diesel ging nhau.
Cu hi 16
Phn tch cc yu t ng nh hng n cht lng hot ng ng b ca cc
ng c diesel ging nhau lm vic song song. Trong thc t, thng c nhng gii
php no tng cht lng hot ng ng b ch ng?
Hng dn:
-Yu cu nu ch tiu k thut v yu cu i vi BT ca cc ng c diesel ging
nhau lm vic song song. Phn tch nh hng ca cc thng s ch ng ti cht
lng hot ng ng b ca ca cc ng c diesel ging nhau lm vic song song.T
a ra nhng gii php tng cht lng hot ng ng b ch ng.
-Lin h thc t: phng php kim tra, hiu chnh x l lch ti ng.
p n:
Nu cc ch tiu k thut v yu cu i vi BT ca cc ng c diesel ging nhau

lm vic song song.
Trong thc t, i vi trng hp cc ng c ging nhau lm vic song song, nhng
yu t lm cho khng tha mn cc yu cu trn s nh hng khng tt ti cht lng
hot ng ng b. Vic phn tch cc yu t ny rt quan trng a ra gii php khc
phc, tng cht lng hot ng ng b.
nh hng ca cc yu t ng bao gm b iu tc, h truyn tc ng n c c
cu iu chnh nhin liu v ng c.
nh hng ca BT:
Khi hot ng song song, xy ra tng hp cc ng c nhn /gim ti khng u
khi ti ngoi thay i, ph ti dao ng gia cc ng c/my pht in, s dao ng tn
s in. Nguyn nhn c th l do cc yu t ng ca b iu tc nh thi gian iu
chnh v lch ng hiu chnh cha ng b Cn hiu chnh li Tc v lch
ng , th li ti ng.
nh hng ca ng c:
c tnh ng ca cc ng c (th hin qua thi gian tng tc/ gim tc ca ng c
khi thay i lng nhin liu hoc khi ph ti thay i) khng ging nhau cng nh
hng ln n cht lng hot ng ng b ch ng. c tnh ng ca ng c
ph thuc vo cc yu t sau: Loi ng c, tnh trng k thut ca ng c (h thng
nhin liu, phi kh, tua bin tng p, bu sinh hn khi tng p, cc h thng phc v: h
thng cp nhin liu, nhin liu, h np thi, Cn bo dng duy tr trng thi tt.
nh hng ca h thng c cu truyn ng t BT- n c cu iu chnh lng
nhin liu-thanh rng BCA:
-Trng thi k thut ca cc khp ni, khe h, bi trn
-S dch chuyn ca thanh rng: kt, b gii hn, lp t khng ng
-Cc lo xo lin kt
-C cu gii hn nhin liu c kh, gii hn nhin liu khi khi ng, c cu dng, bo v
ng c
216/341
-Lp t, hiu chnh ng b hnh trnh tc ng BT- thanh rng BCA Bo dng,
lp t, hiu chnh ng cc chi tit ca h thng c cu truyn ng t BT- n c cu
iu chnh lng nhin liu-thanh rng BCA.
Cu hi 17
Nu quy trnh th, kim tra, hiu chnh h thng t ng iu chnh tc quay
ng c diesel ging nhau hot ng song song. Lin h vi thc t gp.
Hng dn:
-Yu cu nu ch tiu k thut v yu cu i vi BT ca cc ng c diesel ging
nhau lm vic song song. Nu quy trnh th, kim tra, hiu chnh h thng t ng iu
chnh tc quay ng c diesel ging nhau hot ng song song.
-Lin h thc t: phng php kim tra, hiu chnh BT ca cc diesel ging nhau
lm vic song song.
p n:
Nu cc ch tiu k thut v yu cu i vi BT ca cc ng c diesel ging nhau lm

vic song song.
Quy trnh th, kim tra, hiu chnh h thng TC tc quay ca cc ng c diesel
ging nhau lm vic song song:
Bc1-Th, kim tra, hiu chnh cc h thng TC tc quay ca cc ng c diesel
ging nhau lm vic c lp t cc ch tiu k thut v ch tnh/ ng:
Bc 2-Th, kim tra, hiu chnh cc h thng TC tc quay ca cc ng c diesel
ging nhau lm vic song song ch tnh:
- Kim tra h s khng ng u ca cc BT (speed droop) cng mt gi tr ti, cng tc
khng ti, xc nh tc khi mang ti (50~100%) n1, n2, n3Tnh 1, 2, 3 theo cng
thc. Hiu chnh c cu lin h ngc ph cng (speed droop) v tc t sao cho 1=
2= 3 = 2 ~ 4%
- Ha ng b theo cp 1-2, 1-3, 2-3. Th ti t 25-50-75-100%, theo di s lch ti tnh,
nu lch ti ln hn gi tr cho php (10% Nm) th hiu chnh li h s khng ng
u ca my 2 c c lch ti 10% Nm
Bc 3-Kim tra, hiu chnh cc h thng TC tc quay ca cc ng c diesel
ging nhau lm vic song song ch ng:
- Ha ng b theo cp 1-2, 1-3. Th ti ng tng t 25-50-75-100%, theo di s lch ti
ng, nu lch ng ng ln hn gi tr cho php (10% Nm) th hiu chnh li c
cu b (ng bt van kim b ca my nhn ti ng ln hn) c c lch ti ng
10% Nm. Thng l Tc cng t yu cu nu hot ng c lp tt.
Bc 4-Kim tra, th cc h thng TC tc quay ca cc ng c diesel ging nhau
lm vic song song:Ha ng b c 3 my cp 1-2-5, chia ti u, th ti ng tng t
25-50-75-100%, theo di s lch tnh, ti ng, thi gian iu chnh.
Bc 5-Th p ng ca BT v ng c vi s thay i ln ca ph ti: kim tra
kh nng cng tc ca ng c v BT.
217/341
Lp bin bn th v kt qu sau khi hiu chnh. Cc bn k xc nhn, nghim thu.

Lin h thc t gp ca hc vin.
Cu hi 18
Nu nhng yu cu k thut c bn i vi b iu tc ca cc ng c diesel
khc nhau v cng sut lm vic song song t ch tiu k thut hot ng ng
b. V th c tnh iu chnh minh ha. Lin h vi thc t.
Hng dn:
-Yu cu nu khi nim v ch lm vic vic song song ca cc ng c diesel tu
thy. Cc ch tiu k thut v cc yu cu i vi BT tc ca cc ng c diesel khc
nhau v cng sut lm vic song song. Minh ha trn th c tnh iu chnh.
- Lin h thc t v ch lm vic song song ca my pht chnh vi my pht ng
trc. Ch khi vn hnh, khai thc.
p n:
1-Khi nim v ch lm vic vic song song ca cc ng c diesel:
-2 hay nhiu ng c lai 1 chn vt
-2 hay nhiu ng c (ging nhau hoc khc nhau v cng sut) lai MF cng chung 1
li in (ph ti in). Hnh v trang tr h ng lc c cc diesel lm vic song song.
2- ng c diesel khc nhau v cng sut lm vic song song:
Khi cc ng c diesel khc nhau v cng sut lm vic song song, nu cc BT
ging nh trng hp i vi cc ng c ging nhau v cng sut th ng c c cng
sut nh d b qu ti khi ph ti tng. V vy, trng hp ny, ng c c cng sut nh
ch nhn phn ti tnh n nh theo kh nng cng tc ca ng c, ng c c cng sut
ln th nhn c phn ti tnh v phn ti ng. Vai tr ca ng c c cng sut nh ch
mang tnh cht h tr mt phn ti cho ng c c cng sut ln. Khi ti ngoi gim thp
th phi ngt mt my ra trnh hin tng qu ti v cng sut ngc.
t c nh vy, ngi ta s dng BT c c tnh iu chnh khc nhau, c
th BT ca ng c c cng sut ln c tnh cht v sai tnh(=0) v BT ca ng c
c cng sut nh c tnh cht hu sai tnh (>0)
Cc ch tiu k thut :
Ch tiu i vi ch tnh:
-Tc v ti n nh
-Ti phn chia hp l cho cc ng c. ng c khng b qu ti hoc cp ti. Cc ng
c phi c bo v qu ti v cng sut ngc
Ch tiu i vi ch ng:
-Ph ti ng ch tng hoc gim ng c c cng sut ln.
-ng c cng sut nh ch mang phn ti tnh n nh nhn
Yu cu i vi BT:
t c nhng yu cu trn i vi b iu tc ca ng c khc nhau v cng sut
lm vic song song cn nhng yu cu:
218/341
- c tnh iu chnh ca BT ng c c cng sut ln c: 1 =0 (v sai tnh).

- c tnh iu chnh ca BT ng c c cng sut nh c: 2 =2~5% (hu sai tnh).
Lin h thc t theo kinh nghim ca hc vin
C
1
Li
Hp
C
2
Li
Hp
C
1
C
2
MF1
CD
2
MF2
CD
2
Ph ti
in
Hnh 18-1. Trang tr ng lc vi hai ng c lai chn vt v lai my pht in

lm vic song song
Ti (%)
hmax1
P1
hmax2
P2
no
n
(rpm)
Hnh 18-2. c tnh iu chnh ca BT trn cc ng c khc nhau v cng sut

lm vic song song
219/341
Cu hi 19
Hy ni khi qut v h thng logic v cc phn t logic c bn thng c ng
dng trong cc h thng iu khin t xuca h ng lc tu thy.
Hng dn:
-Yu cu nu khi nim v h thng logic, h thng logic t hp, k tip. Cc phn t
logic c bn thng c ng dng trong cc h thng iu khin t xa ca h ng lc
tu thy (tn, hm, k hiu, bng gi tr, v d kt cu minh ha, ng dng)
- Lin h thc t v ng dng ca h thng logic trong cc h thng iu khin ca h
ng lc tu thy.
p n:
Trong cc h thng iu khin h thng hay thit b tu thy, h thng logic c p
dng rt ph bin.
H thng logic l h thng hot ng trn c s cc tn hiu ri rc m tn hiu ny
ch mang 2 gi tr qui c l 0 v 1. S hot ng ca h thng c mt bng cc
hm logic (hm Boole hay cc hm trong i s Boole)
H thng logic cn c gi l h thng ng ngt. Trong mi mt h thng logic
thng c 3 phn c bn sau:
1. Cc thit b u vo (nhn tn hiu, to tn hiu v duy tr tn hiu)
2. Thit b trung tm hay chnh l h thng logic: c nhim v x l cc tn hiu
nhn c u vo, phn tch x l v to ra cc tn hiu ph hp u ra.
3. Cc thit b u ra (khuych i, to tn hiu thc hin): to ra cc tc ng iu
khin
H thng logic c th phn thnh hai loi sau: (H thng logic t hp v h thng
logic k tip).
h thng logic t hp: tn hiu iu khin cc thit b ring bit ca mt qu
trnh ch ph thuc vo cc gi tr tc thi ca cc tn hiu, thng tin v trng thi ca qu
trnh v tn hiu bn ngoi. (S khi tng qut ca h thng logic t hp). c im
cu trc ca h thng logic t hp l khng c b nh.
h thng k tip gi tr cc tn hiu iu khin ph thuc khng ch vo gi tr
tc thi m cn ph thuc vo cc gi tr trc ca tn hiu, thng tin v trng thi ca
mt qu trnh v cc tn hiu bn ngoi khc. (S khi tng qut ca h thng logic k
tip). c im cu trc ca h thng logic k tip l c b nh.
Cc phn t logic c bn:
1-Phn t nhc li (YES): y= x
2-Phn t o (NOT): y= x
3-Phn t cng (OR): y= x1 +x2
4-Phn t nhn (AND): x1 . x2
5-Phn t o ca cng (NOT OR = NOR): y= x1 +x2 =X. . X2
220/341
6-Phn t o ca nhn (NOT AND = NAND): y= x1 .x2 =X. +X2

ng dng ca h thng logic trong cc h thng iu khin ca h ng lc tu thy.
Tn hiu
vo
Thit b
u vo
H thng
logic
Thit b
u ra
Tc ng
iu khin
Hnh19.1: S khi tng qut ca h thng logic

x1
x2
Y1
Y2
H thng
logic t hp
xn
x1
xn
Ym
Hnh19.2: S khi tng qut

ca h thng logic t hp
Y1
Ym
H thng
logic t hp
B nh
Hnh19.3: S khi tng qut

ca h thng logic k tip
1-Phn t nhc li (YES):

Hm
y= x
K hiu:
x
Bng ga tr
y
x
0
1
y
0
1
ng dng
Hay dng cho b khuych i
x
Mch in
Y
Mch kh, thy lc

X
2-Phn t o (NOT):
Hm
K hiu:
Bng ga tr
ng dng
221/341
y= x
x
0
1
Hay dng cho mch iu khin, bo v,

kha lin ng
Y
Mch in
X
Mch kh, thy lc
y
1
0
3-Phn t cng (OR):

Hm
K hiu:
X1
Bng ga tr
y= x1 +x2
X2
x1
0
0
1
1
x2
0
1
0
1
y
0
1
1
1
X3
X2
X1
Y
X2
Mch kh, thy lc

V d v kt
cu ca van
lo gic kiu
kh nn
X1
ng dng
Hay dng cho mch start, bo v
Mch in
X1
X2
4-Phn t nhn (AND):

Hm
K hiu:
Bng ga tr
ng dng
222/341
X1
y
y= x1 . x2
X2
x1
0
0
1
1
x2
0
1
0
1
y
0
0
0
1
Hay dng cho mch iu khin (bo v,

kha lin ng)
Mch in
X
X1
Mch kh, thy lc

X1
X2
5-Phn t o ca cng (NOT OR = NOR):
Hm
K hiu:
Bng ga tr
X1
y
y= x1 +x2
=X. . X2
X2
x1
0
0
1
1
x2
0
1
0
1
y
1
0
0
0
X1
ng dng
(stop)
Mch in
Y
Mch kh, thy lc

X1
X2
X2
X2
X1
6-Phn t o ca nhn (NOT AND = NAND):

Hm
K hiu:
Bng ga tr
ng dng
223/341
X1
y
y= x1 .x2
=X. +X2
X2
X1
X2
x1
0
0
1
1
x2
0
1
0
1
y
1
1
1
0

kha lin ng
Mch in
X1
Y
X2
Mch kh, thy lc

X1
1
X2
Cu hi 20
Hy ni khi qut v h thng iu khin t xa (HTKTX) v t ng iu khin t xa
(TKTX) ng c diesel tu thy. Nu nhng c im c bn ca bung my tu thy
c ch khng ngi trc ca (UMS - M0). Lin h vi thc t gp.
Hng dn:
-Yu cu nu khi qut v h thng iu khin t xa (HTKTX) v t ng iu khin t xa
(TKTX) ng c diesel tu thy. Gii thch nguyn l hot ng ca h thng trn s khi
tng qut.
- Nu nhng c im c bn ca bung my tu thy c ch khng ngi trc ca (UMS
- M0). Lin h vi thc t.
p n:
Tu theo mc phc tp ca h thng v mc tham gia ca con ngi trong qu
trnh iu khin c th phn loi cc h thng iu khin ng c izel thnh hai dng l
h thng iu khin t xa v h thng t ng iu khin t xa.
H thng iu khin t xa l h thng cho php ngi khai thc iu khin hot ng
ca ng c t mt v tr cch xa ng c thng qua mt s c cu thc hin cc chc
nng iu khin nh tay o chiu, tay iu khin nhin liu (iu khin thay i vng
quay), nt n khi ng..., logic cc thao tc iu khin do ngi iu khin thc hin.
224/341
H thng t ng iu khin t xa l h thng cho php ngi khai thc iu khin

hot ng ca ng c t mt v tr cch xa ng c mt cch hon ton t ng thng
qua mt tay iu khin tch hp. Logic cc thao tc do h thng t thc hin.
Cu trc c bn ca cc h thng TKTX (Trnh by trn s )
S khi ca HTTKTX ng c diesel tu thu: (Trnh by trn s )
Nhng c im c bn ca h ng lc tu thy khng ngi trc ca.
UMS= Unmanned Mahinery Space = M0 ( M zero)
i vi h ng lc tu thy khng ngi trc ca, ngi trc ca khng cn trc lin tc
bung my m lm vic bo dng cc thit b theo gi quy nh, ngoi gi lm vic c ngh.
SQ v th my trc theo ngy v x l khi c bo ng hoc s c bt thng. Giao nhn ca trc
vo bui sng. Kim tra ghi nht k vo mt khong thi gian nht nh (M0 check list).
H ng lc tu thy khng ngi trc ca c t ng ha ton b, khng cn c s gim
st, can thip iu khin thng xuyn ca con ngi.
Nu nhng c dim c bn v cc trang thit b c t ng ha.
H ng lc tu thy c ch khng ngi trc ca c kim tra, cp giy chng nhn
ca c quan ng kim nu tha mn cc yu cu k thut v cng c quc t.
Lin h thc t kinh nghim khai thc vn hnh h ng lc c ch khng ngi trc ca.
Lnh iu khin,
tn hiu vo
Thit b
u vo
HT x l
trung tm
Thit b
u ra
i tng
iu khin
Hinh 20.1: S khi tng qut ca mt h thng t ng iu khin t xa
THIT B
HIN TH
Lnh
K
THIT
B
NHN TN
HIU VAO
THIT B D
BAO
H
HNG
GHI NHT
KT NG
H
THNG
LGIC X L
TRUNG TM
THIT B BAO
NG,
BO
V
Tn hiu cc thng s tc thi ca ng c
NG C V
THIT
THC
HIN
Tn hiu bo v ng c
THIT B PH
225/341
Hinh 20.2: S khi tng qut ca mt h thng t ng iu khin t xa

ng c diesel tu thu
Cu hi 21
Hy nu nguyn l xy dng cc chc nng iu khin ca HTK t xa ng c
diesel tu thy. Lin h thc t.
Hng dn:
-Yu cu nu nguyn l xy dng cc chc nng iu khin ca HTK t xa ng
c diesel tu thy. Khi qut v cc trng thi v ch chuyn trng thi lm vic ca
ng c diesel tu thy.
-Lin h thc t kim tra, th trng thi dng s c, lm vic s c, khc phc.
p n:
xy dng cc chc nng iu khin ca HTK t xa ng c diesel tu thy, ngi
ta phi da trn c s v cc trng thi lm vic, kh nng chuyn i trng thi lm vic
cng nh cc tnh cht lm vic m bo cc ch tiu kinh t - k thut - an ton tin cy
ca ng c v con tu.
Trnh by cc khi qut v cc trng thi lm vic ca ng c diesel tu thy (Hnh
v minh ha v cc trng thi lm vic v ch chuyn trng thi lm vic ca ng c
diesel tu thy)
Trng thi lm vic bnh thng (Run)
Dng bnh thng (Stop).
Trng thi lm vic s c (Slow down).
226/341
Trng thi dng s c (Emergency Stop/ Strip

Cc ch chuyn trng thi lm vic:
Khi ng ng c: l qu trnh a ng c t trng thi dng sang mt trng thi hot
ng bnh thng no . Qu trnh khi ng ng c c th bao gm c qu trnh thay i
vng quay hoc bc chn vt a ng c ti trng thi lm vic mong mun.
Dng ng c bnh thng: Qu trnh ny ngc vi khi ng ng c, ng c
c chuyn t trng thi hot ng no sang trng thi dng..
T trng thi lm vic bnh thng chuyn sang trng thi lm vic s c: khi c tn
hiu SLOWDOWN, thit b bo v s bo ng, t ng tao tn hiu iu khin gim
vng quay ca ng c xung tc chm - slow(AUTO SLOWDOWN)
Xo lnh lm vic s c v trng thi lm vic bnh thng: (n nt hon nguynreset, a tay iu khin v v tr SLOW vi h thng t ng iu khin) th ngi khai
thc mi c th iu khin c vng quay theo mun.
T trng thi lm vic bnh thng chuyn sang dng s c: y l tc ng dng ng
c khn cp bo v ng c khng b h hng nghim trng.
T dng s c chuyn sang trng thi dng bnh thng: y l thao tc tr ng c
v trng thi dng bnh thng sau khi ng c b dng s c. Trong mt s h thng
hon nguyn c phi a tay iu khin nhin liu (FUEL CONTROL) v v tr khng
cp nhin liu hoc tay chung (TELEGRAPH) v v tr dng (STOP).
T trng thi dng bnh thng chuyn sang trng thi dng s c.
Trng thi
lm vic
bnh thng
Trng thi
dng
bnh thng
Chuyn sang lm vic s c

Xa lm vic s c
Dng
s c
Trng thi
lm vic
s c
Dng s c
Dng bnh thng
Khi ng
Lin h thc t: cc tn hiu to tc ng t ng SLOWDOWN, dng s c. Khc phc

ng c c th hot ng bnh thng.
Dng bnh
thng
Dng s c
Trng thi
dng
s c
Xa dng s c
Hnh 21.1: Cc trng thi lm vic v ch chuyn trng thi lm vic
227/341
ca ng c diesel tu thy
Cu hi 22
Hy trnh by s thut ton m t chng trnh iu khin qu trnh khi ng trong
h thng TKTX ng c diesel lai chn vt nh bc. Lin h thc t.
Hng dn:
-Yu cu trnh by s thut ton m t chng trnh iu khin qu trnh khi ng trong
h thng TKTX ng c diesel lai chn vt nh bc. Cc thng s iu khin qu trnh khi
ng.
-Lin h thc t : phn tch, xc nh nguyn nhn ng c khi ng c quay, nhng khng
n.
p n:
Trong lnh vc tu thu, cc phng php khi ng ng c thng c s dng
l khi ng bng m t in (dng c quy), khi ng bng m t kh nn hoc thu lc
v khi ng trc tip bng kh nn (khng kh nn).
Do cng sut ca ng c trn tu thu thng rt ln nn phng php khi ng
bng khng kh nn c s dng rng ri nht.
Cc bc c bn trong chng trnh khi ng ng c ca h thng t ng

iu khin t xa c m t nh sau: (Hnh 22.1 m t thut ton chng trnh
khi ng).
Khi c tn hiu khi ng, h thng t ng thc hin chng trnh iu khin
khi ng theo mt logic nh trc bo m cho ng c lm vic an ton, t
cc yu cu k thut:
1. Kim tra cc iu kin cn thit khi ng
2. M van khi ng chnh
3. Ngng cp kh khi ng, ng thi cp nhin liu mc khi ng vo ng c.
4. Bo khi ng thnh cng.
Trong qu trnh iu khin khi ng, cc thng s iu khin qu trnh khi ng
sau yc nh hng rt ln n cht lng v kt qu khi ng ng c :
-Thi gian m van khi ng chnh
-Tc quay to tn hiu ng van khi ng chnh (tc khi ng)
-Tc bo ng c chy (khi ng thnh cng)
-Tc t cho BT khi khi ng
-Lng nhin liu cp khi khi ng
228/341
Lin h thc t: M t chng trnh khi ng ca ng c m mnh gp, nu

mt s trc trc hay s c khi ng khng thnh cng trong qu trnh khai thc v cch
khc phc:
-ng c quay nhng khng n.
-ng c kh khi ng hoc khng khi ng c, xc nh nguyn nhn, cch
x l khc phc.
229/341

bt u
St a r t
k h n g ng c hiu
no
v t r c c u o chiu
Po sit io n o f r ever sing
mec h a nism
Th a y i v t r c cu
o c h iu
Rev er sing
n g c h iu
ok
k h n g t h a m n
no
c c iu k in k hi ng
st a r t i ng in t er l ock s
r el ea sed?
t h a m n
y es
t n h iu t i b phn
k h i ng
St a r t in g signal
n h n
t ime up?
m t h i gian
t ime c o unt er
c h ua n
no
m v a n k h i ng c hnh
o pen ma in st ar t ing
v a l ve
Kh a nhi n l iu
l o c k f uel r ac k
m t h i gian
t ime c o unt er
m s l n k hi ng
n =n +1
n umber o f st ar t ing
c o u nt er
c h ua n
no
n h n
t ime up?
sai
no
v n g q ua y c a ng
c
st a r t i ng r pm
c hiu qua y c a ng c
r u nn ing dir ect ion
ng
ok
t v ng qua y k h i ng
ok
M Kh a , Cp nhi n l iu
un l o c k f u el r a c k (st ar t
f uel r unning)
B o ng " ng c Quay
sai c hiu"
Wr o n g-w a y al ar m
Kh ng t v n g quay
k h i ng
no
ng v a n k h i n g chnh
Cl o se ma in st ar t ing
v a l ve
m t h i gian
Time c o unt er
c h ua n
no
n h n
t ime up?
t n hiu dng
ng c
st o p signal
v ng q ua y c a
n g c
eng ine RPM
t ng
i nc r eased
t n hiu du y t r ho t
ng c a ng c
f uel r u n signal
B o ng c "s c"
st a r t ing impossibl e
Al a r m
k h n g t ng
no
c h uy n sa n g c h ung
t r n h t ha y i t c
l o a d up pr ogr am
t n hiu dng
ng c
st o p si gnal
s l n k h i ng
n umber o f st ar t ing
ht s l n
c ho php
u p t o 3 t imes
t n h iu dng
n g c
st o p sign al
c h ua ht s
l n c h o php
no
B o ng k h i ng
k h ng t hn h c ng
st a r t f ail ur e
k t t hc
en d
Hnh 22-1 S thut ton chng trnh khi ng ng c

230/341
Cu hi 23:
Nu v phn tch cc nguyn nhn c th gy ra khng khi ng c ng c trong
trng hp khi khi ng, ng c quay nhng khng khi ng c.
Hng dn:
-Yu cu phn tch theo cc nhm nguyn nhn c th gy ra khng khi ng c ng
c trong trng hp khi ng, ng c quay nhng khng khi ng c.
-Lin h vi thc t gp : nguyn nhn, x l.
p n:
xc nh nhanh cc nguyn nhn ng c khng khi ng c trong trng hp : khi
khi ng ng c, ng c c quay nhng khng khi ng c, ta cn phi chia theo cc
nhm nguyn nhn:
1-Do ng c :
- ng c qu ngui lnh
- Thit b bo v, dng ng c kha khng cp nhin liu
- H thng nhin liu: b E BCA hoc ng du cao p, khng cp nhin liu khi khi ng
hoc cp khng khi ng, BCA-Vi phun km - kt, gc phun sm khng ng, tc
phin lc nhin liu
- H thng phi kh: mt khe h nhit supap, phn p ng x ln, sc cn ng np
ln.
- Tnh trng k thut nhm piston-secmng-smi xi lanh khng tt
- H thng khi ng: supp khi ng kt-h, b phn phi gi khi ng khng tt, gc
cp kh khi ng khng ng.
- Khng ng chiu quay
- Cam o chiu cha ng v tr
- B iu tc khng hot ng
2-Do h thng phc v ng c :
- Nc lm mt cha c hm, hm cha nhit .
- Nhit khng kh bung my qu lnh.
- p lc nhin liu thp, tc phin lc nhin liu, nhit nhin liu thp, nhin liu ln
nc
- p sut kh khi ng thp, van kh khi ng m nh, tc ng kh khi ng
- p sut kh iu khin thp, van gim p kh iu khin hot ng khng tt
- Khng chy qut gi ph, p lc gi qut thp, tc pha kh bu sinh hn gi tng p
- Trc chn vt b kt, qun li (lai trc tip chn vt)
3-Do h thng iu khin khi ng ng c :
- Thi gian m van khi ng chnh qu ngn/ qu di
- Tc quay to tn hiu ng van khi ng chnh qu ln/ qu nh (tc khi
ng)
- Tc bo ng c chy qu ln/ qu nh (khi ng thnh cng)
- Tc t cho BT khi khi ng qu nh
231/341
- Lng nhin liu cp khi khi ng qu t

- H thng iu khin khi ng b hng
Lin h thc t gp.
Cu hi 24:
Nu thut ton iu khin dng ng c, lm vic s c (slow down), o chiu, iu khin
ly hp trong h thng TKTX ng c diesel lai chn vt nh bc.
Hng dn:
-Yu cu nu thut ton iu khin dng ng c, lm vic s c (slow down), o chiu,
iu khin ly hp trong h thng TKTX ng c diesel lai chn vt nh bc. Cc tn hiu
dng s c, chuyn lm vic s c, thng s iu khin o chiu v iu khin ly hp.
-Lin h thc t: nguyn nhn dng s c, chuyn lm vic s c, khng o chiu c. X
l
p n:
Thut ton dng ng c : (Hnh v s thut ton)
- Dng ng c bnh thng
- Dng ng c s c (nu cc tn hiu c bn to tc ng dng s c)
Thut ton o chiu ng c : (Hnh v s thut ton)
Trong qu trnh o chiu, thi gian o chiu, vng quay cho php o chiu n 1v tc
dch c cu o chiu l cc thng s rt quan trng bo m an ton cho ng c v
tnh c ng cu con tu. Sau khi o chiu xong th to tn START.
Thut ton iu khin ly hp ng c: (Hnh v s thut ton)
-p dng cho h truyn ng c ly hp.
-Thng c 2 ch iu khin:
Bng tay (Manual): On (Vo-ng ly hp) Off (Ra-ngt ly hp)
T ng (Automation): Ly hp t ng ng/ Ngt theo chng trnh t trc:
Vo ly hp khi:
Khng via chn vt (my via ngt)
Mc du phi (Vi ly hp thu lc), cc thng s k thut ca HTK ly hp
t yu cu
Tay iu khin khng nm v tr STOP (AH/AS)
Tc ng c ln nht cho php vo ly hp n lh nm trong phm vi tc cho
php vo ly hp: nlhmax nlh nlhmin)
Tc vo ly hp hp l (thi gian voly hp: t khi bt u vo n khi vo hon
ton)- vo ly hp t t
Ra ly hp khi:
Tc ng c < tc ti thiu n nh
Tay iu khin v tr Stop
Ngt ly hp nhanh, dt khot
Thut ton iu khin chuyn sang ch lm vic s c: (Hnh v s thut ton)
232/341
Khi c tn hiu SLOWDOWN, H thng s t ng to tc ng iu khin ng c

chuyn sang trng thi lm vic s c (Slowdown), gim ph ti cho ng c v tc
ng c gim xung v duy tr tc Slow bo v an ton cho ng c.
Mun iu khin c tc ng c theo v tr tay iu khin th phi khc phc s
c v c lnh xo ch lm vic s c (Slowdown Reset) v a tay iu khin v v tr
SLOW h thng v trng thi lm vic bnh thng.
S C
STOP
EMERGENCY STOP
TAY IU KHIN V
TR DNG (CONTROL
HANDLE AT STOP
POSITION)
THC HIN
CT NHIN LIU
(FUEL CUT)
No
XA
XA
DNG
DNG
S
S
THC HIN CT NHIN

LIU (FUEL CUT)
C
C
HON NGUYN
KIM TRA RPM NH

HN GI TRI CHO PHP
O CHIU
KHA MCH KHI

NG (START
INTERLOCKED)
BO DNG S C
No
RESET
Yes
Yes
KHC PHC S C
BO NG C DNG
BNH THNG (STOP)
Hnh 24-1 S thut ton dng ng c
233/341
O CHIU
No
KIM TRA IU KIN
O CHIU
Yes
THC HIN O CHIU
(REVERSING)
No
REVERSING TIME
REMAINING-THI GIAN
O CHIU
Yes
KIM TRA V TR TRC CAM NG
(AHEAD/ASTERN CAM)
No
Yes
BO KHNG O CHIU
C
END
BO O CHIU THNH CNG

(AHEAD/ASTERN CAM)
START
Hnh 24-2 S thut ton iu khin o chiu ng c
START
234/341
36
END
Tay iu khin
AH/AS/STOP
RPM
Chn ch
iu khin
ON
Thc hin
ng ly hp
(tc ng
li hp, kim
tra trng thi
ly hp
T ng
AUTO
Bo ng khng
cho ng ly hp
Bng tay
MANUAL
ON
OFF
Thc hin
ngt ly hp
(tc ngt
li hp, kim
tra trng thi
ly hp
NO
Kim tra
iu kin
ng ly hp
YES
Bo ly hp
ngt
Kim tra
iu kin
ngt ly hp
NO
YES
Thc hin
ng ly hp
(tc ng
li hp, kim
tra trng thi
ly hp
Thc hin
ngt ly hp
(tc ngt
li hp, kim
tra trng thi
ly hp
Bo ly hp
ng
Bo ly hp
ngt
Hnh 24-3S thut ton iu khin LY HP
START
END
Bo ly hp
ng
OFF
235/341
36
Tn hiu o cc thng s
cng tc-k thut-kinh t
No
Kim tra xc nh c thng s
gp s c phi SLOW DOWN
Yes
To tn hiu slow down
CHUYN TN HIU IU KHIN TC
NG C N SLOW (GOVERNOR)
BT (GOVERNOR) DUY TR TC
NG C SLOW
BO SLOWDOWN
Reset (hon
nguyn- khc
phc s c)
No
Yes
Chuyn tn hiu iu khin
tc BT sang NORMAL
Hnh 24-4 S thut ton iu khin chuyn ch lm vic s c
39
START
236/341
36
END
Cu hi 25
Hy trnh by chc nng v s khi mch iu khin tc trong h thng
TKTX ng c diesel lai chn vt nh bc. Nu nhng ch cn thit bo
m an ton khi iu khin tc ng c trong cc iu kin khai thc: ma n iu
ng tu, chuyn sang ch hnh trnh (run up), khi chy trong iu kin sng gi.
Hng dn:
-Yu cu trnh by chc nng v s khi mch iu khin tc trong h thng
TKTX ng c diesel lai chn vt nh bc. Nu nhng ch cn thit bo m
an ton khi iu khin tc ng c trong cc iu kin khai thc.
-Lin h thc t iu khin tc quay ng c khi ma n iu ng tu, chuyn sang
ch hnh trnh (run up), khi chy trong iu kin sng gi
p n:
Mch t ng iu khin tc thc hin cc chc nng iu khin sau y:
Nhn lnh iu khin tc , iu khin tc t cho B iu tc tng/gim
tc quay ng c theo theo chng trnh t trc : (load up program, load
down program, thay i nhanh tc ng c qua vng vng quay cng hng, t
ng y tc ng c ra khi vng cng hng...).
Duy tr n nh vng quay lm vic gi tr t (B iu tc)
o gi tr vng quay tc thi ca ng c ch bo, to tn hiu iu khin.
Cn bng ti trn cc ng c diesel lm vic song song (hai hay nhiu ng c lai
mt chn vt thng qua hp s, hay lai my pht in lm vic chung trong cng
mng in-chung ti ngoi).
Gii hn tc t ln nht.
Trnh by mch iu khin tc ng lai chn vt nh bc trn s khi.
Nhng ch khi iu khin tc ng c trong cc trng hp:
-Khi ma n iu ng i hi s dng cng sut my chnh ln th khng cho chng
trnh tng /gim tc lm vic (load up/down programm cancel) bo m tnh c
ng ca tu. Khng t v tr tay iu khin vo vng vng quay cng hng.
- thun tin trong qu trnh man iu ng tu, ngi ta thng thit k chng
trnh load up/down programm t ng vo lm vic khi ng c chuyn sang ch chy
hnh trnh (Navigation) v t ng ngt chng trnh khi tay iu khin t vng ng
vi ch man (Habour Speed).
-Khng nn thay i tc ng c qu nhanh khi khng cn thit.
-t chng trnh tng/ gim tc ph hp: (tc v thi gian tng/ gim, bc,)
-Khi tu chy trong iu kin sng gi ln phi gim tc khai thc trnh qu ti,
qu tc.
-t gi tr gii hn tc hp l.
-Lin h vi kinh nghim thc t iu khin tc ng c.
237/341
PHN T
THC HIN
B IU TC
HT LOGIC
CPU
O TC
NG C
PH TI
LNH IU KHIN TC ,
(INPUT)
Hnh25.1 S khi Mch iu khin tc ng lai chn vt nh bc

Cu hi 26 :
Gii thch nguyn l hot ng ca mt h thng t ng iu khin ng c lai
chn vt bin bc c gia ti my pht in ng trc trn s khi. Khi cho my
pht ng trc lm vic, cn ch g bo m an ton cho h ng lc v con tu.
Hng dn:
Yu cu Gii thch nguyn l hot ng ca mt h thng t ng iu khin ng c
lai chn vt bin bc c gia ti my pht in ng trc trn s khi (Hnh v 26.3.
C th dng thm hnh 26.1 v 26.2 minh ha thm). Nu nhng ch khi khai thc
vn hnh my pht ng trc.
Lin h thc t khai thc h ng lc chn vt bin bc, c my pht ng trc
p n:
H thng iu khin PROFA 22 v PROFA 23 do hng SIEMENS (c) thit k, ch
to c s dng t ng iu khin t xa h ng lc lai chn vt bin bc c ng
dng tng i ph bin i vi ng c chnh c gia ti my pht in ng trc.
Chng trnh iu khin ca cc h thng ny m bo yu cu bo v qu ti cho
ng c izel. y l nhng h thng iu khin t xa kiu in t - kh nn.
Nguyn l hot ng ca h thng iu khin ng c lai chn vt bin bc
PROFA 22 trn Hnh 26-2.
H thng ny cho php iu khin ng c izel v chn vt bin bc t ba v tr l
bung li, bung iu khin my v bn iu khin s c (ti ch). H thng PROFA 22
c cc c im sau:
-Vic chuyn i v tr iu khin c thc hin nh cng tc chuyn i t
bung iu khin my (C/R). Khi iu khin ti bung iu khin my th cc tn hiu
238/341
iu khin thay i vng quay v bc c to ra mt cch c lp.

-C th iu khin ng c chnh lai chn vt bin bc c my pht ng trc (khi
t n=const) v thng c gi l ch iu khin c nh vng quay (Fixed RPM
Control). Ch p dng khi iu khin bung iu khin C/R
-Tc thay i bc khng ph thuc vo tc thay i ca tay iu khin. C hai
chng trnh thay i bc khc nhau cho chiu tin v chiu li.
- iu khin bung li theo ch iu khin tng hp. Khi dch chuyn ca tay
iu khin bung li ng thi to ra tn hiu lm thay i vng quay n v bc cnh
H/D nh thit b to hm iu khin. Quan h bc cnh chn vt v vng quay l hm
ca v tr tay iu khin c th hin nh ng c tnh trn th (Hnh 26.1). Khi
iu khin ch ny, my pht ng trc khng hot ng v tc quay ng c
thay i theo v tr tay iu khin.
Nguyn l hot ng ca h thng iu khin ng c lai chn vt bin bc c
gia ti my pht in PROFA 23 trn Hnh 26.3.
PROFA 23 c thit k iu khin h ng lc chn vt bin bc - my pht ng
trc. Trong h thng ny c ch iu khin vng quay c t vi gi tr n c = const
khi cho my pht ng trc vo hot ng. ch ny, tay iu khin ch to tn hiu
iu khin bc vt, cn tc quay ng c c duy tr khng thay i gi tr cn
thit bo m cho my pht ng trc lm vic. B iu khin ti c chc nng iu khin
ti ng c khng b qu ti.
Nguyn l hot ng ca h thng c bn ging nh h thng PROFA 23.
.
H/D
H/D
100
%
AHEAD
n
RP
M
100 %
100
%
CONTROL HANDLE POSITION

H/D
100 %
ASTERN
Hnh 26.1 th mi quan h tc ng c- bc chn vt theo v tr tay iu khin
239/341
Hnh 26.2: H thng iu khin chn vt bin bc PROFA 22
CONTR
OL
HANDLE
TO TN NHIU CHO
TRUC
REFERENCE VALUE
SELECTOR
CHN TN
HIU
C CU THC HIN
ACTUATOR
B IU CHNHTI
(AUTO LOAD
CONTROLLER)
(H/D)
TO T.HIU
C.TRNH .KHIN
(CTRL PROGRM
INITIATOR
CAM BIN V TR
THANH RNG
BT
GOVERNOR
B IU TC
FUEL RACK POSITION

TRANSMITTER
CHN VT BIN BUC

CPP
C CU THAY I
BUC CHN VT
PITCH CORRECTOR
MY PHT NG TRC
SHAFT GENERATOR
DIESEL ENGINE
NG C DIESEL
Hnh 26-3 S khi ca h thng iu khin ng c chn vt bin bc c gia

ti my pht ng trc PROFA 23
240/341

CH BO BUC
CH BO TI
CH BO V TR
THANH RNG
TAY CHUNG BUNG LI

(TAY IU KHIN)
(CNG SUT)
CH BO
VNG QUAY
W/H
HM BUC XON-VNG QUAY
C/R
H/D
TN HIU THAY I TC T
CHO B IU TC
n
E/R
H THNG LGIC
CC GI TR GII HN
THIT B PHT TN HIU THI GIAN CA

CHNG TRNH THAY I BC
GII HN TC THAY
I BUC
B TC NG
IU CHNH
BUC CHN VT
_
i
C CU THAY
I BUC
TN HIU
THAY I
TC
T
CHO B
IU TC
TO HM
GII HN TI
H/D
V
+
+
B IU CHNH
GII HN TI
2
THIT B CM
BIN VONG
QUAY
C TNH
THU NG
CA CHN VT
B IU CHNH
VNG QUAY
NG C
i
2
TN HIU O V TR TRC IU KHIN

THANH RNG NHIN LIU CA NG C
241/341
Cu hi 27:
Trnh by khi qut chc nng, nguyn l kt cu v hot ng ca h thng gim
st h ng lc trn s khi. Lin h vi thc t gp.
Hng dn:
-Yu cu trnh by chc nng, kt cu v nguyn l hot ng ca h thng gim st
h ng lc trn s khi. Quy nh chung i vi h thng.
-Lin h thc t v h thng gim st h ng lc trn tu gp.
p n:
Chc nng ca h thng h thng gim st h ng lc (Engine Monitoring SystemEMS)
Hin th (Monitoring) cc thng s hot ng ca ng c, cc thit b phc v v
h thng iu khin.
Kim sot cc thng s v to tn hiu cho cc thit b bo ng, bo v v d bo
tnh trng k thut. Pht tn hiu bo ng bng m thanh v nh sng (n, ci),
ch bo cc thng s bo ng, bo v bng dng s, ch, cu lnh, dng lnh,
nhp nhy, mu nh sng, sng...
Pht tn hiu iu khin dng, hot ng, bo v, chuyn trng thi hot ng hoc
khi ng cc thit b d phng.
T ng ghi nht k, gi hot ng (theo chu k), nht k bo ng-bo v.
Theo di, chn on v d bo tnh trng k thut, a ra cc ch dn khai thc,
bo dng v x l s c.
Qui nh chung vi h thng:
S khi ca h thng gim st h ng lc (Hinh 27.1)
Nhm thit b o, B x l thng tin (CPU), Nhm thit b ch bo, bo hiu, Nhm
thit b ghi nht k-in, H thng chn on k thut (DIAGNOSIS)
mt s tu hin i, chuyn dng, h thng chn on k thut c lp t, kt ni
vi h thng gim st HL. Mt s h thng khc c lp ri, c cng kt ni vi h
thng gim st khi cn kim tra HL.
Chc nng ca h thng chn on k thut:
Nng cao an ton, tin cy v tnh kinh t trong khai thc h ng lc tu thu.
Tr gip cho ngi iu khin d bo cc h hng c th xy ra v nguyn nhn
gy s c mt cch chnh xc v nhanh chng.
Gip cho ngi khai thc bit c thc trng ca tng h thng hoc thit b
c phng n khai thc h ng an ton, kinh t trong mi ch cng tc (k c
khi c nhng thng s c gi vt qu gii hn cho php).
D bo trc trng thi k thut ca chi tit, nhm chi tit quan trng c k
hoch bo dng kp thi, ngn nga v gim thiu cc h hng c th xy ra.
H thng chn on k thut c cu trc ph bin theo kiu h thng chuyn gia
Hnh 27.2 bao gm cc khi c bn sau: Khi cho trc, Khi thng s thc t,
Khi m phng, B x l trung tm, Kt qu d bo.
242/341
Lin h kinh nghim thc t v h thng gim st h ng lc, chn on k thut

gp.
CONTINUOUS
INDICATOR
Digital
inputs
MONITOR
S1
Trs1
S2
Trs2
Si
Tri
CLOCK
DATA LOGGERPRINTER
AMP
A/D
CPU
Scanner
Sk
Tk
MEMORY
CHANGE
Sn
DIGIGTAL
OUTPUTS
ALARM
PROTECTING
EQUIPMENTS
DIAGNOSIS
D/A
Tn
READ
LOCK
ANALOG
OUTPUTS
BLACK BOX
KEYBOARD
Continuous
indicator
Analog
inputs
Hnh 27.1 S khi tng qut ca h thng gim st h ng lc

Ch thch Hnh 27.1
S1, S2, Si (Sensors)l cc u o cc thng s cn o
Tr1, Tr2, Tr3 (Transducers) l cc thit b bin i tn hiu t cc i lng vt l

khc sang tn hiu in.
Tk, Tn, (Transmitters) l cc phn t truyn tn hiu.

SCANNER l thit b qut cc knh (channel) tn hiu o, kim tra cc thng s.
Scanner l thit b qut tn hiu, n iu tit vic nhn tn hiu vo x l. Tc
qut c th ti hng trm knh trong mt giy
AMP (amplifier) l thit b khuych i tn hiu.
A/D (Analog/Digital Converter) bin i tn hiu tng t thnh tn hiu s.
D/A (Digital /Analog Converter) bin i tn hiu s thnh tn hiu tng t.
243/341
42
CPU (Central Processing Unit) b x l trung tm.

CLOCK, ng h, kt ni vi ng h tu, to ra cc xung thi gian ng b
hot ng ca cc thit b.
MEMORY l b nh: ghi li cc d liu ban u, thay i, ci t li
KEYBOARD l bn phm
LOCK l kha vt l (c cha kho) trnh nhng thay i khng mong mun
MONITOR : mn hnh hin th cc thng s.
CONTINUOUS INDICATORS: ch bo thng xuyn
INDICATORS: cc thit b ch bo khc
READ: c cc thng s
CHANGE: thay i ch , hiu chnh gi tr t .
ALARM l thit b bo ng (m thanh v nh sng)
PROTECTING EQUIPMENT: l thit b bo v.
DIAGNOSIS: H thng chn on k thut
ANALOG OUTPUTS: l cc tn hiu ra lin tc dng tng t (ch bo, mc ch

khc)
DIGITAL OUTPUTS: l cc tn hiu ra lin tc dng s (ch bo, mc ch khc)

DATA LOGGER-PRINTER: l thit b ghi nht k, in.
BLACK BOX: Hp lu tr d liu
Khi thng s
thc t
Khi
cho trc
Khi
m phng
B vi
x l
Khi
kt qu d bo
Hnh 27.2 S khi tng qut ca h thng chn on k thut kiu chuyn gia
244/341
Cu hi 28:
Hy nu chc nng, quy trnh vn hnh, kim tra, bo dng h thng gim st h
ng lc tu thy. Lin h vi thc t gp.
Hng dn:
Yu cu nu chc nng, quy trnh vn hnh, quy trnh kim tra- bo dng h
thng gim st h ng lc tu thy.
Lin h vi kinh nghim thc t trong vn hnh, kim tra, bo dng h thng
gim st h ng lc tu thy
p n:
Chc nng ca h thng h thng gim st h ng lc (Engine Monitoring SystemEMS)
Hin th (Monitoring) cc thng s hot ng ca ng c, cc thit b phc v v
h thng iu khin.
Kim sot cc thng s v to tn hiu cho cc thit b bo ng, bo v v d bo
tnh trng k thut. Pht tn hiu bo ng bng m thanh v nh sng (n, ci),
ch bo cc thng s bo ng, bo v bng dng s, ch, cu lnh, dng lnh,
nhp nhy, mu nh sng, sng...
Pht tn hiu iu khin dng, hot ng, bo v, chuyn trng thi hot ng hoc
khi ng cc thit b d phng.
T ng ghi nht k, gi hot ng (theo chu k), nht k bo ng-bo v.
Theo di, chn on v d bo tnh trng k thut, a ra cc ch dn khai thc,
bo dng v x l s c.
Quy trnh vn hnh h thng:
c, tm hiu, nm chc cu trc, nguyn l hot ng ca h thng.
Hiu r cu to, cc khi chc nng, khi cp ngun, cc u o, tn hiu ca h
thng thc t vi ti liu k thut, hng dn.
c, hiu, nm chc cc hng dn ca nh ch to v quy trnh vn hnh, kim
tra, bo dng, hiu chnh h thng, cc vt t d tr cn thit. Cc a ch, ngun
thng tin t vn h tr k thut.
Lu li cc gi tr t trc sau khi th tu, bn giao, kt qu kim tra ca c quan
ng kim, nh ch tao, xng ng tu, sa cha tu lm c s, kim tra, so
snh, nh gi, (trnh by chi tit)
Quy trnh bo dng, hiu chnh h thng:
c, hiu, nm chc cc hng dn ca nh ch to v quy trnh vn hnh, kim
tra, bo dng, hiu chnh h thng, cc vt t d tr cn thit. Cc a ch, ngun
thng tin t vn h tr k thut.
Phi c k hoch kim tra bo dng h thng cng vi cc thit b h thng khc
((Ship maintenance plan)
245/341
Thc hin nghim tc cc cng vic kim tra, bo dng, hiu chnh theo k hoc
lp, ghi li kt qu theo mu quy nh: mu ca nh ch to, s kim tra bo
dng cc thit b t ng, theo mu ca h thng qun l an ton, s tay ca sy
quan qun l (trnh by chi tit)
Lin h thc t theo kinh nghim ca hc vin
Cu hi 29:
Hy nu chc nng v phng php th, kim tra, hiu chnh cc mch t ng bo
ng v bo v ng c diesel v ni hi ph tu thy. Lin h vi thc t gp.
Hng dn:
-Yu cu nu chc nng v phng php th, kim tra, hiu chnh cc mch t ng
bo ng v bo v ng c diesel v ni hi ph tu thy (ni hi t du, ni hi kinh
t)
-Lin h kinh nghim thc t ca hc vin.
p n:
cc mch bo ng bo v lun trng thi hot ng tt, tin cy th vic hiu
bit, nh k kim tra, th s hot ng ca cc mch t ng bo v l rt cn thit i
vi cc s quan, thuyn vin trn tu.
Cc mch t ng bo ng, bo v i vi ng c diesel tu thy thng bao gm:
Bo ng/ bo v (shut down) p lc du bi trn h trc thp
Bo ng/ bo v (shut down) p lc du bi trn h trc cam thp
Bo ng p lc du/ nc lm mt piston thp
Bo ng/ bo v (shut down) p lc du bi trn tua bin thp
Bo ng / bo v (slow down) p lc nc ngt lm mt thp
Bo ng p lc nc bin lm mt thp
Bo ng/ bo v (shut down) p lc kh l xo thp
Bo ng/ bo v (shut down) p lc nhin liu thp
Bo ng/ bo v (shut down) nhit nc ngt lm mt cao
Bo ng /bo v (slow down) nhit du bi trn cao
Bo ng/ bo v (slow down) nhit du/nc lm mt piston cao
Bo ng/ bo v (slow down) chnh lch Tkx gia cc xi lanh cao
Bo ng/ bo v (slow down) nhit du b chi cao
Bo ng / bo v (slow down) nhit khoang gi qut cao
Bo ng /bo v (shut down) mt du bi trn s mi xilanh (non flow)
Bo ng v bo v (shut down) qu tc
Bo ng/ bo v (shut down) nht nhin liu cao
Bo ng/ bo v (shut down) nhit nhin liu thp
Bo ng/ bo v (shut down) r du ng cao p (trn du)
Cc mch t ng bo ng, bo v i vi ni hi ph tu thy thng bao gm:
Bo ng/ bo v (shut down) mc nc thp/cao
Bo ng/ bo v (shut down) p sut hi cao/thp
246/341
42
Bo ng/ bo v (shut down) p lc du t thp

Bo ng/ bo v (shut down) nhit du t thp
Bo ng / bo v (shut down) b tt t (miss fire)
Bo ng / bo v (shut down) qu nhit bung t (nhit kh x cao)
Bo ng p lc bm tun hon ni hi kh x thp (Q bm tun hon thp)
Phng php th kim tra, hiu chnh gi tr t: p sut, nhit , qu tc, mc

nc, miss fire( trnh by, m ta bng hnh v, gii thch)
Lin h kinh nghim thc t.
Mch bo ng bo v p sut:
Khi th, kim tra, to tn hiu p sut gi gi n r le cm bin p sut to tn hiu
bo ng/ bo v theo s th hin trn hnh 29.1 v 29.2:
p k
ng cp du
bi trn
X t t
p k
Rle p
sut
Hnh 29.1 S kim tra, th, hiu chnh mch bo ng/ bo v p sut
theo phng php dng tn hiu p sut ban u ca h thng
p k
Nm iu chnh
p sut
ng cp du
bi trn
Van
gim p
kh nn
Kh nn
2
p k
Rle p
sut
247/341
Hnh 29.2 S kim tra, th, hiu chnh mch bo ng/ bo v p sut
theo phng php dng tn hiu p sut kh nn
Bu cm bin
nhit
Nhit k
Nc
2
Bp
Rle
nhit
Hnh 29.3 S kim tra, th, hiu chnh mch bo ng/ bo v nhit theo
phng php dng nc un nng (t< 100oC)
Thuyt minh phng php kim tra, th, hiu chnh theo s
Hiu chnh r p sut, p sut tc ng, tr ( chnh lch)
p dng c cho hu ht cc mch bo ng/ bo v p sut.
Mch bo ng, bo v nhit :
-Phng dng nc un nng nh hnh 29.3 l phng php n gin p dng cho
trng hp thng s nhit < 100oC
-Phng dng l sy chuyn dng trng b cho tu nh hnh 29.4 l phng php p
dng cho cc trng hp thng s nhit < 500~800oC ty theo l sy.
Bu cm bin
nhit
Nm t
nhit
2
R le
nhit
Nhit k
L sy bng in
248/341
Hnh 29.4 S kim tra, th, hiu chnh mch bo ng/ bo v nhit
theo phng php dng l sy chuyn dng
Mch bo ng, bo v mc nc ni hi thp:

-
Thao tc cc van ng thy to tn hiu thay i mc nc, xem hnh 29.5
Loi cm bin mc nc qua b bin i thnh tn hiu p sut th c th p dng

phng php nh mch bo ng/ bo v p sut
Cm bin mc nc
Trng hi
ng thy
Hnh 29.6 S kim tra, th mch bo ng /bo v mc nc ni hi

kiu ng thy in
249/341
Cu hi 30:
Trnh by khi qut chc nng, nguyn l kt cu v hot ng ca h thng t
ng iu khin t hp ng c diesel lai my pht in. Lin h vi thc t gp.
Hng dn:
-Yu cu trnh by khi qut chc nng, kt cu v nguyn l hot ng ca h thng
t ng iu khin t hp ng c diesel lai my pht in trn s khi.
-Lin h kinh nghim thc t ca hc vin
p n:
Cc chc nng c bn ca mt h thng t ng iu khin t hp ng c diesel lai
my pht in l:
T ng iu khin cc ng c lai my pht in: sn sng hot ng, khi ng,
duy tr trng thi hot ng, dng ng c v trng thi dng v sn sng hot
ng (STAND BY) theo yu cu ca ph ti in. Ch bo cc thng s cng tc,
trng thi lm vic ca ng c.
T ng ho ng b v phn chia ti gia cc ng c-my pht lm vic song
song: t ng iu chnh cc thng s ngun in (in p, tn s). Ch bo cc
thng s, trng thi lm vic ca h thng.
T ng iu khin ng c-my pht vo lm vic khi ti cao/ ngt bt my pht
khi ti thp.
Khng ch cng sut ngoi (ti) ca ng c my pht (trnh qu ti cho ng c,
my pht). Ngt bt ph ti khng quan trng, d tr cng sut cho ti u tin.
Kim sot cc thng s quan trng, t ng bo ng, bo v ng c lai
Kim sot cc thng s quan trng, t ng bo ng, bo v my pht.
T ng d bo h hng i vi t hp diesel lai v my pht in.
T ng iu khin ng c lai my pht in s c khi ngun chnh cha khi
phc c. Ch bo cc thng s cng tc, trng thi lm vic ca ng c.
T ng ng cu dao, cp in ln bng in s c. Ch bo thng s cng tc
trng thi lm vic. T ng ngt cu dao, cp li ngun in chnh ln bng in
s c.
-Cc trng hp bo v my pht: (ngt cu dao ra khi li-ACB TRIP) ( nu cc thng
s c th)
-Cc trng hp bo v ng c lai: dng s c ng c-ngt cu dao(ACB TRIP):
p lc L.O thp, nhit nc lm mt cao,...
Qu tc
Phn loi ph ti in tu thu theo tnh cht ca ph ti.
Thut ton t ng iu khin t hp ng c lai my pht in:
Cc iu kin khi ng ng c lai gm: (S )
Cc iu kin ha ng b my pht gm: (S )
Tc ng chia ti: (S )
250/341
Tc ng sang ti, ngt bt my pht: (S )
Dng ng ng c lai gm: (S )

Lin h thc t v kinh nghim van hnh khai thc h thng iu khin t hp diesel lai
my pht in.
C-MF
No.1
No2
No3
No4
INPUTS
No2
No3
No4
TNH CNG
SUT
T C
IN P LI-TI
PHN TC DNG
T C
TN S LI
HTK CMF No2
K TN
HIU
outputs
CS
No2 No3 No4
SO SNH
TN HIU PHN
CHIA TI, IU
KHIN TI
BNG IN
CHNH
CU DAO
MY PHT
No1
No3
No4
TN HIU
B XUNG
MY PHT
KHI PHN
CHIA TI
TN HIU IU
CHNH TI
INPUTS
KIM TRA
KIM TRA
IU KIN
HO NG B
IU KIN
KHI NG
No3
TN HIU NGT
MY PHT
No4
KHI SANG TI
MY PHT
No2
No3
TNG
GIM
No4
No2 No3 No4
BT
C-MF No.1
Hnh 30.1 S KHI H THNG T NG IU KHIN T HP DIESEL LAI

MY PHT IN TU THU
251/341
Cu hi 31
Nu chc nng ca h thng t ng qun l ngun in tu thy. Hy gii thch
biu cng sut khi t ng b sung/ ngt bt t hp diesel lai my pht in.
Hng dn:
-Yu cu nu chc nng ca h thng t ng qun l ngun in tu thy. Gii thch
biu cng sut khi t ng b sung/ ngt bt t hp diesel lai my pht in.
-Lin h thc t kinh nghim khai thc vn hnh h thng qun l ngun in tu thy.
p n:
Cc chc nng c bn ca mt h thng t ng iu khin t hp ng c
diesel lai my pht in v qun l ngun in tu thy l:
T ng iu khin cc ng c lai my pht in: sn sng hot ng, khi ng, duy
tr trng thi hot ng, dng ng c v trng thi dng v sn sng hot ng
(STAND BY) theo yu cu ca ph ti in. Ch bo cc thng s cng tc, trng thi
lm vic ca ng c.
T ng ho ng b v phn chia ti gia cc ng c-my pht lm vic song song:
t ng iu chnh cc thng s ngun in (in p, tn s).
T ng iu khin ng c-my pht vo lm vic khi ti cao/ ngt bt my pht khi
ti thp: khi ph ti ngoi tng n mc yu cu phi chy thm t hp d tr
(standby) theo trnh t, h thng t ng khi ng, ho ng b v phn chia ti gia
cc ng c-my pht lm vic song song. Ngc li khi ph ti ngoi gim n mc
yu cu phi dng bt t hp chuyn sang trng thi d tr (standby), h thng t ng
sang ti (load shift), ngtt cu dao, dng t hp ng c-my pht theo trnh t v
chuyn sang trng thi d tr ( chc nng qun l cng sut trm pht in.)
Khng ch cng sut ngoi (ti) ca ng c my pht (trnh qu ti cho ng c, my
pht). Ngt bt ph ti khng quan trng, d tr cng sut cho ti u tin.
Kim sot cc thng s quan trng, t ng bo ng, bo v ng c lai
Kim sot cc thng s quan trng, t ng bo ng, bo v my pht.
T ng d bo h hng i vi t hp diesel lai v my pht in.
T ng iu khin ng c lai my pht in s c khi ngun chnh cha khi phc
c. Ch bo cc thng s cng tc, trng thi lm vic ca ng c.
T ng ng cu dao, cp in ln bng in s c. Ch bo cc thng s, trng thi
lm vic ca h thng.
T ng ngt cu dao, cp li ngun in chnh ln bng in s c.
-Gii thch s khi ca h thng t ng iu khin t hp ng c diesel lai
my pht in (hnh 31. 3)
-Gii thch biu cng sut th hin cc trng hp t ng b xung/ ngt bt my
pht in. (Hnh 31.1, 31.20)
- Lin h thc t kinh nghim khai thc vn hnh h thng qun l ngun in tu
thy
252/341
Hnh 31.1 Biu cng sut th hin cc trng hp t ng b xung my pht:

TOAL LOAD %
100% (1+2+3+4)
H s ti ngoi cn b xung thm my pht K1=75~90%

ti my pht ang lm vic Thi gian tr T =10~20 giy
75% (1+2+3+4)
75% (1+2+3)
10~20 SEC
75% (1+2)
75% (1)
NO.1
GENERATOR
NO.1+2
GENERATOR
NO.1+2+3
GENERATOR
NO.1+2+3+4
GENERATOR
GENERATOR RUN
Hnh 31.2 Biu cng sut th hin cc trng hp t ng ngt bt my pht:

TOAL LOAD %
100% (1+2+3+4)
H s ti ngoi cn ngt bt my pht K1=60~70% ti my pht

ang lm vic sau khi ngt bt. Thi gian tr T =10~20 pht
75% (1+2+3+4)
75% (1+2+3)
10~20 MIN
10~20 MIN
10~20 MIN
75% (1+2)
70% (1)
NO.1+2+3+4
NO.1+2+3
NO.1+2
NO.1
G/E RUN
253/341
C-MF
No.1
No2
No3
No4
INPUTS
No2
No3
No4
TNH CNG
SUT
T C
IN P LI-TI
PHN TC DNG
T C
TN S LI
HTK CMF No2
K TN
HIU
outputs
CS
No2 No3 No4
SO SNH
TN HIU PHN
CHIA TI, IU
KHIN TI
BNG IN
CHNH
CU DAO
MY PHT
No1
No3
No4
TN HIU
B XUNG
MY PHT
KHI PHN
CHIA TI
TN HIU IU
CHNH TI
INPUTS
KIM TRA
KIM TRA
IU KIN
HO NG B
IU KIN
KHI NG
No3
TN HIU NGT
MY PHT
No4
KHI SANG TI
MY PHT
No2
No3
TNG
GIM
No4
No2 No3 No4
BT
C-MF No.1
Hnh 31.3 S KHI H THNG T NG IU KHIN T HP DIESEL LAI

MY PHT IN TU THU
254/341
Cu hi 32:
Hy gii thch nguyn l hot ng ca mt HTKTX ng c diesel tu thy lai chn vt
bin bc hng KAMEWA trn s . Lin h vi h thng thc t gp.
Hng dn:
-Yu cu gii thch nguyn l hot ng ca mt HTKTX ng c diesel tu thy lai chn vt
bin bc hng KAMEWA trn s .
-Lin h thc t v HTKTX ng c diesel tu thy lai chn vt bin bc gp.
p n:
KaMeWa l mt hng ch to chn vt ni ting ca Thy in. Mt trong nhng h
thng nh vy l h thng ERC1.
H thng ERC1 bao gm cc h thng thnh phn (subsystem):Gii thiu trn hnh
v 32.1
H thng ERC1 c nhng u im sau y:
- Trang thit b n gin, phn ln cc thnh phn ca h thng u nm ti cc bng
iu khin.
- Cc thit b to lnh iu khin c tnh tr (theo chng trnh tng-gim) v c thit
b iu khin ti m bo vic vn hnh h thng an ton, do c kh nng ngn nga cc
trng hp ng c b qu ti hoc vng quay hoc gim thp ti mc xy ra hin tng
"black out" khi ng c chnh ang lai my pht ng trc.
- Thit b iu khin ti ca ng c t ng duy tr mc ti tng ng vi tc quay
ng c theo c tnh t trc thng qua vic iu khin bc chn vt
- Chng trnh ca thit b to ra tn hiu iu khin c tnh tr v chng trnh iu
khin ti c th hiu chnh d dng thng qua vic hiu chnh cc bin tr v c th d
dng kim tra c tn hiu ra bng cch o in p ca tn hiu.
- C h thng iu khin bc v tc quay d tr c lp vi h thng chnh (h
thng back, h thng ny m bo kh nng iu khin h ng lc trong trng hp c
s c xy ra vi h thng chnh lm h thng chnh mt kh nng iu khin).
- Cc b phn v chi tit cu thnh nn h thng do mt hng sn xut, nn vic cung
ng thit b thay th ch cn qua mt hng cung ng m bo nhanh, chnh xc v gi
thnh h.
Trnh by nguyn l hot ng ca h thng trn hnh v 32.1
H thng ERC1 l mt h thng iu khin in t vi thit b thc hin vic thay i
bc ca chn vt kiu in - thu lc. Chng trnh iu khin ca h thng c xy
dng trn c s chng trnh iu khin tng hp, c ngha l cng vi s thay i bc
ca chn vt th vng quay cng c iu khin thng qua mch iu khin tng hp.
c tnh mi quan h Bc xon - Tc quay chn vt c xy dng, t trc bo
m hiu sut chn vt ti u v ng c khng b qu ti.
B iu khin ti (load control). Cc phn t khc.
255/341
Lin h thc t v HTKTX ng c diesel tu thy lai chn vt bin bc gp

ba c k -up
c ont r ol pit ch
r espo nsibil it y
sy st em
Br idge
br idge
ma in
st a nd
l oad co nt r ol
sy st em
pit ch fi ne
adju st .
on
ahead
er c
ACC.
on
of
pit c h
c ont r ol
f a il
ACKN
M
of
l oad
inc r ease
pr ogr am
u nit
ast er n
to
w ings
br idge w ing st and wit h

el ect r ic shaf t sy st em
on
l oa d c ont r o l pa nel
pit ch
indic at or
Br idge
c ont r ol
r oo m
st a nd
er c
f .p.s
f .p.s
back-up cont r ol
cent r al unit
fs
c ont r ol
r esponsibil it y
c ir cuit
c o mmand
del ay
fs
fv
a l ar m
r el ay
r pm
f un ct ion
g ener at or
pit ch command
fs
f a ul t
det ect or
l oad
c ur ve
v
m
+_
mul t ipl ier
+_
MAX
c ont r ol
a mpl ifi er
rr
pit c h
bl ock ing
r el ay
r eal pit ch inf o.
r pmcommand
d
pit ch r esponse
change over signal : nor mal <=>back up cont r ol
ahead ast er n back up command
pit ch
f un ct ion
g en er at or
pit ch indicat ing signal
engine cont r ol r oom
l oad
l imit
a djust .
main cont r ol
cent r al unit
er c
eng.2
l oad
bal a nc e
l oad cont r ol r ef er ence signal
br idge
l oad cont r ol : on / of
eng.1
l oa d
sha r ing
c ont r ol
a mpl ifi er
c hange ov er t o c onst ant r pm
el ec t r ic
220v
50-60h z
pneumat ic
l oa d
sha r ing
unit
Gov er nor
pit c h
t r a nsmit t er
c ont r ol
v al ves
aux il iar y
ser v omo t or
od-box
r pm
t r a nsmit t er
engine 2
f uel
pump
t r a smit t er
220v
50-60h z
r pm signal
br idge
r pm
f uel pumpset t ing signal (f ps)
pit ch
indic at or
Gov er nor
engine 2
f uel
pump
t r a smit t er
Hnh 32.1 S h thng iu khin chn vt bin bc hng KaMeWa loi ERC1
256/341
Cu hi 33:
Hy gii thch nguyn l hot ng ca mt HTTKTX ng c diesel tu thy hng
NABCO. Lin h vi thc t gp.
Hng dn:
Yu cu gii thch kt cu v nguyn l hot ng ca mt HTTKTX ng c diesel tu thy
hng NABCO trn s . (chc nng ca h thng, cc phn t, nguyn l hot ng cc mch
iu khin, bo v,). Lin h vi h thng thc t gp.
p n:
Gii thiu HTKTX my chnh hng NABCO (Nippon Air Breaker Company), loi inkh nn-thy lc dng cho loi ng c 4 k, o chiu bng dch trc cam, lai trc tip
chn vt nh bc.H thng KTX my chnh s dng nng lng in, kh nn, thy
lc truyn tn hiu iu khin v thc hin cc tc ng iu khin. C th iu khin
t xa CR (hoc bung li) hoc cnh my.
Chc nng h thng :
1. C th iu khin t xa M/E C/R: Khi ng, thay i tc , dng my, o chiu
ti-li (dch trc cam) thng qua vi nt v tay iu khin c lp (hoc mt tay iu
khin tch hp- ty theo kt cu), c ngi vn hnh iu khin theo mt logic thc
hin cc chc nng iu khin mong mun.
2. Khi cn thit c th iu khin ng c ngay cnh my thng qua vi tay iu khin
chc nng c lp khi chuyn i v tr iu khin.
3. Bo v-kha lin ng :
Ch c th o chiu khi ng c dng n n cho php o chiu (t trc)
Khng cho khi ng ng c khi: trc cam khng ng v tr cn thit ti hoc
li, ng c ang chy, ng c ang dng s c
Kh iu khin khi ng t ng ngt khi tc ng c t tc khi ng
(t trc) ng c n (nhin liu phun vo t chy)
Khng th tng tc ng c qu nhanh khi iu khin tng tc t ngt tay
iu khin.
Khi trc cam v tay iu khin khng cng hng ti/ hoc li th khng cp nhin
liu cho ng c (tc ng ct nhin liu), ng c dng.
Khi cc thng s cng tc, k thut ca ng c vt qu gii hn cho php th bo
ng bng n, ci, chung. C nt xc nh thng s bo ng, tt bo ng : p
sut kh iu khin thp, van kh iu khin ng, Plo thp, T nc lm mt cao, P
kh khi ng thp, mt nc lm mt ng bao chn vt, khi ngi iu khin n
nt dng s c (Emergency Stop), ng van cp kh iu khin
ng c dng s c bo v ng c: khi ngi iu khin n nt dng s c
(Emergency Stop), kha khng cho khi ng nu cha RESET
S h thngkh nn-thy lc, mch in.
Cc phn t trong s mch kh - thy lc iu khin.
Cc phn t trong s mch in iu khin.
257/341
Nguyn l hot ng ca h thng ch iu khin t xa, cnh my (dng,

khi ng, o chiu, thay i tc )
Nguyn l mch bo v, bo ng
nh gi u khuyt im ca h thng, sut hon ci h thng trong mch
bo ng bo v HT hon thin hn. Lin h thc t.
Ch thch bn v mch kh-thy lc:
3-00: Ngun kh iu khin
3-01: phin lc kh
3-02a,b: Van chn
3-03a, 3-03b: Van gim p 30kg/cm2 -7kg/cm2, 2 van thay th nhau khi cn thit
3-08: Van chuyn i s dng van gim p 03a, 03b
3-04: Van an ton p sut kh iu khin
3-05: phin lc kh c van x nc
3-06: Van chuyn i v tr iu khin Bung li- Bung my
3-07: (PS-AL) Tip im bo ng p sut kh iu khin thp
#39, #40: ni vi b tch m lm kh kh iu khin (Dryer)
1-00: Cm tay iu khin
1-05 PS-CP: Tip im r le p sut bo v tr iu khin bung li
1-01: Tay iu khin tch hp/ Tay ma n
1-02: p k kh khi ng
1-03: p k kh iu khin tc
1-04: Phin lc kh iu khin
1-05: (PS-CP) Tip im bo v tr iu khin bung li
1-06: Van tit lu mt chiu khng ch tc tng tc khng tng tc qu nhanh
1-07: Van 1 chiu kp (double check valve): xa tn hiu dng (stop) khi tay iu khin
ang v tr ti hoc li tc ng iu khin van 108
1-08: Van logic kh iu khin dng ng c (STOP) khi tay iu khin v v tr Stop
I: Van cp tn hiu kh o chiu li (Astern)
II: Van kh gim p iu khin tc
III: Van cp tn hiu kh o chiu tin ( Ahead)
IV: Van kh iu khin khi ng
2-00: Bng cm van logic
2-01: Van 3 v tr iu khin o chiu dch trc cam (tn hiu t r le tc qua 2-02, v
tri trc cam, tay iu khin)
258/341
2-02 (MV-9): Van in t khng ch tc cho php o chiu (tn hiu t r le tc )

v v tr tng i tay iu khin - trc cam
2-03 (MV-6): Van in t iu khin dng binh thng (stop)
2-04 (MV-16): Van in t iu khin dng s c (qu tc, Plo thp)
2-05 (MV-7): Van in t khng ch iu kin khi ng an ton (my via, P LO, v tr
hng tay iu khin-trc cam ) ngt tn hiu khi ng theo tc khi ng
(tn hiu t r le tc )
2-06,2-07a,b,c,d: li lc
000:Cnh my
012a,b,c,d: li lc
01b: Van 1chiu kp cp kh iu khin vo xi lanh tr ng iu khin tc t B
iu tc
010 : xi lanh tr ng iu khin tc t B iu tc
01S: Van kh gim p iu khin tc cnh my (cp kh iu khin vo xi lanh tr
ng iu khin tc t B iu tc)
002: Van iu khin o chiu cnh my (Engine side AH-AS change over valve)
003b,003a: Van mt chiu kh - thy lc (cam shaft AH-AS change over cylinder)
004: Xilanh tr ng dch trc cam o chiu ng chieeufcamshftaAH-AS change over
cylinder)
005a: Tip im bo v tr trc cam ti
005a: Tip im bo v tr trc cam li
006: Xilanh tr ng dng ng c (stop cylinder)
007:Van iu khin khi ng cnh my (Engine side start pilot valve)
008: Van 1 chiu kp iu khin cp kh iu khin ti van 009 tc ng m van khi
ng chnh
009: Van iu khin khi ng (start air pilot valve)
Ch thch cc phn t mch in:
-n ch bo W: bung li
E: bung my
-Ch khi c s in:
Tn ca cc rle th hin chc nng,v tr tip im ca cc rle c nh s theo v tr
ca r le theo s th t ct tng ng, ct tip im: a la tip im thng m, b l tip
im thng ng. Tn cc tip im cng th hin chc nng ca n.
PS-CP: (PS-CP) Tip im bo v tr iu khin bung li
R-CP: R le bo v tr iu khin (Relay- Control Position)
259/341
LS-CF/ LS-CR: Tip im bo v tr trc cam ti/ Tip im bo v tr trc cam li

(R-CF)/(R-CR): Rle to tn hiu bo v tr trc cam ti -CF/ trc cam li CR
MV6, MV7, MV9, MV16: Cun dy van in t c chc nng tng ng (xem mch kh)
LS-HF/ LS-HR: Tip im bo v tr tay iu khin v tr ti/ li
Bz: Ci
Bell: Chung
(FL): Rle iu khin tip im ng m theo chu k to nhp nhy n
(TG): my pht o tc
(R-MR1): Rle cm bin tc iu khin o chiu
(R-MR2): Rle cm bin tc iu khin ngt kh khi ng
LS-FO: Tip im ca tay gii hn nhin liu v RESET khi dng s c.
PB-ESW: nt dng s c bung li
LEA: n bo ng cc thng s .. bung my
LWA: n bo ng cc thng s .. bung li
PS-A1: Tip im bo ng p sut kh iu khin thp
PS-A2: Tip im bo ng p sut kh khi ng thp
PS-A3: Tip im bo ng p sut LO thp
PS-A4: Tip im bo ng nhit nc ngt lm mt cao.
PS-A6: Tip im bo ng p sut nc lm mt ng bao chn vt thp
PB-LOW: Nt stop bm LO d tr bung li
LW8: n bung li bo bm LO d tr chy
260/341
261/341
Cu hi 35:
Hy gii thch nguyn l hot ng ca mt HTTKTX ng c diesel tu thy hng
SULZER. Lin h vi thc t gp.
Hng dn:
Yu cu gii thch nguyn l hot ng ca mt HTTKTX ng c diesel tu thy hng
SULZER trn bn v thc t. Lin h vi thc t gp
p n:
Gii thiu s mt HTKTX my chnh hng SULZER, loi in kh nn-thy lc
dng cho loi ng c 2 k lai trc tip chn vt nh bc :
Chc nng h thng :
4. C th iu khin t xa M/E C/R: Khi ng, thay i tc , dng my, o chiu
ti-li (xoay trc cam) thng qua vi nt v tay iu khin, c ngi vn hnh iu
khin theo mt logic thc hin cc chc nng iu khin mong mun. Tay iu khin
o chiu, dng ng c c thit k ng b vi tay chung nhn lnh nn thao tc
nhanh, trnh c nhm ln. Khi ng ng c c ngi iu khin tc ng qua
nt n tc ng vo van iu khin khi ng. Tc ng c c iu khin qua tay
trang, tn hiu p sut kh iu khin tc n BT t l vi gc nghing ca tay
trang iu khin.
5. C nt dng s c bung iu khin
6. Khi cn thit c th iu khin ng c ngay cnh my thng qua vi tay iu khin
chc nng c lp sau khi chuyn i v tr iu khin.
7. Bo v-kha lin ng :
Ch c th o chiu khi c p lc du cho servomotor o chiu (3~4bar)
Khng cho php khi ng ng c khi trc cam khng ng v tr cn thit ti
hoc li, cha ngt my via, P du bi trn thp
ng c khng c cp nhin liu khi ng c quay khng ng chiu quay theo
tay o chiu, p lc LO thp, p sut kh iu khin thp, trc cam o chiu cha
ng v tr.
Dng s c : n nt dng s c, khi qu tc, Plo b thp, p sut du bi trn
du ch thp thp, p sut nc lm mt piston thp, p sut nc lm mt s mi
xilanh thp
8. ng c lm vic s c
Khi ng c c mt vi thng s khng t gi tr quy nh, nhng vn c th cho
php ng c lm vic tm thi vi ti thp cho php khi cn thit bo m an ton
cho tu (p lc du bi trn b thp, p lc nc lm mt piston thp, p lc nc
lm mt xilanh). Khi n nt cho chy s c s ngt b mch bo v cc thng s ny.
Gii thiu cc phn t trong s mch kh - thy lc iu khin :
Gii thch nguyn l hot ng cc mch iu khin: dng, khi ng, iu
khin tc , dng, o chiu, dng s c, chy s c, bo v,
262/341
Lin h kinh nghim thc t v h thng tng t

Ch thch bn v:
1.02 Tachogenerator for overspeed cut-out device/ Cm bin tc bo v qu tc
1.03 Tachometer with revolution counter/ o m vng quay
1.05 Vertical drive/B truyn ng ng
1.06 Fuel linkage minimum limit /Thanh truyn iu khin nhin liu
1.07 Fuel linkage maximum limit srew /Vt iu chnh gii hn nhin liu
1.11 Fuel shut down linkage / Thanh truyn ct nhin liu
1.23 Fuel control lever for emergency running without governor/ Thanh iu khin
nhin liu khi chy s c khng dng BT
1.24 Woodward governor PGA 58 / B iu tc PGA-58
1.25 Manual speed setting knob for emergency running without control air/Nm iu
khin tc s c khi mt kh iu khin
1.26 Torsional spring/L xo xon
1.27 Take link/Thanh truyn
1.32 Blocking device for fuel control lever/ Thit b kha tay iu khin nhin liu
2 Starting system/ H thng khi ng
2.01 Pilot starting valves/ van iu khin khi ng
2.02 Pilot starting valve cam/ Cam van iu khin khi ng
2.03 Main starting air shut off valve/ Van gi khi ng chnh
2.04 None return valve/Van mt chiu
2.05 Pressure gauge/ Ap k
2.06 Drain valve/ Van x
2.07 Pilot valve for main automatic starting air shut off valve/ Van iu khin van t
ng khi ng chnh
2.08 Drain valve for starting air valve / Van x nc ca van khi ng chnh
2.09 Blocking valve on turning gear/ Van kha my via
2.10 Handwheel for main automatic starting air shut off valve/Tay ng m Van iu
khin van t ng khi ng chnh
2.13 Starting valve on cylinderhead/ Supap khi ng np xilanh
2.18 Emergency starting lever (operation without control air)/ Tay n khi ng s
c (khi mt kh iu khin)
2.21 Starting control air pressure gauge/ Ap k kh iu khin khi ng
2.22 Starter booster for Governor/Xilanh tr ng cho B iu tc khi khi ng
263/341
3. Fuel system/ H thng nhin liu

3.01 Fuel injector on cylinder head/ Vi phun nhin liu np xilanh
3.02 Fuel injection pump/ Bm cao p dng van
3.03 Fuel linkage spring (pull forward 0)/ Lo xo ko thanh rng v v tr 0
3.04 Cam shaft/ Trc cam
3.05 Fuel injection pump cam/ Cam bm cao p
3.07 Load indicator/ Ch bo ti
3.08 Intermediate shaft (for fuel control linkage)/ Trc trung gian cho thanh ni iu
khin nhin liu
4. Direction selection system/ H thng o chiu
4.01Reversing servomotor/ Motor o chiu
4.02 Reversing control valve/ Van iu khin o chiu
4.07 Manual control of Reversing control valve/ Tay iu khin van iu khin o
chiu bng tay (s c)
4.08 Servoflow end position indicator/ Ch bo v tr motor o chiu ti/li kiu lu
lng
5. Safety devices/ Thit b an ton
5.01 Running direction safeguard/Thit bi an ton hng quay
5.02 Sliding coupling for running direction safeguard/ Khp trt ca thit bi an ton
hng quay
5.06 Shutdown servomotor/ Xilanh tr ng dng ng c
5.23 Solenoid valve for fuel injection pump cut-out devive/Van in t iu khin ct
nhin liu bm cao p
5.24 Electric overspeed-and safety cut-out unit/Thit b to tn hiu dng s c v
cm bin qu tc kiu in
5.25 Manual cut-out knob/ Nt dng s c bng tay
5.26 Pneumatic fuel pumpcut-out unit/ Thit b tr ng kh nn ct nhin liu bm
cao p
5.28 Acoustic alarm (for safeguard of overspeed cut-out device)/ Bo ng m thanh
(Dng s c bo v qu tc)
5.29 Resetting button for overspeed cut-out device)/ Nt hon nguyn cho thit b
dng s c bo v qu tc)
5.30 Emergency run button and resetting button for pressure cut-out de vice/ Nt chy
s c v hon nguyn thit b dng s c do p sut
5.32 Pick up for overspeed cut-out device)/ Cm bin ca thit b bo v qu tc
264/341
6. Engine room/ Bung my

6.01 Starting air bottle/ Chai gi khi ng
6.02 Pressure gauge with cock/ p k c van kha
6.03 Lubricating oil pump (3~4 bar and 16 bar)/ Bm du nhn
6.04 Lubricating oil pressure regulating valve (engine)/ Van iu chnh p sut du
nhn (cnh my)
6.05 Pressure gauge with cock(engine)/ p k c van kha (cnh my)
6.07 Oil filter / Phin lc du nhn
6.08 Oil cooler/ Bu sinh hn du nhn
6.09 Non-return valve/ Van mt chiu
6.10 Non-return valve (engine)/ Van mt chiu (cnh my)
8. Pneumatic control system/ H thng kh iu khin
8.01 Control air pressure reducing and filtering/Trm van gim p kh iu khin v
phin lc kh
8.02 Three position cylinder for reversing control valve/ Xilanh 3 v tr cho van iu
khin o chiu)
8.03 Starting air blocking valve/ Van kha kh khi ng
8.04 Fuel blocking valve/ Van kha nhin liu
8.05 Electric cut-out/ Cm r le to tn hiu in dng ng c
8.06 Valve group overriding the fuel limit at low scavenging air pressure/ Cm van b
gii hn nhin liu khi p sut kh tng p thp. (khi khi ng, chy s c)
8.07 Blocking valve for reversing safely interlock (for emmegency running without
control air/ van ngt kha lin ng an ton mch o chiu ( chy s c khi
mt kh iu khin) Van m thng khi c p sut kh iu khin hoc c tn hiu
p sut du o chiu v ng c quay ng chiu.
8.08 Additional lubricating oil pressure safeguard valve/ Van bo v p lc du nhn
b sung tng tnh an ton cho ng c
8.10 Speed setting lever with fine setting device/ Tay t tc c nm chnh tinh
8.15 Starting button/ Nt khi ng
8.16 Pneumatic emergency stop button/ Nt n van kh dng s c
8.17 Pneumatic emergency run button and resetting button of pressure cut-out/ Nt n
van kh chy s c v hon nguyn thit b bo v p sut
8.18 Starting air control valve/ Van iu khin kh khi ng
8.20 Remote load indicator transmiter/ B truyn tn hiu ch bo ti t xa
8.21 Remote load indicator/ Ch bo ti t xa
265/341
8.22 Remote tachogenerator and revolution counter/ My pht tc bo tc quay t

xa v b m vng quay
8.24 Control air pressure gauge with cock/Ap k kh iu khin c van kha
8.25 Charging air pressure gauge/ Ap k kh tng p
8.26 Control switches on the intermediate shaft for/ Tip im iu khin trn trc
lin kt cho:
a. Overspeed system (OT1)/ h thng bo qu tc
b. Bearing oil-and cooling water system (OT2)/H thng du bi trn bc v
nc lm mt
c. Auxiliary blower/ Qut gi ph
d. Spare/ D tr
e. Crosshead bearing oil system/ H thng du bi trn u ch thp
f. Spare/ D tr
8.29 Main blocking valve for control air/ Van kha chnh kh iu khin
8.31 Control air bottle/ Chai kh iu khin
8.34 Remote tachometer/ Bo tc quay t xa
8.36 Transmiter for remote direction of rotation indicator / B truyn tn hiu bo
chiu quay t xa
8.37 Remote direction of rotation indicator / Ch bo chiu quay t xa
8.41 Indicator lamps/ n ch bo
8.42 Reversing lever/ Tay o chiu
8.43 Speed setting air pressure gauge/ Ap k bo p sut kh t tc cho BT
8. 52 Starting air pressure gauge/ Ap k kh khi ng
8.54 Presostart for crosshead bearing oil/ R le p sut du bi trn u ch thp
266/341
Cu hi 36:
Gii thch nguyn l hot ng ca b iu chnh nhit NFT ca hng Yamatake
trn s . Lin h vi thc t gp.
Hng dn:
Yu cu gii thch nguyn l hot ng ca b iu chnh nhit NFT ca hng
Yamatake trn s . Lin h ng dng thc t.
p n:
Trong cc h thng ph ca HL tu thy thng cc b t ng iu chnh nhit
, p sut, nht c p dng rt ph bin v ng vai tr rt quan trng tng
tnh an ton, tin cy v tnh kinh t ca HL. Cc b t ng iu chnh thng c
s dng l :
-T ng iu chnh nhit nc lm mt, du bi trn, khng kh tng p
-T ng iu chnh nhit v nht nhin liu.
-T ng iu chnh p sut khng kh nn dch v
-T ng iu chnh p sut ni hi kh x.
Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca cc BC rt a dng. BC hot ng trc tip
c cu to n gin nhng cht lng iu chnh khng cao. B iu chnh hot ng
gin tip c cht lng iu chnh cao hn thng c p dng cho cc mch iu chnh
quan trng nh: nhit v nht nhin liu trc khi vo my lc, vo bm cao p, p
sut nhin liu cp vo bm cao p, nhit nc ngt lm mt/ nc binlm mt my
chnh..
BC s dng tn hiu khng kh nn c tin cy v bn cao trong iu kin
khc nghit nh trong bung my tu thy, trong c BC nhit loi NFT (hoc iu
chnh p sut-NFP) ca hng YAMATAKE (Nht) c s dng rt ph bin.
Nguyn l cu to ca BC nhit hm nhin liu bng hi loi NFT c th
hin trn hnh 36.1
Gii thch nguyn l hot ng ca BC cc trng hp:
trng thi cn bng, nhit nhin liu n nh gi tr t
Khi nhit nhin liu tng cao hn gi tr t
Khi nhit nhin liu gim thp hn gi tr t
Khi thay i tng/ gim gi tr t.
c tnh hiu chnh
Tc ng hiu chnh BC: a t l, van tit lu b
Lin h thc t. Nhng ch khi vn hnh s dng.
Ch thch hnh v :
267/341
Belows : Hp xp hoc kiu ng p k (spiral boudon tube) cm bin nhit / p sut

Process signal : tn hiu thng s cn iu chnh (t, P)
Pointer (red): Kim ch gi tr thc (kim )
Setpointer index (green): Kim ch gi tr t (kim xanh)
Segment gear: bnh rng r qut
Pinion: bnh rng
Negative/Positive feed back bellow 1&2: Hp xp phn hi
Deviation link: thanh ni truyn tc ng tn hiu v lch
Setpoint adjusting thumble wheel: Bnh rng hiu chnh gi tr t
Flapper: tm v rui
Spring: l xo
Nozzle: vi phun
Propotional band dial: a hiu chnh di t l
Reset restriction assly: cm van tit lu iu chnh b
Reset dial: a hiu chnh van tit lu b
Air restriction: l tit lu
Filter: phin lc kh
Pilot valve: van diu khin
Diaphragm: mng kp
Pilot valve: van iu khin
Diaphragm control valve: Van tr ng kiu mng thc hin to tc ng iu chnh.
268/341

Reset dial
Bellow
s
Reset restriction
assly
Negative feed back bellow

side
Bellow
1
Positive feed
back below
side
Process signal
Bellow
2
Pointer (red)
pinion
(red)
Setpoint index
(green)
feed back
link
R
M
Segment
gear
D
Propotional band
dial
Deviation
link
Flappe
r
Nozzle
Spring
Restriction
A
Diaphrag
m
Setpont
adjusting
thumble wheel
Air filter
B
Pilot valve
Spring
Air supply 1.4
kg/cm2
0.2~1.0
kg/cm2
Diaphragm control
valve
Hi hm
Ti bu ngng
Bu hm F.O
F.O
Hnh 36-1: S nguyn l b t ng iu chnh nhit NFT

269/341
Cu hi 37:
Hy nu cc phng php iu chnh nhit nc lm mt, du bi trn, khng
kh tng p, nhin liu ca ng c diesel tu thy. Trong thc t khai thc, h
thng t ng iu chnh nhit hot ng tt cn phi ch g?
Hng dn:
Yu cu trnh by cc phng php iu chnh nhit nc lm mt, du bi trn,
khng kh tng p, nhin liu ca ng c diesel tu thy bng s .
Lin h thc t, nhng ch cn thit h thng t ng iu chnh nhit hot
ng tt.
p n:
H thng t ng iu chnh nhit nc lm mt, nhit du bi trn, nhit
khng kh tng p ca ng c vi ng c diesel lai chn vt c th hin trn hnh
37.1. Thng thng, phng php t ng cc thng s ny nh sau:
- T ng iu chnh nhit khng kh tng p vo ng c bng cch iu chnh
lu lng nc bin qua bu sinh hn khi tng p.
- T ng iu chnh nhit nc ngt vo lm mt ng c bng cch iu chnh
lu lng nc ngt qua bu sinh hn nc ngt.
- T ng iu chnh nhit du nhn vo bi trn ng c bng cch iu chnh
lu lng du bi trn qua bu sinh hn du.
- T ng iu chnh nhit nc bin vo lm mt bng cch iu chnh lu
lng nc bin ti tun hon.
- T ng iu chnh nhit nhin liu cp vo ng c bng cch iu chnh lu
lng hi hm (hoc du nng) qua bu hm: duy tr nhit n nh, h thng
phc tp, gi thnh u t thit b cao.
- T ng iu chnh nhit nhin liu cp vo ng c bng cch iu khin bu
hm in theo ch ON-OFF: duy tr nhit khng n nh, thay i trong gii
hn MIN-MAX, h thng n gin, gi thnh u t thit b thp.
Ch khi vn hnh i vi h thng lm mt:H thng van ng, Bm, phin lc,
Bu sinh hn, Nhit nc ngoi mn, Cc c cu iu chnh, Hiu chnh BC.
nh k kim tra, bo dng, v sinh cc chi tit. t gi tr cho trc hp l.
Ch khi vn hnh i vi h thng hm sy:
H thng van ng phi thao tc ng/m ng
Cc thit b phc v hot ng tt: Ni hi, p sut v sn lng hi, nhit v
lu lng du truyn nhit m bo yu cu.
Bu hm: v sinh 2 pha, s ng nt < 10%, nh ky x l cu cn.
Cc c cu iu chnh (van iu chnh): hot ng tt, chnh xc, trnh kt, ng
khng kn
Hiu chnh BC: hiu chnh ng, c bit loi c lin h ngc mm. nh k
kim tra, bo dng, v sinh cc chi tit. t gi tr cho trc hp l theo ch dn.
p sut kh iu khin: van gim p, p k, tch m, phin lc kh
X nc ngng t, v sinh phin lc nc ngng t, b tch nc-hi. Kim tra
nc hi v bu ngng/ kt nc ni hi tt.
270/341
iu chnh bng tay ch hm ban u khi nhit FO thp. Khi gn t gi

tri cn thit th chuyn sang t ng trnh van hi m qu ln, trng thai nhit
thay i t ngt.
Lin h kinh nghim thc t.
FW T
NG C
FW VO
NG C
CFW
COOLER
LO T
NG C
KH TNG
P VO
NG C
KH TNG
P T TC
LO
COOLE
R
AIR
COOLE
R
LO VO
NG C
Ra mn
Hnh 37.1 S h thng t ng iu chnh nhit khng kh tng p, du bi trn, nc

ngt, nc bin vo lm mt ng c diesel tu thy
Li lc
Phin lc ht
Bm nc bin
BC nhit khng kh tng p
BC nhit LO vo .c
BC nhit CFW vo .c
BC nhit SW vo .c
271/341
Cu hi 38 :
Hy trnh by nguyn l hot ng ca mt h thng t ng iu chnh nht
nhin liu trn s . Lin h thc t.
Hng dn:
Yu cu trnh by nguyn l hot ng ca mt h thng t ng iu chnh nht
nhin liu, phn t cm bin nht, trn s . Lin h thc t.
p n:
Nhin liu F.O trc khi phun vo bung t ca ng c diesel phi c hm n
nhit m ti nht ca nhin liu t c trong phm vi 10~ 15 cst (thng la
12cst bo m an ton v cht lng phun sng, kh nng ho trn vi khng kh
trong bung t tt, ci thin qu trnh chy, nng cao hiu sut nhit v tui th ca ng
c.
Trong thc t, duy tr nht hoc nhit ca nhin liu F.O cp vo ng c,
ngi ta thng iu chnh nng lng hm vo bu hm nhin liu. Nng lng hm
nhin liu thng c dng trn tu thu l : in, hi, du truyn nhit.
Trong HTTC nht nhin liu c phn t ng vai tr rt quan trng u tin
l phn t cm bin nht. Mt v d v phn t cm bin nht hay c ng dng
cho BC nht nhin liu trn tu thu c nguyn li cu to nh hnh 38.1 :
Trn ng ng nhin liu cp ti ng c c mt bm bnh rng c lai bi mt
mt t in c tc khng i. Ca ht ca bm c p sut bng vi p sut ca nhin
liu trong ng, ng y ca bm ni vi mt ng mao dn (capillary tube) c kch
thc nh trc. Khi bm hot ng s to ra chnh p sut ca y ca bm (High
pressure pipe) v ng cp nhin liu (Low pressure pipe). chnh p sut ny t l vi
nht ca nhin liu. Tin hiu chnh p sut ny c a n thit b bin i tn
hiu thnh tn hiu p sut kh nn n thit b ch bo nht v b t ng iu
chnh nht.
S ca mt HTT C nht c th hin trn hnh 38.2
Nhin liu c hm bng hi ti bu hm (HEATER-BU HM FO), hi vo bu
hm c t ng iu chnh qua van t ng (CONTROL VALVE) duy tr nht
ca nhin liu gi tr t. Phn t cm bin nht c t trn ng ra t bu hm
v cng l ng cp nhin liu vao ng c, n o nht ca nhin liu theo nguyn l
m t trn, to tn hiu chnh p sut n b bin i (P/P TRANSMITER- B
BIN I TN HIU), b bin i chuyn tn hiu chnh p sut thnh tn hiu p
sut kh nn (0.2 ~1.0 kg/cm2) t l vi nht nhin liu. Tin hiu ny a n b iu
chnh (PRESSURE INDICATING CONTROLER NFP2) CONTROL STATION BOX),
b iu chnh hin th nht ca nhin liu theo tn hiu t b bin i, so snh vi ga
tr t, to tn hiu iu chnh l p sut kh nn (0.2 ~1.0 kg/cm2) n CONTROL
VALVE iu chnh lng hi qua bu hm.
Hp iu chnh c thit b hin thi : ga tr nht thc t, gi tr nht t, gi tr
tn hiu p sut kh vo/ra ca BC.
Hp MANUAL LOADING STATION dng chuyn i ch iu chnh t ng
hoc bng tay (AUTO / MAN). Khi ch bng tay, m ca CONTROL VALVE
272/341
c iu chnh qua nm xoay bng tay thay i tn hiu p sut ra ca mt van gim
p kh nn.
Van L dng BYPASS khi bo dng hay sa cha phn t cm bin nht
Van A dng BYPASS v iu chnh bng tay khi bo dng hay sa cha van t
ng.
Lin h thc t.
Capillary Tube
ng mao dn
Gear Pump
Suction side of Gear Pump
Bm bnh rng
High pressure pipe
ng c p sut cao
Low pressure pipe
ng c p sut thp
Connections to the
differential
Ni vi b bin i tn hiu chnh p sut thnh tn

hiu p sut kh nn
pressure transmitter
Thermometer
Nhit k
Fuel inlet
Nhin liu vo
Fuel outlet
Nhin liu ra
Ca ht ca bm bnh rng
Connections to the
diferential
Low pressure + High pressure
pipe
pipe
Thermometer
Gear
Pump
Fuel
outlet
Suction side of
Gear Pump
Capillary
Tube
Fuel
inlet
Hnh 38.1Nguyn l cu to ca phn t cm bin nht
273/341
Van gim
p
B IU
CHNH
NHT
Khng kh
nn P=1.4
kg/cm2
B CHUYN I
CH AOTOMANUAL
+
FO VO
NG C
Khng kh
nn P=1.4
kg/cm2
Van gim
p
Van L
BU LC
BBIN
I TN
HIU
Van gim
p
BU HM
FO
HI T NI
HI
HI V BU
NGNG
Van M
FO T BM
CP
HNH 38.2 S H THNG T NG IU CHNH NHT
274/341
Cu hi 39:
Trong thc t khai thc, h thng t ng iu chnh nht hot ng tt cn
phi ch g? Khi B t ng iu chnh nht nhin liu b hng, ngi khai
thc vn hnh h thng hm nhin liu nh th no ng c hot ng bnh
thng ?
Hng dn:
Yu cu trnh by khi qut v H thng t ng iu chnh nht, phn t cm bin
nht. Nhng ch trong vn hnh, khai thc, bodng h thng TC nht hot
ng tt. Phng n vn hnh ng c hot ng bnh thng khi HTTC nht
nhin liu b hng. Lin h vi thc t.
p n:
Trong HTTC nht nhin liu c phn t ng vai tr rt quan trng u tin
l phn t cm bin nht. Mt v d v phn t cm bin nht hay c ng dng
cho BC nht nhin liu trn tu thu c nguyn li cu to nh hnh 39.1.
S mt H thng T C nht c th hin trn hnh 39.2
Trong thc t khai thc, h thng t ng iu chnh nht hot ng tt cn
phi ch n cc yu t c bn sau:
-Kim tra cc h thng phc vu cho h thng t ng iu chnh nht chc chn
hot ng tt :
-p sut kh iu khin, van gim p, x nc
- p sut hi hm, cc van ng m ng
-Lu lng hi hm, nc ngng t hi tt v bu ngng, kt nc ni hi. nh k kim
tra v sinh phin lc, b tch hinc (water trap), ng nc ngng t
-nh k kim tra v sinh bu hm.
-Kim tra thng s nht ng thi vi nhit ( nhit k) nh gi
-t nht cho trc hp l (12 cst)
-Kim tra lch ca 2 kim : ch bo nht hin ti v gi tr t
-nh k kim tra, bo dng van t ng iu chnh lng hi : hot ng chnh xc,
khng b kt, tc, ng khng kn
-Khi ch hm ban u, nhit FO cn thp thi nn iu chnh bng tay n khi
nht/ nhit gn t n gi tr quy nh thi chuyn sang t ng
-Hiu chnh ng b iu chnh h thng hot ng n nh,
-nh k kim tra, bao dng phn t cm bin nht : phin lc ht ca bm, bm, ng
mao dn, m t lai.
-Kim tra hiu chnh ng B bin i tn hiu, nht ch bo chnh xc vi gi tri thc
t
- Bo dng BC : Theo kt cu c th
Khi B t ng iu chnh nht nhin liu b hng, ngi khai thc vn hnh h
thng hm nhin liu nh th no ng c hot ng bnh thng ;
-Chuyn sang ch t ng iu chnh nhit hm nhin liu nu c.
- Chuyn sang ch iu chnh nht bng tay qua ch bo nht hoc nhit .
- Nhanh chng xc nh nguyn nhn khc phc ngay
275/341
- Nu ch bo nht hng th iu chnh theo nhit (lu c tnh nht- nhit

ca loi nhin liu ang s dng.
Lin h thc t.
Van gim
p
B IU
CHNH
NHT
Khng kh
nn P=1.4
kg/cm2
B CHUYN I
CH AOTOMANUAL
+
FO VO
NG C
Khng kh
nn P=1.4
kg/cm2
Van gim
p
Van L
BU LC
BBIN
I TN
HIU
Van gim
p
BU HM
FO
HI T NI
HI
HI V BU
NGNG
Van M
FO T BM
CP
HNH 39.2 S H THNG T NG IU CHNH NHT
276/341
Ch thch hnh 39.1 :

Capillary Tube
ng mao dn
Gear Pump
Suction side of Gear Pump
Bm bnh rng
High pressure pipe
ng c p sut cao
Low pressure pipe
ng c p sut thp
Connections to the
differential
Ni vi b bin i tn hiu chnh p sut thnh tn

hiu p sut kh nn
Thermometer
Nhit k
Fuel inlet
Nhin liu vo
Fuel outlet
Nhin liu ra
Ca ht ca bm bnh rng
Connections to the
diferential
Low pressure + High pressure
pipe
pipe
Thermometer
Gear
Pump
Fuel
outlet
Suction side of
Gear Pump
Capillary
Tube
Fuel
inlet
Hnh 39.1Nguyn l cu to ca phn t cm bin nht
277/341
Cu hi 40:
Hy nu chc nng ca h thng t ng iu khin my lc ly tm 3 pha. Trnh by
nguyn l hot ng ca mt h thng t ng iu khin my lc 3 pha trn s
khi.
Hng dn:
Yu cu nu chc nng ca h thng t ng iu khin my lc ly tm 3 pha. Trnh by
nguyn l hot ng ca mt h thng t ng iu khin my lc 3 pha trn s khi.
Lin h thc t.
p n:
X l tt nhin liu v du bi trn ng vai tr quan trng i vi s hot ng an
ton, tin cy v kinh t ca h ng lc tu thy. Trong qu trnh x l nhin liu v du
bi trn, lc nhin liu bng my lc li tm mang li hiu qu rt ln. Hin nay cc my
lc li tm loi 3 pha c s dng rt ph bin lc nhin liu v du nhn trn tu
thy. Trn cc tu hin i, h thng my lc c t ng ha qu trnh iu khin.
Chc nng c bn ca h thng t ng iu khin my lc li tm 3 pha:
1- T ng iu chnh nhit du vo my lc qua vic t ng iu chnh ngun
nng lng hm (hi nc, du truyn nhit, in) theo nhit t trc.
2- T ng duy tr p lc nc iu khin ng trng, m trng x cn:
3- T ng iu khin qu trnh khi ng my lc
4- T ng iu khin chng trnh a my lc vo ch lc sau khi khi ng
xong. Kim tra, ch bo cc thng s cng tc ca my lc v cc trng thi lm
vic hin ti ca my lc.
5- T ng iu khin chng trnh x cn theo chu k t trc. Trong thi gian thc
hin chng trnh x cn, mch bo ng t ng mt s thng s khng tc ng.
6- T ng iu khin chng trnh dng my lc. H thng t ng - kim tra - bo
ng - bo v :
- Bo ng p lc du ra thp
- Bo ng p lc du ra qu thp (tro du), dng s c my lc
- Bo ng du ra theo ng nc (tro du), dng s c my lc
- Bo ng trng ng khng kn, dng s c my lc
- Bo ng tc my lc thp, dng s c my lc
- Bo ng m t lai qu ti, dng s c my lc
- Bo ng thi gian khi ng my lc qu lu, khng t tc -dng ti,
dng s c my lc.
- T ng ngt mt s mch bo ng/ bo v khi thc hin chng trnh x
cn. T ng vo lm vic khi thc hin xong chng trnh x cn.
- Bo ng mc kt cn cao.
- T ng kim tra, xc nh li v bo li cc chng trnh iu khin.
Hnh 40.1 th hin s chc nng ca mt h thng t ng iu khin my
lc li tm 3 pha lc nhin liu FO t kt lng vo kt trc nht.
278/341
Gii thch nguyn l hot ng ca h thng.Lin h thc t.

BNG IU KHIN
Ctrl
air
PS
T
Q
Servic
eFO
Tk
PS
PS
WD
OD
PS
Servic
eFW
PS
T
WD
WD
FO
Heater
Sludge Tk
Pressuer gauge
Solenoid
Flow sensor
WD
Water detector
Thermometer
OD
Oil detector
steam
Reducing valve
Three way valve
Pump
Stop valve
Thermostat
PS
Pressure switch
Orifice disc
FO
Level detector
Hnh 40.1 S h thng t ng iu khin

my lc li tm 3 pha lc FO
Filter/ Strainer
279/341
Cu hi 41:
Hy nu chc nng ca h thng t ng iu khin my lc ly tm 3 pha. Trong
thc t khai thc, h thng t ng iu my lc ly tm hot ng tt cn phi
ch g?
Hng dn:
Yu cu nu chc nng ca h thng t ng iu khin my lc ly tm 3 pha. Nhng ch
cn thit trong thc t khai thc, h thng t ng iu my lc ly tm hot ng tt.
p n:
Chc nng c bn ca h thng t ng iu khin my lc li tm 3 pha:
7- T ng iu chnh nhit du vo my lc qua vic t ng iu chnh ngun
nng lng hm (hi nc, du truyn nhit, in) theo nhit t trc.
8- T ng duy tr p lc nc iu khin ng trng, m trng x cn:
9- T ng iu khin qu trnh khi ng my lc
10-T ng iu khin chng trnh a my lc vo ch lc sau khi khi ng
xong. Kim tra, ch bo cc thng s cng tc ca my lc v cc trng thi lm
vic hin ti ca my lc.
11-T ng iu khin chng trnh x cn theo chu k t trc.Trong thi gian thc
hin chng trnh x cn, mch bo ng t ng mt s thng s khng tc ng.
12- T ng iu khin chng trnh dng my lc khi n AUTO-STOP
13- H thng t ng - kim tra - bo ng - bo v: Bo ng p lc du ra thp, Bo
ng p lc du ra qu thp (tro du)/dng s c my lc, Bo ng du ra theo
ng nc (tro du)/dng s c my lc. Bo ng trng ng khng kn/dng s
c my lc. Bo ng tc my lc thp/dng s c my lc, Bo ng m t lai
qu ti/ dng s c my lc, Bo ng thi gian khi ng my lc qu lu, khng t
tc -dng ti/dng s c my lc. T ng ngt mt s mch bo ng/ bo v khi
thc hin chng trnh x cn. T ng vo lm vic khi thc hin xong chng trnh
x cn. Bo ng mc kt cn cao. T ng kim tra, xc nh li v bo li cc
chng trnh iu khin.
h thng t ng iu my lc ly tm hot ng tt cn phi ch cc yu t
c bn sau :
iu quan trng trc tin l ngi vn hnh, bo dng h thng phi c k ti
liu hng dn, hiu nguyn l kt cu v lm vic ca h thng, cc ch dn v quy
trnh vn hnh, bo dng, hiu chnh cc thit b ca h thng p dng vo thc t.
1-Thit b ca h thng phc v my lc:
Kim tra s lm vic ca cc thit b, cc thng s cng tc trong gii hn cho
php. nh k bo dng, duy tr cc thit b trng thi tt.
2-Thit b ca my lc:
Kim tra s lm vic ca my lc, cc thng s cng tc trong gii hn cho php.
nh k bo dng, duy tr cc b phn ca my lc trng thi tt.
280/341
3-Thit b ca h thng t ng iu khin my lc:

Kim tra s lm vic ca h thng, thc hin chng trnh iu khin, cc thng s
iu khin. nh k kim tra, bo dng, hiu chnh cc phn t ca h thng duy tr
trng thi hot ng tt.
Trnh by nguyn l hot ng ca h thng iu khin m lc.
Lin h thc t.
BNG IU KHIN
Ctrl
air
PS
Q
Servic
eFO
Tk
PS
PS
WD
OD
PS
Servic
eFW
PS
T
WD
WD
FO
Heater
Sludge Tk
Pressuer
gauge
Solenoid
Reducing valve
Three way valve
T
Thermostat
PS
Pressure switch
Flow sensor
WD
Thermometer
OD
Pump
Stop valve
Orifice disc
Water
detector
Oil detector
steam
FO
Level detector
Hnh 41.1 S h thng t ng iu khin
my lc li tm 3 pha lc FO
Filter/ Strainer
281/341
Cu hi 42:
Hy nu chc nng ca h thng t ng iu khin my lnh thc phm. Trnh by
nguyn l hot ng ca mt h thng t ng iu khin nng sut lm lnh ca
my lnh thc phm tu thy trn s khi.
Hng dn:
Yu cu nu chc nng ca h thng t ng iu khin my lnh thc phm. Trnh by
nguyn l hot ng ca mt h thng t ng iu khin nng sut lm lnh ca my
lnh thc phm tu thy trn s . Lin h thc t.
p n:
tng tnh an ton, tin cy v hiu qu kinh t ca h thng, cc h thng my
lnh thc phm trn cc tu thy thng c t ng ha hon ton.
Cc chc nng c bn ca h thng TK my lnh thc phm tu thy l:
1- T ng iu chnh nhit cc bung lnh theo gi tr t : bung tht, bung c,
bung rau, hoa qu, bung trung gian (lobby) bng cch t ng iu khin van
in t cp cng cht vo dn lnh ca cc bung.
2- T ng iu chnh nhit hi qu nhit cui dn bay hi tng hiu sut lm
lnh ca dn v s lm vic ca my nn qua cc van tit lu t ng.
3- T ng iu chnh nng sut lm lnh ca my nn theo theo ph ti nhit ca cc
bung lnh qua s thay i p sut ca ng ng ht my nn.
4- T ng iu khin s hot ng ca my nn: khi ng, dng my nn theo p
sut ca ng ng ht.
5- T ng iu chnh nhit dn lnh ca bung rau i vi loi dn lnh khng
tp trung-khng qut gi trnh hin tng qu lnh.
6- T ng iu khin chng trnh ph bng theo chu k thi gian t trc.
7- T ng tch du v hi du bi trn v my nn t bu tch du.
8- Kim tra, gim st cc thng s cng tc ca h thng, ch bo, t ng bo ng
v bo v cc thit b ca h thng:
Bo ng/ bo v p lc du bi trn my nn thp, t ng dng h thng.
Bo ng/ bo v qu ti m t in, t ng dng h thng.
Bo ng/ bo v p sut bu ngng cao, t ng dng h thng
Bo ng/ bo v qut gi cng bc khng chy, t ng dng h thng
Bo ng/ bo v my nn b ngp lng, t ng dng h thng
Bo li h thng.
T ng iu chnh nng sut lm lnh ca my nn lnh thc phm:
Nng sut lm lnh ca my nn th hin qua lu lng ca my nn lnh.
Cc phng php iu chnh nng sut lnh (sn lng my nn)
- iu chnh tc quay m t lai my nn (t dng trn tu thy)
- iu chnh hnh trnh c ch ca pis ton- xi lanh my nn (t dng trn tu thy)
- iu khin s xi lanh lm vic c ch ca my nn (loi my nn nhiu xi lanh)
- iu chnh lu lng hi cng cht hi t ca y v ca ht my nn (t s dng,
tnh kinh t thp).
- iu khin s lng my nn hot ng (h thng c nhiu my nn)
282/341
Hnh 48.1 th hin s h thng t ng iu chnh nng sut lm lnh ca my

nn lnh thc phm loi my nn nhiu nhm xi lanh v 2 my nn.
Lin h thc t.
R le p sut
thp iu khin
dng my nn 1
Hp iu
khin my
nn No1
R le p sut
thp iu khin
nhm xi lanh 3
R le p sut
thp iu khin
nhm xi lanh 1
Ti bu
ngng
ng gp ht my nn
No1
2
3
Stop/start
My nn lnh
s 1
T
bung
tht
R le p sut
thp iu khin
dng my nn 2
Hp iu
khin my
nn No2
Stop/start
R le p sut
thp iu khin
nhm xi lanh 1
ng gp ht my nn
No2
2
3
R le p sut
thp iu khin
nhm xi lanh 3
T
bung
c
T
bung
rau
T
lobby
My nn lnh
s 2
Hnh 42.1: S h thng t ng iu chnh nng sut lm lnh

my nn lnh thc phm
283/341
Cu hi 43:
Hy nu chc nng ca h thng t ng iu khin h thng my lnh thc phm
tu thy. Trong thc t khai thc, h thng t ng iu khin my lnh thc
phm tu thy hot ng tt cn ch g?
Hng dn:
Yu cu nu chc nng ca h thng t ng iu khin h thng my lnh thc phm tu
thy. Trnh by kinh nghim thc t vn hnh, bo dng v hiu chnh h thng t
ng iu khin my lnh thc phm tu thy hot ng tt.
p n:
lnh thc phm trn cc tu thy thng c t ng ha hon ton.
Cc chc nng c bn ca h thng TK my lnh thc phm tu thy l:
9- T ng iu chnh nhit cc bung lnh theo gi tr t : bung tht, bung c,
bung rau, hoa qu, bung trung gian (lobby) bng cch t ng iu khin van
in t cp cng cht vo dn lnh ca cc bung.
10-T ng iu chnh nhit hi qu nhit cui dn bay hi tng hiu sut lm
lnh ca dn v s lm vic ca my nn qua cc van tit lu t ng.
11-T ng iu chnh nng sut lm lnh ca my nn theo theo ph ti nhit ca cc
bung lnh qua s thay i p sut ca ng ng ht my nn.
12-T ng iu khin s hot ng ca my nn : khi ng, dng my nn theo p
sut ca ng ng ht.
13- T ng iu chnh nhit dn lnh ca bung rau i vi loi dn lnh khng
tp trung-khng qut gi trnh hin tng qu lnh bng cch iu chnh p sut
hi cng cht trong dn lnh (dng b iu chnh p sut-van gim p)
14-T ng iu khin chng trnh ph bng theo chu k thi gian t trc:
dng in tr, dng hi nng cng cht.
15-T ng tch du v hi du bi trn v my nn t bu tch du.
16-Kim tra, gim st cc thng s cng tc ca h thng, ch bo, t ng bo ng
v bo v cc thit b ca h thng.
Trong thc t khai thc, h thng t ng iu khin my lnh thc phm tu thy
hot ng tt cn ch cc yu t c bn sau :
iu quan trng nht l ngi vn hnh, bo dng h thng phi c k ti liu
hng dn, hiu nguyn l kt cu v lm vic ca h thng, cc ch dn v quy trnh vn
hnh, bo dng hiu chnh cc thit b ca h thng p dng vo thc t.
1-Bung lnh- Dn bay hi- Thc phm
2-Thit b ca h thng lnh thc phm
3-H thng t ng iu khin ca h thng lnh thc phm
Hiu chnh ng cc gi tri t trc cho h thng iu khin (theo ch dn)
Kim tra cc chng trnh t ng iu khin, bo v h thng. nh k th, kim
tra, hiu chnh li nu cn thit.
284/341
nh k theo di, kim tra s hot ng ca cc thit b t ng, nh gi trng thi

k thut lp k hoch v bo dng cc thit b, bo m cc thit b lun
trng thi k thut tt: cc cm bin, rle iu khin, b tr ng tc ng iu
khin, thit b o, kim tra, ch bo, bo ng, bo v,
Lin h thc t.
Cu hi 44:
Hy nu chc nng ca h thng t ng iu khin my iu ha khng kh trung
tm tu thy. Trnh by nguyn l hot ng ca mt h thng t ng iu khin
nng sut lm lnh ca my nn iu ha khng kh trung tm tu thy trn s .
Hng dn:
Yu cu nu chc nng ca h thng t ng iu khin my iu ha khng kh trung
tm tu thy. Trnh by nguyn l hot ng ca mt h thng t ng iu khin nng
sut lm lnh ca my nn iu ha khng kh trung tm tu thy trn s .
p n:
iu ha khng kh trung tm tu thy thng c t ng ha hon ton.
Cc chc nng ca HTTK my iu ha khng kh trung tm tu thy l:
17- T ng iu chnh nhit khng kh theo gi tr t ch si hay lm lnh
bng cch t ng iu khin lng cng cht lm lnh vo dn bay hi hoc iu chnh
lng hi sy vo dn si.
18- T ng iu chnh m khng kh khi ch si bng cch iu chnh lng
nc (hoc hi) phun lm m khng kh.
19- T ng iu chnh nhit hi qu nhit cui dn bay hi tng hiu sut lm
lnh ca dn v s lm vic ca my nn qua van tit lu t ng iu chnh lng cng
cht vo dn bay hi.
20- T ng iu chnh nng sut lm lnh ca my nn theo ph ti nhit ca dn
lnh th hin qua s thay i p sut ca ng ng ht my nn.
21- T ng iu khin s hot ng ca my nn: khi ng, dng my nn theo p
sut ca ng ng ht.
22- T ng iu chnh p sut dn bay hi, trnh hin tng nhit dn bay hi qu
thp (t < 0oC) gy ng bng tuyt dn bay hi, lm tc dn lnh, gim lu lng gi
tun hon v kh nng trao i nhit.
23- T ng tch du v hi du bi trn v my nn t bu tch du.
24- Kim tra, gim st cc thng s cng tc ca h thng, ch bo, t ng bo ng
v bo v cc thit b ca h thng :
Bo ng/ bo v p lc du bi trn my nn thp, t ng dng h thng.
Bo ng/ bo v qu ti m t in, t ng dng s c h thng.
Bo ng/ bo v p sut bu ngng cao, t ng dng s c h thng
Bo ng/ bo v khi qut gi tun hon cng bc khng chy, t ng dng h

thng.
285/341
Bo ng/ bo v p sut ht qu thp (nhit dn lnh qu thp < 0 oC), t ng

dng s c h thng.
Bo ng/ bo v nhit mi cht truyn nhit trung gian qu thp (t< 0 oC), t
ng dng s c h thng nu dng mi cht truyn nhit trung gian.
Bo ng/ bo v khi my nn b ngp lng, t ng dng s c h thng
Kha lin ng mch iu khin my nn vi qut gi, ch si.
Bo li h thng.
H thng t ng iu chnh nng sut lm lnh ca my nn lnh iu ha
khng kh trung tm c th hin trn hnh 44.1: ( Lin h thc t)
Hp iu
khin h
iu ha
khng kh
R le p sut
thp iu khin
dng my nn 1
R le p sut
thp iu khin
nhm xi lanh 3
R le p sut
thp iu khin
nhm xi lanh 1
PS
2
3
Stop/start
My nn lnh
s 1
BU NGNG
FAN
Van in
t
Phin lc
Np
cng
cht
Dn
lnh
Dn
Si
R le
nhit
BU
TCH M
Van tit
lu

my nn iu ha khng kh trung tm
286/341
Cu hi 45 :
Hy nu chc nng ca h thng t ng iu khin my iu ha khng kh trung
tm tu thy. Trong thc t khai thc, h thng t ng iu khin my iu ha
khng kh trung tm tu thy thy hot ng tt cn ch g?
Hng dn :
Yu cu nu chc nng ca h thng t ng iu khin my iu ha khng kh trung
tm tu thy. Nhng iu cn ch trong thc t khai thc, bo dng h thng t
ng iu khin my iu ha khng kh trung tm tu thy thy hot ng dng.
p n:
iu ha khng kh trung tm tu thy thng c t ng ha hon ton.
Cc chc nng c bn ca h thng t ng iu khin my iu ha khng kh
trung tm tu thy l:
25-T ng iu chnh nhit khng kh theo gi tr t ch si hay lm lnh
bng cch t ng iu khin lng cng cht lm lnh vo dn bay hi hoc iu
chnh lng hi sy vo dn si.
26-T ng iu chnh m khng kh khi ch si bng cch iu chnh lng
nc (hoc hi) phun lm m khng kh.
27-T ng iu chnh nhit hi qu nhit cui dn bay hi tng hiu sut lm
lnh ca dn v s lm vic ca my nn qua van tit lu t ng iu chnh lng
cng cht vo dn bay hi.
28-T ng iu chnh nng sut lm lnh ca my nn theo ph ti nhit ca dn
lnh th hin qua s thay i p sut ca ng ng ht my nn.
29-T ng iu khin s hot ng ca my nn: khi ng, dng my nn theo p
sut ca ng ng ht.
30-T ng iu chnh p sut dn bay hi, trnh hin tng nhit dn bay hi qu
thp (t < 0oC) gy ng bng tuyt dn bay hi, lm tc dn lnh, gim lu lng
gi tun hon v kh nng trao i nhit.
31-T ng tch du v hi du bi trn v my nn t bu tch du.
32-Kim tra, gim st cc thng s cng tc ca h thng, ch bo, t ng bo ng
v bo v cc thit b ca h thng.
Trong thc t khai thc, h thng t ng iu khin my iu ha khng kh
trung tm tu thy thy hot ng tt cn ch cc yu t sau:
iu quan trng nht l ngi vn hnh, bo dng h thng phi c k ti liu
1-Hp trao i nhit - Dn bay hi - Qut gi - ng phn phi gi iu ha
287/341
2-Thit b ca h thng iu ha khng kh.

3-H thng t ng iu khin ca h thng iu ha khng kh. (S 45.1)
- Hiu chnh ng cc gi tri t trc cho h thng iu khin (theo ch dn)
- Kim tra cc chng trnh t ng iu khin. nh k th, kim tra, hiu chnh li
nu cn thit.
- Lin h thc t
Hp iu
khin h
iu ha
khng kh
R le p sut
thp iu khin
dng my nn 1
R le p sut
thp iu khin
nhm xi lanh 3
R le p sut
thp iu khin
nhm xi lanh 1
PS
2
3
Stop/start
My nn lnh
s 1
BU NGNG
FAN
Van in
t
Phin lc
Np
cng
cht
Dn
lnh
Dn
Si
R le
nhit
BU
TCH M
Van tit
lu

my nn iu ha khng kh trung tm
288/341
Cu hi 46:
Hy nu chc nng ca h thng t ng iu khin ti-cu thy lc tu thy. Trnh
by nguyn l hot ng ca mt h thng t ng iu chnh cng sut thy ti-cu
thy lc v lc cng dy buc tu trn s khi.
Hng dn:
Yu cu nu chc nng ca h thng t ng iu khin ti-cu thy lc tu thy. Trnh
by nguyn l hot ng ca mt h thng t ng iu chnh cng sut thy ti-cu thy
lc v lc cng dy buc tu trn s khi.
p n:
H thng ti - cu thy lc c s dng rt ph bin trn tu thy. tng tnh an
ton, tin cy v hiu qu kinh t ca h thng, cc h thng ti - cu thy lc trn cc
tu thy hin i hu ht c t ng ha.
Cc chc nng c bn ca h thng t ng iu khin ti- cu thy lc tu thy
l:
1- T ng iu khin chng trnh khi ng m t in lai, gim dng khi ng i
vi m t in lai c cng sut ln.
2-T ng iu chnh cng sut thy lc v tc nng/ ko theo ph ti (lc nng/ ko),
trnh qu ti cho m t in lai.
3-T ng iu chnh lc cng v di ca dy ti buc tu theo thy triu, mn nc.
4-T ng iu chnh nhit du thy lc.
5-T ng phn chia u ti khi 2 cu cng nng chung mt ti (ch cu i
TWIN )
6-Kim tra, gim st cc thng s cng tc ca h thng, ch bo, t ng bo ng v
bo v cc thit b ca h thng :
Bo ng/ bo v mc du thy lc thp, t ng dng h thng.
Bo ng nhit du cao.
Bo v p sut du cao (van an ton)
T ng ct tn hiu iu khin bo m an ton khi n gi tr gii hn (gc
nng/h cn, di nng/h dy cp, gc quay cn)
Kha lin ng phanh hm, nng/h
Bo ng phin lc du thy lc tc bn ( chnh p sut trc - sau phin lc)
289/341
Bo li h thng.
T ng iu chnh cng sut thy lc: Hnh 46.1
T ng iu chnh cng dy buc tu : Hnh 46.2
Lin h thc t.
M t
in
Du hi
Bm du
thu lc
C cu iu
chnh
lch tm ca
bm
Du n cng
tc (P,Q)
Tn hiu
p sut
du thy
lc
B iu
chnh cng
sut thy lc
Ti
Mt
thu lc
Cm van
iu khin
Tay iu
khin
Tn hiu
cho trc
Hnh 46.1: S h thng t ng iu chnh cng sut thy lc ca ti cu
M t
in
Bm du
thu lc
C cu iu
chnh
lch tm ca
bm
B iu
chnh cng
sut thy lc
Du hi
Du n cng
tc (P,Q)
Tn hiu
p sut
du thy
lc
Tn hiu
cho trc
Mt
thu lc
Cm van
iu khin
MANUAL
CONTROL
Tay iu
khin
AUTOCONTROL
Ti
Cm bin
lc cng dy
So
snh
Phn t t
trc lc
cng dy
Hnh 46.2: S h thng t ng iu chnh lc cng dy v

iu chnh cng sut thy lc ca ti dy buc tu
290/341
Cu hi 47:
Hy nu chc nng ca h thng t ng iu khin ti-cu thy lc tu thy. Trong
thc t khai thc, h thng t ng iu khin ti-cu thy lc tu thy hot
ng tt cn ch g?
Hng dn:
Yu cu nu chc nng ca h thng t ng iu khin ti-cu thy lc tu thy. Nhng
yu t cn ch trong thc t khai thc, h thng t ng iu khin ti-cu thy lc
tu thy hot ng tt.
p n:
Cc chc nng c bn ca h thng TK ti- cu thy lc tu thy l:
1- T ng iu khin chng trnh khi ng m t in lai, gim dng khi ng i
vi m t in lai c cng sut ln.
2-T ng iu chnh cng sut thy lc v tc nng/ ko theo ph ti (ti cu,
cng dy), trnh qu ti cho m t in lai.
3-T ng iu chnh lc cng v di ca dy ti buc tu theo thy triu mn nc.
4-T ng iu chnh nhit du thy lc.
5-T ng phn chia u ti khi 2 cu cng nng chung mt ti (ch cu i
TWIN )
6-Kim tra, gim st cc thng s cng tc ca h thng, ch bo, t ng bo ng v
bo v cc thit b ca h thng :
Bo ng/ bo v mc du thy lc thp, t ng dng h thng.
Bo ng nhit du cao.
Bo v p sut du cao (van an ton)
T ng ct tn hiu iu khin bo m an ton khi n gi tr gii hn (gc
nng/h cn, di nng/h dy cp, gc quay cn)
Kha lin ng phanh hm, nng/h
Bo ng phin lc du thy lc tc bn ( chnh p sut trc - sau phin lc)
Bo li h thng.
Trong thc t khai thc, h thng t ng iu khin ti-cu thy lc tu thy
hot ng tt cn ch cc yu t c bn sau :
iu quan trng nht l ngi vn hnh, bao dng h thng phi c k ti liu
291/341
1-Du thy lc.

2-Thit b trong h thng.
3-H thng t ng iu chnh cng sut thy lc.
4-H thng t ng iu chnh lc cng dy buc tu.
5-H thng kim tra, ch bo, gim st, bo ng bo v.
Lin h thc t theo kinh nghim ca hc vin.
Cu hi 48 :
Trnh by nguyn l hot ng ca h thng t ng bo ng mt sng du
trong cacte ca ng c lai chn vt tu thu. Trong thc t khai thc, h thng t
ng bo ng mt sng du trong cacte ca ng c diesel lai chn vt tu thu
hot ng tt cn ch g?
Hng dn:
Yu cu trnh by nguyn l hot ng ca h thng t ng bo ng mt sng
du trong cacte ca ng c lai chn vt tu thu trn bn v. Nu nhng ch trong thc
t khai thc, h thng t ng bo ng mt sng du trong cacte ca ng c
diesel lai chn vt tu thu hot ng tt.
p n:
H thng t ng bo mt hi du trong cc te ca ng c lai chn vt tu thu ng
vai tr quan trng i vi s an ton ca ng c v h ng lc.
Khi ng c hot ng, du nhn nng ln do nhn nhit ca cc chi tit m o bi trnlm mt v do ni ma st ca du trong qu trnh lun chuyn qua bm, ng ng...Khi
nhit cao, du nhn bay hi nhiu hn lm tng mt hi du trong cc te. Khi mt
hi du trong cc te t n mt gi tr no s to ra mt hn hp hi du-khng
kh c nguy c chy n nu tip xc vi ngun nhit, la. Chy n hi du trong cc te rt
nguy him cho ngi v HL, c th gy chy bung my...
bo m an ton, ng c c trang b h thng o-ch bo- bo ng mt hi
du trong cc te ng c ngi khi thc kim tra, bit v x l kp thi. Trnh c
nhng s c chy n cc te ng c.
Nguyn l hot ng ca mt h thng t ng bo mt hi du trong cc te ca
ng c lai chn vt tu thu c th hin trn hnh 48.1
Nhng ch khi khai thc h thng:
-Khi c bo ng mt hi du cc te cao, cn phi gim ti hoc dng my bo
m an ton, xc nh nguyn nhn x l:
-Do ng c bi qu ti
-Kh chy lt xung cc te
-Chy hng xec mng/ piston/ smi xi lanh
-Du c lm mt km
-Du cc te b ln du DO
292/341
-Bi chy bc trc, bin

-Mt du, p lc du bi trn
-ng thng hi cc te b tc
-ng knh ca t bao quang in b bn
-nh k bo dng tt cc thit b ca h thng.

-ng cm bin, t bo quang in nh k phi kim tra, v sinh, bo m nhy,
chnh xc
-Ngi s dng phi c ti liu hng dn, hiu hit r v h thng hiu chnh, bo
dng cc thit b trong h thng.
-Tham kho kin t vn ca cc chuyn gia khi cn thit.
Lin h thc t
Hnh 48.1 : H thng t ng kim tra bo mt hi du trong cc te
Hi du trong cc khoang ccte ca mi xi lanh ng c c a ti ng ly mu

(sample pipe). Mt thit b quay dn ng a phn phi ln ltt ly mu hi du ca
cc khoang cacte tng xi lanh ri a vo ng o (measuring tube) kiu t bo quang
in. Bnh thng, trng thi dng in ca t bo quang in ng o (measuring tube)
v ng mu (reference tube cn bng nhau. Nu mt hi du ng o cng cao, gy
cn nh sng ti t bo quang in, to ra s mt cn bng v dng in, lch ny th
hin trn thit b o mt hi du (mg/ltr) v h thng n LED ch bo qua mc
sng v mu sng ch bo mc nguy him (xanh-vng - ). Khi t n gi tr gii
293/341
hn t bo ng th h thng s bo ng cho ngi khai thc bit qua n, ci v h bo

dng chung.
Qut gi c tc dng lin tc ht hi du t cc khoang cc te vo ng o.
Cu hi 49
Nu chc nng v gii thch nguyn l hot ng ca h thng t ng iu khin
bm nc la canh v phn ly du nc la canh bung my trn s khi.
Hng dn:
Yu cu nu chc nng v gii thch nguyn l hot ng ca h thng t ng iu khin
bm nc la canh v phn ly du nc la canh bung my trn s khi. Lin h thc
t.
p n:
Chc nng ca h thng la canh bung my:
Bm chuyn nc bn t cc h la canh v kt cha chung
Tch gi li du v x nc khng ln du ra ngoi mn <15ppm)
Chc nng ca h thng t ng iu khin h thng la canh bung my:
iu khin hot ng ca bm la canh bm dn nc t cc h la canh (bilge
well) v kt cha (bilge tank). T ng khi ng bm la canh khi mc trong cc
h la canh cao v dng khi mc thp, t ng m v ng cc van cc h la canh
tng ng theo mc nc la canh trong h.
Bo ng mc nc cc h la canh cao.
Bo bm la canh chy qu lu (long run) (bm la canh v bm phn ly co th dng
chung hoc ring bit ty theo h thng c th)
T ng iu khin s hot ng ca thit b phn ly du nc.
Khi nng du trong nc x ra mn >15ppm th bo ng, cho nc tun hon
tr li kt hoc dng bm.
X du v kt cha khi mc du trong bu phn ly cao.
Kim sot nng du trong nc la canh x ra ngoi mn (oil content
monitoring)
m thi gian lm vic ca bm la canh (time counting)
Hnh 49.1 th hin s mt h thng bm la canh v phn ly du nc la canh
bung my. Nguyn l hot ng ca h thng:
1-Bm chuyn nc bn t cc h la canh v kt cha chung:
294/341
2-Nu mc nc la canh cao, cm bin mc la canh cao (high level alarm) to tn hiu
bo ng.
3-Phn ly du nc la canh, x nc c phn ly ra mn.
4-Bo ng, bo v: Nu nng du sau phn ly t ti 15ppm hoc ln hn, thit b
o-ch bo-gim st nng du (oil content indicator) s to tn hiu bo ng, ng
thi tao tn hiu iu khin van 3 ng cho hi nc sau phn ly v kt cha, ng ng
x ra mn hoc to tn hiu iu khin dng bm phn ly.Van mt chiu H c tc dng
duy tr n nh p lc nc trong bu phn ly bo m cht lng lc n nh.
5-ng nc ngt v sinh bu cm bin nng du.
Lin h thc t.
Control panel
Oil content indicator

15ppm alarm
STARTER
Power supply
Power supply
washing water
s
High level alarm

Oil level
detector
Auto- Stop/Start Pump level
Steam heater
steam inlet
steam outlet
p
a
Bilge separator
Sample inlet
Oily
water
inlet
Air supply
0.4 - 0.9Mpa
Oil outlet
O
e
p
K
Sea water supply
to bilge tank
From STBD/S bilge

well
Air supply 0.4 - 0.9MPa

I
Bilge/ oily water pump
Suction
vale box
From P/S bilge well
Separ
ated
water
outlet
AFT bilge well
Foot valve
Bilge tank
Treated water out
Oil collecting
tank
Hnh 49.1 S h thng bm la canh v phn ly du nc la canh bung my

295/341
Cu hi 50
Nu chc nng ca h thng t ng iu khin bm nc la canh v phn ly du
nc la canh bung my trn s khi. Khi vn hnh s dng v bo dng h
thng, cn ch g h thng hot ng tt ?
Hng dn:
Yu cu nu chc nng ca h thng t ng iu khin bm nc la canh v phn ly du
nc la canh bung my trn s khi. Nhng ch cn thit trong vn hnh bo
dng h thng h thng hot ng tt.
p n:
Chc nng ca h thng la canh bung my:
Bm chuyn nc bn t cc h la canh v kt cha chung
Tch gi li du v x nc khng ln du ra ngoi mn <15ppm)
Chc nng ca h thng t ng iu khin h thng la canh bung my:
iu khin hot ng ca bm la canh bm dn nc t cc h la canh (bilge
well) v kt cha (bilge tank). T ng khi ng bm la canh khi mc trong cc
h la canh cao v dng khi mc thp, t ng m v ng cc van cc h la canh
tng ng theo mc nc la canh trong h.
Bo ng mc nc cc h la canh cao.
Bo bm la canh chy qu lu (long run) (bm la canh v bm phn ly co th dng
chung hoc ring bit ty theo h thng c th)
T ng iu khin s hot ng ca thit b phn ly du nc.
Khi nng du trong nc x ra mn >15ppm th bo ng, cho nc tun hon
tr li kt hoc dng bm.
X du v kt cha khi mc du trong bu phn ly cao.
Kim sot nng du trong nc la canh x ra ngoi mn (oil content
monitoring)
m thi gian lm vic ca bm la canh (time counting)
Cc ch khi vn hnh h thng:
Thc hin ng cc quy nh theo cng c quc t MARPOL
Nc bm v kt cha nc la canh phi c tch s b (qua primary bilge tank)
gim nng du ln trong nc trc khi phn ly. Tuyt i khng c bm
qua phn ly nc la canh c ln nhiu du.
296/341
Khng c phn ly trc tip t cc h la canh.

nh k v sinh cc h la canh, kt cha, phin lc. Kim tra, r kn cc van ht,
van mt chiu, van chn, van in t, van x kh, van th kim tra..
Bm la canh/ phn ly phi trng thi tt.
Kim tra, chc chc s hot ng chnh xc ca cc cm bin mc la canh
nh k bo dng bu phn ly, cc phn t cm bin mc du/ nc, van in t,
nhit k, p k, thit b hm sy.
nh k th, kim tra, bo dng thit b ch bo, bo ng nng du trong
nc x ra mn sau phn ly, cm bin mc du iu khin van in t x du .
Vn hnh thit b phn ly du nc ng theo quy trnh k thut ca hng ch to.
Cc thit b ch bo p sut, lu lng, nhit phi chnh xc
Lin h thc t.
Control panel
Oil content indicator

15ppm alarm
STARTER
Power supply
Power supply
washing water
s
High level alarm

Oil level
detector
Auto- Stop/Start Pump level
Steam heater
steam inlet
steam outlet
p
a
Bilge separator
Sample inlet
Oily
water
inlet
Air supply
0.4 - 0.9Mpa
Oil outlet
f
e
p
K
Sea water supply
to bilge tank
From STBD/S bilge

well
Bilge/ oily water pump
Suction
vale box
From P/S bilge well
Foot valve
Separ
ated
water
outlet
AFT bilge well
Bilge tank
Air supply 0.4 - 0.9MPa

I
Treated water out
Oil collecting
tank
Hnh 50.1 S h thng bm la canh v phn ly du nc la canh bung my

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V. MN THC HANH TNG HP

Cu hi 1: How do you check the technical condition of the centrifugal pump?
- Kim tra tnh trng k thut ca bm ly tm?
Yu cu: Trnh by c v cch nh gi tnh trng k thut t bn ngoi v nh gi
s lm vic ca bm thng qua biu hin ca cc thng s cng tc ti h thng.
p n: a, Tnh trng k thut bn ngoi:
- Tng quan b tr ca h thng bm;
- Nhn bit c chng loi, mc ch lm vic ca bm;
- Tnh trng r r ca h thng bm;
- B tr van, ng ng v cc thit b ph c b tha, thiu g khng?
b, nh gi tnh trng k thut thng qua biu hin ca cc thng s cng tc:
- nh gi qua ting n ca bm;
- nh gi tnh trng k thut thng qua kim tra nhit thn bm;
- nh gi p ng v sn lng ca bm: bng cch no nhn bit c bm p
ng sn lng?;
- nh gi v p sut cng tc: nh th no l , nh th no l tt;
- nh gi v ti ca bm (nhn bit s qa ti ca bm);
- nh gi v kh nng iu chnh c lu lng ca bm: nh gi bng cch
no?;
- Trng hp cn thit, hc vin c th t mnh a ra mt v d ca mt bm bt
k tng khai thc chng minh.
c, nh gi tnh trng k thut khi sa cha
- Khi cn, hc vin phi k c tn cc chi tit c bn ca bm ly tm, nh: trc
bm, bnh cnh, chi tit lm kn trong, , t-rt, pht kn trc;
- Khi tho lp, chi tit no cn ch ? Trnh by l do phi ch ?
- Hc vin phi c kh nng v phc tho c nguyn l kt cu hoc c c
bn v ca mt bm.
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Cu hi 02: How do you check the technical condition of the hydraulic pump?
- Kim tra tnh trng k thut ca bm thy lc?
s lm vic ca bm thng qua biu hin ca cc thng s cng tc ti h thng.
- Tng quan b tr ca h thng bm thy lc ni chung;
- Nhn bit c mc ch lm vic ca bm thy lc phc v mc ch g?;
- Nhn bit tnh trng kn ngoi (s r r) ca h thng bm;
- B tr van, ng ng v cc thit b ph c b khim khuyt g khng?
- Ting n ca bm khi lm vic;
ng sn lng?
- nh gi v p sut cng tc: nh th no l , nh th no l tt?;
- nh gi v kh nng iu chnh c sn lng ca bm: nh gi bng cch
no?;
- Trng hp cn thit, hc vin c th t mnh a ra mt v d ca mt bm thy
lc bt k tng bit (khai thc) chng minh.
- Khi cn, hc vin phi k c tn cc chi tit c bn ca bm thy lc, gm
nhng g; thuc loi bm thy lc g? Cc chi tit lm kn trong bm, , b lm kn
u trc bm;
- Khi tho, lp, nhng chi tit no ca bm cn ch nht? Trnh by l do ti sao?
- Hc vin phi v phc tho c nguyn l kt cu hoc c c bn v ca
mt bm thy lc.
Cu hi:03
-How do you inspect the technical condition of fresh water cooling system of a
diesel engine?
- Kim tra, nh gi tnh trng k thut ca h thng nc ngt lm mt ng c
diesel?
Yu cu: Trnh by c v nguyn tc nh gi tnh trng k thut t bn ngoi v nh
gi s lm vic ca h thng thng qua biu hin ca cc thng s cng tc.
- Tng quan b tr ca h thng lm mt ni chung;
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- Nhn bit c mc ch lm vic ca h thng phc v mc ch g?;

- Nhn bit v nh gi tnh trng kn ngoi (s r r) ca h thng lm mt;
- Khi cn, hc vin phi k c tn cc nhm thit b c bn ca h thng, gm
nhng g; v d: bm; sinh hn; van iu chnh nhit ; kt gin n; thit b o;
- Ting n ca bm khi h thng lm vic;
ng sn lng cho h thng lm mt?
(Thng thng, trong thc t nh gi lu lng ca bm thng qua p sut cng
tc ca bm trong h thng?)
- nh gi v kh nng iu chnh c ca bm: nh gi bng cch no?;
- Trng hp cn thit, hc vin c th t mnh a ra mt v d ca mt h thng
bt k tng bit (khai thc) chng minh.
- Khi cn iu chnh nhit , trnh by c nh th no v ti sao?
- C kh nng v phc ha c s b tr khi qut c bn hoc c c bn v
ca mt h thng lm mt.
Cu hi 04: How to know that the Oily Water Separator is in good condition?
- nh gi tnh trng k thut ca thit b phn ly du nc la canh?
Yu cu: Trnh by c vic nh gi tnh trng k thut t bn ngoi v nh gi s
lm vic ca thit b thng qua biu hin ca cc thng s cng tc.
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Tng quan b tr ca thit b trong h thng nc la canh bung my;

Nhn bit c mc ch lm vic ca h thng phc v mc ch g? Thit b
phn ly c hot ng theo nguyn l g? vd: tuyn ni; chnh lch t trng;
ly tm; coalescer; hay xoy lc?;
- Nhn bit v nh gi tnh trng kn ngoi (s r r) ca thit b?
nhng g; v d: phn bit c cc cp phn ly; thit b hm (nu c); van iu chnh;
ng cp nc mi; thit b o; thit b cm ng;
- nh gi tnh trng k thut thng qua kim tra kt qu lm vic ca h thng?;
- nh gi v s lm vic bnh thng ca h thng phn ly?
- Hc vin nu cch kim tra trng thi k thut ca thit b trong thc t khi PSC
kim tra;
- Trng hp c gim kho hi, hc vin phi trnh by c nguyn l hot
ng ca thit b;
- Trng hp cn thit, hc vin c th t mnh a ra v d hoc trnh by kinh
nghim ca mnh tng bit (khai thc) chng minh.
- Khi cn th cht lng phn ly, trnh by c nh th no v ti sao?
- Hc vin c kh nng v phc ha c s b tr khi qut c bn hoc c c
bn v ca mt thit b phn ly trong h thng la canh.
Cu hi 05: Present the procedures of starting, taking care and stopping an oily-water
separator?
- Trnh by quy trnh khi ng, chm sc v dng thit b phn ly du nc la canh?
Yu cu: Trnh by c ni dung 3 quy trnh, gm: khi ng; theo di chm sc v
dng thit b phn l. nh gi c tnh trng k thut ca thit b thng qua nhn bit
v biu hin ca cc thng s cng tc.
p n:
a, Quy trnh khi ng thit b phn ly:
- Quan st b tr ca thit b trong h thng nc la canh bung my;
- Nhn bit c mc ch lm vic ca h thng phc v mc ch g? Thit b
phn ly c hot ng theo nguyn l g? vd: tuyn ni; chnh lch t trng;
ly tm; coalescer; hay xoy lc?;
- Nhn bit v nh gi tnh trng kn ngoi (s r r) ca thit b?
- Cp nc lm m n y thng qua x kh hoc c p k trn thit b;
- Khng nh cc van c m hoc ng hp l;
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Cho bm phn ly hot ng vi lu lng ph hp.
b, Theo di, chm sc thit b:

- nh gi v s lm vic bnh thng ca h thng phn ly?
- nh gi tnh trng k thut qua vic kim tra cht lng lm vic?;
- Trng hp c gim kho hi, hc vin phi trnh by c nguyn l hot
ng ca thit b;
- Trng hp cn thit, hc vin c th t mnh a ra v d hoc trnh by kinh
nghim ca mnh tng bit (khai thc) chng minh.
c, Quy trnh dng thit b:
- Trc khi dng thit b, ng cc van cp nc la canh vo;
- Cp nc sch vo my phn ly v cho hot ng tip tc trong 5-10 pht;
- Tin hnh dng thit b hon ton;
- Quan st li ton b h thng phn ly trc khi ri khu vc ;
- C kh nng v phc ha c s b tr khi qut c bn hoc c c bn v
ca mt thit b phn ly trong h thng la canh.
Cu hi 06: How to know that the Air Compressor is in good condition?
- Kim tra, nh gi tnh trng k thut ca my nn kh?
(Cch nhn bit mt my nn kh nh th no l trong tnh trng tt)
s lm vic ca thit b thng qua biu hin ca cc thng s cng tc ti h thng cung
cp kh nn.
- Tng quan b tr ca my nn trong h thng cp kh nn;
- Nhn bit c mc ch lm vic ca thit b phc v mc ch g?;
- Nhn bit tnh trng k thut bn ngoi ca my nn;
- Ting n ca thit b khi lm vic;
- nh gi tnh trng k thut thng qua kim tra nhit trn thn thit b ti cc
cp nn; hp cc te; bnh (nu c); pulley lai; ng c in lai; dy ai
- nh gi p ng v sn lng ca my nn vo chai gi: bng cch no nhn
bit c rng thit b p ng sn lng, thi gian np vo chai gi?
- nh gi v ti ca thit b (nhn bit s qa ti ca thit b thng qua kim sot
thng s p sut, nhit , dng in lai?);
- nh gi v kh nng lm vic t ng; nh gi bng cch no?;
- nh gi v vic x nc ti cc cp ca my nn?
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- Trng hp cn thit, hc vin c th t mnh a ra mt v d mt my nn kh

bt k tng bit (khai thc) chng minh.
- Khi cn, hc vin phi k c tn cc chi tit c bn ca my nn, gm nhng
g; thuc loi my nn pitng my cp? hay ly tm;
- Nu c cc chi tit c bn ti thit b, bm bi trn, t-rt, pht kn trc; clape;
van an ton; r le p sut;
- Khi tho lp, chi tit no ca my nn cn ch nht? Ti sao?
- C kh nng v phc tho c kt cu hoc c c bn v ca mt my nn.
Cu hi 07: How do you inspect the technical condition of air starting system of a diesel
engine?
- Kim tra, nh gi tnh trng k thut ca h thng kh nn khi ng diesel?
s lm vic ca thit b thng qua biu hin ca cc thng s cng tc ti h thng cung
cp kh nn phc v khi ng ng c diesel.
- Tng quan b tr ca ton b h thng kh nn khi ng;
- Nhn bit c mc ch lm vic ca h thng phc v mc ch g?;
- Nhn bit tnh trng k thut ngoi ca h thng kh nn khi ng;
- nh gi tnh trng x, r, s gim p ti chai gi chnh, trn cc phn t ph
- Chai gi chnh nh th no l tt? p sut; thit b o ch bo; r le
- nh gi van khi ng chnh? Van gim p? Cc van x nc trn h thng?
- Cc xp pp khi ng trn cc np xi lanh ca ng c, nh th no l tt?
- Mc st p (tiu th kh nn) cho mi ln khi ng cho ta bit g?
- nh gi v kh nng, cht lng lm vic ca h thng bng cch no?
- Nhit cao ca ng dn kh iu khin cho cc xp pp khi ng cho bit g?
- Trng hp cn thit, hc vin c th t mnh a ra mt v d bt k tng
bit (khai thc) chng minh.
- Khi cn, hc vin phi k c tn cc chi tit c bn ca h thng kh nn, gm
nhng g; Chai gi; van khi ng chnh; van gim p; distributor; van an ton; r le p
sut;
- C kh nng v phc tho c kt cu hoc c c bn v h thng kh nn
khi ng ng c diesel.
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Cu hi 08: Why and how do you change the gravity disc for a fuel oil purifier?
- Ti sao; khi no phi thay i a t trng (vnh iu chnh) cho my lc du ly tm ba
pha?
Yu cu: Trnh by c v cc trc trc thng gp ch yu ca my lc du ly tm, l:
du ln nhiu nc v du ra theo ng nc ra. Thm vo , hc vin phi trnh by
c cch thay i a t trng (vnh iu chnh) cho hai trng hp trn v s i hot
ng ca my lc FO sang DO v ngc li.
p n:
a, Gii thch hin tng: du c lc ra c ln nhiu nc
- Nguyn tc v s hnh thnh phn pha (my lc 3 pha) v mt trung ha (MTH)
trong my lc du ly tm l do hai loi cht lng c t trng khc nhau, khng ha tan vi
nhau trong trng quay ly tm vi tc cao;
- V tr ng ca MTH ti u trong my lc?
- Cnh nhn bit v v tr ng ca MTH trong my lc?
- Nu v tr MTH b x dch th hu qu s ra sao?
- Nguyn tc duy tr li v tr MTH khi du c lc ra c ln nhiu nc
- Thc hin i a t trng nh th no?
- iu chnh bng cch thay i (ng knh trong) ca vnh iu chnh nh th
no l hp l? Cch nhn bit trong khai thc?
b, Gii thch hin tng: du ra theo ng nc ra
- L lun tng t nh trng hp trn;
- Nguyn tc duy tr li v tr MTH khi du ra theo ng nc ra;
- Thc hin i a t trng nh th no?
- iu chnh bng cch thay i (ng knh trong) ca vnh iu chnh nh th
no l hp l? Cch nhn bit trong khai thc?
c, Nhng g s xy ra khi i my lc FO sang DO v ngc li nu gi nguyn
a t trng.
- L lun nguyn tc duy tr li v tr MTH khi i du
- Thc hin duy tr li v tr MTH bng cch thay i (ng knh trong) ca vnh
iu chnh nh th no l hp l? Cch nhn bit trong khai thc?
- Trng hp cn thit, hc vin phi v phc tho c s nguyn l hot ng
ca my lc trnh by cc nu trn.
Cu hi 09: Why to ensure that there is air in the refrigerating system and how to purge
it?
- Ti sao nhn bit c airtrong h thng lnh thc phm v x air nh th no?
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Yu cu: Trnh by c nguyn tc cch nhn bit trong h thng lnh thc phm c
air; tc hi ca air v cch x air ra khi h thng.
p n:
a, Nguyn tc nhn bit:
- Trnh by nguyn tc tng p sut hi bo ha khi khng kh air xm nhp (ln)
vi cng cht lnh;
- Trnh by nguyn tc tng p sut hi bo ha ca cng cht khi thay i nhit
cng cht lnh;
- S hiu bit v bng thng s p sut hi bo ha ph thuc vo nhit ;
- p dng nhn bit trng hp no b ln air trong h thng lnh thc phm.
b, Khng nh c air trong h thng?
- Hc vin v c s h thng lnh thc phm, gm: my nn; bnh tch du;
bu ngng (condenser); van tit lu; gian bay hi (bung lnh);
- Kim tra tr s p sut ti p k trn bu ngng;
- So snh, i chiu nhit bnh ngng vi Bng lit k thng s p sut hi bo
ha ph thuc vo nhit chun ca ti liu k thut;
- Hoc, xem xt i chiu mc gia tng v p sut ngng t trong nht k ghi
nhn cc thng s cng tc ca h thng khi khng c ln khng kh (khng bair);
c, Cch x air ra khi h thng
- Trnh by ng van cp lng v km theo l do ng van;
- Trnh by tip l duy tr h thng chy nht gas?
- Tip tc lm mt n mc n nh; Ti sao?
- Cch x airtrong bnh ngng ra nh th no?
- Cch nhn bit air c rt ra khi bnh ngng?
- Cho h thng hot ng tr li bnh thng.
Cu hi 10: What are the procedures of lubricating oil replenishment for the
refrigerating compressor?
- Trnh by quy trnh b sung du bi trn cho my nn lnh thc phm?
Yu cu: Trnh by c nguyn tc v cch nhn bit trong my nn lnh thc phm
thiu du; Gii thiu quy trnh b sung du bi trn cho h thng.
p n:
a, Nguyn tc nhn bit:
- Trng hp thiu du bi trn n mc nhn bit c s gim p sut LO;
- Bit cch nh gi s gim p sut LO thng qua vic c gi tr chnh p diff
gia ch s p sut du ti p k v p sut ht ca my nn lnh;
- Trng hp thiu cha n mc cha nhn bit c bng s gim p sut LO,
nhng li thy c thng qua kim tra lng du trong crankcase;
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- Trnh by quy trnh kim tra lng du trong crankcase, bao gm: Dng h thng
my nn lnh; nht ga; tip tc lm mt bnh ngng; kim tra mc trong crankcase bit
lng du cn b sung.
b, Quy trnh b sung du bi trn cho h thng:
- Cch kim tra v xc nh c lng du cn b sung;
- Nu u, khuyt ca phng php b sung du np du vo cc te khi h thng
dng hon ton vi vic m cc te v sau cho h thng hot ng c km x air;
- Trnh by u, khuyt ca phng php b sung du np du vo cc te khi h
thng vn hot ng bnh thng vi vic np du trong iu kin p sut trong cc te
thp hn p sut mi trng;
- Chun b sn sng lng du cho vic b sung nh th no;
- Trnh by vic np du c th tin hnh trong khi h thng hot ng bnh thng
hoc c thm vic chuyn h thng hot ng t ch Auto sang ch manual;
- Trnh by vic thao tc np du, x air ng np du khi p sut trong cc te
thp hn p sut mi trng;
- Kim tra li ton b v cho h thng hot ng bnh thng.
Cu hi 11: How do you replenish the refrigerant for the refrigerating provision system?
- Trnh by quy trnh b sung cng cht lnh cho my nn lnh thc phm?
Yu cu: Trnh by c nguyn tc v cch nhn bit trong my nn lnh thc phm
thiu cng cht; Gii thiu quy trnh b sung cng cht cho h thng.
p n:
a, Nguyn tc nhn bit h thng thiu cng cht:
- Trng hp thiu cng cht n mc nhn bit c s gim p sut nn;
- Bit cch nh gi thng qua vic c gi tr p sut ht ca my nn lnh;
- Trng hp thiu cha n mc cha nhn bit c bng s gim p sut ht,
nhng li thy c thng qua kim tra nhit ti cc bung lnh;
- Trnh by quy trnh kim tra lng cng cht trong h thng, bao gm: Dng h
thng my nn lnh; nht ga; tip tc lm mt bnh ngng; kim tra mc cng cht trong
h thng bit lng cng cht cn b sung.
b, Quy trnh b sung cng cht cho h thng:
- Cch kim tra v xc nh c lng cng cht cn b sung;
- Nu u, khuyt ca phng php b sung cng cht th hi;
- Trnh by u, khuyt ca phng php b sung cng cht th lng;
- Chun b sn sng lng cng cht cho vic b sung nh th no?;
- Trnh by vic np thm cng cht c th tin hnh trong khi h thng hot ng
bnh thng hoc c thm vic chuyn h thng hot ng t ch Auto sang ch
Manual;
- Trnh by quy trnh np cng cht, x air ng np khi b sung th hi;
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- Trnh by quy trnh np cng cht b sung th lng;

- Kim tra li ton b v cho h thng hot ng bnh thng.
Cu hi 12: Present the procedures to prepare a steering gear for manoeuvring.
- Trnh by quy trnh chun b h thng my li vo ma-n?
Yu cu: Trnh by c ngha vic chun b h thng my li vo ma-n; Nguyn tc
chun b v th h thng trc khi ma-n.
p n:
a, Mc ch, ngha vic chun b h thng my li vo ma-n:
- Hiu bit v th loi, trang tr ca h thng my li;
- Tm quan trng ca vic chun b v th h thng my li trc khi ma-n;
- Chun b h thng my li trc khi tu man vi thi gian bao lu? Ti sao?
b, Quy trnh chun b v th h thng trc khi ma-n:
- Mc ch, ngha ca vic kim tra tng th bn ngoi h thng?;
- Kim tra du bi trn, m ti cc , tr my li?;
- Kim tra mc du thy lc trn h thng?
- Chun b ngun cp cho my li;
- Bo cho b phn Boong Bung li v vic chun b th h thng;
- Cho h thng khi ng, theo di v nh gi ban u v s hot ng ca h
thng l bnh thng hay khng?;
- C th thc hin iu khin ti ch nh gi thi gian b li;
- Cng c th thng bo cho Boong thc hin th iu khin t Bung li;
- Nhn xt tng th v ghi nht k th h thng.
Cu hi 13: Why and how do you balance the outputs between the cylinders of a diesel
engine?
- Trnh by ti sao phi cn bng cng sut gia cc xi lanh trn mt ng c
diesel?
Yu cu: Trnh by c nhng hu qu nu khng cn bng cng sut gia cc xi lanh;
Nu cc bc thc hin vic cn bng cng sut gia cc xi lanh.
p n:
a, Hu qu nu khng cn bng cng sut gia cc xi lanh:
- Trnh by v vic s gy ra rung ng mnh;
- Kt qu ko theo l gy dao ng cho ng c;
- Mt s chi tit v mt s xi lanh ca ng c s lm vic qu ti;
- Nhn bit d nht l thng qua chnh lch nhit kh x ca cc xilanh v mc
rung ng ca ng c;
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- nh hng n ng sut c chung ca ng c;

- Gim tui th lm vic ca ng c diesel.
b, Kim tra cng sut gia cc xi lanh:
- Phng php kim tra cng sut cc xi lanh bng o pmax;
- Cch kim tra cng sut cc xi lanh bng cch s dng thit b Indicator;
- Xc nh cng sut cc xi lanh bng cch tnh ton thng qua pe v T0 kh x;
- Xc nh cng sut cc xi lanh bng mc tiu th lng nhin liu ring tng
xilanh;
c, Cn bng cng sut gia cc xi lanh:
- Thng thng thc hin cn bng bng cch chnh lng nhin liu tiu th;
- Trnh by vic la chn phng php cn bng trn c s xc nh chnh xc
nguyn nhn thng qua vic o cng sut ca tng xi lanh bng thit b Indicator, nh
gi ton b, gm: cht lng vi phun; nhm pi-tng xilanh; cc xupap; cht lng phun;
pmax v T0 kh x;
- Sau khi chnh xong, kim tra cho ng c hot ng v nh gi vic cn chnh.
Cu hi 14: What are the procedures of synchronization of two diesel engines?

- Trnh by quy trnh ha ng b hai ng c diesel lai my pht in?
Yu cu: Ti sao phi ha ng b hai ng c diesel lai my pht in?. Quy trnh
ha ng b hai ng c diesel lai my pht in?
p n:
a, L do phi ha ng b hai hay nhiu ng c diesel lai my pht in:
- Trnh by l do v nhu cu tng ti tiu th in;
- L do v s c phi ct mt vi xi lanh ca mt ng c lai my pht dn n
phi gim ti trn ng c diesel , ko theo phi ha thm diesel khc vo lm vic
phi hp (i vi my pht in th nu phi ct mt vi xilanh ca ng c lai th
thng dng my x l m khng cho tip tc chy ti thp);
- Qu khi cn phi i s hot ng ca cc ng c diesel no cho nhau;
b, Quy trnh ha ng b hai hay nhiu ng c diesel lai my pht in:
- Chun b v khi ng ng c chun b cho vo ha ng b;
- Yu cu v cc thng s cng tc ca cc diesel ngay trc khi ha ng b;
- Yu cu v tn s?
- Cch chnh tn s?
- Yu cu v cc cp cc thng thng ni sn trong h thng;
- Yu cu v in p?
- Cch cn chnh in p?
- La chn phng php ha bng n hay bng ng b k?
- iu chnh cc thng s cho vic ha;
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- La chn thi im ng cu dao ha ng b;

- Cn chnh ti gia cc diesel;
- Theo di s lm vic ca cc diesel lai cc my pht.
Cu hi 15: What are the necessary remedies when the tubocharger of a main engine
must be cut off?
- Trnh by nhng x l cn thit khi nhm tubocharger ca diesel chnh lai chn vt b s
c phi ct?
Yu cu: Trnh by s c c th gp l nhm tubocharger ca diesel chnh lai chn vt
phi ct?. Nhng x l cn thit khi nhm tubocharger ny phi ngng hot ng?
p n:
a, Mt s trng hp dn n nhm tubocharger ca diesel chnh phi ct:
- Trng hp cc hoc vng bi ca tubocharger b h hng;
- S c v mt cn bng ng ca bnh cnh tua bin hay my nn;
- H hng h thng bi trn nhm tubocharger;
- Trc trc h thng lm kn ca nhm tubocharger
b, Nhng x l cn thit khi nhm tubocharger phi ngng hot ng
- L lun ti sao phi dng ng c diesel khc phc?
- Ch c dng ng c mi thc hin c vic kha trc tuabin;
- Nu l do ti sao hay phi kha trc tuabin m khng cho tuabin quay?
- Nhng hu qu xy ra cho ng c diesel khi tubocharger ngng hot ng?
- Gii thch ti sao phi gim ti cho ng c diesel?
- Trnh by c rng khi tubocharger ngng hot ng, trong xi lanh ca ng
c s chy thiu khng kh (thiu xy) dn n nhit kh x tng cao v khi en;
- Gim ti bng cch no?
- Gim ti n mc no th chp nhn c?
- Gii thch: s dng gii hn nhit kh x lm cn c tin hnh gim ti.
Cu hi 16: What are the procedures of tubocharger washing during main engines
running?
- Trnh by quy trnh v sinh tubocharger khi ng c ang hot ng bnh thng?
Yu cu: Trnh by nhng biu hin i vi ng c c th gp khi nhm tubocharger b
bn. Nu quy trnh v sinh nhm my nn, nhm tuabin ca tubocharger khi ng c
ang hot ng?
p n:
a, Nhng biu hin i vi ng c c th gp khi nhm tubocharger b bn:
- C th nhm tubocharger lm vic rung ng;
309/341
- Ap sut my nn to ra thp hn bnh thng;

- S vng quay ca tubin gim ng k;
- H ly ko theo l nhit kh x ca ng c tng.
b, Nu quy trnh v sinh nhm my nn
- L lun ti sao phi phi gim ti ng c khc phc?
- Thng thng cn c vo hng dn ca ti liu gim ti ng c?
- Phc tho s dng nc nng ra my nn;
- S dng lng nc nng da vo hng dn;
- Ra xong, tng ti ng c t t n trng thi c;
(Cng c th p dng vic ra my nn khng cn phi gim ti cho ng c v
nhit pha my nn khng cao)
- So snh, i chiu nhit kh x sau khi ra v trc khi ra;
- nh gi cng vic ra my nn.
c, Nu quy trnh v sinh nhm tuabin
- L lun ti sao phi phi gim ti ng c khc phc?
- Thng thng cn c vo hng dn ca ti liu gim ti ng c?
- Phc tho s dng nc nng ra tuabin;
- S dng lng nc nng da vo hng dn;
- Gim ti cho ng c n nhit kh x nh hn 300 0C v chy n nh trng
thi ny khong 10 pht trc khi ra;
- M van x y pha tua bin thot nc ra;
- Trong khi ra, lin tc kim tra mc sch ca nc ra ra khi tuabin;
- Ra xong, chy ch t 5 n 10 pht, sau tng ti ng c t t n
trng thi c;
- So snh, i chiu nhit kh x v s vng quay ca tuabin trc v sau ra;
- nh gi cng vic ra tua bin.
Cu hi 17: Present the speed-regulating principle of hydraulic motors?

- Trnh by cc nguyn tc iu chnh tc ca ng c thy lc?
Yu cu: Trnh by ti sao trong thc t phi iu chnh tc ca ng c thy lc. Nu
v gii thch cc nguyn tc iu chnh tc bng phng php tit lu song song gia
ca y v ca ht? iu chnh tc ca ng c thy lc bng c cu iu chnh ti
bm, nh: iu chnh lch tm ca roto; iu chnh a nghing ca ng c.
p n:
a, iu chnh bng phng php tit lu song song gia ca y v ca ht
- Trnh by s v phng php iu chnh tit lu song song;
ng c
Van iu chnh
Bm
310/341
- Trnh by c u, nhc ca phng php iu chnh ny;

b, iu chnh bng lch tm ca roto ng c hoc bm cp
- Nu v d thc t ca ng c v loi bm no?
- u, nhc ca phng php iu chnh ny;
c, iu chnh a nghing ca roto ng c hoc bm cp
d, iu chnh bng cch thay i s khoang cng tc ca ng c
e, Kt lun:
- Nu kin v la chn phng php iu chnh no?
- Gii thch ti sao chn phng php iu chnh ph hp?
Cu hi 18: Present the precautions to be taken to prevent oil pollution to the marine
environment.
- Trnh by cc bin php phng chng nhim mi trng?
Yu cu: Trnh by nhng loi cht thi cn phng; Ni dung cng c quc t lin
quan n phng chng nhim mi trng v vic thc hin cng vic ca thuyn vin
trn tu, c bit l b phn my.
p n:
a, Nhng loi cht thi thng gp:
- Trnh by c 6 loi cht thi, gm: du; ha cht c hi; nc thi; rc thi;
bao gi chuyn ch hng; kh thi;
- Cho bit thc hin nay ca thuyn vin ni chung v nguy c nhim mi
trng.
b, Nu tn cc Cng c quc t lin quan
- K v Cng c quc t v ngn nga nhim mi trng bin: Marpol73/78;
- ngha ca vic Cng c Marpol73/78 ra i?
- Nu tn 6 ph lc trong Marpol73/78.
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- i vi thuyn vin b phn my, ph lc no ca Marpol 73/78 c nh gi

quan trng nht?
- Ti sao ph lc I ca Marpol73/78 c nh gi quan trng nht?
c, Cng vic ca thuyn vin b phn my thc hin nh th no?
- Hiu bit v chng ch IOPP ca tu?
- K hoch, lm g, hnh ng ra sao lin quan n IOPP?
- thc v vic nhn du;
- Nu ch g khi khai thc h thng lacanh bung my v oily- water separator?
- Hiu bit v ORB (Oil Record Book)?
- Trn tu, ngi no qun l ORB?
- Bit cch ghi chp trong ORB?
- Nu hiu v nhng quy nh v thi du t la canh bung my?
- Nu khng r nhng quy nh v thi du t la canh bung my th tham kho ti
liu no? (tham kho ti ph lc I ca Marpol73/78, chuyn mc v Tiu chun thi du
t la canh bung my ca tt c cc tu (k c tu du)).
Cu hi 19: What is Slip and how to determine the Slip Value of the ship?
- Slip ca tu l g v cch xc nh gi tr Slip?
Yu cu: Trnh by c nh ngha v Slip; ngha ca Slip trong vic qun l v
khai thc tu; Cch xc nh gi tr Slip ra sao?
p n:
a, Trnh by nh ngha v Slip
- Nu nh ngha ca Slip,
- Gii thch l s trt ca vn tc tu trong mi trng nc bin.
b, ngha ca Slip trong vic qun l v khai thc tu
- S trt - Slip cng tng khi iu kin khai thc cng kh khn;
- Gi tr ca Slip thng thng c nh gi v th hin bng n v [%];
- Gi tr [%] Slipca tu t l thun vi iu kin khai thc kh khn;
- Ch cn bit Gi tr ca Slip l nh gi c iu kin khai thc tu.
c, Cch xc nh gi tr Slip
- Cng thc tnh gi tr Slip:
- Scv: qung ng/ngy ca chn vt (o) tnh bng [ncv (x) ];
- Gii thch ncv l tng s vng quay chn vt trong mt ngy [hl;km;m];
- Gii thch l bc ca chn vt tu [m];
- Sth:qung ng thc i c ca tu trong mt ngy [hl;km;m];
- Cng thc tnh trt = (Scv- Sth)/ Scv.100%;
- Trnh by cch xc nh Scv: qung ng/ngy ca chn vt [hl;km;m];
- Cch xc nh Sth: qung ng/ngy ca chn vt [hl;km;m];
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- Nhn xt, nh gi iu kin khai thc tu khi c s liu v Slip[%].
Cu hi 20: Present the procedures of replacing the oil and readjusting the hydraulic
governor?
- Quy trnh thay du cho b iu tc thy lc?
Yu cu: Trnh by c mc ch, ngha ca vic thay du cho b iu tc thy lc;
Quy trnh thay du cho b iu tc thy lc ra sao?
p n:
a, Mc ch, ngha ca vic thay du cho b iu tc thy lc
- Trnh by du thy lc dng thi gian di s khng tt cho b iu tc thy lc;
- Du thy lc b nhim bn s khng tt cho b iu tc thy lc;
- Du thy lc khng ng chng loi cng khng tt cho b iu tc.
b, Quy trnh thay du cho b iu tc thy lc ra sao
- Chun b du b sung;
- La chn loi du ph hp;
- Cn c ti liu chn du thay;
- Cn c kinh nghim chn du thay;
- Trc khi thc hin thay du, theo di v nh gi s lm vic ca b iu tc;
- Trng hp cn thit, c th ghi chp hoc nh du cc chi tit quan trng;
- Dng ng c v m np iu tc;
- X ht du c t b iu tc;
- Ra sch trong b iu tc bng du nh hoc bng du ra chuyn dng;
- Cn thit phi thi bng kh nn;
- Trng, sc bng du thy lc mi cho b iu tc;
- Np du mi n mc quy nh;
- X air cho b iu tc;
- Cho ng c diesel hot ng;
- Thc hin iu khin tng, gim vng quay (hoc ti) nh gi b iu tc;
- nh gi tnh trng hot ng ca b iu tc trc v sau khi thay du?
Cu hi 21: How do you replace the gravity disc of a purifier?

- Thay i a t trng (vnh iu chnh) cho my lc du ly tm nh th no?
Yu cu: Trnh by c mc ch, ngha ca a t trng (vnh iu chnh) trong my
lc du ly tm. Quy trnh thay i a t trng (vnh iu chnh) cho my lc.
p n:
a, Mc ch, ngha ca a t trng (vnh iu chnh) trong my lc du ly tm
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- X l trng hp du c lc ra c ln nhiu nc;

- C th nhn bit bng cch kim tra nc ti kt du trc nht;
- Duy tr v tr ng ca MTH trong my lc lm g?
- Cch nhn bit v v tr ng ca MTH trong my lc?
- Nu v tr MTH b x dch th hu qu s ra sao i vi my lc?
- X l my lc khi ng dn nc ra c ln nhiu du;
- Nguyn tc duy tr li v tr MTH khi ng dn nc ra c ln nhiu du.
b, Quy trnh thay i a t trng (vnh iu chnh) cho my lc
- Thc hin dng my lc hon ton;
- Cn xc nh chc chn rng phi thay i a t trng (vnh iu chnh);
- Trnh by phng php xc nh ng knh a t trng bng cch tnh ton;
- Xc nh ng knh a t trng bng tra bng hoc trn th (biu );
- Xc nh ng knh a t trng bng kinh nghim v th;
- Tin hnh lp mi a t trng (vnh iu chnh) theo mt trong 3 cch trn;
- Cho my lc hot ng v kim tra cht lng lc.
Cu hi 22: What should you do if main engine is still running after the remote control
handle is on stop position?
- X l nh th no, nu ng c diesel chnh vn hot ng, trong khi tay iu khin t
xa a vo v tr STOP?
Yu cu: Trnh by c mi lin kt thng thng c thit k gia tay iu khin t
xa ti thanh rng nhin liu ca ng c. Nu cch x tr trong tnh hung ny.
p n:
a, Lin kt thng thng c thit k gia tay iu khin t xa ti thanh rng
nhin liu ca ng c:
- Nhim v ca tay iu khin t xa;
- Nhng phng thc truyn ng thng gp;
- Truyn ng bng kh nn;
- Truyn ng in;
- Truyn ng bng thy lc;
- Dn ng bng c kh;
- Truyn ng kt hp: thy lc-kh nn-in;
- C cu lin kt ca ton b thanh rng vi tng thanh rng ca bm nhin liu;
b, Nu cch x tr trong tnh hung:
- Nhn thc c kt cu ca h thng l g?;
- Khng nh c rng, nhin liu ca ng c vn cha c ct;
- Ch c th dng ng c hn khi khng cn nhin liu vo ng c;
- Thc hin vic tc ng trc tip vo cc thanh rng ca ng c diesel;
314/341
- Vic STOP hon ton ng c diesel trong trng hp ny cng c th thc

hin bng cch nhn nt Emergency stop nhng vi iu kin l th bng Stop
Button ny phi thng xuyn duy tr tt.
Cu hi 23: What should you do if the lubricating oil pressure of the engine is lower than
the required value?
- Nu cch x tr trong tnh hung p sut du bi trn ng c diesel thp qu
di mc cho php?
Yu cu: Trnh by nguy him i vi ng c diesel khi mt du bi trn; Nu cch x
tr trong tnh hung p sut du bi trn thp qu di mc cho php.
p n:
a, Nhng nguy him i vi ng c diesel khi mt du bi trn:
- Nhim v ca vic bi trn ng c diesel:
- Lm gim ma st cc , gi bc;
- Lm mt cc b mt ca cc chi tit ma st nu trn;
- Mt bi trn qu lu, ty mc c th dn n h hng ng c diesel.
b, Nhng du hiu cho bit rng thiu du bi trn:
- p sut du bi trn h thng gim;
- Nhit du bi trn h thng tng;
- ng c c th b ngng hot ng nu ht hn s bi trn;
- Bo ng p sut du bi trn thp;
- ng c c th b auto-stop bi r-le bo v p sut du bi trn;
- Ti ca ng c c th tng ng k.
c, X tr:
- Cho bm du bi trn d tr vo lm vic song song;
- V sinh phin lc bng cch x ngc (nu h thng c thit k cho php);
- Nu c th lm ngay c, khn cp dng ng c;
- Tip , via bng tay hoc bng my via nhng phi km bi trn cng bc
bng mi bin php, min l thc hin c nhm gim thiu h hng ;
- Tm ngay nguyn nhn khc phc;
- Bo co v ghi nhn vo nht k.
Cu hi 24: What do you decide to do with the main engine when your ship is in bad
weather condition.
- Quyt nh nh th no vi ng c diesel chnh khi tu ang hnh trnh trong tnh
trng thi tit xu?
315/341
Yu cu: Trnh by nhng nguy him i vi ng c diesel khi b qu ti lu di; Nu

cch nhn bit s qu ti v x tr trong tnh hung ny nh th no l hp l?
p n:
a, Nhng nguy him i vi ng c khi b qu ti lu di:
- ng c b qu ti lu di s gim tui th lm vic;
- ng c b ng sut c cao;
- Diesel c th b ko theo ng sut nhit;
- Diesel lm vic vi ting n ln;
- H thng ng lc b rung ng;
- H ly l c th dn n h hng cc thit b khc lin quan trong h ng lc.
b, Cch nhn bit ng c b qu ti:
- Ting n ng c c th ln, c bit l ting tuabin d nhn bit, tua bin c th
b ho;
- ng c trong h thng c th nhn thy rung ng nhiu;
- Ban ngy s thy khi en;
- Ti ng c, o pmax; T0 kh x u thy tng; km theo nhit nc mt tng;
- S vng quay tuabin-my nn cao hn so vi bnh thng;
- Ch s ti ca ng c tng;
- Chc chn rng, khi o th cng s thy tng r rt.
c, X tr trong tinh hung ny:
- Gim ti cho ng c, tc l gim vng quay chn vt;
- Gim n mc no?
- Gim n mc m cc thng s nu trn (ti mc b) phi thp hn so vi cc
thng s ti a cho php ng c lm vic lu di nhng phi trnh vng quay cng
hng.
- t hn ch thanh rng bm cao p hn ch ti cho ng c;
- Hc vin phi k c cc thng s cng tc l g?
Cu hi 25: How do you connect the two pumps in series and show its characteristics.
- Hai bm hot ng ni tip c ngha nh th no? Hy ch dn trn c tnh.
Yu cu: Trnh by mc ch ca vic cho hai bm hot ng ni tip; Trnh by s hiu
bit thng qua c tnh th cng tc H = f(Q).
p n:
a, Nhng u im ca vic hai bm hot ng ni tip:
- Ct p lm vic ca h thng tng gp i;
- Lu lng ca hai bm ghp chung khi ny vn gi nguyn (bng mt bm lm
v c lp;
- Cp cht lng c ln cao hn;
- a, dn cht lng i c xa hn;
316/341
- Cp nc vo ni hi;
- Bm nc cu ha, ra neo tu;
- Bm nc ballast cho cc hm xa bung my.
b, c tnh H = f(Q):
- Trnh by nhn thc khi nim v ct p, k hiu l H; n v tnh bng [m];
- Hiu v lu lng ca bm, k hiu Q; n v tnh bng [m 3/h];
- Trnh by h ta , l H = f(Q) biu th c tnh lm vic;
- Thuyt minh cch xc nh c tnh tng hp khi mc hai bm ni tip;
- Ch ra c im gia tng ct p trong trng hp ni tip ny trn th c tnh.
Cu hi 26. How do you know and what should you do if a diesel engine is overloaded?
- Lm th no bn nhan bit v bn s lm g nu mt ng c diesel b qu
ti?
Yu cu: Trnh by cch nhn bit v hin tng ng c diesel b qu ti, thng qua cc
biu hin bn ngoi, cc thng s lm vic ca ng c, cc bin php ca ngi s
dng khi pht hin thy ng c diesel b qu ti.
p n:
a, Xem xt cc iu kin lm vic ca ng c dn n qu ti:
- Trng hp i vi ng c diesel l my chnh lai chn vt nh bc;
- Trng hp i vi ng c diesel l my chnh lai chn vt bin bc;
- Trng hp i vi ng c diesel lai my pht in;
- Trng hp i vi ng c diesel lai my cc thit b khc;
- Hc vin c th a ra mt s nguyn nhn thc t gy nn hin tng qu ti
(tu chy ngc sng gi, i vo vng nc cn .v.v.).
317/341
b, Cch nhn bit ng c diesel b qu ti thng qua cc biu hin bn ngoi

- ng c lm vic khng m thng qua n, rung ng ca ng c;
- Thng qua mu sc ca kh thi, khi ng c b qu ti mu sc ca kh thi nh
th no?
c, Cch nhn bit ng c diesel b qu ti thng qua cc thng s cng tc ca
ng c:
- Thng qua cc thng s cng tc nh: Nhit kh x cc xy lanh, nhit nc
lm mt ra khi cc xy lanh, p sut chy cc i pz ca cc xy lanh?
- Thng qua ch s ti ( thanh rng bm cao p) tng hay gim?
d. Hnh ng ca s quan trc ca khi pht hin thy ng c b qu ti
- i vi ng c diesel lai trc tip chn vt nh bc: trc ht phi thng bo
cho bung li, thng bo cho my trng bit v gim tay ga ( gim lng cp nhin liu)
ri xem xt nguyn nhn gy nn hin tng qu ti x l cho ph hp;
- i vi ng c diesel lai chn vt bin bc: trc ht phi thng bo cho bung
li, thng bo cho my trng bit v gim bc chn vt ri xem xt nguyn nhn gy
nn hin tng qu ti x l cho ph hp;
- i vi ng c diesel lai my pht in: ngt bt cc ph ti khng quan trng,
xem xt trng hp c th nguyn nhn gy nn qu ti, c cn thit phi chy thm my
pht in khc khng ?
Cu hi 27. How do you determine the Ni (Indication output) of a diesel engine?

- Cch xc nh Ni (Cng sut ch th) ca ng c diesel?
Yu cu: Trnh by cc cch xc nh cng sut ch th Ni ca ng c diesel
p n:
- Ty thuc vo tng loi ng c c th m c cch xc nh Ni khc nhau.
xc nh cng sut ch th ca ng c th ta cn phi o c th cng ch th ca
tng xilanh ( th c khoai). Tuy nhin vi ng c c vng quay ln hn 500v/ph th
vic o th cng ch th khng chnh xc. Vic o th cng ch th c th thc hin
bng thit b o thc cng ch th xch tay (indicator); hoc bn thn ng c co lp
sn thit b o t ng;
- o bng thit b o sch tay th trn ng c phi c tay mc nhn tn hiu t trc
cam
ca ng
kt
niv
vicch
thit xc
b o th mi cy1th o c th c khoai. Tuy
th
cngcch
th
nhin cc ng c
hin nay
nh
Pi hu nh khng trang b c cu ny v qu trnh o v tnh ton
phc tp. Cc ng c c trang b thit b o t ng th thit b ny t ng o v x l
cho kt qu pi, Ni. Nu o bng thit b xch tay th s ydng
thit b o din tch Sigma
2
Pi: p sut ch th bnh qun
metter hoc
planimetter xc nh din tch th, sau ytnh
Pi v Ni. Nu khng c
2
3
(KG/cm
).
thit b ny th c th dung phng php chia nh th xc nh
y Pi.
Lg:Chiu di th cng (cm).
y5 y6
Pi
y7 y
8
y9 y
10
318/341
Lg
- Fg (cm2): Din tch bao bi ng cong p sut tc thi v c. o bng thit b

o din tch (Planimetor).
- CS (mm/at): T l xch l xo.
Hoc ta c th chia nh th tnh trung bnh:
10
Pi
y
i 1
(KG/cm2)
10.C S
Khi cng sut ch th ca ng c c tnh:

Ni = 13,1.Pi .D2.S.z.i.n
Cu hi 28: How do you determine the Ne (Effective output-Brake output) of a diesel
engine?
- Cch xc nh Ne(Cng sut c ch) ca ng c diesel?
Yu cu: Trnh by cc cch xc nh cng sut c ch Ne ca ng c diesel
p n
a,Xc nh Ne thng qua Pi:
C th xc nh Pe mt cch tng i bng cch ly Pi tr i 1,
V d: Pi=19kgf/cm2, th Pe=18. Sau xc nh Ne theo cng thc
Ne= F.S.n.i.z.Pe/60.75 ml
b, Xc nh Ne bng cch o m men xon trn trc trung gian:
Mt s tu hin nay s dng thit b o m men xon bng cch gn hai vng kim loi
trn trc trung gian v mt thit b cm bin s chuyn v gia hai a sau tnh ra m
men xon Me. Mt thit b o vng quay ca ng c sau tnh cng sut Ne theo
cng thc Ne=Me.n/716,2. Vic tnh ton hon ton do my tnh thc hin. Trn my tnh
c th n vo nt average tnh cng sut trung bnh trong khong 5 hoc 10 pht ...vv
ty theo la chn.
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c, Xc nh thng qua phng php xc nh tng i:

Phng php ny do nh ch to ng c a ra nh da vo v tr thanh rng
nhin liu, p sut gi tng p, nhit tr ca nhin liu, sau xc nh trn th.
d, Xc nh thng qua lng nhin liu tiu th:
Nu bit lng nhin liu tiu th trong mt gi v sut tiu hao nhin liu th c
th xc nh Ne theo cng th Ne=G nl/ge ml. Tuy nhin theo phng php ny cn phi
hiu chnh sut tiu hao nhin liu theo nhit tr thc t ca nhin liu ang s dng v
tnh trng k thut ca ng c.
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Cu hi 29: How do you increase the quality of Diesel Engine Fuel Atomization?
- Lm th no nng cao cht lng phun nhin liu ca ng c Diesel ?
Yu cu: Phn tch cc yu t nh hng n cht lng phun nhin liu ca ng c
diesel nh bm cao p, vi phun, cht lng nhin liu?
p n :
a, Tnh trng k thut ca cc thit b chnh nh hng n cht lng
phun nhin liu:
- nh hng ca bm cao p, nh mn ca b i piston- xy lanh bm cao p
nh hng nh th no?
- Chc nng ca van xut du, van b h c nh hng n qu trnh phun nhin
liu khng? Tc dng ca vnh gim ti?
- Cch kim tra bm cao p?
- Cch kim tra van xut du?
- nh hng ca vi phun nhin liu, khi no phi kim tra vi phun, kim tra
nhng yu t no ca vi phun;
- Kim tra p xut phun, cht lng phun sng ca vi phun (nu v d c th khi
cn vi phun), cc biu hin nhn bit c vi phun tt, l vi phun b tc, b rng, l
xo yu.v.v.
b. Cht lng nhin liu nh hng nh th no n cht lng phun?
- Chng loi du FO, DO nh hng nh th no ?
- Cc thnh phn cn trong du nh hng nh th no ?
- nh hng ca nc ln trong du? tc dng ca kt lng, cc van x nc vv
- nh hng nht ca du ti cht lng phun? ti sao phi hm du? cch
chn nhit hm du?
Cu hi 30: How to determine the total fuel oil consumption and specific fuel oil
consumption of a diesel engine?
- Lm th no xc nh tng s du tiu th v sut tiu hao nhin liu ng c
diesel?
Yu cu : Xc nh tng s du tiu th, sut tiu hao nhin liu ng c diesel?
p n :
a.Xc nh tng s du tiu th:
- xc nh tng lng nhin liu tiu th, trn tu thng tnh ton thng qua
ng h o lu lng (Flowmetter) tnh cho 24 gi, bng cch ly ch s ng h o t
12 gi tra hm sau tr i ch s ng h o 12 gi tra hm trc th c lu lng
nhin liu V tiu th trong mt ngy. (lu c nhit ti ng h o);
- Khi lng nhin liu c tnh theo cng thc G V . t
Trong : t l t trng ca nhin liu ti nhit o t . k .
k: l h s hiu chnh nhit (temperature facter) ca nhin liu ang dng;
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l t trng nhin liu 150C. Hoc c th tnh theo cng thc tng i
t (1 0,00064.t )
Tng nhin liu cho my chnh, my n, ni hi s l nhin liu tiu th ca tu

trong mt ngy;
Nu bit nhin liu tiu th ca my chnh trong mt ngy, cng sut c ch ca
ng c th th c th tnh c sut tiu hao nhin liu theo cng thc:
ge=G/Ne
Trong G l lng nhin liu tiu th trong mt gi.
Cu hi 31: How do you inspect the technical condition of lubricating oil system of a
diesel engine?
- Kim tra, nh gi tnh trng k thut ca h thng du bi trn ca ng c
diesel?
Yu cu: Trnh by c nguyn tc nh gi tnh trng k thut t bn ngoi v nh
gi s lm vic ca h thng du bi trn thng qua biu hin ca cc thng s cng tc,
cc thit b bo ng, bo v.
- Tng quan b tr ca h thng bi trn ni chung, h thng cc te t hay cc te
kh, h thng bi trn s mi xi lanh;
- Nhn bit c h thng phc v mc ch g?;
- Nhn bit v nh gi tnh trng kn ngoi (s r r) ca h thng bi trn;
- B tr cc kt; van, ng ng v cc thit b ph c b khim khuyt g khng?
nhng g; v d: cc kt cha du bi trn; bm; sinh hn; van iu chnh nhit ; my
lc; bu lc; thit b hm sy; thit b o.v.v.;
- Mc du trong kt cha du tun hon, mc du ny thng xuyn c kim tra
khi ng c hot ng, hy a ra cc phn tch v nh gi khi mc du gim bt thng
hoc tng bt thng ? c vn g i vi h thng ? a ra v d s c gp trong
thc t;
- Mu sc ca du thay i khng bnh thng, c vn g xy ra vi h
thng?.
- p sut du bi trn ti bi trn ng c gim ti sao ? hy phn tch cc nguyn
nhn c th lm cho p sut gim;
- nh gi s lm vic ca cc phin lc trong h thng thng qua st p sut
ca phin lc;
- nh gi mc du bn nhanh hay chm thng qua vic theo di x cn my
lc, v sinh phin lc;
- Kim tra v nh gi s lm vic ca my lc du ly tm;
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- nh gi s lm vic ca bu lm mt du thng qua vic kim tra nhit du

vo v ra khi bu lm mt;
- Trnh by cch kim tra cc thit b bo ng, bo v p sut ca h thng.
Cu hi 32: When and how do you adjust the fuel injection timing for a diesel engine?
- Khi no v lm th no iu chnh gc phun sm nhin liu ng c diesel?
Yu cu :Hc vin phi hiu c nh hng ca gc phun sm nhin liu n qu trnh
chy ca ng c diesel nh th no, cch kim tra gc phun sm v khi no th phi
chnh li gc phun sm v chnh nh th no ?
p n : a,Tc dng ca gc phun sm nhin liu ng c diesel:
- Th no l gc phun sm? l gc quay ca trc khuu c tnh t khi nhin liu
bt u phun vo trong xi lanh n khi piston v tr im cht trn trong hnh trnh nn
ca ng c;
- Tc dng ca gc phun sm ?
b. Khi no phi iu chnh gc phun sm :
- Khi lp rp ng c mi, khi lp rp ng c sau khi sa cha, khi c s sai lch
gc phun sm gia cc xi lanh, cam nhin liu b mn nhiu .v.v.
c. Kim tra gc phun sm:
- Kim tra gc phun sm theo du khc trn bm cao p : via ng c theo chiu
quay thun hnh trnh nn khi no du khc trn piston bm cao p trng vi du khc
v bm cao p th dng via, c trn bnh bit c gc phun sm;
- Kim tra gc phun sm bng thit b kim tra ( ng nghim kim tra c ng
knh 2mm );
- Kim tra gc phun sm bng cch o chiu cao ty van np v van du hi ca
bm cao p bng thc o su hoc bng dng kim tra chuyn dng
e. iu chnh gc phun sm:
Ty thuc vo kt cu c th ca tng loi bm cao p m ngi ta c cch iu
chnh cho ph hp;
- i vi bm cao p n c th iu chnh bng cch t li trc cam ( bnh rng
cam) trong trng hp trc cam lin v iu chnh gc ln. Khi iu chnh gc nh ngi
ta c th iu chnh chiu cao con i ca tng bm c lp;
- i vi bm cao p cm iu chnh lng cp ng u gia cc bm trn my
cn bm chuyn dng, iu chnh gc phun sm bng cch xoay bch ni gia trc truyn
ng vi trc cam bm;
- Ty theo tng loi ng c, gc phun sm ca nhin liu gia cc xi lanh khng
c chnh lch qu 10n 1,50;
- Gii thch hnh v (km theo)
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Cu hi 33: Carry out the testing, checking and evaluating the technical condition of a
fuel injection pump.
- Thc hin vic th nghim, kim tra v nh gi tnh trng k thut ca mt my
bm phun nhin liu ( bm cao p).
Yu cu : Trnh by quy trnh th nghim, kim tra nh gi tnh trng k thut ca bm
cao p m bo cho bm p ng c yu cu nh lng v nh p.
p n : a,Kim tra bm cao p khi mi r b i piston xi lanh:
- Khi trn s my xi lanh hoc piston c cc vt xc th ngi ta tin hnh mi r
- Mi r bm cao p c tin hnh trn my mi hoc my tin;
- Sau khi r, piston v s mi bm c ra sch bng du. Cht lng b mt cng
tc c kim tra bng knh np. Trn b mt cng tc khng c cc vt xc.
- Kim tra dch chuyn ca piston trong xi lanh: ko piston ra khi s mi vi 1/3
chiu di b mt cng tc, v tr nghing mt gc 45 0, di tc dng ca trng lng
bn thn piston tri t t vo ht trong s mi. Trong trng hp piston tri qu nhanh
hoc khng tri vo ht s mi th tnh trng k thut gia piston v s mi nh th no?
b. Kim tra kn kht b i piston trn thit b th:
- t b i piston s mi nh hnh v. Cng cht th l du diesel. t v tr tng
i mp ct ca piston vi l cp s mi c c nh bi b kp piston 11. M van np
du 4 np du y vo khoang trn piston, x kh bng vt 7. Tch vu ci 5 v bm ng
h bm giy. p sut to trn khoang trn ca piston 20 Mpa khng c nh hn 10
giy.
c, Kim tra kn kht ca b i piston-s mi ti my:
- Tho ng ng bm cao p , lp ng h kim tra ln pha trn bm cao p, dch
thanh rng nhin liu v v tr cp nhin liu ln nht, s dng thit b chuyn dng nng
piston, kim tra p sut bm cao p to c qua ng h kim tra.
d, Kim tra kn ca van sut du:
e, Kim tra cc l ren bt cc ct ni trn thn bm cao p:
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- Kim tra xem cc ren c b h hng khng, nu h hng qu 1,5 vng ren phi
thay mi thn bm.
- c bn v ( km theo )
C cu lp b i piston th
Thit b th kn kht ca piston
bm cao p
Cu hi 34: How do you inspect the technical condition of a turbocharger in operation?

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- Kim tra tnh trng k thut ca t hp tua bin tng p ang hot ng?
s lm vic ca thit b thng qua biu hin ca cc thng s cng tc ca t hp tua bin
tng p
- Tng quan b tr ca t hp tua bin tng p;
- Nhn bit c thit b phc v mc ch g?;
- Nhn bit tnh trng k thut bn ngoi ca t hp tua bin tng p;
- Ting n, mc rung ng ca t hp khi lm vic; Ting n c th do hin
tng ho tua bin gy nn, phn bit c ting n bnh thng v ting n do ho tua bin;
hc vin c th phn tch cc nguyn nhn gy nn ho tua bin, nh hng ca vic ho tua
bin, khi xy ra hin tng ny th khc phc bng cch no ?
- Kim tra mc du nhn bi trn tua bin vng bi, p sut du bi trn tua
bin bc;
- Kim tra mu sc du nhn bi trn nh gi kh nng lm kn ca b lm kn
kh trn c trc tua bin;
- Kim tra nhit kh x vo ra tua bin;
- Kim tra mc thot kh trn ng kh lm kn (kh cn bng ) nh gi
mc thng hay tc ng kh ny, hc vin ch r v tr kim tra;
- Kim tra nhit v p sut kh np trc v sau sinh hn lm mt kh tng p
nh gi kh nng lm mt ca sinh hn, khi no th a ra quyt nh v sinh sinh hn?
- Cc cch o chnh p trc v sau sinh hn kh tng p, dng p k, dng
thit b o chnh p kiu ch U
- Trong qu trnh t hp tua bin - my nn hot ng, khi no th tin hnh v sinh
cnh my nm, cnh tua bin, v vinh nh th no? Cch s dng cc thit b v sinh ?
- nh gi s lm vic t hp tua bin - my nn thng qua vic theo di vng
quay ca tua bin theo cc ti liu khc nhau ca ng c.
Cu hi 34: Carry out a deflection measurement of an engine crankshaft?

- Trnh by cch o co bp ca trc khuu ng c?
Yu cu: Bit c mc ch o co bp trc khuu, khi no th phi o, trnh by cc
bc o co bp ca trc khuu;
p n: a, Mc ch ca vic o co bp trc khuu:
- Thng qua vic xc nh co bp ca trc khuu ng c Diesel ta s nh gi
c mc ng tm gia tm ca trc khuu vi tm ng c.
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- Phn tch cc nguyn nhn gy nn co bp: nh bin dng v tu, trc khuu
b cong, mi mn khng u, bc trc mi mn khng u, lch tm hay gy
khc gia tm mt bch ng c vi tm mt bch thit b truyn ng .v.v.
b, Khi no phi o co bp trc khuu ?
- Trc khi tu ln v sau khi tu h thy ti sao ?
- Trc khi tho ng c sa cha;
- Khi cn chnh ng tm trc truyn ng vi ng tm trc khuu;
- Trc v sau cc chuyn hnh trnh bin di ngy;
- Sau khi tu b mc cn .v.v.
c. Trang thit b cn thit:
- ng h o co bp chuyn dng;
- n pin chuyn dng;
- Cc c l cn thit phc v cho cng vic tho, lp.
d. Quy trnh o:
- Tho ton b np cc te ca ng c Diesel cn o co bp trc khuu c hai
pha ca ng c.
- Kim tra v tr gn ng h o. Nu trn m khuu c t l sn th ta gn ng h
o vo , nu khng c th ta c th gn ng h o vo v tr chnh gia m khuu v
cch mp di ca m khuu t 10 n 15 mm. Trnh by cch kim tra ng h sau khi
t?
- Via ng c ngc chiu quay cho n khi c khuu cn o nm gn im cht
di (CD) khong 300 sao cho ng h khng chm vo tay bin.
- Trnh by cch chnh ng h? Lu kim tra chnh xc ca ng h.
- Trnh by cch o, cch lp bng thng s o;
e. nh gi kt qu o:
- So snh vi gi tr cho php ca nh ch to;
- Trong trng hp khng c s liu cho php ca nh ch to th so snh vi tiu
chun no?
3C
T
2T
4P
1
CD
Cu hi 36: How do you inspect and report the technical particulars of a cylinder liner
of a diesel engine?
- Kim tra, nh gi tnh trng k thut ca s my xilanh ng c diesel?
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Yu cu: Trnh by c cch nh gi tnh trng k thut thng qua quan st tnh trng
bn ngoi ca s mi v thng qua cc thng s o c.
p n: a,Quan st v kim tra tnh trng k thut bn ngoi:
- Quan st bng mt hoc s dng knh np phng i 10 ln;
- Quan st tnh trng c th mt gng s my xy lanh (cc vt xc, r, chy ...)
- Quan st pha tip xc vi nc lm mt (tnh trng an mn, lp sn bo v ?)
- Kim tra vt nt g vai s my xy lanh bng phng php s dng ha cht ba
thnh phn (Microcheck)
- Kt lun tnh trng s my xy lanh qua vic quan st v kim tra vt nt;
b, nh gi tnh trng k thut s my xy lanh qua cc thng s o:
- Nu c mc ch ca vic o ng knh s my xy lanh ;
- Chun b dng c o ng knh trong s my xy lanh ph hp;
- Cch o bng panme o trong, ng h o trong nh th no;
- Cch kim tra v iu chnh dng c o;
- Thao tc o, v tr o ng knh s my xy lanh theo dng c sn trang b theo
my. V tr o cc s my xy lanh khng c dng? hng o, khong cch gia cc im
o?
- Cch lp bng ghi kt qu o, tnh cn, van ca s my xy lanh
- So snh kt qu o vi cc gi tr gii hn nh ch to quy nh, a ra cc quyt
nh v vic s dng tip, sa cha hay thay th;
- Trong trng hp khng c gi tr gii hn ca nh ch to th cn c vo u
nh gi kt qu?
n v o: mm
S mi xi lanh NO
V tr o
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
M-L
T-P
D
van
1
M-L
T-P
van
M-L
T-P
van
M-L
T-P
328/341
Cu hi 37: Find out the causes and remedies when the main engine refuses to start after
it is stopped.
- Tm nguyn nhn v bin php khc phc khi ng c chnh khng khi ng
c sau khi dng ng c.
Yu cu: Phn tch cc nguyn nhn my chnh khng khi ng c sau khi dng, a
ra bin php khc phc hin tng . Trong trng hp ny ta gii hn my chnh l
ng c diesel khi ng bng kh nn.
p n : a,Cc hin tng c th xy ra khi khng khi ng c ng c diesel my
chnh lai chn vt sau khi dng my :
- Vng quay ca ng c khng t ti vng quay khi ng;
- ng c khng quay;
- ng c quay nhng khng n;
- ng c khng khi ng c mt v tr ca trc khuu;
b. Cc nguyn nhn c th dn n cc hin tng trn
- Vng quay ca ng c khng khi ng c th do : p sut kh nn trong
bnh cha kh nn thp, van chn ti bnh cha kh nn cha m ht, rnh then lp a
chia gi b rng hn b dy then lm sai lch gc cp gi khi ng, c vt l hoc li
qun chn vt;
- ng c khng quay c th do :Van chn ti bnh cha kh nn cha m, p sut
kh nn trong bnh cha qu thp,van khi ng chnh b kt, cc van bo v lm vic do
mt thng s no b bo v, tu b cn, li chn b vo khe h bc trc chn vt;
- ng c quay tc nhng khng n c c th do: Van cp nhin liu n
my b ng, du b ln nc lm kt mt s vi phun, bm cao p b e.
- ng c khng khi ng c mt v tr ca trc khuu: Suppp khi ng
trn np xi lanh no b kt;
Phn tch tng hin tng c th a ra phng n khc phc.
Cu hi 38: Present the procedures of starting, taking care of and stopping a steam
boiler.
- Trnh by cc quy trnh khi ng, chm sc v dng ni hi.
Yu cu: Trnh by c quy trnh t ni hi bng tay, chm sc ni hi hot ng v
dng ni hi, cc lu .
p n:
a. Quy trnh chun b v t ni hi:
- Chun b t ni hi: kim tra cc iu kin t ni hi an ton nh; mc nc
ni, hm nhin liu, qut gi .v.v..
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- H thng t ni hi thng c trang b c th t bng tay v t t ng . t

ni vi nhin liu du diesel DO.
- Trnh by quy trnh t ni hi bng tay: bt cng tc la chn v v tr iu khin
bng tay, khi ng qut gi, bm nhin liu;
- Thng gi khong 30 giy, bt thit b nh la, sau khong 2 giy bt cng tc
cp in cho van in t cp nhin liu. Nhin liu c phun vo trong bung t v
bng chy khi gp tia la in;
Ti sao phi thng gi trc khi cp nhin liu?
- Theo di xem cc thit b a vo hot ng c ng thi im v lm vic tt
khng;
- Nu ni hi t thnh cng v khng thnh cng th nhn bit bng cch no? Nu
t khng thnh cng th trc khi t li ta phi lm g?
b. Chm sc ni hi hot ng:
- Khi t xong ta chuyn cng tc la chn v v tr lm vic t ng.
- Thng xuyn theo di mc nc ni, kim tra ng thy ti, ng thy sng.
- nh k gn mt v x y ni hi. s ln gn mt v x y ph thuc vo cht
lng nc ni. Trnh by cch gn mt v x y ni hi?
- Tin hnh kim tra cht lng nc ni hi theo hng dn ca nh ch to v x
l nc nu cc thng s kim tra khng nm trong gii hn cho php. Trnh by cch
kim tra cht lng nc ni hi?
- nh k thi mui cc b mt trao i nhit pha khi l i vi ni hi ng nc.
- nh k kim tra cc thit b o v thit b bo ng, bo v ni hi theo hng
dn s dng.
c. Dng ni hi
- Chuyn cng tc sang ch bng tay
- Tin hnh gn mt v x y trc khi dng
- Chuyn van nhin liu sang s dng nhin liu nh DO
- Khi ni hi chuyn hon ton sang s dng nhin liu DO ta ngt cng tc iu
khin van cp nhin liu, tip tc chy qut gi sau khi ngt nhin liu khong 3 n 5
pht.
Cu hi 39: How do you improve the quality of Steam Boiler Fuel Atomization and
Combustion.
- Lm th no ci thin cht lng phun sng v cht lng qu trnh chy
ca ni hi ?
Yu cu : Trnh by cc phng php ci thin cht lng phun sng v cht lng
qu trnh chy ca ni hi;
p n : Chm sc tt cc thit b ca cc h thng phc v t ni hi, duy tr qu trnh
chy tt ca ni hi bng cch:
- Thng xuyn v sinh sng phun nhin liu;
- m bo ch hot ng tt ca bm nhin liu;
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- iu chnh ng p sut phun;

- Thng xuyn v sinh cc phin lc nhin liu;
- Duy tr tt ch hm du, iu chnh nhit hm du ph hp vi cc loi du
khc nhau m bo nht ca du;
- V sinh sch khu vc bung t;
- V sinh, kim tra nn nh la;
- Kim tra s hot ng ca qut cp gi;
-Kim tra v duy tr hot ng tt h thng t ng iu khin qa trnh chy ca
ni hi;
Cu hi 40: How do you treat boiler water?
- X l nc ni hi?
Yu cu : Trnh by s cn thit phi x l, quy trnh kim tra cht lng v phng
php x l nc ni hi;
p n : a,S cn thit phi x l nc ni hi:
Trong nc c rt nhiu cc thnh phn khong cht khc nhau, cc cht mui,
vn c, axit .v.v. Khi nc cp vo trong ni hi lm vic vi nhit cao, chng
lng ng v bm vo cc b mt trao i nhit lm gim kh nng trao i nhit. Mt s
cht cn gy nn hin tng n mn kim loi ni hi;
b, Kim tra cht lng nc ni hi:
- Kim tra clorua, pht pht, nitrat, pH..
- Mu nc th c ly ti van ly mu trn ni hi ha nghim nc ni hi
v ti kt nc ngng (Cascade Tank) kim tra cht lng nc ngng.
- Trc khi kim tra th mu nc th phi c ngui n nhit khong
0
25 C, sau phi c lc sch cc tp cht bng phin lc giy (paper filter).Tm giy
lc c gp thnh hnh cn ri t vo phu lc.
Xc nh pH:
- Ly 50ml mu nc th c lc sch v lm ngui cho vo l th.
- Cho mt tha (hoc 0,6 gam) thuc th pH vo l th ri lc u cho tan ht.
- Ly mt que giy th pH nhng vo cc nc th khong 10 15 giy.
- Ly giy th ra v so snh mu vi bng mu chun in v hp cun giy th
xc nh nng pH ca nc th.
- in kt qu vo mu theo di c sn.
- pH ca nc ni hi cho php nm trong khong 9,5 11,0 cn nc ngng
nm trong khong 8,3 9,0.
+ Xc nh hm lng ion Chloride (Cl-):
- Cho 1 vin thuc th hm lng Cl- vo l ri y li v lc u cho tan ht. Nu
trong nc c Cl- th mu nc th s chuyn sang mu vng.
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- Tip tc cho thm tng vin thuc th v khuy cho tan ht, n khi nc chuyn
sang mu da cam sm th thi.
- Hm lng ion Cl theo phn triu c tnh nh sau:
Hm lng ion Cl = s vin thuc th x 20 20
- in kt qu vo mu theo di c sn. Hm lng ion Cl - ln nht cho php l
200ppm. Nu ln hn cn tng cng gn x nc ni hi.
- Nu hm lng ion Cl- qu ln c th gim lng mu nc th xung 25ml, khi
y kt qu thc t s tng thm 40ppm cho mi vin thuc th s dng. Nu hm
lng ion Cl- qu nh c th tng lng mu nc th ln 100ml, v kt qu s gim
xung 10ppm cho mi vin thuc th.
Xc nh hm lng kim phenolthalein (P alkalinity):
- Cho 1vin thuc th phenol vo l th, y li v lc u cho tan ht. Nu nc c
tnh kim th s xut hin mu xanh l cy.
- Tip tc cho tng vin thuc th vo v lc cho Tan ht cho n khi dung dch c
mu vng bn.
- Hm lng kim phenol (phn triu CaCO3) c tnh nh sau:
Hm lng kim P = s vin thuc th x 20 - 10
- Hm lng kim P trong khong 100 300 ppm l tha mn. Nu thp th x l
bng ha cht COMBITREAT. C 100g/tn nc ni s lm tng nng kim ln 50
ppm. Nu cao phi tng cng gn mt, x y nc ni hi gim mt .
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Cu hi 41: What do you do when a diesel engine is over-speed but cant be stopped by
the safety device?
- Bn lm g khi mt ng c diesel qu tc nhng khng th dng li bi cc thit
b an ton?
Yu cu : Trnh by cc nguyn nhn gy nn qu tc ng c diesel, tc hi ca vic
ng c b qu tc, cc cng vic cn lm khi ng c diesel b qu tc m thit b bo
b ng c khng th dng ng c c.
p n: a, Cc nguyn nhn c th dn n ng c diesel b qu tc:
- i vi ng c diesel lai chn vt nh bc, khi ng c lm vic ch khai
thc m ti ca ng c b gim t ngt nh gp sng gi chn vt nh khi mt nc
qu nhiu;
- i vi ng c diesel lai chn vt bin bc. Do h hng h thng iu khin
bc chn vt, bc chn vt t ngt gim v o, b iu tc khng gim c lng
cp nhin liu kp thi;
- i vi ng c diesel lai my pht in, khi ang hot ng vi ti ln b ct ti
t ngt, b iu tc trc trc khng gim c lng nhin liu cp mt cch ph hp;
b. Tc hi ca vic ng c b qu tc:
- Cc chi tit ng ca ng c diesel c lc qun tnh ln khi ng c lm vic, lc
qun tnh ca chng s rt ln khi b vt tc lm cho ng c rung ng mnh. Lc lc
qun tnh ln s gy ln cc ng sut c ph hng ng c nh: bong trc bc bin, bc
trc, h hng trc khuu, h hng bin .v.v..
c. Cc cng vic cn lm khi ng c diesel b qu tc m thit b bo b ng c
khng th dng ng c c:
- Ngi trc ca khi pht hin thy hin tng ny phi nhanh chng chuyn ch
iu khin ng c t xa v ch iu khin ti ch, gim thanh rng bm cao p, gim
vng quay ca my;
- Kim tra, sa cha thit b bo v qu tc v cc trc trc lin quan.
Cu hi 42: What are the necessary remedies when one cylinder of a diesel engine must
be cut out of work (fuel oil cut off)?
- Cc bin php cn thit phi x l khi ng c diesel phi ct mt xilanh khng
lm vic (ct nhin liu) l g?
Yu cu: Hc vin phi hiu r khi no buc phi ct nhin liu mt xi lanh, nh hng
ca vic ct nhin liu mt xi lanh n s lm vic ca ng c diesel, cc cng vic cn
tin hnh ct nhin liu khi cn nguyn nhm piston bin v khi tho nhm piston
bin
p n: a, Cc trng hp cn thit phi ct nhin liu mt xi lanh ng c diesel:
333/341
- Khi xi lanh gp s c khng th tip tc lm vic c nh: Nt np xi lanh, s mi

xi lanh, s c ln piston, sc mng, h hng vi phun nhin liu, bm cao p, h hng tay
bin, bc bin n mc khng th lm vic c .v.v.
b. nh hng ca vic ct nhin liu xi lanh
- Khi ct nhin liu mt xi lanh ng c s b nh hng nh th no? ng c c b
rung ng khng? cng sut pht ra ca tng xi lanh v ton b ng c thay i th no?
- Khi no th vn nguyn nhm piston bin, khi no phi tho ri nhm piston
bin?
- nh hng ca vic phi tho nhm piston bin so vi vn nguyn nhom piston
bin?
c. Cc cng vic cn tin hnh
- Tm hiu k bm cao p ca ng c c th, loi bm cao p g? bm rnh xo
hay bm cao p dng van?
- Chun b dng c chuyn dng ngt nhin liu, thit b nng cng bc piston
bm;
- iu chnh lng du bi trn s mi xi lanh tng hay gim i vi xi lanh ct
nhin liu;
- iu chnh tng hay gim lng cp nhin liu cho cc xi lanh ang lm vic, iu
chnh n mc no th c;
- Theo di s lm vic ca ng c thng qua cc thng s cng tc nh: nhit
kh x Tkx, p sut chy cc i Pz, mc rung ng;
- Khi no th phi ngt nc lm mt ca xi lanh ct du ?
Cu hi 43: Carry out the inspections for a lubricating oil pressure alarm and trip
switch for the main engine.
- a ra quy trnh kim tra thit b bo ng p sut du bi trn v dng s c
my chnh.
Yu cu : Nm vng v cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca thit b bo ng p sut du
bi trn v dng s c my chnh, cch kim tra bo ng v dng s c my chnh.
p n :
a. Nguyn l lm vic ca thit b bo ng p sut du bi trn thp:
Thng thng thit b ny lm vic hai ch
- Ch bo ng, khi p sut du nhn gim n mt gi tr t trc tip im
ca r le bo ng s ng li v cp ngun cho thit b bo ng n v ci;
- Ch dng s c my, nu nh sau khi bo ng m p sut du bi trn vn
tip tc gim tip im ca rle dng s c my s ng li cp ngun in cho van in
t, van in t c th cp kh nn hoc du thy lc c p sut n thit b thc hin dng
s c. Thit b thc hin c th l xi lanh lc. S chuyn ng ca cn piston to nn lc
ln y thanh rng nhin liu v v tr ct nhin liu.
b. Cch kim tra:
334/341
- C th to tn hiu gi kim tra bng cch:

+ Cng bc ng tip im rle bo ng xem h thng c bo ng khng ?
+ Cng bc ng tip im ca r le ct my xem van in t c m v cp kh
nn ( hoc du thy lc ) n xilanh thc hin vic dng my khng ?
Cng c th to tn hiu p sut gi kim tra. Hy trnh by cch to tn hiu p
sut gi cho mch bo ng v ct my khi p lc du bi trn thp n gi tr bo ng
v gi tr ct my?
Cch kim tra ny c th thc hin c khi ng c diesel khng lm vic v khi lm
vic;
- Kim tra bo ng thng qua cng tc kim tra trn bng iu khin;
- Kim tra ct my qua nt n dng my khn cp trn bn iu khin;
Cu hi 44: How do you maintain the main electric panel and equipment in safety
condition?
- Lm th no bn duy tr bng in iu khin chnh v thit b trong iu kin
an ton?
Yu cu: Trnh by cc yu cu cung cp in an ton ca bng in chnh, cc thit b
in, an ton cho ngi vn hnh khai thc
p n:
duy tr trng thi lm vic an ton cho bng in chnh v cc thit b in trn
tu thy th ngi vn hnh phi thng xuyn kim tra cc hng mc sau:
- Ngun in cung cp lun t gi tr nh mc: Um v fm v d: mch ng lc
440VAC; mch iu khin 230 VAC hoc 24VDC;
- Kim tra cch in cho mch ng lc v mch iu khin nh k hng thng, v
d: Rc ti thiu 0,5 M vi in p di 500VAC v 7,6 M vi in p 6,6KV. Ghi
chp vo s theo di;
- Thng xuyn kim tra cc chc nng lm vic ca cc thit b v h thng ch
" bng tay" v " T ng";
- Vn hnh khai thc h thng theo ng quy trnh khai thc;
- Cc v tr c in p cao phi c bin bo theo quy nh;
- Pha trc, sau bng in chnh phi c tri thm cch in;
- Ch cho php lau chi bn ngoi bng, thay n tn hiu trc bng khi bng
ang c in. c php thay cu ch nh hn 15A vi iu kin ct cng tc in n
ph ti ni c cu ch bo v cn thay. Trng hp cc thit b bo v t ng hot ng
cho php ng li in mt ln na. Nu cc thit b li ct th phi tm v khc phc
nguyn nhn gy ra ct in. Tuyt i cm chn cu dao t ng ng hay thc hin bin
php tng t hm s hot ng ca thit b bo v. Khi cc cu ch b chy m ch
vn c in th phi dng km cch in hoc gng tay cch in. Cm s dng cu ch
khng hp tiu chun v khng ng qui cch. Trng hp trn bin ngoi l cho php
dng cu ch t to c thit din dy ch tng ng nhng tu v ti bn phi thay ngay
v ly thm d tr.
335/341
- i vi tt c mi cng vic c thit b in c in p trn 1000 vn theo ch th

ca in trng hay my trng cn phi do hai ngi c trnh k thut in thc
hin. Khi i ca vi loi thit b ny khng c mt mnh i qua ro chn, g b ro chn
hay bt c cng vic g trn thit b. Ngi i ca mt mnh ch c th xem xt thit b
nhng khng c lm bt c vic g. Khi ct in cc thit b ny phi dng gy cch
in hoc gng tay cch in. Lp, tho cu ch phi dng km cch in hon ton v
thc hin cc k thut an ton in. Cm lau chi cc thit b ang c in.
Cu hi 45: Present the procedures to bring a tubocharger into operation after its
overhauling?
- Trnh by cc quy trnh a mt t hp tua bin tng p vo hot ng sau khi
sa cha ln?
Yu cu: Trnh by c v cc cng vic chun b, cc bc kim tra a mt t hp
tua bin tng p vo hot ng sau khi sa cha ln?
p n :
a, Chun b, kim tra bn ngoi t hp tua bin tng p, cc h thng phc v
- Kim tra s lp rp hon chnh tua bin tng p thng qua cc thng s lp rp K,
K1, K2, M, L .v.v.
- Kim tra quay ca r to tua bin bng cch dng tay via mnh r to, bm thi
gian t quay ca r to theo qun tnh, r to quay c khong thi gian ln hn 30 giy
mi t dng li th quay tt, nu quay nh hn 30 giy ta phi xem xt li qu trnh
lp rp, cc khe h iu chnh ng cha?
- Kim tra phin lc gi pha my nn cc tm phin lc gi lp rp chc chn
cha;
- Kim tra h thng nc lm mt, xem cc van lm mt vo ra tua bin m ht
cha? hm sy tua bin cng vi hm sy ng c diesel;
- Kim tra lng du bi trn vng bi qua knh nhn i vi tua bin vng bi,
mc du nh th no l t yu cu;
- Kim tra sinh hn lm mt kh, m van x nc sinh hn kh;
b. Kim tra t hp tua bin my nm hot ng khi ng c bt u khi ng.
i vi tua bin vng bi:
- Kim tra xem qu trnh bi trn cc vng bi c tt khng bng cch quan st du
phun qua knh nhn bn my nn v bn tua bin;
- Theo di mc rung ng, ting n ca t hp tua bin my nn;
i vi tua bin bc:
- Theo di p sut du bi trn;
- Theo di nhit du bi trn;
- Theo di mc rung ng, ting n ca t hp tua bin my nn;
336/341
Cu hi 46:. Present the procedures of checking the technical condition of a piston.

- Trnh by cc quy trnh kim tra tnh trng k thut ca piston.
Yu cu: Trnh by c v cch nh gi tnh trng k thut t bn ngoi v
nh gi tnh trng k thut ca piston ng c qua cc thng s o c.
p n:
a,Quan st v kim tra tnh trng k thut bn ngoi:
- Quan st tnh trng c th b mt nh piston (cc vt xc, r, chy ...)
- Quan st phn dn hng;
- Kim tra vt nt nh piston bng phng php s dng ha cht ba thnh phn
(hp thuc th microcheck);
- Kim tra mc chy nh piston bng dng kim tra;
- Kt lun tnh trng piston qua vic quan st v kim tra vt nt, kim tra mc
chy nh piston;
b, nh gi tnh trng k thut piston qua cc thng s o:
- Nu c mc ch ca vic o ng knh piston;
- Chun b dng c o ng knh ngoi piston ph hp;
- Cch o bng panme o ngoi;
- Cch kim tra v iu chnh dng c o;
- Thao tc o, v tr o ng knh piston theo dng c sn trang b theo my. V
tr o cc piston khng c dng, hng o, khong cch gia cc im o.
- Cch lp bng ghi kt qu o, tnh cn, van ca piston;
- Kim tra o c mc mn, dp, rnh xc mng;
- So snh kt qu o vi cc gi tr gii hn ca nh ch to quy nh, a ra cc
quyt nh v vic s dng tip, sa cha hay thay th.
nh gi kt qu?
Cu hi 47: Present the procedures of checking the technical condition of a cylinder
liner.
-Trnh by cc quy trnh kim tra tnh trng k thut ca s my xi lanh.
tnh trng k thut ca s my xi lanh ng c diesel qua cc thng s o c.
p n:
a. Quan st v kim tra tnh trng k thut bn ngoi:
- Quan st tnh trng c th b mt gng s my xy lanh (cc vt xc, r,
chy ...);
- Quan st phn tip xc vi khng gian lm mt, nh gi tnh trng n mn pha
ngoi;
337/341
- Kim tra vt nt g vai s my xy lanh bng phng php s dng ha cht ba

thnh phn;
- Kt lun tnh trng s my xy lanh qua vic quan st v kim tra vt nt.
b, nh gi tnh trng k thut s my xi lanh qua cc thng s o:
- Nu c mc ch ca vic o ng knh s my xi lanh;
- Chun b dng c o ng knh trong s my xi lanh ph hp;
- Cch o bng panme o trong; dng c chuyn dng vi ng h so d;
- Cch kim tra v iu chnh dng c o:
- Thao tc o, v tr o ng knh s my xi lanh theo dng c sn trang b theo
my. V tr o cc s my xi lanh khng c dng; hng o, khong cch gia cc im
o;
- Cch lp bng ghi kt qu o, tnh cn, van ca s my xi lanh?
- So snh kt qu o vi cc gi tr gii hn nh ch to quy nh, a ra cc quyt
nh v vic s dng tip, sa cha hay thay th;
nh gi kt qu?
Cu hi 48: Present the procedures of checking the technical condition of main bearing.
- Trnh by cc quy trnh kim tra tnh trng k thut ca chnh (Bc trc).
Yu cu: Trnh by quy trnh kim tra trng thi b mt bc trc, kim tra cc thng s
k thut nh chiu dy bc, khe h du.
p n :
a. Tho bc trc, kim tra b mt bc, b mt c trc:
- Chun b cc dng c cn thit, cc dng c chuyn dng, cc thit b o, lp bng
ghi s liu.v.v.
- Tho cc np cc te hai bn bc trc cn tho;
- S dng cc dng c chuyn dng hoc thit b tho bng thy lc tho cu
(hoc bu lng) hm. Khi s dng cc thit b ny ch phi tun th theo ng hng
dn s dng trnh lm hng dng c tho lp;
- S dng cc dng c thng thng tho. nh du v tr tng ng ca cc ai
c vi . Tho phanh hm, cht ch ca cc cu (hoc bu lng) bc trc. Dng cl
ni lng cc ai c hm, sau dng tay tho cc ai c hm ra khi bc trc. Tho p
na trn ca bc trc sau nhc a ra ngoi. Tho v v sinh sch bc lt, c trc,
c bin;
- Kim tra trng thi b mt cc bc trc, c trc.
b. o c cc thng s k thut:
xc nh khe h du ca bc trc v bc bin ta lm nh sau:
+ Phng php s dng thc l o khe h du:
Trc khi tho bc trc hoc bc bin ta via c trc hoc c bin n v tr thun li
nht ta dng cc l thc l sc vo khe h gia bc trc vi c trc; hoc cho n khi
tay ta sc thc l vo c nhng hi nng th chnh l khe h bc trc. Rt thc l
ra v c gi tr trn cc l thc l hoc dng panme 0-25 o b dy ca cc thc l.
Phng php ny n gin nhng khng phi c trc no cng kim tra c.
338/341
+ Phng php o
- o ng knh c trc, ng knh trong ca bc trc, ri tr ga tr gia hai
ng knh c trc v bc th ra khe h du. (khi tho cu c trc khuu ra ngoi);
- o chiu dy bc bng panme o ngoi 0-25 mm;
+ Phng php kp ch
Theo chiu ngang ca c trc hoc c bin ta t t hai n 3 on giy ch c
ng knh bng 1,5 khe h bc trc hoc bc bin. Mi dy ch c chiu di bng 2/3
cung bc lt. Sau lp na trn vo c trc ri lp bu lng bc trc v xit ng du
nh sn hoc xit theo ng lc ca cl lc. Sau li tho v ly bc ra (Ch trong
qu trnh xit kp ch khng c php via trc khuu).
Tip theo ly dy ch ra v dng panme 0-25 mm o b dy ca cc dy ch xc
nh khe h bc trc (Mi dy ch o 3 v tr l tri-gia-phi).
Ghi cc thng s o c vo bng ghi lp
c.nh gi tnh trng :
Thng qua vic so snh cc thng s o c vi tiu chun cho php ca nh ch
to, quan st b mt bc, c trc quyt nh cc phng n sa cha.
Cu hi 49: Why and how do you check piston rings?
- Ti sao v lm th no kim tra sc mng?
Yu cu :Nu c tc dng ca sc mng, cch kim tra cc thng s k thut v nh
gi kt qu o.
p n :
a. Tc dng ca sc mng kh, sc mng du:
- Gii thch tc dng ca cc sc mng kh: tc dng lm kn, truyn nhit. V gii
thch c ch bm du ca sc mng kh;
- Gii thch c ch gt du bi trn ca sc mng du;
- Khi sc mng b mn, cc khe h tng th nh hng nh th no n tc dng lm
kn, gt du;
- Khi cc sc mng kh b mn nhiu, kh nng lm kn km lm cho p sut nn Pc
gim, kh chy r lt xung cc te nhiu, nh hng n qu trnh chy, lm nhanh hng
du bi trn;
- Khi sc mng du b mi mn nhiu lm gim kh nng gt du bi trn, du bi
trn b sc ln bung t nhiu dn n hao du bi trn, ng keo mui bung t;
- Khi sc mng b mt tnh n hi, kh nng lm kn km, c kh nng b b kt
vo rnh xc mng trn piston;
b. Cc thng s k thut ca sc mng cn kim tra:
- n hi ( bung), qu trnh lm vic, tip xc vi mi trng lm vic khc
nghit xc mng c th b mt n hi lm cho lng sc mng khng t st vi thnh
s my xi lanh. Trnh by cch kim tra n hi sc mng mi, sc mng c?
- Kim tra khe h ming sc mng trng thi t do;
- Kim tra khe h ming sc mng khi t trong xi lanh, cho bit v tr t, cch o?
339/341
-Kim tra khe h rnh xc mng, v tr o, cch o;

- o chiu dy, bn rng sc mng;
- Lp bng cc thng s o;
- nh gi kt qu cc thng s o bng cch so snh vi tiu chun ca nh ch
to, kt lun kh nng s dng li hay phi thay th.
Cu hi 50: Present the procedures to bring the diesel engine into operation after
its overhauling?
- Trnh by cc quy trnh a ng c diesel vo hot ng sau khi sa
cha ln?
Yu cu : Trnh by c quy trnh th ng c diesel sau sa cha ln.
p n : ng c Diesel sau sa cha cn phi tin hnh th nhm mc ch kim
tra s lp t ng v m bo an ton khi lm vic. Kim tra cht lng ca vic iu
chnh cng nh ton b trng thi lm vic bn ngoi ca cc chi tit.
ng c diesel sau sa cha cn phi m bo lm vic an ton n nh tt c cc
ch khai thc, khi ng, o chiu d dng, to ra s vng quay v cng sut nh
mc theo l lch vi chi ph nhin liu nh nht.
Qu trnh th ng c Diesel phn thnh th buc tu v th hnh trnh.
Chng trnh, ch th buc tu v hnh trnh c thit lp theo qui phm ph
thuc vo loi sa cha (sa cha ln, trung bnh v nh).
a.Th buc tu ti bn
Mc ch th buc tu ti bn l kim tra v m bo ng c diesel trng thi sn
sng hot ng. Cc bc th ti bn nh sau:
Kim tra ng c trc khi khi ng nh: kn nc, du bi trn n cc b
mt cn bi trn; kim tra dch ca cc c bin;Sau khi kim tra v m bo an ton
th tin hnh n my vng quay thp;Kim tra s kn kh cc xilanh;kim tra nhit
ti cc ;
Chy r my ti bn theo quy trnh chy r lp sn;
Khi ch chy r xong v m bo my hot ng tt th c th tin hnh chy
th hnh trnh.
b. Th hnh trnh
Mc ch th hnh trnh l th cc ch ti, th cc iu kin lm vic ca ng
c m bo ng c sau khi sa cha trqng thi hot ng tt. Cc bc th hnh
trnh nh sau:
Ngi ta kim tra c tnh khi ng, h thng t ng iu chnh s vng quay, h
thng o chiu lm vic cc ch , cng nh h thng t ng iu chnh nhit
du v nc lm mt, h thng iu khin v tn hiu bo ng s c.
Th khi ng l kim tra khong thi gian t khi thc hin thao tc khi ng n
thi im khi ng c bt u lm vic vi nhin liu. Thi gian khi ng khng c
340/341
vt qu 8 giy khi khi ng bng kh nn nhit mi trng xung quanh khng

thp hn 80C.
Khi kim tra khi ng Diesel c thc hin ln u trng thi ngui. i vi
Diesel o chiu, ngi ta tin hnh khi ng tin, li. H thng khng kh nn cn phi
m bo khi ng khng di 12 ln i vi ng c o chiu v khng di 6 ln i
vi ng c khng o chiu.Th cht lng o chiu. Thi gian ny khng c vt
qu 15 giy. Th o chiu c thc hin khi ng c nng
Kim tra h thng iu chnh vng quay l kim tra so snh cc thng s ca ng
c Diesel so vi thng s ca l lch. Xc lp s vng quay ca ng c ti 110, 100,
75, 50% ti nh mc v hnh trnh khng ti. Kim tra mc khng nhy ca h
thng (iu khin, dn ng) khi thay i ti. Kim tra mc khng n nh ca vng
quay khi khng thay i ti ca ng c. S vng quay gii hn trn, gii hn di. i
vi ng c Diesel chnh tu thu gii hn di khng ln hn 30% v gii hn trn
khng nh hn 105% vng quay nh mc.
Thi gian v ch th c lp sn trong quy trnh th ng di.
341/341

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B VA AP AN DANH CHO THI SQQL >3000KW

B VA AP AN DANH CHO THI SQQL >3000KW

B VA AP AN DANH CHO THI SQQL >3000KW

hin nay. Trong qu trnh qun l cc loi ng c ny, cn ch nhng g? Ti sao

B VA AP AN DANH CHO THI SQQL >3000KW

Trnh by kt cu ca thit b Indicator, nu nguyn l hot ng, cc ch khi s

B VA AP AN DANH CHO THI SQQL >3000KW

Trong cng thc trn:

S : Hnh trnh piston ( m )

Pi: p sut ch th bnh qun (KG/cm2 )

p sut ch th bnh qun Pi c th c xc nh da vo th cng ch th

Cng sut c ch l cng sut c xc nh ti u ra ca trc khuu.

B VA AP AN DANH CHO THI SQQL >3000KW

Vi mt ng c c th, ngi ta c th xc nh cng sut c ch thng qua v tr

Cng sut c ch cng c th c o trc tip bn cc thit b o chuyn dng (o

Cng sut c gii Nm l cng sut chi ph cho cc tn tht c gii ca ng c,

Cng sut c gii c xc nh bng thc nghim. Tuy nhin nu xc nh c

B VA AP AN DANH CHO THI SQQL >3000KW

B VA AP AN DANH CHO THI SQQL >3000KW

trc my nn do lm gim lu lng ca my nn, a im lm vic ca my

Hnh 7.1: c tnh thay i im lm vic ca my nn khi ho.

Nhng nguyn nhn gy phn p trn ng thi ca ng c: Cc xupap x hoc

B VA AP AN DANH CHO THI SQQL >3000KW

kinh t b bn, gc ng m ca cc xupap b sai lch (cam b xoay hoc b mn

nh hng ca qu trnh np, thi n hot ng ca ng c Diesel: Qu trnh

Cch pht hin sc cn trn ng np: p sut kh np ti bu gp kh np thp

B VA AP AN DANH CHO THI SQQL >3000KW

B VA AP AN DANH CHO THI SQQL >3000KW

B VA AP AN DANH CHO THI SQQL >3000KW

Trnh by c im cu to ca bm cao p v vi phun ng c diesel hng MAN

B VA AP AN DANH CHO THI SQQL >3000KW

B VA AP AN DANH CHO THI SQQL >3000KW

B VA AP AN DANH CHO THI SQQL >3000KW

chc nng g? p dng iu khin ng thi c hai trc lch tm v mc ch g? Ti

B VA AP AN DANH CHO THI SQQL >3000KW

ng c hng Sulzer vi bm cao p dng van c m t trn hnh 41.1.

Hnh 41.1 Bm cao p dng van, ng c Sulzer

B VA AP AN DANH CHO THI SQQL >3000KW

Trong ng c MAN B&W, h thng thu lc ng m xu pp x c c im kt cu

Nu hiu chnh khng chnh xc c th gy nn ting g trong xupap khi hot ng

B VA AP AN DANH CHO THI SQQL >3000KW

B VA AP AN DANH CHO THI SQQL >3000KW

Mc mt cn bng cng sut gia cc xi lanh nh hng nh th no n hot ng

B VA AP AN DANH CHO THI SQQL >3000KW

B VA AP AN DANH CHO THI SQQL >3000KW

- Lng tiu th nhin liu trong mt gi G (kg/h);

B VA AP AN DANH CHO THI SQQL >3000KW

B VA AP AN DANH CHO THI SQQL >3000KW

B VA AP AN DANH CHO THI SQQL >3000KW

Trnh by c im kt cu v chc nng ca bu gp kh x chung trong h thng

B VA AP AN DANH CHO THI SQQL >3000KW

Chc nng chnh ca ng gp kh x chung trong h thng tng p ng p lm bnh

- Kh x t cc xi lanh i qua ng khuych tn (loe dn) vo ng gp chung c th tch

B VA AP AN DANH CHO THI SQQL >3000KW

- Duy tr tnh trng k thut tt i vi nhm bm cao p, vi phun;

B VA AP AN DANH CHO THI SQQL >3000KW

B VA AP AN DANH CHO THI SQQL >3000KW

duy tr cht lng nc lm mt, ngi vn hnh cn ch :

B VA AP AN DANH CHO THI SQQL >3000KW

- Nm c c im cng tc vi ng c diesel lai my pht in;

Vit cng thc (nu c) th hin mi quan h ca cc thng s Ni, Ne, Nm v vi

Gii thch qui lut bin thin .

B VA AP AN DANH CHO THI SQQL >3000KW

Gii thch s thay i ca h s d lng khng kh trong c tnh ph ti: Nu