8

Chng 2

MY THU HNH TRNG EN

2.1 S tng qut
2.1.1 S khi ca my thu hnh trng en
9
8

K
Ting

Tch
sng

10

KCS
thanh

1
2
KCT

3
Mch
trn

4
KCS
Hnh

T.sng
Hnh

K
Thc

K
AGC

Cng
AGC

KCS
Hnh

Dao g
ni
Tr
AGC
Tch
XB
12

Dng
Dc

11

13

Ki
thc
15

AFC

Dng
Ngang

18

Sa
dng

14

KCS
Dc

17

16

Ki
thc

KCS

Fly
Back

Ngang
20

Hnh 2.1 S khi ca my thu hnh trng en

HV
REC
T

B+

9
2.1.2 Chc nng ca cc khi
Ta kho st chc nng cc khi ca mt my thu hnh bn dn s dng phn t
tch cc l cc Transistor- l c s ca cc my thu hnh hin i s dng cc IC chuyn
dng (tch hp ho cc Transistor)
+ Khi khuch i cao tn:
Khi ny thng dng mt transistor, c mc nhiu thp dng khuch i tn
hiu thu c t anten, lm tng t s tn hiu trn nhiu nn hnh r nt hn. Ngoi ra, do
tnh n hng khi c tc dng phn cch mch dao ng ngoi sai v anten.
+ Khi trn sng:
Dng to tn hiu c tn s trung gian (trung tn). Trong cc my thu siu ngoi
sai, cc tn hiu ca cc knh khc nhau vo my thu t anten s c trn vi tn hiu
dao ng ngoi sai to ra tn hiu trung tn c tn s n nh. Nh vy, tn hiu ny d
dng c khuch i, qua cc tng khuch i c h s khuch i ln v n nh, mch
d thc hin trung ho nn khng pht sinh dao ng t kch. B trn thng dng
Transistor c c tnh ng vo c phi tuyn ln v lm vic vi dng nh hiu sut
trn sng cao hn.
+ Khi dao ng ngoi sai:
To ra tn hiu hnh sine tn s foi i tn tn hiu n my thu theo cng thc
fIF=foi-fai. Mch thng dng mt Transistor cao tn. Ngi ta thng thit k thm nt
tinh chnh tn s dao ng nhm ly c tn s dao ng chnh xc c hnh v ting
r nht.
+ Khi khuch i tn hiu trung tn hnh:
my thu c nhy cao, ngi ta thng dng 3 n 4 tng khuch i trung
tn hnh. y l cc tng khuch i cng hng, c tn chn lc tn s v c bng thng
rng. c li ln, cc Transistor lm vic vi dng IE= (4-7)mA. Trong mi tng
thng dng t trung ho trit tiu dao ng t kch. Cc mch cng hng c
chnh lch tn s to ra p tuyn chn lc tn s rng. Trong tng ny, ngi ta cn
dng mch cng hng ni tip nn tn hiu ting nhm gim nh hng ca nhiu
ting vo ng hnh. Hin nay, cc mch cng hng lnh tn s c thay th bng
cc b lc SAW (Surface Acoustic Wave)
+ Khi tch sng tn hiu hnh:
ly tn hiu hnh ra khi tn hiu trung tn hnh. Khi ny thng dng mt
Dioe tch sng bin , ly tn hiu video ra khi trung tn hnh. Trong tn hiu tch
ra, cn c tn hiu trung tn th 2 ca ting (SIF), dng iu ch FM, c tn s l
4,5MHz, 5,5MHz hoc 6,5MHz tng ng vi cc chun FCC, CCIR hoc OIRT.
+ Khi khuch i thc tn hiu hnh:
Do bin tn hiu video cn ln cung cp cho tng AGC kho, tng tch
xung ng b, tng khuch i tn hiu hnh nn gim nh hng nng ti ln tng
tch sng hnh, ngi ta thit k thm tng khuch i thc. i vi tn hiu hnh, tng
ny lm vic ch C chung nn ch khuch i dng, nhng tr khng vo ca n ln
nn gim nh hng nng ti ln tng tch sng.
+ Khi khuch i hnh:

10
Nhm nng cao tc dng ca tn hiu hnh m cc n hnh hiu qu hn, ngi
ta dng tng khuch i hnh tng bin tn hiu hnh ln trn 50Vpp (My thu hnh
cng ln th in p ny cng cao). tn hiu ra t b mo, ti cc C phi l phn t
tr, do mun ly c bin tn hiu cao, in p cung cp phi ln (ln hn 100V).
Trong tng ny thng c chit p Contrast iu chnh h khuch i in p tn hiu,
nhm iu chnh tng phn ca hnh.
+ Khi khuch i tn hiu trung tn ting th 2:
cc C ca tng khuch i thc, ngi ta t mch cng hng ly tn hiu
trung tn ting th 2 SIF. Sau tn hiu c tip tc khuch i 2 hay 3 mch khuch
i trung tn cho ln a vo khi tch sng m thanh.
+ Khi tch sng m thanh:
L khi tch sng FM loi b tn s trung tn ting th 2 c tn s 4,5MHz
(FCC), 5,5MHz (CCIR), hoc 6,5MHz (OIRT). Kiu tch sng FM t l c s dng ph
bin trong khi ny.
+ Khi khuch i cng sut m thanh:
Dng khuch i tn hiu m thanh n mc ln a ra loa. N gm c
tng khuch i thc v tng khuch i cng sut tn hiu m tn.
+ n phng tia m cc (CRT: Cathode Ray Tube):
n thng c dng hnh phu, mt n c dng hnh ch nht. Di tc dng ca
in th rt ln (i cao th) vch dng cc n hnh, cc tia in t c ht t b
mt Cathode c t nng, vi vn tc ln, p vo mn hnh lm pht sng cht
phtpho c phun trn b mt mn hnh to ra cc im sng ti. c n hnh, c b
tr cc cun dy lch dc v lch ngang li tia in t theo chiu dc v theo chiu
ngang trn mn hnh. Khi tn hiu video a vo Cathode thay i th s in t p vo
mn hnh cng thay i theo, lm cho cc im khc nhau trn mn hnh c sng ti
( chi) thay i v to ra hnh nh.
+ Cng AGC:
n nh tng phn ca hnh, gim nh hng ca hnh bin i theo cng
sng thu c anten, ngi ta dng mch t ng iu chnh li (h s khuch
i) AGC. Mch o bin tn hiu hnh, qua chnh li li ca cc tng khuch i
trung tn v cao tn.
Trong cc my thu hnh Transistor, ngi ta dng k thut AGC kho (cng AGC)
gim s gy ri bi cc nhiu bin cao trong tn hiu hnh. Mch AGC ch m
o bin ca xung ng b ngang v cn c vo iu chnh li li, cn trong
cc khong thi gian cn li th mch ng cng.
+ Khuch i AGC (AGC Amp):
Khuch i tn hiu AGC nhm tng hiu qu cho vic t ng iu chnh.
+ Tr AGC (AGC Delay):
Tc dng thng xuyn ca mch AGC vo tng khuch i cao tn s lm tng
nhiu ht v gim cht lng ca hnh. Mch tr AGC c tc dng ch cho tn hiu AGC
tc ng vo mch khuch i cao tn khi tn hiu vo anten qu ln, tc ng gim
li ca tng khuch i trung tn khng b cho mc tng ca tn hiu vo, lc

11
mch tr AGC s cho tn hiu AGC qua mch khuch i cao tn lm gim li ca n,
trnh cho n b bo ho v tn hiu vo qu ln.
+ Khi tch xung ng b, khuch i xung v o pha xung:
ng b tn hiu gia my pht v cc my thu, trong tn hiu truyn hnh,
ngoi tn hiu hnh, ngi ta cn pht i cc xung ng b dc v ng b ngang. Khi
ny tin hnh tch cc xung ng b, khuch i v c khi o pha chng thc hin
ng b cc mch qut ngang v dc gi cho hnh nh ng yn theo chiu ngang v
theo chiu dc trn mn hnh.
+ Khi qut dc gm dao ng dc, khuch i thc v k i cng sut dc:
Dao ng dc c tn s 50 Hz (CCIR, OIRT) hoc 60Hz (FCC) c to ra t
mch dao ng a hi, dao ng nght hoc dao ng thch anh (c chia xung t tn
s cao). Sau , c khuch i thc v khuch i cng sut a n cun lch dc.
in p tn hiu qut dc thng c dng hnh thang bin trn 60Vpp, sao cho dng
in qut to ra trong cun lch dc phi c dng rng ca tuyn tnh to lc t li tia
in t theo chiu dc trn mn hnh.
+ Khi t ng iu chnh tn s AFC:
Tn hiu ng b ngang c so pha vi tn hiu dao ng ngang (sau khi c
sa dng cho ph hp vic so pha) ly ra in p sai lch VAFC , iu chnh mch dao
ng ngang chy ng tn s v pha ca i pht.
+ Khi qut ngang gm dao ng ngang, khuch i thc v khuch i cng
sut ngang:
Dao ng ngang c tn s 15.625 Hz (CCIR, OIRT) hoc 15.750Hz (FCC) c
to ra t mch dao ng a hi, dao ng nght hoc dao ng thch anh (c chia
xung t tn s cao). Sau , c khuch i thc v khuch i cng sut a n
cun lch ngang. Tng khuch i cng sut ngang lm vic theo c ch kho. in p
tn hiu qut ngang thng c dng hnh ch nht bin trn 80Vpp, sao cho dng in
qut to ra trong cun lch ngang phi c dng rng ca tuyn tnh to lc t li tia
in t theo chiu ngang trn mn hnh.
+ Bin th Flyback:
L loi bin th lm vic vi xung hi ngang, c s vng dy rt ln, c bit l s
vng dy th cp, to ra cc xung i cao th, trung th v cc tn hiu dng cho mch so
pha, cung cp xung m cng cho mch AGC kho, a n cc E ca mch khuch i
hnh xo tia qut ngc trn mn hnh...
+ Mch nn in i cao th:
Cung cp in p in th rt ln (t 9Kv-24Kv) cung cp dng cc vch
n hnh.
+ B+:
mch nn in trung th, cung cp in cho tng xut hnh, tng khuch i cng
sut dc, m thanh, v cung cp in cho chn n hnh gm li mn (Screen) li hi t
(Focus)...

12

2.2 Khi i knh

2.2.1 S khi

K cao
tn

Trn tn

D ng
ni
Trn tn

D ng
ni

Hnh 2.2 S khi ca khi i knh

2.2.2 Mc ch yu cu
+ Thu cc knh sng di tn VHF v UHF. Sau bin i xung thnh tn s
trung tn.
+ Cn phi c khuch i ng u tt c cc knh.
+ C t s tn hiu trn nhiu (S/N) ln.
+ C chiu rng di tn ng tiu chun.
+ C n nh ln, ngha l kh nng dao ng t kch nh.
+ Kh nng la chn tn s tt. Tng ng vi 1 dao ng ni (dao ng ngoi
sai), c th c 2 tn s, mt cao, mt thp hp vi tn s dao ng ni to ra trung tn.
Khi trn tn phi c kh nng la chn ly mt.
+ Cn phi hp tr khng gia anten v tng khuch i cao tn trnh hin
tng phn x sng v nhiu vo my thu. Nu khng c phi hp tr khng th khi
sng in t vo my thu nng lng s vo my thu mt phn (ln hay b ph thuc vo
mc phi hp tr khng), phn cn li s b di li chy n u kia dy dn sng ra
n anten, n y sng vo li my thu v cng ch mt phn nng lng vo my thu,
c nh vy cho n lc nng lng gim nh. S phn x ny to ra cc hnh ph bn
cnh hnh chnh trn mn hnh. S hnh ph t l vi s chu k di li ca sng in t,
cn khong cch gia hnh chnh v hnh ph t l vi chiu di dy dn sng.

13
+ Vn phi hp tr khng lng phn x nh nht phi i i vi vn
gim mc nhiu khng lm gim t s S/N, do ngi ta thng t cc b lc suy gim
nhiu ngay mch vo my thu.
+ Mch vo ca cc knh sng VHF c kt cu khc nhau tu theo n c ni
vi anten 300 hay 75 . C my b tr c mch vo 300 hay 75 vi nhiu u dy
ra.
+ Mch vo ca cc knh sng UHF c khi khng dng mch iu hng, ch c
b lc suy gim nhiu trong di tn.
2.2.3 Chc nng cc khi
+ Mch khuch i cao tn:
C nhim v tng t s tn hiu trn nhiu (S/N), kh can nhiu, nht l tn s nh
v tn s lt thng bng trung tn. Ngoi ra, do tnh n hng, mch khuch i cao tn
c tc dng phn cch mch dao ng ngoi sai v anten, gim kh nng dao ng ni bc
x ngc ra anten gy nhiu; tng n nh cho tng dao ng ngoi sai v nng cao tc
dng ca mch t iu chnh khuch i AGC.
H s khuch i ca mch ny khng cn ln lm ( 20dB) trnh hin tng
dao ng t kch. ng thi, n phi u i c sng mang hnh v ting. Thng thng
c tuyn khi ny c hnh cnh cung, hai cnh ca c tuyn phi dc d lc b c
cc tn s nh.
Trong cc knh sng VHF, mch khuch i cao tn thng c mc theo s
E chung, c tr khng u vo khong (0,5 - 1K ), ln hn so vi s B chung nn
d phi hp vi mch vo. Tuy n c h s khuch i ln nhng phi dng t trung ho
B-C. Mt s my mc theo B chung, c tn s ct cao nn kh b dao ng t kch. C
my li dng s C chung, c tr khng vo kh ln ( vi trm K ) nhng h s
khuch i in p nh.
Trong cc knh sng UHF, mch khuch i cao tn thng c mc theo s
B chung. Nhiu my khng c mch khuch i cao tn.
+ Mch trn tn:
C nhim v to ra tn hiu trung tn cho qu trnh trn tn hiu t i pht n
anten ca my thu v tn hiu dao ng ni ti my thu. Thng thng trong my thu
hnh ngi ta thng dng phng php trn kiu tng ch khng trn kiu nhn.
f IF / VID f ai f RF / VIDi
f IF / S f ai f RF / Si

Bng 2.1. Tn s trung tn hnh v ting v khong cch gia chng theo cc chun khc
nhau
FCC
CCIR
OIRT
45,75MHz
38MHz
38MHz
fIF/VID
41,25MHz
32,5MHz
31,5MHz
fIF/S
4,5MHz
5,5MHz
6,5MHz
Khong cch
u im ca phng php ny l ch cn tn hiu ni c bin nh, v vy n
khng bc x ra anten gy nhiu. Mi mt knh tng ng vi mt tn s dao ng ni
ring sao cho hiu f oi f ai f IF tng ng vi knh i mun thu no phi ng bng

14
tn s trung tn n nh ( f IF =khng i) Thng s trung tn hnh v ting ca 3 chun
trng en khc nhau nh sau:
+ Mch dao ng ni:
To ra tn hiu hnh sine i tn vi tn hiu t i pht n anten ca my
thu f ai theo biu thc: f oi f ai f IF .i vi cc my thu hnh bn dn, mch dao ng
ngoi ni thng c thit k theo s dao ng 3 im in dung mc B chung v n
m bo cho bin dao ng khng i trong ton di tn v s gia tng hi tip i vi
tn s cao c b bng s gim h s khuch i tn s nn n n nh. Trong
mch, ngi ta cn b tr cc nm tinh chnh, to ra tn s dao ng ngoi ni chnh xc
c hnh v ting r nht.
2.2.3 S phn b tn s tn hiu hnh v ting
Vit Nam hin nay s dng h tiu chun truyn hnh h PAL D/K, trong h
mu PAL c xy dng da theo chun trng en OIRT. Theo , knh truyn hnh
c chia thnh 5 di:
Bng 2.2. S phn b ca cc di tn s theo chun OIRT
Tn di tn
Di I
Di II
Di III
Di IV
Di V

Tn s [MHz]
48 n 66
76 n 100
174 n 230
470 n 582
582 n 960

Knh
1 n 2
3 n 5
6 n 12
21 n 60
61 n 81

V d di tn III (knh 6 -12):

Knh 7

Knh 8

Knh 9

8MHz

fRF/VID7

fRF/S7

0,5 0,75

183,25MHz

fRF/VID8

0,5 0,75

189,75

191,25MHz

fRF/S8

fRF/VID9

fRF/S9

6,5MHz

197,75

199,25MHz

1,5MHz

Hnh 2.3 S phn b cc knh theo trc tn s (chun OIRT)

15
Bng 2.3. S phn b tn s ca di III theo chun OIRT
Knh

Cao tn hnh fRF/VID[MHz]

Cao tn ting fRF/S[MHz]

6
7
8
9
10
11
12

175,25
183,25
191,25
199,25
207,25
215,25
223,25

181,75
189,75
197,75
205,75
213,75
221,75
229,75
fRF/VID8

Lc b tit
kim di tn

0,5 0,75

fRF/S8

6,5MHz

f
191,25MHz

197,75MHz

Hnh 2.4 c tnh bin tn ct ca cao tn(chun OIRT).

2.3 Khi khuch i trung tn hnh

2.3.1 s khi
By
sng

Ki
TT 1

Cng
hng
1, f1

Ki
TT 2

Ki
TT 3

Cng
hng
2, f2

Cng
hng
2, f3

Hnh 2.5 S khi phn trung tn my thu hnh

tng ny, trung tn hnh v ting u c khuch i nhng hnh c khuch i
nhiu hn nn tng ny c gi l trung tn hnh.
2.3.2 Mc ch yu cu
Tn s hnh ca
knh trn

-6dB
-26dB

fIF/S

-40dB

Tn s ting ca
knh di

fIF/VID

Hnh 2.6 c tuyn bin tn trung tn hnh

16
+ Tng khuch i trung tn hnh phi m bo phn ln h s khuch i ca
ton my thu hnh
- Tn hiu t b trn (mixer) n (u vo mch by sng) c bin khong vi mV
m tng tch sng hnh cn n vi V i vi tn hiu nh nht (tu thuc nhy ca
my thu), nn khi khuch i trung tn hnh phi c khuch i n khong my
ngn ln, do trong cc my thu hnh s dng Transistor, thng dng 3 n 4
transistor mc theo mch cc pht chung. Mi b khuch i trung tn c th t
khuch i khong 20dB v dng IE cc trong cc Transistor khong 4mA n 7mA.
- Cc transistors tn ny l loi cao tn, yu cu c in dung vo v ra nh gim
nh hng ca cc transistors n n nh tham s ca cc tng khuch i. Tuy nhin
do cc transistors thng c mc theo s E chung nn in dung gia cc cc ln,
nh hng n n nh, ngoi ra, u vo u ra ca chng thng c cc mch cng
hng nn d xy ra dao ng t kch. Do , ngi ta thng b tr cc mch trung ho
hi tip k sinh mc gia 2 cc B v C ca cc transistors n nh v chng cc dao
ng t kch ny. tng ny s trung ho c thc hin d dng hn khi i knh v
tn s lm vic thp hn v tr s hi tip thng c nh.
+ c tuyn tn s phi c ng u cao i vi tn hiu trung tn hnh v c
chn lc tn s tt, loi tr can nhiu ca cc tn s khng mong mun.
- Tng ny phi c mo pha nh (rt quan trng i vi hnh nh n hnh), c
tuyn tn s cn chn sao cho i vi tn s thp th mo nh, ngha l khng gy ra vic
nn tn s ca mt bin tn khi qua di thng.
- suy gim phi xung n 40-60dB i vi tn hiu trung tn hnh v trung tn
ting ca knh ln cn. Ngoi ra, n cn lm suy gim trung tn ting so vi trung tn
hnh ca knh ang thu xung khong 26 dB gim nh hng ca ting vo ng
hnh.
Bin
[%]

p tuyn
mch cng
hng1

p tuyn
mch cng
hng 2

p tuyn
mch cng
hng 3

100%
70%
50%

p tuyn bao qut

ca 3 mch cng
hng

10%
Hnh 2.7 p tuyn ca cc mch cng hng v
p tuyn bao qut ca chng

17
- to ra c tuyn bin tn rng, c ng u cao i vi tn hiu trung tn hnh
th trong cc khi khuch i trung tn hnh ngi ta thit k cc mch cng hng c
cc tn s cng hng khc nhau nhng thuc phm vi ca bng tn. Ngoi ra, trong cc
mch cng hng cn b tr cc in tr song song m rng bng thng.
- trit nh hng ca hnh ca knh trn v ting ca knh di n knh ang thu,
ng thi gim bin ti tn s trung tn ting khi nh hng vo ng hnh,
ngi ta cn b tr cc by sng u vo ca khi trung tn ny.

2.4 Khi khuch i hnh v tch sng hnh

2.4.1 Mc ch yu cu
+ Tch tn hiu hnh (Video) tng hp ra khi sng mang trung tn hnh
Tn hiu hnh tng hp c bin khong t 1Vpp n 5Vpp.
+ Khuch i tn hiu hnh tng hp ln n mc khong t 40Vpp-100Vpp (tu theo
kch c my thu hnh)
- V tn hiu hnh tng hp l tn hiu bng rng (0-6MHz) nn mch khuch i trung
tn hnh l mch khuch i bng rng. Mun vy, ngi ta b tr mch b tn s bng
cun dy v t In m rng bng thng v pha tn s cao. Mt s phng php m
rng bng tn thng dng l s dng cun nh ni tip, cun nh song song v mch b
tn s song song RC.
2.4.2 S mch in
B1

B150

R1
82k

C1
20uF

D1
C2
.005
R2
10k

R3
12k

L1
C3
6p

L5

L2
Q1
C4
6p

R4
8,2k

L3
1uH
R5
330

R11
10k

R6
82k

Q2
L4
C6

R14
220k

C5
R7
8,2k
R8
2,2k

C10 .2

C7 20uF
C8
.0022

R9
43

R10
3k

C9
A 47uF

R13
500k

R12

C11
220k .05

R15
1M

B400

Hnh 2.8 S mch in tch sng hnh v khuch i hnh tiu biu
2.4.3 Thnh phn mch in v nguyn l hot ng
D1: Diode tch sng hnh, tch tn hiu hnh tng hp ra khi sng mang trung tn hnh.
Dng diode v mch lc thng thp tch sng v tn hiu hnh tng hp c iu ch
AM. ng thi ti y cng xy ra qu trnh trn sng 2 tn s trung tn hnh f IF/VID v

18
trung tn ting fIF/S to ra trung tn th hai ca ting fIF/S2 theo biu thc: fIF/VID-fIF/S
=fIF/S2 .
- i vi chun FCC: 45,75MHz-41,25MHz=4,5MHz
- i vi chun CCIR: 38MHz-32,5MHz=5,5MHz
- i vi chun OIRT: 38MHz-31,5MHz=6,5MHz
Do diode c anode quay v cc B ca Q1 nn cc tnh ca tn hiu video s dng
masse v m cc B ca Q1 nh hnh v to nn tch sng m. u im ca n l
chng nhiu cao. Nhiu thng cng chiu vi xung ng b, khi c nhiu ln th in p
t ln tip gip BE ca Q1 cng m, do Q1s tt, nn tn hiu khng n c tng
khuch i hnh, ngha l trit c nhiu bin .
Q1: Khuch i thc tn hiu hnh tng hp
Q2: Khuch i tn hiu hnh tng hp
R1, R2: Cu phn cc cho D1.
C1: t thot, t lc tn s thp
C2: t thot, t lc tn s cao
R3, R4: Cu phn cc cho Q1.
L1, C3, C4: mch lc trung tn hnh, lc thng thp
L2: cun nh ni tip
m rng bng thng ngi ta thit k cc cun nh ni tip v song song
(nhm nng cao bin tn hiu ti cc tn s cao: im A, B, C)
L2, Ci: hnh thnh mch cng hng ni tip ti tn s f1 (im A) lm vB/Q1>> v lm
tng bin tn hiu ti im A nh hnh v.Tng t, i vi tng khuch i hnh th
L3 l cun nh ni tip ti tn s f2 (im B). Ch , Co l in dung ra ca Q1l gim
bin tn hiu ra tn s cao.

2.5 Mch t ng iu chnh khuch i

2.5.1 Nguyn l hot ng
15750 Hz

Xung t Flyback n
8 s

Tn hiu
hn hp
VE = Cte
(Phn cc khng i)

56 s

Thi gian
BJT dn

Hnh 2.10 S nguyn l hot ng ca khi AGC kho

19
n nh tng phn ca hnh, gim nh hng ca hnh bin i theo cng
sng thu ca hin tng Ant (hin tng FADING) nh thit k dng mch t ng
iu chnh li AGC. Mch o bin tn hiu hnh v qua iu chnh li li ca
cc tng khuch i trung tn hay cao tn.
tng hiu qu, trong TV transistor, thng dng k thut AGC kha gim s
gy ri ca cc nhiu bin cao trong tn hiu hnh. Mch AGC ny ch m o xung
ng b ngang v cn c vo chnh li li ca cc tng khuch i.
* Nguyn l hot ng ca mch AGC kha (KEYED AGC)
Vy: BJT ch dn trong thi gian tn ti xung ng b ngang. Trong cc thi gian cn li
BJT tt. Nh vy, mch AGC hn ch c nhiu bin cao trong tn hiu hnh, ng
thi xung ng b v xung FlyBack c tn s cao 15750Hz nn mch AGC p ng
nhanh. chnh l u im ca mch AGC kha so vi cc mch AGC khc nh mch
AGC loi RC.

VIDIF
AMP

TUNER

RFAMP

DETECTOR

VIDEO
DRIVE

AGC
AMP

AGC
GATE

AGC
DELAY

VIDEO
OUTPUT

Hnh 2.11 S khi ca mch in AGC kho

2.5.2 Mch in tiu biu
FROM VIDEO OUTPUT

LOCAL
AGC LEVEL
DISTANCE

R2
B12
A

Q1
R1 KEYED AGC

R6
R5

R3

VE +

B
R4

Q2
AMP
AGC

C1

+
_

+
_

C2

+
C3 _

D1

C4
R7

R8

B12
R9
R10

TO RFAMP
AGC

R11

TO VIDIFAMP

Hnh 2.12 S mch AGC kho tiu biu s dng BJT

20
2.5.2.1 Thnh phn mch in
Q1 :
: AGC kha (Keyed AGC)
Q2
: AGC Amplifier
R2, R3, R4
: Cu phn cc, xc nh in p VEQ1 = Cte
C1
: T thot cc E ca Q1
R1
: Tr nh dng phn cc Q1 ng thi cch ly gia Q1 v KH
C2
: T ngn DC
R5C3
: Mch lc AGC, lc gn do mch hot ng ch Switching
R6
: Phn cc Q2
R7R8
: Ti cho Q2
R9, R10, R11
: Cu chnh phn cc cho RFAMP
D1
: AGC tr (Delay AGC)
C4
: T thot
2.5.2.2 Hot ng ca mch AGC
Khi vi tng tn hiu hnh hn hp ti VIDEO DRIVE (hoc VIDEO
OUTPUT) tng theo xung ng b ngang cng cao IBQ1 tng v do xung FlyBack
n cng lc vi xung ng b lm Q1 dn mch ICQ1 tng C2 c np mnh
hn Sau khi ht xung ng b (ht xung FB) Q1 tt vCQ1<0 (do in p trn C2)
vCQ1 cng m IBQ2 gim vEQ2 gim lm gim phn cc IF v RF lm A v gim
vo = Cte.
Ngc li
Khi vi gim xung ng b ngang nh IBQ1 gim ICQ1 gim vCQ1 t
m hn vEQ2 tng lm tng phn cc IF v RF lm Av tng vo = Cte.
2.5.2.3 Hot ng ca AGC tr D1
Gi vimin l in p vo nh nht m tuner vn t t s:

S 70dB

N or 50dB

Khi vi < vimin S/N khng t ct b AGC cho RF Amplifier phn cc mnh nht
Av = Avmax hnh thu khng b nhiu.
Khi vi vimax AGC hot ng gim phn cc RFAMP trnh lm bo ha cho tng ny.
D1 gi nhim v .
C th:
Khi tn hiu nhp vo qu b vi<vimin Q1 dn yu vCQ1 t m vBQ2 tng
Q2 dn mnh vEQ2 tng D1 tt, tng ng vi trng hp ct b AGC khng cho
tc ng n RFAMP cho n tc ng mnh lm cho tn hiu u ra ca Tuner tng
S/N tha v trn mn hnh khng xut hin nhiu.

21
Khi tn hiu vo tng qu ln vi>vimax Q1 dn rt mnh Q2 dn rt yu
vEQ2 gim nh D1 dn in AGC tc ng ln RF lm gim phn cc RFAMP
trnh lm cho n bo ha.
AGC Tuner ch hot ng khi vi>vimax
2.5.2.4 Tc dng ca R3 v R8, R10
Khi R3 A vEQ1 tng vi c bin ln th Q1 mi hot ng c, tng
ng vi my thu t gn i pht.
R3 A
:
LOCAL
: gn
Khi R3 B vEQ1 gim vi c bin thp th Q1 hot ng bnh thng,
tng ng vi my thu t xa i pht.
R3 B :
DISTANCE : xa
Vy R3 l bin tr chnh bin tn hiu nhp vo my thu mch AGC lm vic bnh
thng. R3 gi l AGC LEVEL.
Khi iu chnh R8, R10
Khi iu chnh R8, R10 th thay i in p phn cc cho tng khuch i trung tn hnh
v tng khuch i cao tn.
R8, R10 gi l chit p AGC.
2.5.2.5 AGC thun v AGC nghch
nh ngha:
AGC thun: Khi vi tng m mch AGC c tc dng lm tng dng phn cc cho
IFAMP v RFAMP gim Av.
AGC nghch: Khi vi tng m mch AGC c tc dng lm gim dng phn cc cho
IFAMP v RFAMP gim Av.
hfe

AGC nghch

hfe2

AGC thun

Q3

hfe3
hfe4
hfe1

Q2

h FE

Q4

Q1

ICQ1

ICQ2

ICQ3

ICQ4

h fe

ic

Hnh 2.13 c tuyn hfe = f(ic) ca BJT

c tuyn hfe = f(ic) ca BJT c dng nh hnh v.
on [BC] dc hn on [AB]
Trong on [AB] ta c: ICQ1 < ICQ2 th hfe1 < hfe2

I CQ
I BQ

ic
ib

22
Xt im Q2 [AB]
Khi vi tng, mun Av gim th ta phi gim hfe v A v h fe

RL
h ie

Mun vy, mch AGC phi lm gim phn cc im Q2 phi di v im Q1 (ICQ2

ICQ1).
Vy on [AB] ng vi mch AGC nghch.
Xt im Q3 [BC]
Khi vi tng, mun Av gim th ta phi gim hfe v A v h fe

RL
. Mun vy mch AGC
h ie

phi lm tng phn cc im Q3 phi di v im Q4 (ICQ3 ICQ4).

Vy on [BC] ng vi mch AGC thun.
Trong mch AGC kho st ta thy: Khi vi tng mch AGC c tc dng lm gim phn
cc IF v REAMP nn l mch AGC nghch v cc BJT khuch i trung tn v cao tn
phi lm vic trong on AB ca ng c tuyn hfe = f(ic).

2.6 Mch ng b

2.6.1 Mc ch yu cu
Tch tn hiu ng b dc 60Hz (hoc 50Hz) v tch tn hiu ng b ngang
15750Hz (hoc 15625Hz) ra khi tn hiu hnh hn hp.
Tn hiu ng b dc s ng b ho cho mch qut dc chy ng tn s 60Hz
(hoc 50Hz) ca i pht. hnh nh s ng yn theo chiu dc. Nu khng ng th hnh
nh s tri theo chiu dc.
Tn hiu ng b ngang s ng b ho cho mch qut ngang chy ng tn s
15750Hz (hoc 15625Hz) hnh nh ng yn theo chiu ngang hay khng b x hnh.
Mch ng b ly tn hiu hnh hn hp (composite Signal) c bin v cc
tnh thch hp.
Thng thng tn hiu hnh hn hp c ly t ng ra ca VIDEO DRIVE.
2.6.2 Mch in tiu biu
Q1
2SC564
R2
12k

Q0
C1
.047

Q2
2SC828

R4
120

R6
330
C4

D1
C2

.01

C3

C5
R1
4,7k

1F

R3
820k

4,7
R5
4,7k

R5
10k

.01
R7
330

R9
A 15k B

R8
22k

Hnh 2.14 S mch ng b tiu biu

C6
.01

C7
.01

23

2.6.3 Thnh phn mch in

Qo
: BJT khuch i thc Video (Video Drive)
Q1
: BJT tch xung ng b
Q2
: BJT khuch i ng b v ti pha
Ro
: ti ca Qo
R1, C1
: thnh phn trit nhiu RC
C2
: t lin lc
D1, R2, R3: thnh phn phn cc Q1
D1
: chn xung dng t C2 ln R2 khi n x qua R3
R5
: ti ca Q1
C3
: t lin lc
R'5
: tr to in th m tt Q2 trong thi gian khng c xung ng b
R6, R7
: in tr ti ca Q2
C4, C5
: t lin lc
R8, C6, R9, C7: Mch tch phn
2.6.4 Hot ng ca mch
Trong thi gian khng c xung ng b:
Q1 OFF vCQ1 = 0
Q2 OFF vCQ2 = 1, vEQ2 = 0, vA = vB = 0
Trong thi gian c xung ng b xung m tc dng vo B ca Q1, C2 c np
qua mi ni BE ca Q1 Q1: ON vCQ1 = 1
C3 np qua BE ca Q2 vEQ2 = 1, vCQ2 = 0
Trong thi gian khng c xung ng b (I3), C2 phng in qua R3 p mt in
tch dng ln vo cc B ca Q1 lm cho Q1 tt nhanh, Diode D ngn khng cho C2
phng qua R2.
in p trn cc cc ca Q1, Q2 c v nh hnh v.
C3 phng in t cc dng qua R5, R'5 v cc m ca n lm trn R'5 xut hin mt in
p m ln v Q2 tt nhanh trong thi gian khng c xung ng b.
Mch trit nhiu R1C1
Nhiu c ph rt cao (tn s nhiu rt ln).
Nu t 2 t ni tip C1 v C2 m C1<<C2 th khi nhiu xut hin, C1 np rt mnh
(bin ln hn rt nhiu bin trn C2), trong khi C2 cha tc ng kp nn np
mt lng nhiu nh. Sau C1 phng nhanh qua R1 c th np li xung th hai. y
l mch trit nhiu RC.
2.6.5 Mt s mch ng b c b c mch trit nhiu
Hnh 2.15
Q2
: tch xung ng b

24
Q1
: BJT trit nhiu (noise cancellor)
R5, C3 : trit nhiu RC
R8
: ti Q2
R1, R2: cu phn p nh VE/Q1
C1
: t thot (n nh in p ti cc E ca Q1)
R3
: ti Q1
R4
: in tr cch ly
C2
: t lin lc
R6, R7: cu phn cc cho Q2
FROM VIDEO DRIVE
B12
R4
390
R2
10k

C1
1F

C2
1F

R6
27k

C3
.022

R1
18k

R5
1,5k

TO AFC
Q2

R10
15k

Q1
R3
22k

R7
820k

C4
1F

R8
4,7k

R9
22k

C5
.01

C6
.01

Hnh 2.15 S mch ng b s dng BJT

R9, R5, R10, C6: mch tch phn
C4
: t lin lc
Khi tn hiu nhiu di 75% th Q1 OFF. N s trit nhiu bng R5C3
hnh
Khi tn hiu nhiu c bin ln hn th Q1 dn lm xut hin xung dng rt ln cc
C ca Q1. N cng vi xung nhiu m ti cc B ca Q2 to ra xung dng ti B/Q2 lm
Q2 OFF trong thi gian c xung nhiu ln.
Hnh 2.16
B12
R5
47k
FROM
EMITTER
OF VIDEO

R6
1k

C2
10F
Q1
2SC201

Q2
2SC536

Q3
2SA564
R3
68k

R1
4,7k

R2
12k

C1
100
F

C3
.01

C4
.01

R4
22k

B12

TO OSC

Hnh 2.16 S mch ng b s dng BJT

25
Q1
: Damper
R1, R2, R3, R4: cu phn p, phn cc Q2, tip t Q2
R1
: in tr ti Q1
R4
: ti Q2
VBT : bin p giao ng dc dao ng chn (nght)
D1
: bo v
C1
: t thot Q2 mc theo CB
C2
: t lin lc
R5
: phng in cho C2
R6, R7 : in tr ti
C3C4 : t lin lc
Q2
: tch ng b
Q3
: o pha + khuch i
Trong thi gian c xung ng b Q1: OFF Q2: ON vc/Q2 = 0
Khi khng c xung ng b Q1: ON Q2: OFF
vc/Q2 =

R1 +R2 +R3
R1 + R2 +R3 +R4

Vcc

2.6.6 Phn chia xung ng b dc

100%

75%
200s

190s

(204s)

(192s)

1250s

FCC

(1500s)

(OIRT)

6 xung
san bng

6 xung
b st

6 xung
san bng

9 n 12 xung
nh xung ng b ngang

Hnh 2.17 Dng xung ng b dc v xung xo dc c phn chia thnh

cc xung nh
Ta c dng xung ng b v tn hiu video tng hp (theo chun FCC)
Trong thi gian qut mnh ngc cn c nhng xung ngn (nh xung ng b
dng) chuyn ng ca chm tia in t qut dng vn phi thc hin lin tc ng
thi sau xung ng b dc cn phi c nhng xung ngn nh xung ng b ngang gi
cho hnh nh ng yn mp trn cng bn tri ca mn n hnh CRT.
Do ngi ta chia xung ng b mnh v xung xo mnh thnh 12 xung san
bng, 6 xung b st, 9 n 12 xung nh xung ng b ngang.

26
* V sao xung ng b dng khng tc ng c vo mch V.OSC c th lm sai dao
ng dc?
Xung ng b ngang c rng xung hp nn khi qua mch tch phn n khng
rng np cho t n mt gi tr in p cho php cho nn n khng nh hng n
mch V.OSC.
Cn xung ng b dc th c cu to t 6 xung b st, rng ln v ng st
nhau, khi n mch tch phn th lm in p trn t tng dn v n xung th 6 th in
p trn t ln kch thch ng b cho mch V.OSC.
Tc ng ca xung ng b vo mch vi phn:
Cc xung san bng, xung b st v cc xung nh xung ng b dng u c i thnh
nhng xung nhn coi nh chng tng t nh xung ng b dng v thi gian qut dng
ngc chuyn ng ca chm tia in t qut dng vn phi lin tc nh cc xung ny.

2.7 Mch qut dc

2.7.1 Mc ch yu cu
Mch qut dc lm tia in t dch chuyn theo chiu dc trn mn hnh.
Yu cu chnh i vi mch qut dc l c tn s n nh, khng ph thuc vo
s thay i ca nhit v in p, bo m chc chn s iu khin ng b, khng
cc xung gy nhiu nh hng, cho in p ra ln c tuyn tnh cao.
Thng thng h thng lm lch tia in t theo chiu dc l cun dy gi l
Vert Yoke. m bo cho tuyn tnh theo chiu dc th dng in qut chy trong
cun dy Iq phi c dng rng ca tuyn tnh. M cun dy l cun cm c in tr ln
nn Iq c dng rng ca th vq phi c dng hnh thang.
2.7.2 S mch in
T NG B

C5
100

V. LINE

R1
2k
A
R2
2k
B
R3
6,2k

C1
20

C4
5u

C2
20

R7
3k

R6
3k

B12

R11
3

R7
22k

R13
500

VCH
C6
.01

VDY

R14
500

VDR

R15
3,9k

V. HOLD
R4
2,7k
Q1
2SD128

C3
20uF

R5 D
3k
V. SIZE

R9
6,9k

Q3
2SC696
R10
510

R12
3

Q2
2SB381

Hnh 2.18 S mch qut dc tiu biu s dng BJT

N VIDEO
OUTPUT

27
2.7.3 Thnh phn mch in
Q1
: V. OSCILATOR
Q2
: V. DRIVE
Q3
: V.OUTPUT
R1, R2, R3: cu phn cc cho Q1
R2
: V. HOLD
VBT : bin p dao ng dc kiu blocking
C1
: t thot
C2
: t sa dng
C3
: t lin lc
R4
: cng vi C2 to xung rng ca a vo tng sau
R5
: in tr gim th, V. SIZE
R6, C4: mch sa dng
R10 : in tr ti ca Q2
R7, R8, R9: cu phn cc cho Q2
C5
: t lc tn s thp
VCH : cun chn, lm ti ca Q3
R12 : in tr b chnh nhit
VDR : Voltage Depended Resistor: in tr phi tuyn thay i tr s theo in
th, n nh bin in p qut dc.
R11 : in tr n nh nhit
R13, R14: in tr m
C6
: t trit in p cm ng t HDY sang VDY
VDY : Vertical Deffection Yoke
R15 : in tr gim th
C7
: t lin lc
2.7.4 Hot ng ca mch
2.7.4.1 Hot ng ca mch dao ng dc
Khi tip in vo mch, do c t C1 v C2 in p trn 2 t lc ban u bng 0
(khng thay i tc thi) nn vBEQ1 = 0 do vB = vE = 12V Q1 tt. Sau C1 v C2 u
np. C1 np mt in p do cu phn th nh. C2 np mt in th bng Vcc vBE tng
IBQ1 tng Q1 m. Dng qua Q1 chy t Vcc qua L2, Q1, R4 xung masses, lm pht
sinh trn L3 mt in p cm ng phi c chiu sao cho Q1 dn mnh hn dng qua Q1
tng s ko theo in p cm ng tng dng phn cc tng Q1 cng dn mnh hn
na Q1 i n bo ho. Nhng khi Q1 bo ha ICQ1=Cte i = 0 lm pht sinh
in cm ng sang L3 c chiu ngc vi chiu in p ban u. V L3 > L2 in p
cm ng thng thng s rt ln, hn in p phn cc t 8 10 ln lm Q1 b ngng dn
nhanh chng. y l trng hp Q1 b nght hay b chn. Gi l dao ng nght hay dao
ng chn (Blocking Oscilator).
Sau thi gian t, in p cm ng tin dn n gi tr 0 vBEQ1 tng n v Q1
m v qu trnh c tip din: Q1 tt, Q1 dn. Dng sng ti R4 s l hnh ch nht nu
khng c t sa dng C2.

28
2.7.4.2 Tc dng ca chit p R2
Gi:
VL3: in p cm ng trn L3
VPC: in p phn cc do R1R2R3 to ra
vBEQ1 = vL3 + vPC
Khi chit p R2 A vPC tng vBEQ1 t m hn v B BA lm T1 gim
T = T1+T2 gim fv tng.
Khi chit p R2 B vPC gim vBEQ1 m hn v B BB lm T1 tng T =
T1 + T2 tng fv gim.
Vy khi chnh R2: B A th fv tng.
+ Khi fv = 50Hz hoc fv = 60Hz: hnh ng yn theo chiu dc.
R2: gi hnh ng yn gi l V.HOLD
2.7.4.3 Hin tng ng b ho trong mch qut
ng b gi cho dao ng dc ng tn s v ng pha vi i pht.
Trong thi gian Q1 tt ta tc ng mt xung thch hp th Q1 s i trng thi. Ta
ni Q1 ng b vi xung kch.
Mun ng b c tt th xung ng b phi tho mn iu kin:
Bin phi ln vBEQ1 >> v thi im kch
Phi c cc tnh dng
Xung ng b phi i trc mt t (chnh R2 tho mn iu kin ny).
Khi hnh nh m bin tn hiu ng b gim hnh tun chy.
2.7.4.4 Cng dng ca t C2
Khi Q1 tt C2 np qua R4
Khi Q2 dn C2 x qua Q1 lm VR4 tng
Ch VC2 + VR4 = Vcc
2.7.4.5 Tc dng mch khi iu chnh R5
Khi R5 D R5 max viQ2 min hnh nh co li theo chiu dc.
Khi R5 D R5 min viQ2 max hnh nh gin ra theo chiu dc.
Vy khi chnh R5 hnh nh b gin ra hay co li theo chiu dc.
R5: V.SIZE
2.7.4.6 Cng dng ca R6C4
R6C4 c tc dng lm dng qut dc Iqd thay i tuyn tnh theo thi gian, lc hnh
nh s tuyn tnh theo chiu dc trn mn hnh.

29
Hnh v m t quan h gia tuyn tnh ca dng Iqdc trong cun dy lm lch tia
in t (VDY) v tuyn tnh ca hnh nh theo chiu dc.
Dng qut Iqd theo ng thng tng ng vi hnh trn trn mn hnh.
Tng t Iqd theo ng cong tng ng vi hnh .
Tng t Iqd theo ng cong tng ng vi hnh .

2.8 Mch qut ngang

2.8.1 Mc ch yu cu
Mch qut ngang to tn hiu qut ngang c tn s 15750Hz (h FCC) hay
15625Hz (h OIRT hay CCIR) ng b vi i pht nh xung ng b.
To dng Iq trong cun lch ngang (H.YOKE) c dng rng ca tuyn tnh. M
cun lch ngang c qun nhiu vng c tnh thun cm L nn to Iq dng rng ca
tuyn tnh th vq phi c dng ch nht.
hnh
v q L

di q
dt

iq

Vq
1
v q dt
t

L
L

vq = Vq = Cte (xung ch nht)

Mch qut ngang to in p i cao th cung cp cho Anode.
vi in p 9KV 18KV i vi trng en
v
18KV 30KV i vi mu
To in p xung Parabol t tim n hnh
To in p trung th t 100V 400V cp cho cc phn sau y:
o Video output (xut hnh)
o Li mn (screen)
o Li hi t Focus
o Katode ca n hnh
o i khi cung cp cho phn qut dc v xut m
Cung cp tn hiu cho mch AGC kho
Cung cp tn hiu cho mch AFC
Cung cp tn hiu a vo cc E ca BJT video output lm tt BJT trong thi
gian xa ngang.
2.8.2 S khi mch qut ngang
i vi cc my thu hnh bn dn, ngi ta thng s dng dao ng Blocking
lm dao ng ngang v n to ra xung hnh ch nht l tng, ng thi c tn s n
nh.

30
Trong cc my thu hnh hin nay, ngi ta s dng mch dao ng thch anh c
tn s chun bng 500KHz. Sau , s dng mch chia xung (Countdown) to ra tn
s dao ng ngang bng 15625Hz hoc 15750Hz, v tip tc chia xung c tn s dao
ng dc bng 60Hz hoc 50Hz. Do , cc xung dao ng ngang v dc u c dng
xung vung l tng, vn cn li l s dng mch so pha vi xung ng b ngang v
dc gi ng pha v ng tn s so vi i pht.
Xung
Bngang

Mch
so pha

Daong
ngang

Khuch
i thc

KCS
ngang
Bin th
Flyback

Xung
Rng ca

Mch
sa dng

Hnh 2.19 S khi ca mch qut ngang

2.8.3 S tng ng ca mch khuch i cng sut ngang
Q4
HDT

L
+

Q4

HDT

Hnh 2.20 S tng ng ca mch khuch i cng

sut ngang s dng BJT cng sut
2.8.4 Hot ng ca mch khuch i cng sut ngang H.OUTPUT
Gi C: l t in tng ng vi ton b t in trong khu vc
L: l cun dy tng ng vi ton b cun dy trong khu vc
Trong khong thi gian 0 t1:
Xung kch vo vBEQ4 mc 1 Q4 bo ho vL = -V. Dng iL tng tuyn tnh (mun
vy V phi n nh).
Trong khong thi gian t1 t2:

31
Xung kch vo vBEQ4 mc 0 Q4 tt, xut hin in p cm ng v L L

di L
c chiu
dt

dng cc C ca Q4, iL vn khng i chiu nhng gim dn, dng ny chn trong
vng L, C v np in cc i v t bt u phng in ngc tr li cun dy L cho nn
dng iL i chiu iL v tng dn chiu m nh hnh v.
V L c gi tr ln v

di L
ln nn in p cm ng vL rt ln (c th bng 8 10 ln in
dt

p tng cng V) vL t ln cc CE ca Q4 Q4 phi c in p chu ng cao

khong1000V).
VBEQ4

t
t1

t2

t3

t4

VL

t
-V

iL

Khng c diode
m D

Hnh 2.21 Dng xung ca cc tn hiu trong mch khuch i cng sut ngang
Trong khong thi gian t2 t3:
Xung kch mc 1 lm Q4 t tt chuyn nhanh sang bo ho v in p trn L bng -V
nh trong giai on 0 t1.
Ch : trong khong thi gian t2 t3 Q4 bo ho li nhng lc trong cun dy v t
in vn cn tch tr nng lng L l V V ch khng phi l khng i dng iL thc
cht l khng tng tuyn tnh m un ln khc phc ta dng diode Damper D.
D trit nng lng cn d trong cun LC khi Q4 bo ha li.