32

Phn 2

TRUYN HNH MU
CHNG 3

C S VT L CA TRUYN HNH MU V
THIT LP H TRUYN HNH MU
A. C s vt l ca truyn hnh mu
3.1 nh sng v c tnh ca ngun sng
nh sng l mt dng nng lng in t. Nng lng ny truyn n mt ta
v xy ra qu trnh ha in, to ra cc xung in tng ng v c truyn n
h thn kinh no gip ta nhn thy vt th vi mu sc ring bit ca n.
nh sng thy c l sng in t c tn s t 3,8.1014Hz n 7,9.1014Hz.
Tng ng vi bc sng 780nm 380nm vi vn tc truyn c 300.000Km/s.
3,8.1014
Hng ngoi
0

10

Sng v tuyn

10

10

7,9.1014
T ngoi
15

10

nh sng
thy c

Hz
10

20

10

25

Tia X Tia gama Tia v tr

Hnh 3.1 Di sng in t

nh sng m mt ngi thy c ch chim mt di rt hp trong di sng
in t nh hnh 3.1, thng c chia thnh 2 loi l nh sng n sc v nh
sng phc hp.
nh sng n sc: l sng in t ch cha mt bc sng xc nh. Song
trong thc t c th xem nh sng n sc nh bc x c di tn rt hp. Laser c
th c xem nh mt ngun to ra nh sng n sc nhn to.
nh sng phc hp: l tp hp nhiu nh sng n sc, c c trng bng
s phn b nng lng theo mt di tn s, ngha l c trng bng c tnh ph
ca n. Trong thin nhin thng gp loi nh sng phc hp ny. Mt dng c

33
bit ca nh sng phc hp l nh sng trng trong ph nng lng c phn
b u t 380nm n 780nm.

380nm

780nm

Hnh 3.2 Ph ca nh sng trng c phn b u

Nu ngun sng ch c mt khong ngn ca ph ni trn th mt ngi ghi
nhn c mt trong cc mu ph nh di y:
L
B
Blue

Tm
V
Violet
380

430

Lam
C
Cyan
470

L cy
G
Green
500

Vng
Y
Yellow

560

Cam
O
Crange

590

650

R
Red

nm
780nm

Hnh 3.3 S phn b 7 mu ph

3.2 Mu sc v c tnh ca mu sc
3.2.1 Mu sc
Mu ca vt khng phi l ngun sng. Mu sc ca vt c phn bit l
nh tnh cht phn x nh sng ca n.
Khi nh sng trng chiu vo mt vt no th mt s bc sng b vt y
hp th hon ton hoc mt phn. Cc bc sng khng b hp th cn li phn
chiu n mt cho ta cm gic v mt mu no .
Nu vt phn x mi tia sng c bc sng trong di ph trng thy th vt
c xem l mu trng. Nu vt ch phn x mt s thnh phn bc sng no
trong di ph trng thy v hp thu nhng thnh phn khc th ta thy vt
tng ng vi mu sc ring ca n.
Mu en v phng din nh sng c xem l mu trng c cng chiu
sng thp di kh nng kch thch ca mt
Mu sc ca vt khng ch ph thuc vo tnh cht phn x ca n m cn
ph thuc vo ngun chiu sng ln vt . Khi ph phn b nng lng ca
ngun chiu sng thay i th mu sc ca vt c chiu sng cng thay i. V
d khi chiu nh sng mu ln vt phn x mi bc sng ta thy vt c mu
ging mu ca ngun sng.

34
3.2.2 Cc c tnh xc nh mt mu
3.2.2.1 chi (Luminance)
chi l cm nhn ca mt vi cng ca ngun sng, l p ng ca
mt vi bin trung bnh ca ton ph.
Bin trung bnh
(Cng sng)

380nm

780nm

Hnh 3.4 chi l p ng ca mt vi bin

trung bnh ca ton ph
3.2.2.2 bo ha (Saturation)
bo ha ca mt mu l s tinh khit ca mu y vi mu trng, l kh
nng mu y b pha long bi nh sng trng nhiu hay t.
Nh vy cc ngun n sc c bo ha tuyt i v khng b nh sng
trng ln vo. Ngun sng trng c bo ha bng 0 v xem nh b nh sng
trng ln vo hon ton. Mu bt k = Lng sng trng + Lng sng mu

380nm

380nm

780nm

780nm

380nm

780nm

Hnh 3.5 S biu din bo ho

bo ho y l c th c xem mi tng quan gia hai thnh phn
lng sng trng v lng sng mu. T l thnh phn sng trng cng nhiu,
bo ho cng km v ngc li. Tia laze c bo ho cc tuyt i v ch cn
mt bc sng duy nht.
3.2.2.3 Sc thi (Hue, Tint)
Sc thi ca mt mu hon ton l cm gic ch quan ca con ngi. Thng
sc thi quyt nh bi bc sng ln lt nht trong ton ph. Cng mt mu
chng hn nhng mi ngi cm nhn sc thi c th khc nhau.

35

Hnh v 3.6 trnh by v s khc nhau v cc c tnh xc nh mt mu.

Khc nhau v chi

Khc nhau v sc thi

Khc nhau v bo ho

Khc nhau v cc c tnh

Hnh 3.6 S khc nhau v cc c tnh xc nh mt mu.

3.3 Cu trc ca mt ngi

3.3.1 Cu to ca mt
Vng m

T bo que

T bo nn

Hong im
No
Thu
tinh th

R G B

Hnh 3.7 Cu to ca mt

Cc loi t bo

Mt ngi b kch thch trong vng ca bc sng in t 380nm 780nm

v cm nhn l nh sng. Cm nhn ny c c l nh cc t bo thn kinh th
gic nm bn trong hc mt. C hai loi t bo thn kinh th gic, khong:
130 triu t bo que nm ri rc khp vng m, cho cm gic v chi
(cng sng).
7 triu t bo nn hu ht tp trung hong im (nm ngay chnh gia
pha trong hc mt) cho cm gic v c cng sng v mu sc.
T bo ny c 3 loi:
Loi th hai: nhy vi mu (Red) = 700nm

36
Loi th ba: nhy vi mu l cy (Green) = 546,1nm
Loi th nht: nhy vi mu l (Blue) = 435,8nm
Mt thu nhn hnh nh ca vt ch yu nh cc t bo hnh que ng thi 3
loi t bo hnh nn cho ta cm gic v mu sc ca vt.
3.3.2 chi ca mt
%
chi

59%

30 %
11%
B

nm

Hnh 3.8 chi thay i theo bc sng

Hnh v 3.8 biu din chi ca mt tng bc sng. Nu ly mt
ngun sng trng c cng chun m mt ngi ghi nhn chi 100% th
cng vi cng y, nh sng (Red) cho mt cm gic chi 30%, nh sng
l (Blue) l 11% v nh sng xanh (Green) l 59%.
T suy ra cng thc chi Y ca mt mu X (R, G, B) (tn hiu trng
en ca mt):
Y = 0,3R + 0,59G + 0,11B
Vi: (R, G, B l t l phn trm ca 3 thnh phn R, G, B to ra mu X)

3.4 Thuyt 3 mu
Tt c cc mu u c th c to ra t 3 thnh phn mu c bn R,G,B
bng cch trn chng theo mt t l thch hp.
Vic chn cc mu c bn cn phi tho mn iu kin: Trn 2 mu bt k
trong 3 mu c bn s khng cho ra mu c bn th 3. Ta c th c v s tp ba
mu c bn nhng cn lu l, nu nh hai trong s 3 mu c bn nm cui hai
u vng nhn thy, cn mu c bn th ba nm gia th c kh nng d dng
to li phn ln cc mu tn ti trong thin nhin.

37
Nm 1931 Hi ng quc t nghin cu v nh sng CIE (Commission
International de lEclairge: CIE) chn 3 mu c bn sau y:
(Red) c bc sng = 700nm
L cy (Green) c bc sng = 546,1nm
L (Blue) c bc sng = 435,8nm

3.5 Th nghim kim chng thuyt 3 mu v s trn mu

3.5.1 Th nghim kim chng
kim chng ngi ta dng my o mu (Sc k). My o mu gm 3
ngun sng R, G, B v mn nh c dng tam gic. Mu X chiu sng mt bn mn
nh cn bn mn nh cn li c chiu bi ba ngun sng c bn R, G, B c th
iu chnh cng c. Tin hnh iu chnh 3 ngun sng cho n khi mu
tng hp ng nht vi mu cn xc nh X, ngha l cng chi, sc thi v
bo ho mu. T ta tm c phn trm ca 3 mu theo cng thc:
X a(R) + b(G) +c(B)
Vi a, b, c l t l phn trm tng ng cn tm.
Mn nh

G
Mu X
B

Mt

Hnh 3.9 S nguyn l th nghim kim chng l thuyt mu

Bng cch thay i cc t l y, ngi ta c th to ra hu ht cc mu trong
thin nhin.

38
3.5.2 S trn mu
Chiu 3 ngun sng mu c bn R, G, B c cng cng ln mn nh bng
vi trng ( c s phn chiu hon ton mn nh). Ta c kt qu trn mu
nh sau cc vng giao nhau:

R=G=B
R

Y
W
C

M
B

R+GY

(yelow)

R+GM

(Magnenta - ta)

B+GC

(Thin thanh - Cyan)

R+G+BW

(White)

Hnh 3.10 S trn mu

Hin tng trn mu c gii thch nh sau:
Thc ra khng h c s pha trn gia cc bc sng ca cc mu c bn. Ti
vng mt ngi thy mu trng chng hn, vn c 3 bc sng ca 3 mu R, G,
B ring r n mt cng mt lt v c 3 nhm t bo nn R, G, B cng b kch
thch ging y nh trng hp chiu nh sng trng vo mt. Hai hin tng vt
l khch quan khc nhau gy cng cm gic cho mt ngi.
Mu ta (Magnenta) khng phi l mt thc th khch quan (v khng c
bc sng ca mu ta) m do mu R v B kch thch vo 2 loi t bo nn nhy
vi mu R v B gy cho ngi quan st c cm gic mu ta.
S trn mu nh vy thc ra ch l kt qu li dng s nhm ln ca mt v
c khai thc trit trong truyn hnh mu.

3.6 Nguyn l Camera mu v n hnh mu

3.6.1Camera mu (Color Camera)
im mu sau khi qua thu knh v lng knh s chia lm 3 hng, to ra cc
tia sng 1, 2, 3. Cc tia 1 v 3 sau khi qua lng knh s hng ln trn v xung
di, gp cc gng 1 v 3 i phng thnh i ngang. Tia 2 sau khi qua lng
knh cng truyn theo phng ngang nh hnh 3.11. Sau , c 3 tia c a vo
cc b lc mu R,G,B lc ly 3 thnh phn mu. Cc thnh phn ny c a

39
vo 3 t bo nhy vi 3 mu (gi l ng VIDICON 1,2,3), bin thnh 3 thnh
phn in p ER, EG, EB (gi tt l R, G, B) t l vi cc thnh mu tng ng.
Gng

Lc R

Thu knh

im
mu

ER
(= volt)
Lc G

VI DI C ON 2

2
Lng
knh

VI DI C ON 1

EG
(= volt)
Lc B

VI DI C ON 3

G
B

EB
(= volt)

Gng

Hnh 3.11 S nguyn l cu to ca camera mu

V d: VR = 3mV~
R = 3mV~
VG = 2mV~ Nhng thng ch vit tt G = 2mV~
VB = 1,8mV~

B = 1,8mV~

S phn tch mu c thc hin cho tng im nh ca vt.

R
G

Camera mu

MATRIX

Y
R
G
B

B
G
R
70 K

41 K

89 K

30 K

59 K

11 K

Y = 0,3R + 0,59G + O,11 B

100 K

Hnh 3.12 S nguyn l ca mch cng t l (Matrix)

ti to chi Y t cc thnh phn mu.

40
Pha sau camera c b phn hot ng nh t bo que to li tn hiu trng
en, hay cn gi l chi:
Y = 0,3R + 0,59G + 0,11B
Mch to ra tn hiu trng en cho tivi gi l mch matrix. Tn hiu video
tng hp R, G, B v chi Y s c gi n my thu.Sau , cho 3 tia R, G, B
vo 3 Cathod ca n hnh pha li mu trn mt n hnh mu.
3.6.2 Tng hp mu
ER
Pht quang mu
R

Mt
EG

Pht quang mu
G

Pht quang mu
B

EB
Hnh 3.13 S nguyn tc tng hp mu t 3 thnh phn mu
3.6.3 Cu trc ca n hnh mu

Li
khin
Cathod G
LK

Li mn
Screen

>]

Tim n

>]

RLK

>]

BLK
Li hi t
Focus
Anod 2

Hnh 3.14 Cu trc n hnh mu

41
3.6.3.1 n hnh delta
Do hng RCA ch to u tin vo nm 1956. Ba tia c b tr trn 3 nh
ca mt tam gic u:
B

102

Trc n hnh

R
G

Hnh 3.15 S nguyn l ca n hnh delta

Cc my ni a Nht sn xut trc 1979 cn loi n hnh ny. Mt n
hnh c phun sn oxid c bit chm tia p vo vi vn tc cao th pht ra
nh sng mu. Ba im mu tp trung thnh mt t hp mu. Khi ba chm tia p
vo nh sng pht ra s ho li cho ra 1 im mu.

Mt my cha
t hp mu RGB

B
G
R

3 chm tia e-

Hnh 3.16 Cu trc cc t hp mu v mt n c l ca n hnh Delta

Trc mt my c mt n c l gip cho chm tia hi t ti im 0 trc
khi p vo mn hnh mu (Shadow mask). Mt n c l lm bng thp cng.
Khi cc chm tia n l th c mt s e- p vo mt n sinh nhit n rt nng,
nng lng mt mt c khi ln n 60%. Ngoi ra khi mt n b nhim t do loa,
nam chm th hnh b lem, nhiu vn nhiu. Lc phi kh t bng my kh
dng dng cao tn. loi my ny c 12 bin tr ui n chnh mu nn
vic cn chnh gp nhiu kh khn, nht l vn chnh chm tia. Hiu sut thp
10% 15% Cng sut cung cp gp 10 ln TV trng en tng ng n
mau gi.

42
3.6.3.2 n hnh TRINITRON
n hnh c cht lng tng i nhng vic hiu chnh tm tia kh
khn v hiu sut thp. Sau nhiu nm nghin cu, nm 1968 hng SONY n
hnh mu TRINITRON.
Sc photpho
R GB R GB

R G B R G B R G B

Hnh 3.17 Cu trc ca n hnh Trinitron

Mn hnh photpho by gi gm c cc sc R, G, B xp xen k.
Mt n c l c thay bng li c in th m hng dn chm
tia bn trng vo cc t hp mu, khi e- n li n s b in th m y lt vo
gia chnh v cng sut ch cn thp v hiu sut t c cao. Ngoi ra v li
nh nn t b nhim t.
Gia cc vch mu c ln en hp thu cc tia e- b lch gi l vi sc
en(Micro Black) nn mu khng b lem, hnh rc v p.
Hiu sut 25% 30% n hnh bn, tui th cao, hiu sut cao nht so
vi cc loi n hnh.
3.6.3.3 n hnh mu InLine
Trinitron va ra i c hng ng ngay trong thng mi v t n
hnh mu tam gic trn ng o thi. iu ny t ra cho cng nghip truyn
hnh mu ca M yu cu phi cnh tranh ro rit vi SONY. Cho nn vo u
nm 1970 (khong 1972) hng General Electric (M) a ra th trng n hnh
InLine.
R

Mt pht quang

Mt n c l

Hnh 3.18 S mt pht quang v mt n c l ca n hnh InLine

43
B
O

G
R

Hnh 3.19 Ba cathod c b tr trn cng nm trn mt phng

V c bn, n InLine vn nh n Trinitron nhng vch mu c ngt
ra tng qung tng ng vi dng mt. Khe li h cng c thay i cho ph
hp v trc mi im G li khoan mt l hnh dng y nh im G. iu ny lm
gim hiu sut so vi n Trinitron (thc t ch cn 20% 25%).
Cho n nay tr hng SONY vn duy tr sc pht quang tn dng hiu
sut, cn tt c cc hng trn th gii u dng loi n InLine.

3.7 To mu
Mt mu hon ton c xc nh bng mt in p ca tn hiu chi Y v 2
in p tn hiu sc (R Y) v (B Y). Nu xem Y l mt thng s (bng bao
nhiu cng c) c th biu din tnh cht mt mu bng h trc vung gc:
trc tung (R Y), trc honh (B Y).
V d: mu trng W c: R Y = 0 v B Y = 0 nn nm ti tm 0 ca h
trc.
R-Y
R

-0,59

0,7

W
-0,3
-0,11

0,89

B-Y

-0,59

R (R Y) = 0,7
(B Y) = -0,3

C (R Y) = -0,7
(B Y) = 0,3

G (R Y) = -0,59
(B Y) = -0,59

M (R Y) = 0,59
(B Y) = 0,59

B (R Y) = -0,11
(B Y) = 0,89

Y (R Y) = 0,11
(B Y) = -0,89

i vi mu trng

44
Y = 0,3R + 0,59G + 0,11B
= (0,3 + 0,59 + 0,11=1=R=G=B B Y = 0, R Y = 0, G Y = 0
Ta c cc cp R-C, G-M, B-Y i xng nhau qua trc to v chng l cc
thnh phn b tc nhau to ra mu trng. (v d: R+C = R+ B + G W)

B. Thit lp h truyn hnh mu

3.8 Vn tng hp
Truyn hnh mu ra i khi truyn hnh en trng trng thnh. Hng triu
TV en trng c sn xut v cn ang pht trin. V vy vic u tin cho
cng tc truyn hnh mu l phi lm sao khng gy nh hng n truyn hnh
trng en ang hot ng m cn lm sinh ng v phong ph thm. Yu cu l
TV trng en phi thu c tn hiu chi Y ca i mu. p ng vi yu cu
ny th truyn hnh mu phi xy dng da vo cc chun trng en nh sau:
a . f H v f V
15750Hz
60Hz

15625Hz cho OIRT v CCIR

50Hz

FCC

b. xy dng theo kh rng bng thng ca trung tn

6,5MHz

8MHz

4,5MHz

6,5MHz

fIF/S
41,25MHz

fIF/VID
45,75MHz

fIF/S
31,5MHz

H FCC

fIF/VID
38MHz

H OIRT

c. Phi chn li cc tn s ca bng tn UHF v VHF

f RF

f RF

VID

f IF

f IF

VID

3.9 H qu ca vic xy dng h mu da theo chun trng en

Vi bng thng hp nh vy th khng th chuyn 3 mu cng mt lc c.
Phi chn cho mi mt mu mt sng ti ph fSC (Subcarrier). Nhng t 0

45
4,2MHz dnh cho tn hiu trng en. t nht cng l t 0 3MHz cho hnh
khng b mt chi tit.
fSC1 fSC2 fSC3

1,5M
1M 1M 1M

Vy v phng din k thut khng th chuyn 3 mu R, G, B v 3 sng ti

ph cng mt lc c.
Cc nh ton hc ngh gi i 2 mu trong 3 mu nhng phi pha vi trng
en. Ngi ta chn mu v mu xanh l (R Y) v (B Y)
Cng thc en trng
Y = 0,3R + 0,59G + 0,11B
0,3Y + 0,59Y + 0,11Y = 0,3R + 0,59G + 0,11B

0 = 0,3(R Y) + 0,59(G Y) + 0,11(B Y)

0,59(G Y)
= -0,3(R Y) - 0,11(B Y)

0,3
0,11
( R Y)
( B Y)
0,59
0,59
1
1
(G Y) = (R Y) (B Y)
2
6

(G Y)

Vy ta c cng thc

1
2

1
6

(G Y) = (R Y) (B Y)

Cng thc ny dng cho mi h mu:

Mch cng t l
(B Y)

(B Y)

-1
50K

(R Y)

(R Y)

-1

1
(B Y)
6

10K
50K

50K

(R Y)
2

Gi l mch Matrix

(G Y)

46

3.10 Vn sng mang ph fSC

3.10.1 iu ch sng mang ph
STP mang theo mu ti my thu chng ta dng mch L, C s tch c mu
ra khi tn hiu hn hp.
C hai cch iu ch fsc vi mu: Bin iu bin v bin iu tn s
3.10.2 iu ch bin AM
V d:

AM

fsc

Sau ny ti my thu

B
lc

+
Mu + Y
3.10.3 iu ch tn s FM
5V

(B-Y)

0
f

1
2 L(CV C0 )

FM cho chi tit tt hn AM nhng phc tp hn

3.11 Cng thc v iu kin chn sng mang ph

3.11.1 iu kin 1
Ta dnh vng en trng 0 3MHz c chi tit, mu t 3 5MHz. Do
sng ti ph nm gia 3M v 5M

47
3MHz < fSC < 5MHz

(1)

3.11.2 iu kin 2
Av

O
f1
f2
Cc xung xa du v xung ng b ngang c tn s fH

15625Hz 15750Hz
Hi ca n: 2fH, 3fH, 4fH nfH, (n+1)fH, 2nfH
Nu fSC chn ng bng 1 hi ca fH th s to ra hin tng giao thoa.
trnh hin tng ny, ta chn fSC trung bnh cng ca hai hi fH lin tip nfH,
(n+1)fH
nf H (n 1) f H
2
(2n 1) f H
fSC =
2

fSC =

T (1) v (2), suy ra:

H: NTSC Chn fSC = 3,58Mhz
NTSC: fSC =

(2n 1) f H
Chn n = 227, fH = 15734,264Mhz
2

(sai s 0,1% so vi fH = 15750Hz)

H: PAL Chn fSC = 4,43Mhz
(trnh c hi ca fv)
H: SECAM Chn
fSC = 4,25Mhz
fSC = 4,406Mhz

(2)