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Jordan University of Science and

Technology
Faculty Of Engineering
Industrial Engineering Department

Engineering Materials Laboratory (IE367)


Date:12/10/2016
Exp No 1 : Tensile Testing Of Ductile Metals

Student Name: Essa Baker Hazaimeh


ID Number : 20132029073
Instructor: Eng. Amenah al-snagela
Section Number : 4

Table Of contents
Page 3 objectives
Page 4.introduction
Page 5.introduction
Page 6experimental setup
Page7..procedures
Page 8..experimental results
Page9..experimental results
Page 10..experimental results
Page 11..discussion and conclusions
Page 12..references

Objectives(1)
To determine the following:
1-The relation Between the engineering stress and engineering
strain according to the results obtained from the tensile test.
2- The yield stress and off-set yield stress
3-Modulus of elasticity or young's modulus.
4-Tensile strength or ultimate tensile strength.
5-precentages elongation and percentage reduction in area.
6-Indications to understand some important properties of material,
such as ductility, brittleness, and toughness.

Introduction
The tensile test or tension test involves applying an increasing load
to a test sample up to the point of failure. The process creates a
stress-strain curve showing how the material reacts through the
tensile test.(2)
Stress-strain diagram shows many important points and regions of
the behavior of the material like Ultimate tensile strength (UTS),
Modulus of elasticity, yield strength, and it shows the necking and
fracture point.

*Ultimate tensile strength: it is a maximum load applied on


the material divided by the cross area of the material.

*yield strength: it is the strength at which the plastic region


(permanent deformation) start.

Theory(3)
At first, when the relation between the applied load and the
elongation is linear relationship, and the slope of this linear
relationship is the modulus of elasticity (E), and the region of this
linear relation is called Elastic Region.
After this point for ductile material, when the load is increased the
permanent deformation will occur (plastic region), when the
material exceed the UTS necking will start then the fracture will
occure.
For prattle materials there is no plastic deformation (only elastic), so
the prattle material failure without necking (suddenly).

For ductile material, fracture occur at 450 or it make cup and cone
shape, but brittle materials failure at 900 .

Figure 1: stress- strain diagram with the


regions for the ductile material.

Experimental setup
In this experiment two types of material have been used and they
are: cast iron and aluminum, and they have specific initial length
and diameter ( L=50 mm and
D=5 mm).

Figure2. the specimens


used in

Universal testing machine:


This device is used to applied continues load on the specimens, and
it connected to a computer to measure the deflection and the time
until the failure happened.

Figure 3: universal testing


machine machine.

Experimental procedure

(4)

1- Take two specimens: aluminum and cast iron.


2- Marl the gauge length on the surface of the specimens and
measure the initial diameter several times and take the
average of the readings for each specimen.
3- Put the specimens on the proper place within the universal
testing machine.
4- Start the universal testing machine and take the proper
readings from the machine.
5- Measure final length (Lf ) and final diameter (Df ) to compute
final area (Af ) for two specimens.
6- Observed the shape and structure of the fracture specimen.
7- Plot the engineering stress-strain curve from the general curve
given by tensile testing machine, together with the data
obtained during the experiment.
8- Determine the yield stress, modulus of elasticity, tensile
strength and percentage elongation and percentage reduction
in area for the three specimens.

The equations will be used in the calculations:


1- Eng. Stress = applied load (p) / instantaneous cross
section(A) >>N/m2
2- Eng. Strain = extension / original length
3- Yield stress = applied load at yield point / original cross
section area.
4- Tensile stress = maximum load applied / original cross section
56789-

area.
E=stress / strain.
%Elongation=Lf Li / Li
%Reduction of area= Af-Ai /Ai
Toughness= energy / volume
A=3.14*R2

Experimental results

aluminum

Cast iron

parameter
L.

50 mm

50mm

D.

5 mm

5 mm

A.
Lf

19.6350 mm2
56.615mm

19.6350 mm2

Df

5.21mm

5.1 mm

Af
Yield stress

21.3275mm2

20.4344625

Ultimate

4.344 / A.=

4.156 /A.=

tensile

0.221237KN/m2

0.211662KN/m2

material

Stresss
Modulus of
Elasticity (E)

50.65 mm

%elongation

13.23%

1.3%

Lf-L./L. *100%
Reduction

in 8.6198%

4.07130%

area
Af-A./A. *%
Ductility
Toughness
Fracture

45 degree

90 degree

shape

For aluminum:
Load (KN)

Deformation(

stress

strain

0
4.38
4.412
4.42
3.8

mm)
0
0.3050
0.34
.36
0.13

(KN/mm2 )
0
0.220634
0.22785
0.2823
0.19353

0
0.008472
0.01028744
0.010892
0.0039334

Load(KN)

Deformation(

Stress( KN/m strain

0
1.744
2.252
2.78
3.316

mm)
0
0.035
0.055
0.09
0.14

m2 )
0
0.09008
0.116094
0.14359
0.17128

For cast iron

0
0.000605
0.000756
0.0030257
0.00009077

stress-strain curve Al
300000000
250000000
f(x) = 426208959.52x + 164731702.73
stress-strain curve
200000000
R = 0.17
Al
150000000
stress(pa)
Linear (stress100000000
strain curve Al)
50000000
0
0 0.2 0.4
strain

Fig.4

stress-strain curve Cast iron


Fig.5

stress-strain
400000000
curve Cast iron
200000000
f(x) = 19571388495x +
48910531.07
Linear
(stressstress(pa)
0
R = 0.93
strain curve
0.01
Cast iron)
0 0.02
strain

Discussion
In this experiment we used two types of materials: cast iron, aluminum and . And we
used universal testing machine to applied continuous load on the materials to calculate
important parameters that help us to understand the behavior and properties of ductile
and brittle materials to help us in design.
When we take the aluminum case, at first it behaves elasticity then
plasticity and it failure at 45 degree
For cast iron, the relation is only linear and there is no yield point, so
it is brittle material and failure at 90 degree

Conclusions
*Aluminum is ductile material failure at 45 degree.
* Cast iron is brittle material and doesn't have yield point and it is
failure at 90 degree.
*when the ductility increase the material become more tough .

References
1+4 : from the material lab text book for Dr. Mohammad Haiajneh
and Dr. Adel.
2: https:///www.labtesting.com/services/materialstesting/mechanical-testing/tensile-testing/
3: http:///www.instron.us/our-company/library/test-tybes/tensile-test

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