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Industrial Engineering Department
Table Of contents
Page 3 objectives
Page 4.introduction
Page 5.introduction
Page 6experimental setup
Page7..procedures
Page 8..experimental results
Page9..experimental results
Page 10..experimental results
Page 11..discussion and conclusions
Page 12..references
Objectives(1)
To determine the following:
1-The relation Between the engineering stress and engineering
strain according to the results obtained from the tensile test.
2- The yield stress and off-set yield stress
3-Modulus of elasticity or young's modulus.
4-Tensile strength or ultimate tensile strength.
5-precentages elongation and percentage reduction in area.
6-Indications to understand some important properties of material,
such as ductility, brittleness, and toughness.
Introduction
The tensile test or tension test involves applying an increasing load
to a test sample up to the point of failure. The process creates a
stress-strain curve showing how the material reacts through the
tensile test.(2)
Stress-strain diagram shows many important points and regions of
the behavior of the material like Ultimate tensile strength (UTS),
Modulus of elasticity, yield strength, and it shows the necking and
fracture point.
Theory(3)
At first, when the relation between the applied load and the
elongation is linear relationship, and the slope of this linear
relationship is the modulus of elasticity (E), and the region of this
linear relation is called Elastic Region.
After this point for ductile material, when the load is increased the
permanent deformation will occur (plastic region), when the
material exceed the UTS necking will start then the fracture will
occure.
For prattle materials there is no plastic deformation (only elastic), so
the prattle material failure without necking (suddenly).
For ductile material, fracture occur at 450 or it make cup and cone
shape, but brittle materials failure at 900 .
Experimental setup
In this experiment two types of material have been used and they
are: cast iron and aluminum, and they have specific initial length
and diameter ( L=50 mm and
D=5 mm).
Experimental procedure
(4)
area.
E=stress / strain.
%Elongation=Lf Li / Li
%Reduction of area= Af-Ai /Ai
Toughness= energy / volume
A=3.14*R2
Experimental results
aluminum
Cast iron
parameter
L.
50 mm
50mm
D.
5 mm
5 mm
A.
Lf
19.6350 mm2
56.615mm
19.6350 mm2
Df
5.21mm
5.1 mm
Af
Yield stress
21.3275mm2
20.4344625
Ultimate
4.344 / A.=
4.156 /A.=
tensile
0.221237KN/m2
0.211662KN/m2
material
Stresss
Modulus of
Elasticity (E)
50.65 mm
%elongation
13.23%
1.3%
Lf-L./L. *100%
Reduction
in 8.6198%
4.07130%
area
Af-A./A. *%
Ductility
Toughness
Fracture
45 degree
90 degree
shape
For aluminum:
Load (KN)
Deformation(
stress
strain
0
4.38
4.412
4.42
3.8
mm)
0
0.3050
0.34
.36
0.13
(KN/mm2 )
0
0.220634
0.22785
0.2823
0.19353
0
0.008472
0.01028744
0.010892
0.0039334
Load(KN)
Deformation(
0
1.744
2.252
2.78
3.316
mm)
0
0.035
0.055
0.09
0.14
m2 )
0
0.09008
0.116094
0.14359
0.17128
0
0.000605
0.000756
0.0030257
0.00009077
stress-strain curve Al
300000000
250000000
f(x) = 426208959.52x + 164731702.73
stress-strain curve
200000000
R = 0.17
Al
150000000
stress(pa)
Linear (stress100000000
strain curve Al)
50000000
0
0 0.2 0.4
strain
Fig.4
stress-strain
400000000
curve Cast iron
200000000
f(x) = 19571388495x +
48910531.07
Linear
(stressstress(pa)
0
R = 0.93
strain curve
0.01
Cast iron)
0 0.02
strain
Discussion
In this experiment we used two types of materials: cast iron, aluminum and . And we
used universal testing machine to applied continuous load on the materials to calculate
important parameters that help us to understand the behavior and properties of ductile
and brittle materials to help us in design.
When we take the aluminum case, at first it behaves elasticity then
plasticity and it failure at 45 degree
For cast iron, the relation is only linear and there is no yield point, so
it is brittle material and failure at 90 degree
Conclusions
*Aluminum is ductile material failure at 45 degree.
* Cast iron is brittle material and doesn't have yield point and it is
failure at 90 degree.
*when the ductility increase the material become more tough .
References
1+4 : from the material lab text book for Dr. Mohammad Haiajneh
and Dr. Adel.
2: https:///www.labtesting.com/services/materialstesting/mechanical-testing/tensile-testing/
3: http:///www.instron.us/our-company/library/test-tybes/tensile-test