21

Earth Science, 13e (Tarbuck)
Chapter 21 Origin of Modern Astronomy

1) One of the discoveries which led to the modern view of the solar system was that the orbits of
the planets are ________.
A) circles
B) ellipses
C) hyperbolas
D) parabolas
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Topic: 21.2 The Birth of Modern Astronomy
Bloom's: Remembering
2) According to the Ptolemaic (Greek) model of the universe, how many "heavenly" bodies could
be observed wandering along the background of stars?
A) one
B) two
C) five
D) seven
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Topic: 21.1 Ancient Astronomy
3) Galileo observed several features using the telescope. Which one of the following did he NOT
discover?
A) sunspots
B) phases of Venus
C) Jupiter's four largest moons
D) the two moons of Mars
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Bloom's: Analyzing
4) The first modern astronomer to propose a Sun-centered universe was ________.
A) Sir Isaac Newton
B) Galileo
C) Tycho Brahe
D) Nicolaus Copernicus
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
5) This scientist determined the nature of the forces that kept the planets in their orbits.
A) Sir Isaac Newton
B) Galileo
C) Tycho Brahe
Answer: A
Diff: 1
6) This scientist was the first to use the telescope in astronomy.
A) Sir Isaac Newton
B) Galileo
C) Tycho Brahe
Answer: B
Diff: 1
7) Three laws of planetary motion were discovered by ________.
A) Johannes Kepler
B) Galileo
C) Tycho Brahe
Answer: A
Diff: 1
8) In the Ptolemaic (Greek) model of the universe, the ________.
A) Earth was flat
B) Earth was in the center of the universe
C) Sun was in the center of the solar system
D) Earth rotated on its axis to produce night and day
Answer: B
Diff: 1
9) The apparent westward "drift" of the planets compared to the background stars is called
________.
A) Ptolemaic motion
B) occultation
C) precession
D) retrograde motion
Answer: D
Diff: 1
10) The belt of constellations through which all the planets move is called the ________.
A) Planetoid
B) Parallax
C) Cosmos
D) Zodiac
E) Milky Way
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Topic: 21.3 Positions in the Sky
11) The true shape of the planetary orbits was discovered by ________.
A) Sir Isaac Newton
B) Galileo
C) Tycho Brahe
E) Johannes Kepler
Answer: E
Diff: 1
12) Who wrote the book entitled Of the Revolutions of Celestial Spheres (De Revolutionibus)?
A) Sir Isaac Newton
B) Galileo
C) Tycho Brahe
E) Johannes Kepler
Answer: D
Diff: 1
13) This scientist wrote a book that compared the Earth-centered system with the Sun-centered
system entitled Dialogue of the Great World Systems.
A) Sir Isaac Newton
B) Galileo
C) Tycho Brahe
E) Johannes Kepler
Answer: B
Diff: 1
14) Which of these men formulated the Law of Universal Gravitation?
A) Sir Isaac Newton
B) Galileo
C) Tycho Brahe
E) Johannes Kepler
Answer: A
Diff: 1
15) The Earth-centered system of the universe that was accepted for nearly seventeen centuries
was presented in a treatise called the Almagest that was written by ________.
A) Aristotle
B) Ptolemy
C) Aristarchus
D) Eratosthenes
E) Hipparchus
Answer: B
Diff: 1
16) The first successful attempt to establish the size of Earth is credited to ________.
A) Aristotle
B) Ptolemy
C) Aristarchus
D) Eratosthenes
E) Hipparchus
Answer: D
Diff: 1
17) The apparent westward drift of the planets as compared to the background stars is called
________.
A) Ptolemaic motion
B) occultation
C) precession
D) perturbation
E) retrograde motion
Answer: E
Diff: 1
18) Any variance in the orbit of a planet from its predicted path is referred to as ________.
A) Ptolemaic motion
B) occultation
C) precession
D) perturbation
Answer: D
Diff: 1
19) A very slow motion of Earth's axis that requires 26,000 years to complete is called ________.
A) Ptolemaic motion
B) occultation
C) axial precession
D) perturbation
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Topic: 21.4 Motions of the Earth
20) The apparent path of the Sun upon the celestial sphere is called the ________.
A) parallax
B) ecliptic
C) precession
D) declination
E) sidereal
Answer: B
Diff: 1
21) In the Ptolemaic (Greek) model of the universe, the stars are attached to the ________.
A) celestial sphere
B) zodiac
C) plane of the ecliptic
D) deferent
E) stadia
Answer: A
Diff: 1
22) The length of daylight on the Moon is about ________.
A) 24 hours
B) 48 hours
C) two weeks
D) one month
E) one year
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Topic: 21.5 Motions of the Earth-Moon System
23) The period of time required for the Moon to complete a cycle of phases is called the
________ month.
A) equinox
B) sidereal
C) synodic
D) zodiacal
E) Julian
Answer: C
Diff: 1
24) The ________ day is the time it takes for Earth to make one complete rotation with respect to
a star other than our Sun.
A) equinox
B) sidereal
C) synodic
D) zodiacal
E) Julian
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Word Analysis. Examine the words and/or phrases for each question below and determine the
relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option which does not fit the
pattern.
25) Galileo
Aristotle
Kepler
Answer: Aristotle
Diff: 1
Bloom's: Analyzing
26) rotation
revolution
Answer: declination
Diff: 1
Bloom's: Analyzing
Newton
precession
27) declination
right ascension
Answer: perihelion
Diff: 1
Bloom's: Analyzing
perihelion
declination
equatorial system
28) The ancient Greeks proposed an Earth-centered view of the universe.

Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Bloom's: Analyzing
29) The planets maintain circular orbits around the Sun.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
Bloom's: Analyzing
30) Galileo discovered that the Sun has "blemishes," which we call sunspots.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Bloom's: Analyzing
31) Galileo discovered Jupiter's four largest moons.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Bloom's: Analyzing
32) Tycho Brahe discovered the three laws of planetary motion.

Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
Bloom's: Analyzing
33) Earth is closest to the Sun in January.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Bloom's: Analyzing
34) Earth is closest to the Sun in July.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
Bloom's: Analyzing
35) The planets maintain elliptical orbits around the Sun.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Bloom's: Analyzing
36) According to the Ptolemaic (Greek) system, the planets have circular orbits.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Bloom's: Analyzing
37) Using the telescope, Galileo discovered that the planet Mars had polar ice caps not unlike
those on Earth.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
Bloom's: Analyzing
38) The apparent annual path of the Sun upon the celestial sphere is called the ecliptic.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Bloom's: Analyzing
39) When Earth is the farthest from the Sun, it is said to be in the perihelion position.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
Bloom's: Analyzing
40) The angular distance north and south of the celestial equator is called right ascension.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
Bloom's: Analyzing
41) Patterns or configurations of stars named in honor of mythological characters are called
perturbations.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
Bloom's: Analyzing
42) Tycho Brahe used a telescope to accurately record the position of the planet Mars.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
Bloom's: Analyzing
43) Tycho Brahe discovered the three laws of planetary motion.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
Bloom's: Analyzing
44) Galileo believed in a Sun-centered view of the universe.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Bloom's: Analyzing
45) The distance from Earth to the Sun is used to measure distances in the solar system and is
called a light year.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
Bloom's: Analyzing
46) Sir Isaac Newton was convicted of heresy for supporting the Sun-centered view of the
universe.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
Bloom's: Analyzing
47) The length of daylight on the Moon is about one month.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
Bloom's: Analyzing
48) The same side of the Moon is always visible from Earth.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Bloom's: Analyzing
49) The cycle of phases of the Moon is the basis for our month.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Bloom's: Analyzing
50) An eclipse of the Moon can be seen by anyone on the side of Earth facing the Moon.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Topic: 21.6 Eclipses of the Sun and Moon
Bloom's: Analyzing
51) Lunar eclipses last longer than solar eclipses.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Bloom's: Analyzing
52) Solar eclipses are more common than are lunar eclipses.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
Bloom's: Analyzing
10
53) The proposal that contends that Earth is in the center of the universe is called the ________
view.
Answer: geocentric
Diff: 1
54) The first scientist to use a telescope for astronomical purposes was ________.
Answer: Galileo
Diff: 1
55) The law of universal gravitation was formulated by ________.
Answer: Sir Isaac Newton
Diff: 1
56) In the Ptolemaic system, planets orbited in small circles called ________ while revolving
along large circles called ________.
Answer: epicycles, deferents
Diff: 1
57) The apparent shift in the position of a nearby star when viewed from extreme points in
Earth's orbit six months apart is called ________.
Answer: stellar parallax
Diff: 1
58) The first modern astronomer to propose a Sun-centered universe was ________.
Answer: Nicolaus Copernicus
Diff: 1
59) The apparent westward drift of the planets as compared to the background stars is called
________ motion.
Answer: retrograde
Diff: 1
11
60) The two primary motions of the Earth are ________ and ________.
Answer: rotation, revolution
Diff: 1
61) The average distance from Earth to the Sun is called the ________ unit.
Answer: astronomical
Diff: 1
62) The planets stay in orbit around the Sun because of a balance between ________ and
________.
Answer: inertia; gravity
Diff: 1
63) The proposal that contends that the Sun is in the center of the universe is called the ________
view.
Answer: heliocentric
Diff: 1
64) The Law of Universal Gravitation was formulated by ________.
Answer: Sir Isaac Newton
Diff: 1
65) Patterns or configurations of stars named in honor of mythological characters are called
________.
Answer: constellations
Diff: 1
66) Any variance in the orbit of a planet from its predicted path is called a(n) ________.
Answer: perturbation
Diff: 1
12
67) The planets, Moon, and the Sun lie along nearly the same plane and therefore move along the
same region of the sky that is called the ________.
Answer: ecliptic
Diff: 1
68) Earth is closest to the Sun in the month of ________.
Answer: January
Diff: 1
69) When Earth is closest to the Sun, its location is referred to as the ________ position.
Answer: perihelion
Diff: 1
70) When Earth is farthest from the Sun, its location is referred to as the ________ position.
Answer: aphelion
Diff: 1
71) One of the discoveries that led to the modern view of the solar system was that the orbits of
the planets are ________.
Answer: elliptical
Diff: 1
72) The belt of constellations through which all the planets move is called the ________.
Answer: zodiac
Diff: 1
73) Which astronomer developed the three laws of planetary motion?
Answer: Johannes Kepler
Diff: 1
13
74) A very slow motion of Earth's axis that requires 26,000 years to complete is called ________.
Answer: precession
Diff: 1
75) The angular distance north or south of the celestial equator is called ________.
Answer: declination
Diff: 1
76) The ________ is at the point in the sky where the Sun crosses the celestial equator at the
onset of spring.
Answer: vernal equinox
Diff: 1
Critical Thinking and Discussion. Use complete sentences, correct spelling, and the
information presented in Chapter 21 to answer the questions below.
77) Compare and contrast the Ptolemaic System with the Copernican System. Are there any
similarities? What are the key differences? How did the prevailing ideas or perspectives of
society affect each of these explanations?
Answer: The Ptolemaic model represents a geocentric system, with planets moving in perfect
circles around a motionless Earth. Given that Ptolemy used an incorrect model to formulate his
theories, it is a miracle that he was able to account for the planets' motions. His findings went
unchallenged until the 17th century. On the other hand, the Copernican System is a heliocentric
model, with the Sun in the center of the solar system and the planets orbiting it. Also, the
Copernican system included the idea that the planets' orbits were elliptical in shape rather than
perfect circles. Nicolaus Copernicus never had to deal with the criticism of his ideas because he
died as they were being published. However, one of his followers was killed during the
Inquisition.
Diff: 3
Topic: 21.1 Ancient Astronomy and 21.2 The Birth of Modern Astronomy
Bloom's: Analyzing and Remembering
14
78) Briefly discuss the various motions of Earth. What motion is often mistakenly credited for
causing seasons here on Earth? How are these motions related (if at all) to the modern calendar
that we use today?
Answer: The two primary motions of Earth are rotation (the turning of earth on its axis) and
revolution (the motion of Earth along a path around the Sun). The Earth's distance from the Sun,
which is caused by revolution, is mistakenly thought to be the cause of seasons. In fact, the tilt
of the Earth on its access is the cause of seasons. When the southern hemisphere is tilted towards
the Sun and the northern hemisphere is tilted away from the Sun, the southern hemisphere
experiences summer while the northern hemisphere experiences winter. The same applies for the
opposite scenarios. These processes contribute to creating seasons and our modern calendar.
Diff: 2
Bloom's: Remembering and Understanding
79) Discuss the phases of the moon and how they relate to the motions of the Earth and Moon.
Also, how are eclipses of the Moon and Sun related to these motions?
Answer: The moon goes through phases each month, starting with new-Moon and then followed
chronologically by crescent phase, waxing, first-quarter phase, full-Moon phase, and waning
before returning to new-Moon phase. When the Moon lies between the Sun and Earth, none of
its bright side faces Earth, so we see the new-Moon phase (or rather don't see any moon). When
the Moon lies on the side of the Earth opposite the Sun, all of its lighted side faces Earth, so we
see the full Moon.
Diff: 2
Bloom's: Remembering and Understanding
15
80) Use Figure 21.26 below to help explain the difference between the sidereal and synodic
month.
Answer: Answers will vary, but all should include a brief discussion of the revolutional and
rotational periods of the Moon along with an explanation of how returning to the exact same
phase each month takes more time than expected due to Earth's revolution around the Sun.
Diff: 2
Bloom's: Applying
16
81) The diagram below illustrates the relationship of the Moon and the Earth during a lunar
eclipse. Based on the illustration, would you expect lunar eclipses to occur more or less
frequently than solar eclipses? Also, which type of eclipse would be seen by a larger portion of
the Earth (and therefore potentially more people)?
Answer: Lunar eclipses are more common and they are seen by more people on Earth than is a
solar eclipse. The Earth casts a much larger shadow than does the Moon so lunar eclipses occur
more frequently and the larger areas of the umbra and penumbra affect larger areas on Earth.
Diff: 2
Bloom's: Applying
17

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Earth Science, 13e (Tarbuck)

Chapter 21 Origin of Modern Astronomy

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

28) The ancient Greeks proposed an Earth-centered view of the universe.

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

32) Tycho Brahe discovered the three laws of planetary motion.

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

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