Solution for Final Review Problems1

Final time and location: Dec. 15, 2010, Wednesday, 9-12am, Main
Gymnasium, Rows 23, 25
(1) Let f (z) be the principal branch of z i .
(a) Find f (1 + i).
(b) Show that
f (z1 )f (z2 ) = f (z1 z2 )
for all z1 , z2 6= 0, where = 1, e2 or e2 .
Solution. (a)

i
f (1 + i) = (1 + i)i = exp(i Log(1 + i)) = exp(i(ln 2 + ))
4
ln
2
ln
2
= e/4 (cos(
) + i sin(
))
2
2
(b) We have
Arg(z1 ) + Arg(z2 ) = Arg(z1 z2 ) + 2n
for some integer n. Since < Arg(z1 ) , < Arg(z2 )
and < Arg(z1 z2 ) ,
3 < 2n < 3 1 n 1
Therefore,
Log(z1 ) + Log(z2 ) = Log(z1 z2 ) + 2ni
with n {1, 0, 1} and
exp(i Log z1 ) exp(i Log z2 )
f (z1 )f (z2 )
=
f (z1 z2 )
exp(i Log(z1 z2 ))
= exp(i Log z1 + i Log z2 i Log(z1 z2 ))
= exp(2n) {e2 , 1, e2 }
(2) Do the following:

(a) Find sin( + i).

3
(b) Find the Taylor series of (sin z)2 at z = 0.
(c) Show that
| sin(z)| sinh(|y|)
for all z C, where y = Im(z).
1

http://www.math.ualberta.ca/xichen/math31110f/fpsol.pdf
1

(d) Let CR denote the semicircle {|z i| = R, Im(z) 1}.

Show that
Z
dz
lim
=0
2
R C z sin z
R
Solution. (a)


1
+ i = (ei(/3+i) ei(/3+i) )
sin
3
2i
1
= (e1 ei/3 eei/3 )
2i
1  1


=
e (cos + i sin ) e(cos i sin )
2i
3
3
3
3




3
1
i
1
=
e+
+
e
4
e
4
e
(b) We have
 iz
2
e eiz
1
2
(sin z) =
= (e2iz + e2iz 2)
2i
4

n
n
1 X (2i) z
1 X (2i)n z n 1
=

+
4 n=0 n!
4 n=0
n!
2

1 X (1)n 22n1 z 2n
1 1 X (2i)2n z 2n

=
2 2 n=0 (2n)!
2 n=0
(2n)!

X
(1)n 22n1 z 2n
n=1

(2n)!

X
(1)n+1 22n1 z 2n
n=1

(2n)!

(c) By triangle inequality,


 iz

 e e2iz  1  iz
 |e | |eiz |
| sin z| = 

2i
2
 1
1
= |eixy | |eix+y | = |ey ey |
2
2
= | sinh y| = sinh(|y|)
(d) When z CR , Im(z) 1. Therefore, | sin z| sinh(1).
And since
|z| = |(z i) + i| |z i| 1 = R 1
for z CR ,


 1 
1


 z 2 sin z  (R 1)2 sinh(1)

for z CR . Therefore,

Z
dz 
1

z 2 sin z  (R 1)2 sinh(1)

CR

CR

Since

|dz| =

R
(R 1)2 sinh(1)

R
=0
R (R 1)2 sinh(1)
Z
dz
lim
=0
R C z 2 sin z
R
lim

we conclude

(3) For each of the following functions, do the following:

find all its singularities in C;
write the principal part of the function at each singularity;
for each singularity, determine whether it is a pole, a removable singularity, or an essential singularity;
compute the residue of the function at each singularity.
 
1
(a) f (z) = (1 z) exp
z2
1
(b) f (z) = 2
z +1
(c) f (z) = tan z
ez
(d) f (z) = 2
z (z 1)
Solution. (a) f (z) has a singularity at 0. At z = 0,
 

X
1
1
1/z 2
(1 z) exp
= (1 z)e
= (1 z)
2
z
(n!)z 2n
n=0
=

X
n=0

X
1
1

(n!)z 2n n=0 (n!)z 2n1

=1z+

X
n=1

So the principal part is

X
1
n=1

(n!)z 2n

X
n=1

X
1
1

2n
(n!)z
(n!)z 2n1
n=1
1
(n!)z 2n1

Consequently, f (z) has an essential singularity at 0 and

1
Res f (z) = = 1
z=0
1!

(b) f (z) has two singularities at i. We write



1
1
i
1
1
=
=

z2 + 1
(z i)(z + i)
2 z+i zi
At i, the principal part of f (z) is

i 1
2z i

it has a pole of order 1 and

Res f (z) =
z=i

i
2

At i, the principal part of f (z) is

i 1
2z +i
it has a pole of order 1 and
Res f (z) =

z=i

i
2

(c) f (z) has singularities at {cos z = 0} = {z = k + /2 :

k Z}. At z = k + /2, we let w = z k /2. Then


tan(z) = tan w + k +
= cot(w)
2
!
!1

X
X (1)n w2n+1
cos w
(1)n w2n
=
=
sin w
(2n)!
(2n + 1)!
n=0
n=0
!
!1

X (1)n w2n
1 X (1)n w2n
=
w n=0 (2n)!
(2n + 1)!
n=0



1
1
w2 w4
w2 w4
=
1
+
...
1
+
...
w
2!
4!
3!
5!

1 X
an w n
= +
w n=0

X
1
=
+
an (z k /2)n
z k /2 n=0
So the principal part of f (z) at k + /2 is

1
z k /2

f (z) has a pole of order 1 at k + /2 and

Res

f (z) = 1

z=k+/2

(d) f (z) has two singularities at 0 and 1. At z = 0,

!
!

X
ez
1 X zn
= 2
zn
z 2 (z 1)
z
n!
n=0
n=0


1
z
= 2 1 + + ... (1 + z + ...)
z
1!

X
1
1
2 X
n
= 2 (1 + 2z) +
an z n
an z = 2 +
z
z
z
n=0
n=0
So the principal part of f (z) at 0 is
1
2

2
z
z
it has a pole order 2 at 0 and

Res f (z) = 2
z=0

At z = 1, we let w = z 1 and then

ez
ew+1
e
=
= (ew (1 + w)2 )
2
2
z (z 1)
(1 + w) w
w
!
!

X
e X wn
=
(1)n (n + 1)wn
w n=0 n!
n=0

w
e 
=
1 + + ... (1 2w + ...)
w
1!

X
X
e
e
n
an w =
an (z 1)n
+
= +
w n=0
z 1 n=0
So the principal part of f (z) at 1 is
e
z1
it has a pole of order 1 and then
Res f (z) = e
z=1

(4) Let f (z) be an entire function. If |f (z)| |z|2 for all z, then
f (z) = az 2 for some constant a C satisfying |a| 1.

Proof. Since f (z) is entire,

f (z) =

X
f (n) (0)
n=0

n!

zn

for all z.
By Cauchy Integral Formula,
Z
1
f (z)n!
(n)
f (0) =
dz
2i |z|=R z n+1
for all n and R > 0. Since |f (z)| |z|2 ,


 f (z)n! 
n!
n!


 z n+1  |z|n1 = Rn1
for |z| = R. Therefore,
  


Z

 1
1
f
(z)n!
n!
n!

dz 
(2R) = n2 .
 2i
n+1
n1
2
R
R
|z|=R z
And since limR n!/Rn2 = 0 for n > 2,
Z
1
f (z)n!
lim
dz = 0
R 2i |z|=R z n+1
and hence f (n) (0) = 0 for all n > 2. And since limR0 n!/Rn2 =
0 for all n < 2,
Z
1
f (z)n!
lim
dz = 0
R0 2i |z|=R z n+1
and hence f (n) (0) = 0 for all n < 2. In conclusion,
f (z) =

f 00 (0) 2
z = az 2
2

for some constants a.

Finally, by |az 2 | |z|2 , we obtain that |a| 1.

(5) Let
z3
f (z) = 2
z 3z + 2
Find the Laurent series of f (z) in each of the following domains:
(a) 1 < |z| < 2;
(b) 2 < |z| < ;
(c) 0 < |z 1| < 1.

Solution. We write f (z) as a sum of partial fractions:

f (z) = z + 3 +

8
1

z2 z1

Then
(a) For 1 < |z| < 2,
8
1

z2 z1 

4
1
1
=z+3

1 (z/2) z 1 (1/z)

X
X
n n
1
=z+34
2 z z
z n

f (z) = z + 3 +

n=0

=z+3

n=0

22n z n

n=0

= z 1

z n1

n=0

22n z n

n=2

z n

n=1

(b) For 2 < |z| < ,

1
8

z
 2 z 1


8
1
1
1
=z+3+

z 1 (2/z)
z 1 (1/z)

X
X
1
n n
1
= z + 3 + 8z
2 z z
z n

f (z) = z + 3 +

n=0

=z+3+
=z+3+

X
n=0

2n+3 z n1

n=0

X
n=0

(2n+3 1)z n1

n=0

=z+3+

X
n=1

(2n+2 1)z n

z n1

(c) For 0 < |z 1| < 1,

8
1

z2 z1
8
1
=z+3+

(z 1) 1 z 1

X
1
=z+38
(z 1)n
z1
n=0

f (z) = z + 3 +

= 4 7(z 1) 8

X
n=2

(z 1)n

1
z1

(6) Compute
Z the integrals:
1
d
(a)
2
Z0 (2 cos )
cos(2x)
(b)
dx
2
1 + x + x

Solution. (a) We parameterize the circle |z| = 1 with z = ei

for . Then
Z
0

Z
1
1
1
d =
d
2
(2 cos )
2 (2 cos )2
Z
1
1
d
=
i
2 (2 (e + ei )/2)2
Z
1
=2
d
i
i )2
(4 e e
Z
e2i
=2
d
i
2i 1)2
(4e e
Z
ei
= 2i
d(ei )
i e2i 1)2
(4e
Z
z
= 2i
dz
2
2
C (4z z 1)

and
Z
C

z
z
dz
=
2i
Res

2
2
(4z z 2 1)2
z=2 3 (4z z 1)
z

2
z=2 3 (z (2
3)) (z (2 + 3))2

0 

z


= 2i
(z (2 + 3))2 z=23

3
=
i
9

= 2i Res

Therefore,
Z
0

1
2 3
d =
(2 cos )2
9

(b) Obviously,
Z

Z
e2iz
cos(2x)
dx = Re
dz
2
2
1 + z + z
1 + x + x


Z R
e2iz
= Re lim
dz
R R 1 + z + z 2
We integrate along the closed contour going from R to R and
then the semicircle CR = {|z| = R, Im(z) 0} counterclockwise. Then
Z R
Z
e2iz
e2iz
dz
+
dz
2
2
R 1 + z + z
CR 1 + z + z
e2iz
2
z=(1+ 3i)/2 1 + z + z


e2iz


= 2i
z (1 3i)/2 

= 2i

Res

z=(1+ 3i)/2

2
= e 3 (cos 1 i sin 1)
3
by Cauchy Integral Theorem.
For z on CR , |e2iz | = |e2y | 1, |z 2 + z + 1| |z|2 |z| 1 =
R2 R 1 and hence




e2iz
1


 1 + z + z 2  R2 R 1 .

10

Therefore,
Z




CR



e2iz
R

.
dz

1 + z + z2
R2 R 1

And since
lim

R R2

R
= 0,
R1

we conclude that
Z
lim

CR

e2iz
dz = 0.
1 + z + z2

Thus,
Z

lim

e2iz
2 3

e
dz
=
(cos 1 i sin 1)
1 + z + z2
3

and
Z

2 3
cos(2x)

dx
=
e
cos 1.
1 + x + x2
3

(7) Compute the following contour integrals. You may apply Cauchy
integral theorem and its corollaries wherever possible.
(a)
Z
zdz,
L

where L is the polygonal path ABC with A = 0, B = 1 + i

and C = 1 i.
(b)
Z

z 2 dz

where L is the curve in part (a).

(c)
Z
C

dz
sin2 z

where C is the circle |z| = 10 oriented counter-clockwise.

(d)
Z
C

z 2009
dz
z 2010 + z + 1

where C is the circle |z| = 2 oriented counter-clockwise.

11

Solution. (a)
Z
Z
zdz =
zdz +
zdz
L
AB
BC
Z 1
=
(1 + i)td((1 + i)t)
0
Z 1
+
(1 t)(1 + i) + t(1 i)d((1 t)(1 + i) + t(1 i))
0
Z 1
Z 1
(1 (1 2t)i)dt
(1 i)tdt 2i
= (1 + i)
0
0
1

 1


i
2
2 
= t  2i t + (1 2t)  = 1 2i
4
0
0

(b) Since z 2 is entire, z 2 has a complex anti-derivative z 3 /3

in C and
1i
Z
z 3 
2 2
2
z dz =  = i
3 0
3 3
L
(c) 1/(sin z)2 has singularities at k for k Z. Hence
Z
|z|=10

3
X
1
dz
Res
=
2i
2
z=k (sin z)2
(sin z)
k=3

At z = k, we let w = z k and then

1
1
1
=
=
2
2
(sin z)
(sin(w + k))
(sin w)2
!2

X
(1)n w2n+1
=
(2n + 1)!
n=0
!2

X
1
(1)n+1 w2n
= 2 1
w
(2n + 1)!
n=1

X
1 X
(1)n+1 w2n
= 2
(m + 1)
w m=0
(2n + 1)!
n=1

!m

So the Laurent series of 1/(sin w)2 at w = 0 only has terms wn

with n even. Therefore,
1
1
= Res
=0
2
w=0 (sin w)2
z=k (sin z)
Res

12

Consequently,
Z

dz
=0
2
|z|=10 (sin z)
(d) We first show that all zeroes of z 2010 + z + 1 lie in |z| < 2.
Otherwise, suppose that z 2010 + z + 1 = 0 for some |z| 2.
Then 1 + z 2009 + z 2010 = 0. But
1
1
|1 + z 2009 + z 2010 | 1 2009 2010
|z|
|z|
1
1
1 2009 2010 > 0
2
2
for |z| 2. Contradiction. So all zeroes of z 2010 + z + 1 lie in
|z| < 2. Therefore, z/(z 2010 + z + 1) is analytic in |z| > 2. It
follows that
Z
z 2009
z 2009
dz = 2i Res 2010
2010 + z + 1
z= z
+z+1
C z


1
z 2009
= 2i Res 2
z=0 z
z 2010 + z 1 + 1
1
= 2i
= 2i Res
z=0 z(1 + z 2009 + z 2010 )