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X
f (n) (0) n
f (z) =
z
n!
n=0
for all z.
By Cauchy Integral Formula,
Z
f (z)
f (n) (0)
1
=
dz
n!
2i |z|=R z n+1
for all n and R > 0. Since |f (z)| |z| + 1,
f (z) |z| + 1
R+1
z n+1 |z|n+1 = Rn+1
1
2
z 5z + 4
3z 1 1/z
3 1 z/4
1 X 1
16 X z n
=z+5
3z n=0 z n
3 n=0 4n
=
=
X
X
1
1 1
zn
3z n 3 3
3 4n2
n=1
n=2
X
n=0
X zn
1
3z n1 n=2 3 4n2
= (z 2) + 7
3(z 2) 1 + 1/(z 2)
3 1 (z 2)/2
X (1)n
X (z 2)n
= (z 2) + 7
X
X
(1)n
(z 2)n
11 13
(z
2)
3(z 2)n
3
3
3 2n5
n=1
n=2
X
f (n) (0)
n=0
n!
zn
for |z| < R, where f (z) is analytic in |z| < R. Since tan z
is odd, f (n) (0) = 0 for n even. And since (tan z)0 = sec2 z,
f 0 (0) = 1. Therefore, the first three terms are
0 + z + 0z 2 = z
The radius of convergence of the Taylor series is the largest
R such that tan z is analytic in |z| < R. Since tan z is
analytic in {z 6= n + /2 : n integers}, the largest R with
this property is /2. So the radius of convergence is /2.
1
cos2 (x)
| tan(z)|2 1 +
1
sinh2 (y)
and
1
cos2 (x)
and
| tan(z)|2 1 +
1
.
sinh2 (y)
1
= 2.
cos2 (x)
1
1
=1+
< 2.
2
2
sinh (y)
sinh (N )
Therefore,
tan(z)
2
z2 N 22
for z CN . Consequently,
Z
CN
tan(z)
8 2
2
dz 2 2 (8N ) =
.
z2
N
N
CN
tan(z)
dz = 0.
z2
x sin x
dx.
(x2 + 1)2
Solution. Obviously,
Z
0
Z
x sin x
1 x sin x
dxdx =
dx
(x2 + 1)2
2 (x2 + 1)2
Z
1
zeiz
dz
= Im
2
2
2
(z + 1)
Z R
1
zeiz
= Im lim
dz
R R (z 2 + 1)2
2
=
(z + i)2
(z + i)3 z=i 2e
by Cauchy Integral Theorem.
For z on CR , |eiz | = |ey | 1, |z 2 + 1| |z|2 1 = R2 1
and hence
iz
R
ze
z
(z 2 + 1)2 (R2 1)2
for z CR . Therefore,
Z
iz
ze
R2
dz
.
(z 2 + 1)2 (R2 1)2
CR
And since
R2
= 0,
R (R2 1)2
lim
we conclude that
Z
lim
CR
zeiz
dz = 0.
(z 2 + 1)2
Thus,
Z
lim
and
Z
0
zeiz
i
dz
=
(z 2 + 1)2
2e
x sin x
=
.
(x2 + 1)2
4e
1
(cos z)2
Solution. The function has singularities at {cos z = 0} =
{z = k + /2 : k integers}. At z = k + /2, we let
w = z k /2 and then
(a) f (z) =
1
1
=
=
(cos z)2
(sin w)2
1
= 2
w
=
1
w2
1
w2
n=0
!1
(2n + 1)!
!1
X
(1)n w2n
n=0
1 X
= 2
w m=0
X
(1)n w2n+1
1+
(2n + 1)!
X
(1)n+1 w2n
n=1
X
n=1
!1
(2n + 1)!
(1)n+1 w2n
(2n + 1)!
!
!m
an w n .
n=2
1
,
(z k /2)2
Resz=k+/2 f (z) = 0.
1
(b) f (z) = (1 z ) exp
z
3
X
1
1
3
3
(1 z ) exp
= (1 z )
z
(n!)z n
n=0
=
X
n=0
=1+
X
1
1
n
(n!)z
(n!)z n3
n=0
X
n=1
X
1
1
z 1
3
2
+ )
(z
+
z
+
(n!)z n n=4 (n!)z n3
2 6
X
z 5 X 1
1
+ +
n
2 6 n=1 (n!)z
(n + 3)!z n
n=1
1
z 5 X 1
3
2
z n .
= z z + +
2 6 n=1 n! (n + 3)!
= z 3 z 2
z n ,
n!
(n
+
3)!
n=1
the function has an essential singularity at 0 and
1
23
1
Resz=0 f (z) = = .
1! 4!
24
sin z
(c) f (z) = 2010
z
Solution. The function has a singularity at z = 0 where
sin z
1 X (1)n z 2n+1
= 2010
z 2010
z
(2n + 1)!
n=0
=
X
(1)n z 2n2009
n=0
(2n + 1)!
1004
X
(1)n z 2n2009
n=0
(2n + 1)!
X
(1)n z 2n2009
+
(2n + 1)!
n=1005
(2n + 1)!
ez
1 z2
Solution. The function has two singularities at 1 and 1.
At z = 1,
z
e
ez
1
=
2
1z
z+1 1z
!
e1 X
1
+
an (z + 1)n
=
z+1
2
n=1
!
X
1
=
+
an (z + 1)n1 .
2e(z + 1) n=1
(d) f (z) =
1
e X
an (z 1)n
+
=
z 1 2 n=1
X
e
=
an (z 1)n1 .
2(z 1) n=1
So the principal part at 1 is
e
2(z 1)
the function has a simple pole at 1 and
e
Resz=1 f (z) = .
2
10
z=0