Solutions for Math 311 Assignment #7

(1) Without evaluating the integral, show that

Z



dz


 z2 1  3
C

where C is the arc of the circle |z| = 2 from z = 2 to z = 2i

lying in the first quadrant.
Proof. For |z| = 2, |z 2 1| |z 2 | |1| = 3. Therefore,


 1  1


 z2 1  3
for |z| = 2. Consequently,
Z

Z

dz  1


|dz| = .
 z2 1  3
3
C
C

(2) Show that if C is the boundary of the triangle with vertices at
the points 0, 3i and 4 oriented counterclockwise, then

Z


z
 (e z)dz  60.


C

Proof. For z C, Re(z) 0. Therefore, |ez | 1 for z C.

Also it is clear that |z| 4 for z C. Therefore,
Z
 Z
Z


z
 (e z)dz  (|ez | + |z|)|dz| 5 |dz| = 60.


C


(3) Let CR be the circle |z| = R (R > 1) oriented counterclockwise.
Show that
Z





Log
z

+
ln
R

dz  < 2

z2
R
CR
and then

Z
lim

CR

Log z
dz = 0.
z2
1

Proof. Since Log(z) = ln |z| + i Arg(z),



| Log(z)|  ln |z| + | Arg(z)| = ln R + | Arg(z)|.
for |z| = R. The equality holds only if Arg(z) = 0. And since
< Arg(z) ,
| Log(z)| < ln R +
for |z| = R. Therefore,
Z



Z

Log z  + ln R
+ ln R

|dz| = 2
.
dz  <

z2
R2
R
CR
CR
By LHospitals rule,
+ ln R
( + ln R)0
1
lim
= lim
= lim
=0
0
R
R
R
R
(R)
R
and hence
Z
lim

CR

Log z
dz = 0.
z2


(4) Compute
Z

z i dz

where the integrand denote the principal branch

z i = exp(i Log z)
of z i and where the path of integration is any continuous curve
from z = 1 to z = 1 that, except for its starting and ending
points, lies above the real axis.
Solution. Let C be a continuous curve from z = 1 to z = 1
which lies above the real axis except for 1 and 1. That is, C
is given by z = w(t) for a t b, where w(a) = 1, w(b) = 1
and Im(w(t)) > 0 for a < t < b.
We have
 1+i 0
z
= zi
1+i

Z
C

for z C\(, 0]. Therefore,

Z b
i
z dz = lim+
(w(t))i dw(t)
sa

b
(w(t))1+i 
= lim+
sa
1 + i s
1
=
lim (exp((1 + i) Log w(b)) exp((1 + i) Log w(s)))
1 + i sa+
1
(1 lim+ exp((1 + i) Log w(s)))
=
sa
1+i
1
(1 exp( + i))
=
1+i
1
1i
=
(1 + e ) =
(1 + e ).
1+i
2
(5) Apply Cauchy Integral Theorem to show that
Z
f (z)dz = 0
C

when C is the unit circle |z| = 1, in either direction, and when

z2
(a) f (z) =
;
z3
(b) f (z) = tan z;
(c) f (z) = Log(z + 2).
Proof. (a) Since f (z) is analytic
in {z 6= 3}, f (z) is analytic
R
everywhere in {|z| 1}. So C f (z)dz = 0 by CIT.
(b) Since f (z) is analytic in {z 6= k + /2 : k integer}, f (z)
is analytic everywhere
in {|z| 1} since |k + /2| > 1 for all
R
integers k. So C f (z)dz = 0 by CIT.
(c) Since Log(z) is analytic in C\(, 0], f (z) is analytic in
C\(, 2]. Clearly, (, 2] {|z| 1}R= . Therefore,
f (z) is analytic everywhere in {|z| 1}. So C f (z)dz = 0 by
CIT.

(6) Let C1 denote the positively oriented boundary of the square
whose sides lie along the lines x = 1 and y = 1 and C2 be
the positively oriented circle |z| = 4. Apply Cauchy Integral
Theorem to show that
Z
Z
f (z)dz =
f (z)dz
C1

C2

when
(a) f (z) =

1
;
+1
z+2
(b) f (z) =
;
sin(z/2)
z
(c) f (z) =
.
1 ez
3z 2

Proof. It suffices to show that f (z) is analytic in the region

D = {|z| 4}\{|x| < 1, |y| < 1}
between the two curves C1 and C2 .

3i/3 6
(a) Since f (z) is analytic in {z 6= 3i/3} and
R
D, f (z) is analytic everywhere in D. Therefore, C1 f (z)dz =
R
f (z)dz by CIT.
C2
(b) Note that sin(z/2) = 0 if and only if z/2 = k for some integer k. It follows that f (z) is analytic in {z 6= 2k : k integer}.
Since 2k {|x| < 1, |y| < 1} for k = 0 and 2k {|z| > 4}
for
R integers k R6= 0, f (z) is analytic everywhere in D. Therefore,
f (z)dz = C2 f (z)dz by CIT.
C1
(c) Note that 1 ez = 0 if and only if z = 2ki for some integer k. It follows that f (z) is analytic in {z 6= 2ki : k integer}.
Since 2ki {|x| < 1, |y| < 1} for k = 0 and 2ki {|z| > 4}
for
R integers k R6= 0, f (z) is analytic everywhere in D. Therefore,
f (z)dz = C2 f (z)dz by CIT.

C1