IT&IS For Construction Management PDF

IT & IS for Construction Management
By:Prof.SAMEER JAIN
(B.E, M.Tech(Gold Medalist),PGDITM,PGDIPRM,PMI,RHCE,CCNA,NIIT)
National Institute of Construction Management and Research,Pune

Campus
Slides Use for Educational

Purpose only
What Is an Information System?
Data: Streams of raw facts representing

events such as business transactions.
Information: Clusters of facts that are

meaningful and useful to human beings in
the processes such as making decisions.

Purpose only
What Is an Information System?
Data and Information

Purpose only
What is an Information
System?
A set of interrelated components
Collect, Process, Store, and Distribute
information
to support
decision making and control
in an organization

Purpose only
Data vs. Information
Data
A given, or fact; a number, a statement, or a
picture
Represents something in the real world
The raw materials in the production of information
Information
Data that have meaning within a context

Data in relationships
Data after manipulation
Purpose only
Data, Information, and Systems

Purpose only
Activities in an Information System
INPUT
PROCESS
FEEDBACK

Purpose only
OUTPUT
Functions of an Information System

Purpose only
Computer-Based Information System (CBIS)
Rely on computer hardware and software
Processing and disseminating information

Purpose only
Computer-Based Information System (CBIS)
Fixed definitions of data, procedures
Collecting,
storing,
disseminating, using data

Purpose only
processing,
HOW
ARE
INFORMATION
TRANSFORMING BUSINESS?

Purpose only
SYSTEMS
Information Systems are

Transforming Business
Mobiles, email, online conferencing
Mobiles used for
Internet users in India
Essential tools of business
SMS, Video, Photos, email, maps/directions

125 million in 2011
330 million by 2016
A report by Boston Consulting Group

Purpose only

106 million .com websites
New .com and .net registrations totaled 8.0 million during the
fourth quarter of 2012.

Purpose only

Business objectives
Sense and respond to changing customer demand
Reduce inventories
Achieve higher levels of operational efficiency
Social networking tools to connect to employees, customers
and managers worldwide
Faced paced supply chains with Just-in-time inventory

Purpose only

Ecommerce and Internet Advertising

Google Advt revenue in 2012 $43 bn in 2012
Growth of 20% year-on-year
Internet advertising reached US$ 100 bn in 2012 year-on-year
growth of 17% and a 20% share of the global advertising
market.
PWC Report

Purpose only
Introduction
The first computers were as large as a room and used light -bulb sized vacuum tubes for much of their circuitry
Vacuum tubes were later replaced with transistors and chips made
using silicon wafer technology
This change resulted in a dramatic and long- term lowering of costs
of manufacturing leading to the high growth in the demand for
computers

Purpose only
Half the Size But Twice the Speed
Miniaturization has been a key factor in lowering costs and increasing

computer performance
Redesigning a circuit is to be half the scale of a previous one and also
double its speed
Thus, continually shrinking the computer chip size has been important
in increasing computer processor speeds

Purpose only
HISTORY OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS
The earliest mainframe computers could only process a single task by a

single user
1946: ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator) was
developed
1951: first computer installed by the U.S. Census Bureau
1954: first computer used by G.E.
Over the last half century, hardware has seen many-fold increases in
speed and capacity and dramatic size reductions
Applications have also evolved from relatively simple accounting
programs to systems designed to solve a wide variety of problems

Purpose only
Moore's Law
Coined in the 1960s by Gordon Moore,

one of the founders of Intel
States that the storage density (and
therefore the processing power) of
integrated circuits is doubling about
every year
By the 1970s the doubling rate had
slowed to 18 months, a pace that has
continued up to the present
Purpose only
Moores Law
By the 1970s, the rate of doubling had increased to 18

months, a pace that continues today. what means to users
is that the power of a computer doubles about every 18
months for a given cost. If you could purchase a computer
15 years from today, it would be 1,024 times a powerful,
yet cost the same as todays model. Fifteen years divided
by 1.5 (18 months equals 1.5 yrs) yields 10, and 1024 is 2
raised to the 10th power. In 30 years, the power would be
1,024 times 1024 or 1,048,576 times as powerful(i.e
million times as powerful for about the same cost)

Purpose only

Purpose only
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE
Most computers have similar architectures that combine software and

hardware
Software includes the operating system which controls the computer
hardware and application software, such as word processing,
spreadsheets, etc.
Hardware includes, processors, memory and peripheral devices

Purpose only

Purpose only
Computer Hardware
The processor manages the input and output devices, data storage
devices, and operations on the data
The central processing unit (CPU) controls all the other components
Two types of memory are:
Random access memory (RAM) acts as the temporary workspace for
the CPU
Permanent data storage devices such as CD-ROM, floppy and hard
disk drives

Purpose only
INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATIONS
ARCHITECTURE
Modem: a hardware device that sends the computers digital signals by

modulating an analog carrier wave
Data rates for various communications systems:
Telephone lines: 56 kbps
Cable modem: up to 2 Mbps
WiFi: 11 Mbps
Local Area Networks: 10 to 100 Mbps
Wireless has recently taken off because its cheap and easy to install

Purpose only

Purpose only
THE EVOLUTION IN COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
An information system is a conceptual system that enables managers to control

and monitor a firms physical systems used to transform input resources into
output resources

Purpose only
Transaction Processing Systems
A transaction processing systems is shown in Figure 1.8

It gathers data from the firms physical system and environment and
enters it into its database
The software also transforms the data into information for the firms
managers and other individuals in the firms environment

Purpose only

Purpose only
Management Information Systems
Management information systems (MIS) transform the data in frontline

systems, such as transaction processing systems into information useful to
managers
Typical MIS modules are report-writing software, and models that can
simulate firm operations
Information from the MIS is then used by organizational problem solvers as
an aid in decision-making, as illustrated in Figure 1.9
Firms can also interact with suppliers or others to form inter organizational
information systems (IOS), in which the MIS supplies information to the
other members of the IOS as well as the firm's users

Purpose only

Purpose only
Virtual Office Systems
Office automation - the use of electronics to facilitate communication,

began with word processing
Subsequent applications include electronic mail, voice mail, electronic
calendaring, and audio and video conferencing
These personal productivity systems now account for a large portion of
a firm's use of the computer as a communications vehicle
With improvements in networking, the concept of a virtual office has
developed, in which office activities can be performed without the
need for an employee to be in a specific location

Purpose only
Decision Support Systems (DSS)
A DSS is a system used to assist managers in making decisions to help

solve a specific problem
Figure 1.10 shows the 3 sources for the information to be delivered to
users: a relational database, a knowledge base, and a multidimensional
database
Two additional types of DSS-related software are:
group decision support systems: used in aiding a group of managers
work out decisions, and
artificial intelligence: in which a program is created for a computer to
logically analyze a problem on its own

Purpose only

Purpose only
TRANSACTION PROCESSING SYSTEM
A Transaction Processing System (TPS) is a type of

information system that collects, stores, modifies and retrieves
the data transactions of an enterprise.

Purpose only
Transaction Processing Functions
1. Book Keeping- keeping accurate records of a firms business transactions

2. Data Gathering TPS gathers data that describes firms internal actions and
environmental transactions .Assigning specific responsibility for data gathering . Key
function for IS accuracy
3. Data Editing
4. Data Manipulation- classification , sorting ,calculating , summarizing the data
5. Data storage stored securely until needed for usage reliable storage media
6. Issuance- refers to production of such documents as reqd. by individuals . Generation
of document not needing any complex logic of computation. These are generally schedule
or event driven
7. Information documents documents to verify ,confirm /prove the transactions occurred
eg. Sales receipt , order confirmations ,customer invoices etc
8. Turnaround documents Documents used as output and input forms simultaneously
.An Invoice can be used as turnaround document which gets the feedback of the customer
,to be fed in another set of data .
9. Error reports record of errors occurred in recording of transactions
10. Control reports detailed listing that describe each transaction occurring during
specific time period . Also called transaction logs . Eg, Payroll register, a journal a cash
register.
Purpose only

Purpose only
Management Information
Systems
Provides support to managers as they work to achieve

corporate goals.
Enables managers to compare results to established company

goals and identify problem areas and opportunities for
improvement.

Purpose only
Outputs of a
Management Information System
Inputs: Information from the TPS

Outputs: hard and softcopy reports
1. Scheduled reports
Produced periodically, or on a schedule (daily, weekly, monthly)
2. Key-indicator report
Summarizes the previous days critical activities
Typically available at the beginning of each day
3. Demand report
Gives certain information at a managers request
4. Exception report
Automatically produced when a situation is unusual or requires
management action

Purpose only
Scheduled Report Example

Purpose only
Differences in System
Characteristics

Purpose only
IT Investment Equation
P(Success/Return) = P(Return on Investment Type) x P(Conversion Success)

Purpose only
Examples of IT Investment
Equation
Type of
Investment
Budgeting
system
EDI/JIT System
Estimate of Return
Probability Based on
Type of Project
Estimate of
Probability of
Successful
Conversion
Overall
Probability of
a Return: the
SR Index
0.5
1.0
0.5
0.95
0.75
0.71
Infrastructure
Network
Package
Tracking System
Groupware
0.5
0.7
0.35
0.2
1.0
0.2
0.9
0.8
0.72
Web Order Entry
0.9
0.7
0.63
1.0
Web Home
Pages

Purpose only
Enterprise Resource Planning Systems (ERP)
Over time, firms began to use many different kinds of information

systems throughout the firm
During the 1990s firms began to see the value in integrating all of
these systems so that they could function as a coordinated unit
ERP systems are computer-based systems aimed at meeting this need
that enable the management of all of a firms resources on an
organization-wide basis .

Purpose only
THE ROLE OF INFORMATION IN MANAGEMENT

PROBLEM SOLVING
While a problem can be harmful or potentially harmful to a firm in a

negative way, it can also be beneficial or potentially beneficial in a
positive way
The outcome of the problem-solving activity is a solution
A decision is a particular selected course of action
Simon described problem-solving as being made up of four phases:
Intelligence activity
Design activity
Choice activity
Review activity

Purpose only

Purpose only
THE FUTURE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
The future of information technology will be driven by the following

two trends:
Ongoing cost reductions and increased power of information
technologies
Convergence between computers and communications
To take advantage of these new possibilities, managers must learn to
incorporate information systems into decision making.

Purpose only
Conceptual Framework of Information Retrieve and

Reuse in
Construction Projects
Information is an asset of organizations, proper reuse of information

could reduce project time and cost, and improve management
performance. Though information is more crucial than ever in
construction project management, construction information is
scattered in construction projects and each construction project is
managed independently and separately, and construction information
is usually lost in each phase of projects.

Purpose only
Information classification and information loss in

construction projects
Information in project management involves all data and

experiences during construction. Construction information
includes explicit and implicit information. Explicit
information is collected in written format while implicit
information exits in human mind.

Purpose only
Information loss in construction projects

Purpose only
Conceptual framework of information retrieve and reuse
The conceptual framework is to propose an effective way for retrieve

explicit and implicit information from projects and sharing/reusing
information among project participants. The main components of the
conceptual framework are the sources of project information, the
information bases for projects, and the project portal.
The sources of project information : The sources of information are
from internal projects, external projects, and organizations. The
sources in this framework consist of process information of projects,
document information of projects, and implicit information, while each
source has an information base for retrieving and storing information
from projects and organizations.

Purpose only
Conceptual framework of information retrieve and reuse

Purpose only
Information retrieve and reuse process
The project information retrieve and reuse process is modeled by

IDEF (Integrated Definition) method. IDEF methodology is a suite of
modeling methods that facilitate the address of data modeling needs in
an organization to support its business.
The modeling process consists of five functions: retrieve information,

digitize information, validate information, build information central
base of projects, share and reuse information.

Purpose only
Retrieve information
The information retrieve and reuse system is based on web technology

which will facilitate information communication. The system inputs
are both explicit and implicit information. Explicit information
involves documents, reports, minutes, contracts, specifications,
drawings, and schedules. Implicit information involves experiences,
skills, organizations and structures, cultures, tradition, customs, and
rationales.

Purpose only
Digitize information
Only electronic-format information can be spread broadly

and easily. Traditional written-documents should be
digitized through scanning, standardizing, and formatting.
Project documents and images would be indexed,
numbered and extracted properly.

Purpose only
Validate information
Validation is the review of the retrieved information to

ensure the accuracy of information. Any construction
information would be checked and validated before it is
stored in information central base.

Purpose only
Build information central base
Information central base, which is a common share

component, is designed to store information. Once new
information is added, the index of the information and
other information such as extractions and details will be
added.

Purpose only
Share and reuse information
To facilitate sharing and reusing construction information,

the information will be available through internet by
accessing to the information central base. Comprehensive
search functions are necessary when the construction
information could be reused effectively.

Purpose only
Process of Information retrieve and

reuse in Projects

Purpose only
Information Systems
ORGANIZATIONS
TECHNOLOGY
INFORMATION
SYSTEMS
MANAGEMENT

Purpose only
A Business Perspective on Information Systems
Information systems literacy: Broad-based

understanding of information systems that
includes
behavioral
knowledge
about
organizations and individuals using information
systems as well as technical knowledge about
computers.
Computer
literacy:
Knowledge
about
information technology, focusing on understanding
how computer-based technologies
work
Purpose only
Major Business Functions
Sales and marketing
Manufacturing
Finance
Accounting
Human resources

Purpose only
Organizations
Key Elements:
People: Managers, knowledge workers, data
workers,
production
or
service
workers.
Structure: Organization chart , groups of

specialists, products, geography.

Purpose only
Organizations
Operating procedures: Standard operating

procedures (SOP, rules for action)
Politics: Power to persuade, get things done
Culture: Customs of behavior

Purpose only
Management
Levels of Management :
Senior managers: Make long-range strategic
decisions about products and services.
Middle managers: Carry out the programs and

plans of senior management.
Operational managers: Monitor the firms daily

activities.
Purpose only
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN CONSTRUCTION

MANAGEMENT
A construction project involves many parts including architect,

engineer, contractor, provider, project conductor, technician, owner,
etc. lots of information need to be used repeatedly among them, but it
is still now transferred as well as many years before using artificial
mode.
Furthermore, different communicating medium and modes increase
the difficulty, sometimes the information is inaccurate and lingering.
And the long distance or overseas fax really wastes money, some
international construction companies find that collecting, keeping and
renovating the information about overseas construction spot cost too
much.

Purpose only

MANAGEMENT
To conquer the spatial distance between construction spot and the

leadership, Telnet and FTP provide a good solution. The departments
who are at the spot could use a personal computer connecting to the
local internet server, and control the information through the telnet.
The web as a plat could make the information transmission more
effective, quicker and more exact and also could carry out information
track. Compared with the traditional communication mode, the use of
information technology could improve the efficiency of information
management as well as reduce the cost

Purpose only

MANAGEMENT

Purpose only
INTRANET: CONCEPTS
Intranet is the common term used for a collection of private computer networks
within an organization.
In a simple way facilitate communication between people or work groups to improve
the data sharing capability and overall knowledge base of an organization's employees.
An intranet can be understood as a logical private extension of the internet confined to
an organization. An intranet is capable of hosting multiple private websites for the
different purposes and constitutes an important component and focal point of internal
communication and collaboration.
Intranets along with the collaborations are supposed to be housing sensitive business
data and this must be protected from unauthorized external access by means of a
different technologies to secured the entire network and the documents.
A web portal is an internet site that gets the information from different sources and
brings it on to the users page.
Intranet is also recognized as a portal of related or relevant information and usually,
employees are expected to get the relevant information on the in-house activities of the
organization.
Extranets are exactly opposite of intranets. Intranets are restricted to employees of the
organization, extranets are to be accessed by customers, suppliers or other approved
parties.
Extranets also needs to be protected with proper authentication, authorization and
accounting.
Purpose only
Business Processes
Industry, Industry VerticalKey Definitions

An Industry is defined by its product or services. Any company or enterprise belongs to
an industry.
An industry vertical is a classified group of industries or group of enterprises in which
similar products or services are designed, developed and marketed.
SN
Industry Sector and Vertical

1 BFSI: Banking, financial services and
insurance
Example
ICICI Bank (Banking)
BPOs (Service) like e-Clerk, 3iInfotech
LIC, ICICI Prudential Life Insurance
2 Discrete manufacturing
3 Public services
TATA Motors, Hero Motor Corp. Ltd.

Apollo Life, Sun Healthcare
WIPRO GE Healthcare Pvt. Ltd.
Life Style, Shoppers Stop
4 Services
McDonalds, Big Bazaar
5 Infrastructure: Engineering and construction Larsen & Toubro Ltd., Afcons
Infrastructure Ltd., HCC Ltd., etc.

Purpose only
Business Process
Business Process - Key Definitions and Concepts

Business process can be seen as well structured, precise set of related activities which
has specific beginning and an end.
Business processes are designed for the enterprises to work efficiently and hence add
value to the stakeholders deliverable (stakeholder could be vendor, business partner,
employees, customers, bankers, shareholders, etc.).
Activities or steps of business processes are sequentially linked but may have an
alternate path depending on certain conditions.
Each process has one or more inputs.
Each business process must have process owner.

Purpose only
Characteristics of Business Processes

SN
Characteristics
Process Example
1.
Boundaries: Process has defined boundaries. Placing the purchase order is an Input and final
That means it has definite input and output.
output is arrival of the stock.
2.
Sequencing: Process steps have proper ordering Goods are expected to arrive only after raising
or sequencing and each step is measured in the purchase order.
terms of time.
3.
Beneficial: Stakeholder must see benefits in Supplier is also a stakeholder and gets
having the proper business process.
benefitted to the extent of receiving proper
document from the mall about the requirement.
4.
Cross functional: Process is at times cross At the end of stock purchase process, customer
functional. This means process interacts with pays the bill. Billing process is a part of
other processes of the organization.
accounting function/process.

Purpose only
Types of business processes
Major business processes:
1.
Vertical processes: These are mainly to handle the main operations or

business of the organization. For example, sale or tendering process is a main
function for any organization to generate revenue. These processes are also
termed as operational processes.
2.
Horizontal processes: These are cross functional and cut across all the
horizontal processes and must support operations. For example, Finance &
Accounting function, HR are horizontal processes.
3.
Strategic processes: These processes define the growth path of the

organization and give direction to operations and service (support) functions to
get prepared for the next round of growth.
4.
Corporate governance: This is an umbrella process and enterprise must see

to it that all the functions are implemented with adequate control and proper
governance.
Purpose only
Sample representation of business process

Financing
Analysis
Activity
Approval
4
Yes
Approve? (1)
Executive
council
No
3
Yes
Approve?
Board
No
5
Provide guidance
and support
CEO
Communicate
approved financing
plan to ADGS
management
2
Executive
management
committee
Planning,
performance
and Control
division
Results of
budgeting
process
Internal
support
division
treasury
Assess financing
needs based on
projected profit
and loss account
Provide support
Management /Approving entity
Other ADGS Divisions / Sections
Process flow
Division / Section that owns the process
Other entities
Loop - repeat till aligned

Purpose only
Industry Vertical (Infrastructure)
Infrastructure is referred for building up technical structures such as highways, express

highways, water supply, sewers, dams, hydro power, telecommunications etc.
Infrastructure developments boost the economy of the country.
Transportation sector needs good roads and highways to move the raw material /
finished goods. Infrastructure industry is equipment, manpower and material intensive.
Examples are:
SN
Infrastructure Type
Examples
Transportation
Marine
Energy
Construction of roads, highways, bridges, tunnels, Railways (including

metro, mono), terminal facilities, signalling and communications
systems, airports
Sea ports, jetties, break-water
Nuclear/hydropower, dams, power generation plants, gas pipelines
4
Water management
5
Communications
Drainage
Sewage and disposal
Drinking water supply
Internet
Television, mobile, radio
Undersea cables
Communication satellites

Purpose only
Construction Industry
The construction industry sector utilizes various resources (human work

force, machinery, material etc) and constructs physical infrastructure (such as
buildings, roads, bridges, highways, tunnels, dams, etc.).
Three major segmentsconstruction of residential buildings, industrial
buildings, heavy and civil engineering works.
Characteristics of Construction Industry
1.
Industry has a close relationship with government as a client and
financiers. Getting clearances from the government on the design, release of
land is often seen as a stumbling block in achieving the deadlines.
2.
Industry is completely project driven and has definite deadlines. Project
management skills are imperative to execute the project successfully.
3.
Construction industry is capital and manpower intensive.

Purpose only
Challenges faced
1.
Project estimation: Considering the completion involved and the margins are
becoming thin day by day accurate estimation plays an important role to win the job.
2.
Risk management: Identifying the risk sources and mitigating them is extremely
important in construction projects.
3.
Managing resources and optimizing the wastages: Effective utilization of resources

is a key to the project management.
4.
Control project costs against budget: Cost is directly proportional to the time. If
project gets extended it has direct impact on the cost.
5.
Comply with (health, safety and environment) HSE regulations: considering the
social aspect, construction industry must follow certain norms with respect to health,
safety and environment.

Purpose only
Construction Core Processes
Corporate strategy planning
Corporate governance and risk management
Business development and marketing
Jobs
procurement
Design and
engineering
Client
relationship
management
Project
execution
Finance, accounts and taxation
Human capital management
Information technology
Quality assurance
Safety, health and environment
Construction plant and equipment
Legal and investors management
Contracts management
Administration
Strategic
Operational
Support

Purpose only
Operational Processes
Corporate Strategy planning: suggests which geography and

construction segment(transportation, Oil and gas etc) have more
potential business. The function also gives broad outline of the
competition involved globally, the potential partners with whom the
joint ventures can be formed for the go-to-market strategy and the
companies which can be acquired to get the entry in the segment and
geography.
Corporate governance and risk management : function outlines the
operational controls, risk management policies and the process to be
exercised during the procurement of new business or while winning
the new jobs.
Business development and marketing: ensure the implementation
of branding exercise for the image building, participation in the
exhibitions, conducting presales for the prospects, etc.

Purpose only
MAJOR PROCESS POINTS

(EXECUTION)
Process
Execution
Sub Process
Mobilization
Tasks
Start with Project kick off announcing the value,location,national
importance of the project and key resources(Project Manager,
deputy manager, etc) going to be deployed.
Make the list of resource requirement and try to release the same
from the other project sites.
Establish office, stores, workshop, locations.
Establish labour camp, staff colony, guest houses,
telecommunication facilities, IT infrastructure etc.
Make sure HSE rules and facilities are established.
Resource organization Organize construction material, spares, diesel tie-ups with

vendors.
New equipments are required to be procured
New skilled staff is to be appointed.
Materials Management Procurement process(similar to manufacturing requisitions,
making of RFP, Quote analysis and then purchase order to the
vendor).
Arrange the logistics to receive the goods
Receive the goods and prepare the necessary documentation.
Issue the goods against the activity.
Record the consumption details interacting with planning.
Ensure proper housekeeping of stores.
Subcontracts
Organize the subcontractors
Management
Place the work orders(same as purchase orders)
Record the progress
Make
of the subcontractors for future work.
Slidesappraisal
Use for Educational
Purpose only
MAJOR PROCESS POINTS

(EXECUTION)
Process
Sub Process
Tasks
Execution
Progress recording
Record the daily progress in terms of physical work, incident

reports like accidents etc.
Record daily head count of labours.
Claims/ Contract
management
Record any out of scope work that has been done.

Discuss with client and select/reject the revised scope
Record the details for future claims.
Revenue recognition
Recognize revenue based on the progress of the work done.

Discuss with client to raise the invoice.
Based on the Certification of invoice by the customer income is
recorded in the accounts.
Follow up for the payments.
Discuss the plan with customer.
Work out the resource release plan.
Release resources.
Handover the site to the customer.
De-mobilization
Key Learning
Important key learning to be noted and circulated to all the

stakeholders.
Update the same in knowledge portal for future reference.

Purpose only
MAJOR PROCESS POINTS (CUSTOMER

RELATIONSHIPS
Process
Customer
relationship
management
Sub Process
Tasks
Progress update and Hold meetings regularly with the customer to update the physical
customer feedback
progress of the project
Discuss with other members customer feedback and incorporate
Organizational
changes
Update customer about any important changes took place in the

organization, received any prestigious award or project
Send regular internal magazines either in hardcopy or E-copy
Regular meetings
Meet customer or touch base with customer even after the project
is over
Record the meeting details for the future reference
Record any changes happen in the organization for the future
contact

Purpose only
The framework for using mobile computing for information

management on construction sites
The conceptual framework Fig. shows a conceptual framework for

using mobile computing for information management. This
framework is derived from the review of previous mobile computing
research and analysis of current mobile computing systems.
This framework provides a general consideration for applying mobile
computing technologies for managing information on construction
sites. It identifies the general structure of mobile computing systems
and major research issues including mobile computing technologies,
system users, application circumstances, construction information and
the relationships between them. However, because of the complexity
of managing information on construction sites and the variety of
mobile computing technologies, a conceptual framework is not
enough to build up a mobile computing system.
Purpose only
Framework for using mobile computing for information management on

construction sites

Purpose only
The application model for using mobile computing for information

The application model identifies six primary factors first of all. Then,
each of these primary factors is further divided into sub-factors that
correspond to the detailed features of the relevant primary factor.
Finally, the model is broken down into different sub-models, each of
which presents the specific relationships between two primary factors.
The top-level model, shown in Fig. Consists of six primary factors,
three independent factors and three dependent factors. The three
dependent factors, mobile computer, wireless network and
mobile application, are the fundamental components of the concept
of mobile computing. The three independent factors, user,
construction information and construction site, are elements that
determine the use of mobile computing in a particular context.

Purpose only
The application model for using mobile computing for information


Purpose only
The application sub-model of user and mobile computing
The user in this framework refers to the construction personnel who

use mobile computing technologies to assist them with their
information management tasks on construction sites. The
interrelationship between the user and mobile computing refers to
the implementation of mobile computing from the user's perspective
with the consideration of how the user interacts with mobile
computing systems to meet their specific information needs.

Purpose only
The application sub-model of user and mobile computing

Purpose only
User and mobile computer
One of the key issues when using mobile computing in construction is

the fact that most users need to interact with mobile computers to
perform their information management tasks. Therefore, the
interrelationship between the user and mobile computer focuses
on Human Computer Interaction (HCI) for the hardware perspective.
HCI designs from the hardware perspective require that data input and
output equipment of a mobile computer should ensure that users can
process information on construction work sites efficiently and
effectively.

Purpose only
User and mobile application
Construction personnel can perform the functions of mobile

application software to enhance the efficiency of information
communication on construction sites. Based on their roles in
construction projects, different mobile users have different software
function requirements. For example, a project manager needs software
functions including reviewing drawings, monitoring progress,
updating schedules and distributing records, and a site engineer may
need different software functions such as the engineering calculations
and review drawings.

Purpose only
User and wireless network.
Interrelationships between the factors user and wireless network

concern the geographic coverage of a wireless network that should
cover all the areas where a user moves around on the construction
work sites. The selection of technological standards should take
account of users' mobility. For example, a Wireless Local Area
Network is suitable for users who need to visit only one construction
work site with limited areas, but is not appropriate for users who visit
more than one construction work site with large geographic areas.

Purpose only
The mobile computing strategy matrices

Purpose only
The process of selecting mobile computing technologies

Purpose only
Construction Information needs

of the Project engineer

Purpose only
Conclusion
Mobile computing includes three major components: mobile computers,

wireless networks and mobile applications. Research that focuses on mobile
technologies includes the evaluation of IP Telephony technology for
construction information communication, the implementation of wearable
computers on construction sites, the use of wireless sensors, and the auto-ID
technology that integrates PDAs and bar code scanning together. The test and
examination of mobile technologies on real construction sites include the
evaluation of mobile computers and examination of wireless networks. Other
research has clearly identified what areas can be improved by the
implementation of mobile computing and how mobile computing can benefit
the construction industry.
This research developed a framework for using mobile computing for
information management on construction sites

Purpose only
Case Study

Purpose only
THANK YOU
Contact : sameerjain@nicmar.ac.in

Purpose only

IT&IS For Construction Management PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

IT&IS For Construction Management PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

IT & IS for Construction Management

National Institute of Construction Management and Research,Pune

Slides Use for Educational

What Is an Information System?

Data: Streams of raw facts representing

Information: Clusters of facts that are

Slides Use for Educational

What Is an Information System?

Data and Information

Slides Use for Educational

Slides Use for Educational

Data vs. Information

A given, or fact; a number, a statement, or a

Data that have meaning within a context

Data, Information, and Systems

Slides Use for Educational

Activities in an Information System

Slides Use for Educational

Functions of an Information System

Slides Use for Educational

Computer-Based Information System (CBIS)

Rely on computer hardware and software

Processing and disseminating information

Slides Use for Educational

Computer-Based Information System (CBIS)

Fixed definitions of data, procedures

Slides Use for Educational

Slides Use for Educational

Information Systems are

Mobiles, email, online conferencing

Mobiles used for

Internet users in India

Essential tools of business

SMS, Video, Photos, email, maps/directions

A report by Boston Consulting Group

Information Systems are

106 million .com websites

Slides Use for Educational

Information Systems are

Slides Use for Educational

Information Systems are

Ecommerce and Internet Advertising

Slides Use for Educational

Slides Use for Educational

Half the Size But Twice the Speed

Miniaturization has been a key factor in lowering costs and increasing

Slides Use for Educational

HISTORY OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS

The earliest mainframe computers could only process a single task by a

Slides Use for Educational

Coined in the 1960s by Gordon Moore,

By the 1970s, the rate of doubling had increased to 18

Slides Use for Educational

Slides Use for Educational

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE

Most computers have similar architectures that combine software and

Slides Use for Educational

Slides Use for Educational

Slides Use for Educational

Modem: a hardware device that sends the computers digital signals by

Slides Use for Educational

Slides Use for Educational

THE EVOLUTION IN COMPUTER APPLICATIONS