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Involved in Georgian politics since 1995, he became president in January 2004 after President Eduard Shevardnadze resigned in the November 2003 bloodless "Rose
Revolution" led by Saakashvili and his political allies,
Nino Burjanadze and Zurab Zhvania. He was re-elected
in the Georgian presidential election on 5 January 2008.
He was widely regarded as a pro-NATO and pro-West
leader who spearheaded a series of political and economic
reforms. In 2010, he had a 67% approval rating[4] despite
being criticized by the opposition for his alleged authoritarian tendencies and electoral fraud.[5]
4 FIRST PRESIDENCY
tice and prisons system. This earned praise from international observers and human rights activists. But in mid2001 he became involved in a major controversy with the
State Security Minister Vakhtang Kutateladze and Tbilisi
police chief Ioseb Alavidze, accusing them of proting
from corrupt business deals.
Revolution.
The 2004 presidential election were carried out on 4 January 2004. The election was an outcome of the bloodless Rose Revolution and a consequent resignation of
President Eduard Shevardnadze. It is well known for a
very high level of electoral turnout and also for the number of votes cast for one particular presidential candidate
Mikheil Saakashvili (96%). All other candidates reMassive political demonstrations were held in Tbilisi in ceived less than 2% of the votes. In total, 1,763,000 eliNovember, with over 100,000 people participating and gible voters participated in the election.
listening to speeches by Saakashvili and other opposi- On 4 January 2004 Mikheil Saakashvili won the presition gures. The Kmara (Enough!") youth organiza- dential elections in Georgia with more than 96% of the
tion (a Georgian counterpart of the Serbian "Otpor!") and votes cast, making him the youngest national president in
several NGOs, like Liberty Institute, were active in all Europe. On a platform of opposing corruption and improtest activities. After an increasingly tense two weeks proving pay and pensions he has promised to improve reof demonstrations, Shevardnadze resigned as President lations with the outside world. Although he is strongly
on 23 November, to be replaced on an interim basis by pro-Western and intends to seek Georgian membership
parliamentary speaker Nino Burjanadze. While the rev- of NATO and the European Union, he has also spoken of
olutionary leaders did their best to stay within the con- the importance of better relations with Russia. He faced
stitutional norms, many called the change of government major problems, however, particularly Georgias dicult
a popular coup dubbed by Georgian media as the Rose economic situation and the still unresolved question of
4.1
separatism in the regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Abkhazia regards itself as independent of Georgia
and did not take part in the elections, while South Ossetia favours union with its northern counterpart in Russia.
Saakashvili was sworn in as President in Tbilisi on 25 January 2004. Immediately after the ceremony he signed a
decree establishing a new state ag. On 26 January, in
a ceremony held at the Tbilisi Kashueti Church of Saint
George, he promulgated a decree granting permission for
the return of the body of the rst President of Georgia,
Zviad Gamsakhurdia, from Grozny (Chechen Republic)
to Tbilisi and renaming a major road in the capital after
Gamsakhurdia. He also released 32 Gamsakhurdia sup- Presidents Saakashvili and George W. Bush in Tbilisi on 10 May
porters (political prisoners) imprisoned by the Shevard- 2005
nadze government in 1993-94.
freedom.[20]
4 FIRST PRESIDENCY
4.2
Despite this, Saakashvilis government also eased the legal system in some respects. His government decriminalized libel and pushed through legislation upholding
freedom of speech, although he was accused of stiing the media and using the judicial system to go after his political opponents in spite of this. In December 2006, Saakashvili signed a constitutional amendment
completely abolishing the death penalty in law.[22][35]
of stability for Georgia and oered an intensied dialogue with the de facto Abkhaz and Ossetian authorities.
Until the 2008 South Ossetia war, a diplomatic solution
was thought to be possible. Saakashvilis administration
doubled the number of its troops in Iraq, making Georgia one of the biggest supporters of Coalition Forces, and
keeping its troops in Kosovo and Afghanistan to contribute to what it describes as global security.[39]
4.7
Assassination attempt
5
Saakashvilis ties with the U.S. go back to 1991 (see Early
life and career). Biographies of Thomas Jeerson and
John F. Kennedy can be found in his oce, next to biographies of Joseph Stalin and Mustafa Kemal Atatrk
and books on war. Seeking U.S. support, Saakashvili
went outside the United States Department of State and
established contacts with Sen. John McCain and forces
seeking NATO expansion.[18]
5 SECOND PRESIDENCY
groups and the inuential media tycoon Badri Patarkatsishvili. Although the demonstrations rapidly went downhill, the governments decision to use police force against
the remaining protesters evolved into clashes in the streets
of Tbilisi on 7 November. The declaration of state of
emergency by the president (716 November) and the
restriction imposed on some mass media sources led to
harsh criticism of the Saakashvili government both in the
country and abroad. Human Rights Watch criticised the
Georgian government for using excessive force against
protesters in November and International Crisis Group
warned of growing authoritarianism.[48]
Patarkatsishvilis opposition television station Imedi was
shut down in November 2007 after the authorities accused it of complicity with the plot to overthrow the
elected government. The channel resumed broadcasts
a few weeks after the incident, but did not cover news
or talk shows until after the election.[49] Subsequently
the station was sold to supporters of the Saakashvili
government[50] and some Georgian journalists have called
for the station to be handed back.[51]
On 8 November 2007, President Saakashvili announced
a compromise solution to hold early presidential elections
for 5 January 2008. He also proposed to hold a plebiscite
Grati in Tbilisi
in parallel to snap presidential elections about when to
hold parliamentary polls in spring as pushed for by the
opposition parties, or in late 2008. Several concessions to resolve the political tension surrounding opposition-led
in the election code were also made to the opposition.[52] demonstrations, their suppression by the government on
On 23 November 2007, the ruling United National Move- 7 November 2007, and the closure of the most popular
ment party ocially nominated Saakashvili as its can- opposition television network, Imedi. Saakashvili said in
didate for the upcoming elections. Pursuant to the his presidential address that these elections will be held
Constitution of Georgia, Saakashvili resigned on 25 according to our timing, and not that of our ill-wishers.
November to launch his pre-election campaign for early
presidential polls.[53]
Saakashvili came under criticism for dispersing with rubber bullets and tear gas hundreds of protesters who were
blocking Tbilisi's main transport artery, Rustaveli Avenue.[54] The demonstrations started as protest against the
arrest of two well-known sportsmen accused of blackmail
but soon grew into a demonstration against the central authorities. 25 people were arrested including ve members
of opposition parties.[55] Another series of demonstrations forced Saakashvili to reset the pre-scheduled presidential elections to 5 January 2008.[52]
Gurgenidze changed most ministers, leaving Ivane Merabishvili, controversial Minister for Home Aairs, Defence Minister David Kezerashvili and Minister of Finance Nika Gilauri on their former positions. Gia Nodia
5 Second Presidency
was appointed as the Minister of Education and Science.
Zaza Gamcemlidze, former director of Tbilisi Botanic
Garden, took over the position of the Minister of Nat5.1 2008 presidential election
ural Resources and Nature Protection. Famous archaeolOn 5 January 2008, an early presidential election, was ogist, and already the eldest minister in the cabinet, Iulon
held nationwide with the exception of a highland village Gagoshidze was appointed on a newly designated position
Shatili, where the polling station was not opened due to of the Minister of State for Diasporas.
the high levels of snowfall. In a televised address, Pres- Parliamentary elections held during Saakashvilis second
ident Saakashvili had proposed to hold the election ear- term were condemned by the Organization for Security
lier than called for by the Georgian constitution in order and Co-operation in Europe election monitoring mission
5.4
for being marred by ballot stung, violence against opposition campaigners, uncritical coverage of the president and his party from the state-controlled media, and
public ocials openly campaigning for the presidents
party.[56]
5.3
GeorgiaRussia War
In December 2013 Saakashvili accepted the position of and other assets owned by the late tycoon Badri Patarkatlecturer and senior statesman at Tufts University in the sishvili. Saakashvili, then in Hungary, responded by acUnited States.[66]
cusing the Georgian authorities of political score-settling
and attempts at appeasing Russia.[72] The United States
expressed concerns over the case and warned that the
legal system should not be used as a tool of political
6 Governor in Ukraine
retribution.[73] The European Union stated that it took
note with concern and it will closely monitor these and
Saakashvili
energetically
supported
Ukraines
other legal proceedings against members of the former
Euromaidan movement and its 2014 Ukrainian revgovernment and current opposition in Georgia.[74]
[9]
olution. On 7 March 2014, Saakashvili authored an
op-ed piece entitled When Putin invaded my country, On 2 August 2014, Tbilisi City Court ordered pre-trial
in the context of the turmoil in Ukraine after the ouster detention in absentia for Saakashvili and the co-accused
on 22 February of President Viktor Yanukovich and Zurab Adeishvili (chief prosecutor in 2007) and Davit
before the 16 March referendum in the 2014 Crimean Kezerashvili (defense minister in 2007), with a preliminary hearing appointed for September 2014.[75]
crisis.[67]
In September 2014 Saakashvili moved to Williamsburg, Saakashvili stated on 1 June 2015 that he had given up
(three days before) Georgian citizenship to avoid guarBrooklyn.[68]
anteed imprisonment in Georgia.[7] The Constitution of
On 13 February 2015 Saakashvili was appointed by the
Ukraine forbids the extradition of Ukrainians to other
President of Ukraine Petro Poroshenko as head of the
states.[76]
International Advisory Council on Reformsan advisory body whose main task is working out proposals
and recommendations for implementation and introduction of reforms in Ukraine based on best international 8 Personal life
practices.[8] On 30 May 2015 Poroshenko appointed
Saakashvili Governor of Odessa Oblast (region).[10] On Saakashvili is married to Dutch linguist Sandra Roelofs,
the previous day, 29 May 2015, he was granted Ukrainian whom he met in Strasbourg in 1993. The couple have two
citizenship.[10][69] A month before this appointment sons, Eduard and Nikoloz.[77]
Saakashvili had stated that he had turned down the post
speaks uent
of First Vice Prime Minister of Ukraine because in or- Apart from his native Georgian, Saakashvili
[78][79]
English,
French,
Russian
and
Ukrainian,
and has
der to fulll that post he would have had to become
[80][81]
some
command
of
Ossetian
and
Spanish.
a Ukrainian citizen and renounce his Georgian citizenship.[9] Saakashvili stated on 1 June 2015 that he had now
changed his mind to avoid guaranteed imprisonment in
Georgia and to defend Georgian interest through his gov- 9 Criticism and approbation
ernorship in Odessa.[7] Also on 1 June 2015 the Ministry
of Foreign Aairs of Georgia stated that the appointment
of Saakashvili would not have a negative impact on the
relations between Georgia and Ukraine.[70]
On 4 December 2015 Saakashvili was stripped of his
Georgian citizenship.[1] According to him this was done
to prevent him to lead the United National Movement in
the 2016 Georgian parliamentary election.[1]
In December 2015 Saakashvili started an anti-corruption
NGO Movement for Purication.[71] Among rumours that
this NGO would be transformed into a political force
Saakashvili has stated he does not have the intention to
create a new political party.[71]
Legal prosecution
9
Saakashvilis government has been lauded for mak- [11] Georgian ex-President Saakashvili named Ukraine regional governor - BBC News. Bbc.com. Retrieved 2015ing striking improvements in the ght against
06-02.
corruption.[83][84] In addition, the U.S. State Department
[85]
noted
that during 2005 the government amended
[12] euronews Ex-Georgian President Sakaashvili appointed
several laws and increased the amount of investigations
governor of Ukraines Odessa region. M.euronews.com.
and prosecutions reducing the amount of abuse and
Retrieved 2015-06-02.
ill-treatment in pre-trial detention facilities. The status
of religious freedom also improved due to increased in- [13] Orlov, Alexander Arseniyevich (December 2008).
The Echo of Tskhinval.
International Aairs.
vestigation and prosecution of those harassing followers
[86][87]
Minneapolis/Moscow.
54
(6):
68.
ISSN
0130-9641.
of non-traditional faiths.
The scrupulousness of Patarkatsishvilis political opposition toward the Georgian president has been questioned by the Jamestown Foundation's political analyst
Vladimir Socor who attributed the businessmans discontentment to Saakashvilis anti-corruption reforms, which
had severely curtailed Patarkatsishvilis scope for doing business in his accustomed, post-Soviet 1990s-style
ways.[88] Patarkatsishviliwho had ed the Russian authorities after allegations of fraudwas called a state
criminal by Saakashvili, who accused him of treason
while refusing to admit to any of his accusations.[89]
Saakashvili was portrayed by Cuban-American Holly- [18] Champion, Marc, U.S. Ally Proves Volatile Amid Dispute With Russia, The Wall Street Journal, 30 August
wood actor Andy Garca in the 2010 Hollywood lm 5
2008
Days of War by Finnish-American lm director Renny
[90]
Harlin. The lm tells the story of Saakashvili and the [19] President Bush to Welcome President Mikheil
events during the Russo-Georgian War.[91]
Saakashvili of Georgia to the White House.
Georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov.
2015-06-02.
10
References
Retrieved
[23] http://ifair.eu/think/
the-political-economy-of-georgias-transformation-before-and-after-the-rose
[24] http://eastofcenter.tol.org/2012/02/
georgia-saakashvili-the-corruption-slayer/
[25] Jones, Stephen F.: War and Revolution in the Caucasus:
Georgia Ablaze
[26] http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2008/12/15/
marching-through-georgia
[27] http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/business/
articles/eav071905.shtml
[28] Corruption Perceptions Index 2004. Transparency International. 2004. Retrieved 5 September 2015.
[29] 2008 Corruption Perceptions Index. Transparency International. 2008. Retrieved 5 September 2015.
[30] Transparency International: Georgia 51st in 2012 Corruption Perceptions Index (Press release). Transparency
International. 5 December 2012. Retrieved 5 September
2015.
10
10
REFERENCES
[31] Corruption Perceptions Index 2012. Transparency International. 2012. Retrieved 5 September 2015.
[33] David Oakley (2 February 2007). Sweet Georgia. Financial Times. Retrieved 5 September 2015. (subscription required (help)).
[34] Socor, Vladimir. Eurasia Daily Monitor | The Jamestown
Foundation. Jamestown.org. Retrieved 2015-06-02.
[35] Hood, Roger and Hoyle, Carolyn: The Death Penalty: A
Worldwide Perspective, pgs 65-66
[36] http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/18/world/europe/
18georgia.html?_r=0
[37] http://www.eurasianet.org/node/75446
[38] http://www.healthcarereformmagazine.com/
healthcare-reform/remaking-healthcare-in-georgia/
[39] Collin, Matthew (2007-03-09). Europe | Georgia to double troops in Iraq. News.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2015-0602.
[40] Georgian President Meets Jewish Leaders For GeorgianJewish Friendship Week. Federation of Jewish Communities of the CIS. 12 October 2004. Archived from the
original on 1 November 2004.
[41] Ryan Chilcote (11 January 2006). Bush grenade attacker
gets life. CNN. Retrieved 22 March 2007.
[42] Praise, Scorn For Accusations Against Georgia President. Rferl. 26 September 2007. Retrieved 7 January
2013.
[43]
[44] "". Geotimes.ge. Retrieved 2015-06-02.
[45] Former Defense Minister Detained In Georgia. Radio
Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 27 September 2007.
[46] Okruashvili May Be Freed on Bail after Pleading Guilty.
Civil Georgia, 8 October 2007.
[47] Court sets Georgias former defense minister free on bail.
International Herald Tribune. 8 October 2007.
[48] Timeline: Georgia, News, BBC, 5 November 2008
[49] Stott, Michael (2008-09-09). Stued ballots, biased
campaign tainted Georgia vote: OSCE. Reuters.com.
Retrieved 2015-06-02.
[50] Saakashvilis switch o - for media freedom. Georgia
media centre. Retrieved 7 January 2013.
[51] Georgian journalists appeal for restoration of media freedom. Georgia media centre. Retrieved 7 January 2013.
[52] Saakashvili Calls Snap Presidential Polls, Referendum,
GE: Civil, 8 November 2007
[55] Saidazimova, Gulnoza (1 July 2005). Georgia: Opposition Lawmakers Protest Violence Against Demonstrators. Rferl. Retrieved 7 January 2013.
[56] GEORGIA PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS 21 May
2008 (PDF) (Report). Warsaw: OSCE/ODIHR Election
Observation Mission, Final Report. 9 September 2008.
Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2008.
[57] Medvedev: Saakashvili should be held Responsible for
War. Tbilisi: Civil Georgia. 11 February 2010. Retrieved 13 August 2010.
[58] Russia, Georgia to repair ties after Saakashvili quits
Medvedev. RIA Novosti. Palo Alto. 24 June 2010. Retrieved 13 August 2010.
[59] http://www.eurasianet.org/node/65076
[60] Georgian troop rebellion 'over'. BBC News. 5 May 2009
[61] Opposition Calls on Diplomats to Monitor Situation in
Army. Democrats. Retrieved 7 January 2013.
[62] Video shows prison abuse. UPI. Retrieved 19 September 2012.
[63] Unicef condemns prison abuse of minors in Georgia.
YAHOO! News India. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
[64] OHCHR upset over Georgia prison video. UPI. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
[65] OHCHR upset over Georgia prison video. UPI. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
[66] President Mikheil Saakashvili of the Republic of Georgia
to Join Tufts Fletcher School as Senior Statesman. Tufts
University. Retrieved 17 February 2014.
[67] Saakashvili, Mikheil (2014-03-06). Mikheil Saakashvili:
The West must not appease Putin. Washingtonpost.com.
Retrieved 2015-06-02.
[68] Exile in Brooklyn, With an Eye on Georgia. The New
York Times. 19 September 2014. Retrieved 20 September
2014.
[69] " 301/2015 ii ".
President.gov.ua. Retrieved 2015-06-02.
[70] Saakashvili appointed not hinder relations with Georgia,
Interfax-Ukraine (2 June 2015)
[71] Ukrainian politics at the end of 2015: an unstable equilibrium, Centre for Eastern Studies (30 December 2015)
Odesa governors deputy denies Saakashvili teams plans
to create political party, Interfax-Ukraine (14 March
2016)
(Ukrainian) Saakashvili denied the creation of a political
party, Hromadske.tv (14 March 2016)
11
[73] Statement by Jen Psaki: Criminal Charges against Former Georgian President Saakashvili (July 29)". Embassy
of the United States, Georgia. 29 July 2014. Retrieved 31
July 2014.
11 Further reading
Asmus, Ronald. A Little War that Shook the World
: Georgia, Russia, and the Future of the West. NYU
(2010). ISBN 978-0-230-61773-5
Savodnik, Peter (January 2009). Essay: Georgian Roulette: Mikheil Saakashvili beckons from
the brink. Harpers Magazine. 318 (1904): 3642.
12 External links
Mikheil Saakashvili on Facebook
Mikheil Saakashvilis channel on YouTube
Mikheil Saakashvili Full Biography
12
13
13
13.1
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13.2
Images
13.3
Content license
13
File:Mikheil_Saakashvili_Signature.svg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Mikheil_Saakashvili_
Signature.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Traced in Adobe Illustrator from http://lh3.ggpht.com/_a82pgn9zZnE/SLrjhhjqjiI/
AAAAAAAAAHo/PLPLAn-NGXk/s800/Michail_Saakasvili_Gruzinsko.jpg Original artist: Mikheil Saakashvili
File:Mikheil_Saakashvili_with_Obamas.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Mikheil_Saakashvili_
with_Obamas.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.flickr.com/photos/statephotos/3950142708 Original artist: Ocial
White House Photo by Lawrence Jackson
File:Saakashvili_n_bush.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Saakashvili_n_bush.jpg License: Public
domain Contributors: source from http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2005/05/images/20050510_g8o3737jpg-515h.html Original
artist: White House photo by Eric Draper
File:Vladimir_Putin_22_February_2008-1.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Vladimir_Putin_22_
February_2008-1.jpg License: CC BY 4.0 Contributors: http://www.kremlin.ru/events/photos/2008/02/160775.shtml Original artist: Presidential Press and Information Oce
File:Vote_Saakashvili.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Vote_Saakashvili.JPG License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Brian Dell
File:Wikidata-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:Planemad
File:Wikinews-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0
Contributors: This is a cropped version of Image:Wikinews-logo-en.png. Original artist: Vectorized by Simon 01:05, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
Updated by Time3000 17 April 2007 to use ocial Wikinews colours and appear correctly on dark backgrounds. Originally uploaded by
Simon.
File:Wikisource-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0
Contributors: Rei-artur Original artist: Nicholas Moreau
13.3
Content license