LIMBAENGLEZA

-curs practic-

FELICIABUCUR

Partl: TEXTSANDVOCABULARY
EXERCTSES

'ir

Unit1:WPES OFBUSINESS
COMPANY
STRUCTURE
Unit2: STARTING
A BUSINESS
U ni3t : M AN AGE ME..................
NT
.. . . . . . . . . . . .
Unit4: COMPANY
STRUCTURE
.......
Unit5: MANAGEMENT
ANDCULTURAL
D|VERSITY
Unit6: LABOUR

2
t0
14
t8
22

Paft ll: GF.AMMAR

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.

t.

tv.
vt.

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ReportedSpchI

26
29
36
41
47
50

ReporledSDchll
Conditional
Clauses

Expressing
Wishes
Passive
Voic61......,.
Passive
Voicall

fuT-bAv!oi1
t : l:

2005- 2006

SEMESTRULAL II.LEA

ANULI

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Part l: TEXTSANDVOCABULARYEXERCISES
COMPANY
STRUCTURE
Unit 1: ryPES OF BUSINESS

ANDDISCUSSION
VOCABULARY
1. Try and answerthe following questions:
1. Can you definea businesscompany?Thinkof threeexamplesof companEs
of A/B/C company?Think of size, type, profile,products,
2. Vvhatare the characteristics
etc.
numberof employees
3. Vvhatdo Ltd. andprc, followingthe nameof a company,mean?
4. Vvhatdo you needin orderto starta business?
5. lf you investmoneyin a business,you are an ...?
6. Wherecanyou raisecpitialfor yourcompanyfrom?
2. Now read the following text and see ifyour answe6 were good:
Businessescan be of several typas. They can be o\.rnedand run by one person (a
sole proprietor)or by two or morepeople,calledparhers.A parheGhipcan be backedup by
investors(alsocalledbackers),who investmoneyin the business.Parherswho investmoney
in a businossbut do not own it ar calld sleepingpartners.Both sole proprietorsand
5 businessparhers have unlimitedliabilityfor dbtsto ssditors. Sleepingpartnerscan have
eitherunlimitedor limitedliabilityfor debts.
(peoplewho own sharesin a company),
Larger@mpaniesare ownedby shargholders
someone's
amountto over50% of the business'
for
debts.
lf
shares
liabitity
who have limited
and
hav
a
controlling
inlergstin the company
they are called majorityshareholde6
for any businessto startand e,\pandis to havea certainamount
lO
A basicrequiremenl
of capital.Onewsy of raisingthe moneyis io bonowit from a bank.In orderto gGnt a loanor
an overdraftI bankwillrequestsomesecurity(8lsoclledcollateral).
Cepital can also be obtained from investments.lf the money is borowed, it is called
ii is calledshareor equitycapital.A companywith a
loancaol6l. lf it comesfrominvestmenls,
proportion
is
said
to
be
highlygeared,whilea low gearingcompanyhas a
loan
capital
15 high
of
of equitycapital.
highproportion
3. In the text above, the phrase 'limiled liabiliv has been used. How many times? Which
liners?What do you think it means?
3. Do you know which of the organisations (nterprises)listed below are privatEly and
which ar publicly owned? Can you supply examples for some of these types of
organisation?
.
.
.
.
.

public limited liability company

(plc)
(unlimited)partnership
publiccorporation
mixedenterprise
(limited)privatecompany

.
.
.
.
.

multinationalcompany
limitedpartnership
localgovemmentdepartments
seleproprietor
dePartments
centralgovemment

4. The text that tollows is aboul pdvatelyowned business organisationsin Great Britain.
Read the text and list informationunder the following headings.

Type of
organisatton

Profil-end,
Public
loss
availabilityof
respo0sibrlity accounls

Day-lo-day
management
ot
ouSrness
responsibilit

Sole(raders

Partnership
Private
limited
company

Privateownershio
t. So/etraders
These are businesses
whichare ownedby a privatepe6on who usesits own moneyto runthe
business.Consequently,
the sole trader is entiuedto all the profits,but he must also bear any
losseswhich are incuned.A sole trader has no legal obligationto rnakehis accountspubliclt
available:and he is responsible
for the day-today managementof the business.Examplesof sol;
jobbingbuilders,plumbersand hairdresseE.
tradersare smallshopkeepers,
2. Paftnershio
These
are unincorpoEted
associations
and the legalruleswhichgovemthemwereestablished
.
anthe Partnership
Act of 1890.The associationor partnershipdoesnot havea separateexistence
from ils members,the numberof which rangesfrom two to twenty.The partnersprovidethe
organisation,and the profitsand losseswill normay be sharedin an agreedproportiondepending
on the individual'sconfibutionto the partnership.
The partnersagreeon lhe day-to_day
runningoi
the business:somemembeGcan be 'sleeping,partners,in thaatheydo not tjke pa|"|in the d;ily
operations.Partnershaveunlimitedliability:eaci partneris jointy liablewiththe otherpartnersfor
any debts. Likesoretraders.thereis no obrigationfor the p;rtne6 to pubtishtheiraccounts.wellknownexamplesof partneGhip
oc@rin the professionssuchas soliciiors,accountants
and estate
agents.But parlneGhips
canbe formedby any groupof peoplecarryingon businesswitha viewof
makinga proflt consequently,
partneFhipsare found in afltypesof lde and businessactivity.
3. Pivate limited comDanies
This type of organisationis a coeoration incorporatedby the CompaniesAct .t948_e5.The
numberof memberscan rangefrom two to fifty and they proviitethe financiarresourcesfor the
undertaking.Membershipof the companyis restrictedto privateindividuals:membersof the
generalpubliccannotbuy sharesin a privatelimitedcompany.The profitsa.e distributedto the
membersas dividendson theirshareholding_
Lossesare bomeby the company_
The day{o-day
m-anagement
of the companyis caniedout by a boardol directors.privatelimitedcompaniesare
often locarfamilybusinesses
and are commonin the building.retailingand crothingindustries.
4. Public limited comoanies
Public limited liabilitycompanies,despite their name, are the best known lorJl ol Divate
company.They are corporations
and obtain theirsharecapitarfrom membersof the oublic.Thev
are simila.to privatelimitedcompaniesrn that profitsare distributedas dividendsto sharetrotders
and liabilityof membersis restrictedto theirshareholdings.
Any lossesare bomeby the company.
Managementof the companyis conduc.tedby a board of directo|s,who are responsibletrctie
shareholders.
Mostindustries
includepubliclimitedcompanies
and manyof them,by deveroptng
a corporare
rmage, have become householdnames: Barclays.Rowntree_Mackintosh,
fate t Lyle, El\rl|,
Beecham,FordandCourtaulds
arepublac
limitedcompaoies

suchthat a few
havedevelopedinlo massiveorganisahons
Somepubliclimitedcompanies
states
privatecorporations
are as largeas somesoveretgn
with the type of economicactivityit is engagedin:
5. Matcheachtype of organisation
WHATTHEYARE ENGAGEDIN
TYPEOF ORGANISATION
patnter,
decorator
personal
services,
e g. haiadresser,
a
1. public limrted liability
comoanv
servicesto the public,natlonwrde
b. administrative
2 oubliccorDoration
manufacturing
e.g.construction,
organisations,
3
central govemment c. large-scale
deoartments
d servicesto localcommunitv
4 oartnership
5. (limited)o.ivatecompanv e. kev a.easof economicaclivitY:profitablefor publicconce.n
concems
f. oersonalservices.smallindustrialcommercral
comDanY
6. multinational
'jnterest
areas
activities
of
variety
govemmenl g. large-scaleorganisations,
local
7.
de0anments
h. mediurn-sized o( small o(ganisations, building, wholesaleG
8- solep(oprietor
manufacturing, t|ansport

WRITING
Not so long ago, in our country there were no privatecompanies.Do you think it was good
or bad?Justifyyour answer.(10- 15 lines)
VOCABUTARY
1. Put each of the foltowingwords in its correst place in the passagebelow:
Industry

produce shipyards produsls expo.t

imPon
economy boom
Plsnts

naturalresources slump
markets

The healthof a big, developedcountry's(a) C994@y dependslargelyon iis industry.Factories

in largequantities.(d)
andselllheir(c)haveto keep busy.Theymust(b)sellcars.A periodof
and
(e)
make
car
must
must makeand sell ships,
profits
is called a (0
goes
are
made
well and large
industriatsuccess, when everything
period
is calleda (g)
activity
when thereis not muchindustrial
. On the otherhand.a
To maintaina high levelof produclionis not simple.For example,Japan, a very
suchas oil or coal' and has to (i)
country,hasvery few (h)
successfulindustrialised
them from other countriesin order to keep its indus$esgoing,and thus to supply
its goodsto its overseas(k)
needsat homeand alsoto 0)
Agriculture
livestock
naryest

cfops
ifiigate

agriculiural
self-sufficient

dams
fertile

ferlilizers
farmers

to
in food will encourageits (b)
A countrywhich wishesto be a (a)
lf
there
is
not
much
imports
produceas muchas possibleso that it will not be dependenton food
the land. lf the
must be builton riversto providewaterto (d)
iain, (c)
(f)
Then
mustbe usedto makeit land is not naiurallyrich,chemical(e)will be good,and in additionthe
(of wheat.riceetc)willgrow,the (h)
(S)_
(cattle, sheep etc) will have grass to eat. lf this does not happen' the [)
(D
from abaoad.

2. The following phrases are from a Iefterand a memo.They

are all mixeoup. Put them
in the correct order. .
1) | have asked the Secretanal
2) Pleasenngmy secrelary
to arrangea
r Supervjsor lo come and speak to yorr j
:lrmeto neet lhe SalesManagerA later
ano she may wish lo anange a later
, demonstrationcan be ananged fo. i
. Cemonstrationfor her staff.
a
. members
of vourstaff
to seeit
. .,,(.,
' .'' '.' ;
.. ^'.:.--.:..

.:r) rrom Vicenia

enjuirr.is, '-"'*'
:PurchasinoManaoei

; j
;

4) DearMs Devereux.

''. . '''N '''''/

| 6) To: SeqetarialSupervisor

7) We wouldbe pleasedto haveyou

with us on the 3 ofApritas yousuggest.

8) Thankyou for yourletterof ,t2 Marcn

offering to come to our firm to
demonst-ate the AX3oOO word

9) TheSatesManagr
of S;irt- ati6s

Ltd will visit the firm on 3 ADril ro

demonstrate the AX3OOO word
processor which I am sure you will be

intorested
in seein

10)Yourssincerely,
VicentaEnjuanes,
Purchasing
Manager

PHRASALVERBS

a';S::i::i:""'r;lfl"T;"H'lt
go ouI

go off

S:r'""ff*j:''

go through

go down

oroneorthephrasar
verbs
berow
ineach
goon

go up

1. I'm ooino throuah a hardtimeat the moment.

- l've had enough!
?. I can't_
3. I set the alarmto _
at seveno clock.
yho: Ma.y_
with nowadays?
-4.
J. Ine show_
verywellwithaudiences
6. Therewas a fire and the buildino
to the northof the countryto visitfriends.
I lT . -._
u.
sne Just_
withoutsayinganything.
v. ne remperature
s
today;it.scolder.
_
ru. .t
vvnalwas_
yourmindbeforethe operatjon?
of the buildingand throughthe maingate
11
rz. i!:,r:uon I Keep .
aboutyourex_boyfriend.
tt,sboring!
rr r/ncesare aways .-,
aren'tthey?
r.r. nrscneesehas_.
Throwit away.
.r
theser'gures.We must riake suretheyare accurate
::ro ::l's
-Hrease
andfinishyourstory.
_

Unit2: STARTING
A BUSTNESS

DISCUSSION
1. Thinking of starling a business? First take a clear-headedlook at yoursetf to see if
you have got what it takes.Try and answerthe followingquestions:
. What qualitiesand skillswguldyou needin a businessventure?
. What kind of difficultsituationswouldtherebe?
2. Read the following Self-Analysis Questionnaire (parts A and B). Answer the
questionnaireindividually.Mark / (tick), r (cross) or ? (don,t know) to give a true
picture of your entrepreneurialstrengthsand weaknesses.Comparethe results with
the answersgiven for the qqestions in exercise 1.
A PersonalCharacleristi6
Yes (/)/ No (x)/ l don'tknow(?)
1. Can you lead and motivatepeople?
2- Do you liketo makeyour owtrdecisions?
3. Do peopleask youfor help in makjngdecisions?
4. Do you enjoycompetition?
5. Do you havewillpo^,erand setfdiscipline?
5. Can you plan ahead?
7. Do you likepeople?
8. Do you get alongwellwithothers?
9. Do you enjoytakingrisks?
10. Oo you stronglybelievethatyourfulureand successdependon you and yourabilities?
B. PersonalStrains
11. Are youwillingto work up to 16 hoursa day.six or sevendaysa week?
12. Oo you have the physicalstaminato handlethe v/orkloadand schedule?
13. Oo you havethe emotionalstngth to withstandthe strain?
14. Are you preparedto tempoGtrily
b,/er your livingstandarduntilyour businessis lirmly
established?
'15.ls yourfamilypreparedto go dom with the strainslhey,too, mustbear?
16. Are you preparedlo lose yoursavings?
Discussand compareresultsin groups.then wilh the entiredass. The moreyEs-es ticked. the
moresuccessfulyou'llbe in startingyour business.
VOCABULARY
t. Match the words on the left with their definitions on the right. The first match has
been done for you.
1. business
{h)
2. a business
3. employer
4. entrepreneurship
5. employee
6. stock
7. turnover
8. revenue
9. fixedassets

a. a personwho worksfor an organisataon

b. an invenloryof goodsand components
c. ncome
d. differencebetweencunentassetsand cunentliabilities
e. property
and possessions
ownedby an individualor
business,
which
has a moneyvalueandcn be set againstdebtsetc.
f. financialobligation;(pl)debtsfor whichone is tiabte
g willingnessto assumethe risksof a businessventure
h. commerqalactivityor occ!pation
I personor companythat payspeopleto do work

to meetits regularexpensesi
i. a supplyof cashneededby a business
of moneyIn andoul of a business
movement
k propertyownedby a firm and meantto be used overa long periodof
11.c a s hf l o w
time
L total valueof goodssoldovera certainperiod
12.a s s e t
m a buildingwhichis usedto producea goodor provloea servrce
13. liability
n one-ownerouslness
14.premises
15.soleproPrietorship o. a firm

10.wotkingcaPital

READING
l.R e a d t h e f o ||o w i n g w o rd sa n d l i n dsuitab|econtextsfor them,insentencesofy our
own:
to set up

posh housingestate to hire

to be awareof

acquaintancefewaro

2. Read the following text and then answerthe quest'ons:

poshhousingestate First
Settingup in businessis verysimilarto buyinga new housein a
the'fo/ andagainst'reasons
of atl vou choosethe area you woutoliketo livein and you\research
pricelistandit

lookona
vou
it,voumusthave.a
,c;tervouhaveaecided
iiiriJ
to
van
carry
lhe
hiring
fumiture'
the
c"po"it.Thenvoustartbuving
;fii,:;;;;;v
;il; "l"iilt"iitis.
-it'
unless
"
vouhavemadoa careful
!il,""""iiii'iirl',i,ii"G'cuttaiis "t" vou &n't geta sfu iob.or.it
yourreal needsare: bsdrooms'

a wise planning.You mustbe awareof what

luig;ii;g
a gardenlarge
ttt" youngest, spare roomsfor the guTts, Pom for the^bab-ysitter'
nul"".v ti. "no
etc
pool'vegeta$on
enoughfot a swimming
enougirtor a typicatbarbecle,roomwhat your
by analysing
- vou'tt liso have to take advantaieof the others'experience'
io do Youmightnotbe awareof it' butwhatyou
did,havedoneor-intend
trienOsor-acquaintances
-"iJ!-i'ii'ii
vou woutdlikeyourhouseto lookat leasta littlgdifferentfrom
iiiii-"
forotherfamilies.
example
8 reference
become
voumight
il'ilJ!;. ;il;,i "rietiesdarctr.
ioli,qttera wnire,
beenachieved'
in
'iri i" ttt" w.i the progresshas
--' ttri"
- t"a,
all your
lhought,otherwise
ir.,! mo"iirnport"ntting is thatyourplanningis crefutly
effortwill be useless
-"".''tnr"g"
and afteryouhavegot ihroughthe
up a business'
iJGe samewhen.settinq
want'isn't
pr"nningii"!",-you *itl be rewadedwilhtileinancialsuccssAfterall'thisiswhatvou
it?We all likesuccess,dont weI
witlthink He'llfocuson planning
'
Let'ssee howa businessman
the prsonbuyinga
stepstaken_by
Nowthat you have readthe text, payingaftenlionto theyou,
prospec-tive
businessman,
as a
the followingaicoidingto the way
n"rn t,our'".
"ra"n'e
think as being
ProPer:
andthemoneyto be invested
activities
. a shortsummaryof the business'theprojecled
in;
. objectivesand strategyof thebus'ness:
andhistoryof themarketshare;
. m;in aclivities,products
competit'on'
and
. possiblecustomers
. necessaryresearchandlurtherdevelopment;
. staffand the management
of dislribution:
processes
andchannels
manufacturing
.
of tft" suppliers,
requirements;
resource
material
. "*iv"i"
majorhuman,financialand
. accounting
matters:
. riskanalysts;
. altemativesou.cesof finance;
withbankadvisors/experts:
. felationships
merge6etc
. potentialfutureioint-ventures'
3. Usethe wordsin the boxto fill inthetext:

adequate
strategies

low pnce
issue

faiftng
successful

You should set .ealidic objectivesfor your businessand developappropraate

(.1)

to achievethem.Theseoblectivesmust be compatiblewith yourpersonalambitions

and values Most(2)
strategiestend to be simpleand concent.ateon the business,s
strengthswhilebuildingan (3)_
defenceagainstits weaknesses.
An over-elaborate
strategy which preventsmanagementform concentratingon the key issues is a common (4)
So too is failing to define the lrue nalure of your businessand its markets.Fo.
example,does a manufacturerof homecomputersservethe marketfor personalcomputersor that
for executivetoys?
Price strategywill be a key (5)_
for the new business.It is surprisinghow often
new companiesunderpricetheirproductslt is generallyunwiseto choosea strategyinvolvinghigh
volumesof (6)
problems
. products.In additionto the manufacturing
anddistribution
which could arise, you will be vulnerable
to attackfroman established
competitor
by sustained
Pricecutting.
WRITING

lmaginethatyouhavejuststartedup a business.
wriie a letterto a friendanddesc{ibehim/herthe
stepsyou havetaken.(10- 15lines)
Pay attentionto the styleyou use- it is an informalletterl
VOCABULARY
1. Fillin the missingwordsin th lettersbelow.Choosefrom the followtng:
appreciate
faithfully
rdin

ask
g|ateful
ret

@ncgmng
hearing

delighted
prease

endose
receiving

writi

DearMs.Chan.
T-hankyou for yourlenerof 24 Aprit,(1)concemino
the exhibitjon
in Bertinin August.
We 1e (2)_
to hearthatyourcompany
wi be takingpartandthatyouwilladdressthe
oPen,ngconference.
(3)._
theconference,
we would(4)_
it if youcoutdsendus detailsof all the
lelegatesso thatwe cnpreparesecuritypasses.We wouldaiso(5)youto tetus havedetailsof
equapment
youneedfor yourpresentation.
We lookforwardto (6)_
yourreply.
Yours(7)_,
Jan Mayer
DearSir/Madam,
Yourcompanyhasbeenrecommended
to us by a business
associate
andI am(g)_
to
enquireaboutyourtranslation
services.
My companyhas recentlyenteredthe expgrtmarketandwe needadvertising
materialtranslated
intoChinese.RussianandTurkish.
W wouldbe (9)_
if youcouldsendus yourpricesandtermsof payment.
We lookforwardto (10)_
fromyou.
Yours(11)_,
JoseGarcia
DearMr Dupin,
rwas very(12)

to hearaboutyour problemswiththe rlewsupervacquql.

I have investigatedthe compliahland | (13)_

to tell you thatthe probtemis the resultof
faullyoperation.| (14)
a copyof the inspector'srepon withthisleter
lf you requireus to repairthe machine,
conlactme at lhe numberabove
{15)
Yourssincerely,
Tim Brody
2. Choose the correcl word or phrase underlinedin each sentence:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Doraearns/ oains/wins moremoneyin heriobthanldo.

The factoryworkersaskedfor a risein theirincome/ reward/ waoes.
Paul borrowed/ lent/ loanedsomemoneyfrom me but didn't pay it back.
I'm sorry,but we donl acceptc.editcards.only cash/ coins/ monev.
ls it all right if I pay with cheoue/ bv cheoue/ from cheoue?
We don't exchange goods unless you sti have the bjlL.l!9heg!e..t999ip!.
l'm afraid l've got only a $50 note. Oo you have gbg!99..1tr9!9l-.llgg?
I still dC!l!..19!l:9!O lhe bank more than $5000.

PHMSAL VERBS
1. Match the phrasal verbs in list A with their meaningsin tist B.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

A
catchon (g)
g6t away
go on
let down
lookon
lookup
put on

a.
b.
c.
d.
a.
I
g.

B
escape
consider
check(information)
continuE
pretend
disappoint
poputar
Decomo

2. Matchthe seniencG in list A withthe sppnopriate

rcsponsesIn list B.
1. Can I trust you th all this responsibility? a.
(d)
o.
Why haveyou stopped?We haventgotto c.
the top yEt.
I wishI knewwhatserendipily
meant.
d.
4. The placeis suroundedby the polic
e.
The centreforwardis on thegroundandis t
in greatpain.
g.
o. Why are you askingmeto do this?
7. Lookat my new hairstyle.isn'tit greal?

shl He'sputtingit on.

VVhydon'tyou lookit up?
It looks weird; it'll nEver cich
on.
I promissI won'tletyoudown.
They'llneverget away.
I can'tgo on - l'mexhausted.
I look on you as a real friend,
somooneI cnrelyon.

Unit 3: |\4ANAGEMENT

VOCABULARY
1. Most firms can be dividedintothreeoarts:
cap itaI (sharehoIde rs)
management
labour
The managemenl structure can be representedas in the diagram:
SHAREHOLDERS
BOAROOF DIRECTORS
(headedby the chaiperson)
CHIEFEXECUTIVE
(CEO)
OFFICER
(knownalsoas the ManagingDirector)
SENIOREXECUTIVEOFFICERS
(GeneElManager+ seniolmanagers)
MIDDLE/ LINEMAI.IbERS
A direcforis a seniormanagerwhositson the boardunderthe authorityof the Chal4oerson
or Presdent. The Boardis responsible
for decidingoverallcompanypolicf and capitalexpeiditure.
The CEO or MD is the link betweenthe Boardand seniormanagemenl.
Middle manageE (also knownas line manage6)are responsiblefor runningsectionsor
departmentswithin a tirm. They are acJountableto seniormanagement
for theirparticulararea of
nBsponsibility
as illustratedin lhe organization
chart.

SeniorManagement
I

SeniorExecutive
Officer:Personnel

SeniorExecutive
Officer: Research
MiddleManagement

Maintenance

Cost Control

In a general mannerot speaking,an executi\is any seniorpersonin the hierarchyof a

fim. He/shemakes importantdecisionsthat are caniedout by subordinates.
The AmericanEnglishcounterpartof Geneal ManagerisExecutiveVice president/ Chief
OpeGting Otlicer.
Llke lhe managing director, sofie directors are atsoconcemedwith the day-to-dayrunning
of the firm. ln this capacity,they are knownas executivedireclots(AE: inside directors).Those
who sit on the Board but have no directinterestin the runningofthe firmare callednon-executive
dir"ctors (AE: outside directors).

DlscrlsstoN
A. What is management? ls it an art or a science? An instinct or a set of skills and
techniques that can be taught?

t0

B What do you think makes a good managet Which four of the following qualitiesdo
you think are the most important?
a beingdeosive:ableto makequickdecisions
b beingefficientdoingthingsquickly,
notleavingtasksunfinished,
havrnga tidydesk,
and so on
c being friendlyand sociable
with people
d being able to communacate
e. beinglogical,rationalandanalytical
f being ableto molrvateand inspireand lead people
g. being authontative:
able to gaveorders
h_ being competenti knowing one's job perfectly,as well as the work of one,s
subordinates
i. being persuasive:able to convincef,eopleto do things
j. havinggood ideas
Are there any other qualitiesthat you think should be added to this list?
C. Which of these qualities can be acquired?Which must you be born with?
READING
This text sqmmarises sgme of Peter Drucke/s views on management.As you read about
his description of the work of a manager, decide whether the five difierBnt funqtions hel
mentions requirc the four qualilbs you selecied in your discussion, or others you did not
choose.
WHATIS MANAGEMENT?
Peter Drucker, the well/known Americen business professof and @nsultanl suggeststhat
the work of a managercn be div'xtedinto planning(settingobjectives),organising,integrating
(motivatingand communicating),
rnesuring,and developingpeople.
. First of all, managers(especiallysenior manageGsucfi as companychaimen - and
women - and direclors)set obieciives,and decide ho./ their organisationcan achieve
them. This involves developing strategies,plans and precjse tadics. and allocating
resourcesof peopleand money.
. Secondly,managersotganise.Theyanalyseand classifythe actvitiesof the organisation
and the relationsamong them. They dividelhe t\roR into manageableaclivitiesand then
into individualjobs.They sled peopleto managetheseunitsand perfo,mthe jobs.
. Thirdly,managerspradise the socialskillsof motivationand communication.
They also
have to communicateobiecrivesEa* to the people responsiblefor attainingthm.They
haveto make the peopleresponsiblefor performingindividualjobstormteams-Theymake
decisionsaboutpay and ptomotion.As well as organisingand supervisingihe workof their
subordinates,theyhave to wo{k with peoplein otherareasand functions.
. Fourthly,manageE have to measurethe performanceof the staff, to see whetherthe
objestivesset for lhe organisationaS a whole and for eai individualmemberof it are
being achieved.
. Lastly,managersdeveloppeople- boththeirsubordinates
and themselves.
Obviously,objectivesoccasionallyhaveto be modifiedor changed.lt is generallythejob of
a company'stop managersto considerthe needs of the future, and to take responsibilityfor
innovation,withoutwiich any organisatoncan only exped a limitedlife.Top managersalsohave
to manage a business'srelationswith ils customers,suppliers,distributors,bankers,investors,
neighbouringcountries,publicautho.ities,and so on, as well as deal with any majorcriseswhich
arise.Top managersare appointedand supervisedand advised(and dismissed)by a company's
boardof directors.
Although the tasks of a rEnager can be analysed and classifiedin this fashion,
managementis not entirelyscientifc.lt is a humanskill.Businessprofessorsobviouslybelievethat
intuitionand "instincl-are nol enor.rgh;
thereare managementskillsthat haveto be leami. Druqker,
for examplewrote over 20 years ago that 'Anogeiherthis entirebook is basedon the propo)tion
that the days of the "intuitive'managerare numbered,'meaningthatthey werecomingto an end.
But some peopleare deariy goodat management,and othersare not. Somepeoplewill be ableto

put managementtechniquesinto practice Otherswjll have lots of technique,but few good rdeas
Outstandingmanagersare ratheraare
WRITING
Rereadthe last paragraphof the above text Do you agreewith the opinronthat some peopleare
clearlygoodat management,
and othersarc rof) Justrfyyouranswer(lO - 15lines)
VOCABULARY
1- Completethe followingsentenceswithlhesewords:
acnreveo

boardof directors

Performance resources

communicate
sening

innovations manageable
supervise

'1. Managershave to decidehow best to alloctethe human,physicaland capitalresou/ces

availableto them
2. Managers- logically- have to make surethat jobs and tasksgiven to theirsubordinates

are
3. Thereis no pointin
4. Managershaveto

objectjvesif you don't_lhem

to your staff.
their subordinates,
and to measure,and try to improve,

their_.
5. Managershaveto checkwhetherobjeclivesand targetsare being_
6. A top managerwhose performanceis unsatisfactory
cn be dismissedby the company's

7. Topmanagers
areresponsible
tor the
changingworld.

thatwillallowa companylo adaptto a

2. The text contains a number of common verb-nounexprcssions(e.g. achieve

objectives,
dealwith c{iseselc.},Matchup theseverbsand nounsto make common
collocations.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
L

allocte(g/
communicte
develop
make
measure
motivate
perform
set
supervise

a. decisions
b. information
c. jobs
d. objectives
f.
g.
h.
i.

performance
resourcs
strategies
subordinates

3. Complete the dialogue betr.veenthe l,lanaging Direclor (MD) and the personnel
Manager(PM).Choose form the words in the box. The first has been done for vou.
a.
b,
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.

sales
MBA
how tolake decisions
accountingfor managers
communrcatrons
distribution
specialisedmanagement-trainingcourses
results

ij.
k.
L
m.
n.
o.

newtechnology
costand pricedecisions
manage
promotionand marketing
leam aboutmanagementstructures
readthe balancesheet
computersystems

MD : Johnwe mustthinkabout(1) sEcialised manaqement-tninino

coursesfor our iunior
managers.
P M : Yes,our promising
youngerpeopleneedto (2)___
_.

ry|o:They need to know(3)_

___,
PM: And, of course.(5)_
_
_

and the (4)_

of thesedecisions.
is essential.And theymustknowhowto (6)

t2

MD: Withoutit, they will never(7)_

successfully,
and theywon t knowanyth,ngaboutstock
control,costing,pricing you nameit
PM: Yes,(8)_
dependon knowingthis
_
__
MD: Of course, that's not the only thing they need to know.(9) _
means lhal Ihey
_
need to know about lhangslike (.10)_
_
PM: Whatelse?
MD: (11)_,
for example
PM: Yes, and I think thal the (12) _
departmentsneed managerswlth this
_
_
departmenl
background,as well as the (13)_
managerscouldbenefil,too.
MD: Eventhe (14)_
PM: Perhapswe shouldonly appointmanagerswith a Harvard(15)_!
PHMSAL VERBS
1. Completethese senlences using the correct form of one of the phrasal verbs below.
call back
get back

play back
bringbacl

hold back
hand bacft

1. WheneverI hearthattuneat
2. What time did you

go back

nappymemones.
homelast night?

'Shemustbe_
saidHolrnes.
3. 'Thewitnesshasn'ttoldus everylhing',

4. lcn't

lo college now - l'm muctr too old!

5. l'mjust aboutto eat my lunch.Can| _

you_

6. When the thiet was cught, h had to

7. Whenwe _

the casstG_,.the

something
_.'

in a coupleot minutes?

all the moneyhEhad stolen.

tapwasblank- it hadn'tGcoaded.

2. Replacethe undedined words in thes scr enceswith the correct form of one of the
phrasalvsrbs below.Makeany otherchangsthat ar necessary.
lookback
call back
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

keepback
bringback

givback
take bad

cul backon

l'll lendyou my bookif you promiseto !gU!L& oiw.@9!

to go outwithhimagain,butsherefusedto acceothimaoain.
He askedhis oldgirlfriend
WhenI phonedshewas busyandshestillhasn'tretumedmvcall.
Donl thinkaboutthe oast,thinkaboutthefuture.
Excuseme, l'm lgqEilg this date becauseifs crackd.
evidencformth police,youcouldgetintotrouble.
lf youWi!hbg[!important
Wecan'tatlordto spendso much.
We'llhaveto !gg!99our expenses.

'{r,rv^oi.^y 1

. "t

W
r,tdnel'rv.qtr

05.oi.Lrlb
Unit4: COMPANY
STRUCTURE

{rrd-tLk" u'alu^cx
DISCUSSION
Try and answerthe followingquestions:
you
lf
are still studying:
. what kind of organisataon
do you want to workfor?
. in which deoartment?
. do you think it will laterbe possibleto changedepartment?
. what do you thinkyourtirst posilionwill be?
. do you expectto haveone immediateboss,to workfor morethanone superior.or to be
part of a team?
lf you are alreadyworking:
what is your functionor,ob title?
what are resoonsiblefoA
who are you responsibleto? (whodo you reportto?)
does anybodyreportto you?
what other units,depa.tmentsor divisionsdo you regularlyhave to workwith?
what otherdepartmentsdo you occasionally
havecrnflictswith?

VOCABULARY
Matchup the words on the left with the definitionson the right:
1. autonomous
(C,

A. a systmot authoritywith differentlevels,one abovelhe other

tt\2.
^
decntralisation ' 8. a speciftcaclivityin a company,e.g. production;marketing,
tinance

61 3. function
$ t. hienrcny
{\5. lineauthority
,() 6. reportto

Zf7. subordinates

C. indeperdent,able to take decisionswithout consultinga higher

aulhority
D. peoplev@rking
undersomeone
lsein a hierarchy
E. dividing
an organisation
intodecisioG.making
unitsthatarenotcentrally
controlled
F. the po$rerto giveinslruclions
to geopleat the levelbelowin thechain
of command
G. to be responsible
to someone
tromhimor her
andlo takeinstruclions

READING
1. Read the text below, about difierent ways of organising companies,and then label the
diagrams,according to which of these they illudrate:
line structure
AB

matix structure

funclional sbucture

l4

staff structure

l,tf't

e',r)+tA.-'

STRUCTURE
COMPANY

.Jp rr"{".^^ -Pnnt^'"q

cll-a.t^u, &"x.\

**"t =;*^iuar,t *rr fitu?

structure,
withone personor a group
havea hierarchical
or pyramidal
Ilost organizations
people
belowthem at each successiveleve
of people at the top, and an increasingnumberof
There is a clear line or chain of commandrunning down the pyramid All the people in the
organizationknow what decisionsthey are able to make,who their superior(or boss)is (to whom
they report),and who their immediatesubordinatesare (!o whom theycan give instructions)
. Somepeople in an organizationhave colleagueswho help them:for example,theremight
be an Assistantto the MarketingManagerThis is knownas a staff position:its holderhas no line
authority,and is not integratedinio the chain of command,unlike,for example,the Assistant
Marketi;g Manager,who is numbertw6 in ttrdGirketing department.
Yet the actavitiesof most companiesare too complicatedto be organazedin a single
hierarchy Shortlybefore the Fitst WorldWar, the FrenchindustrialistHenry Fayolorganizedhis
coal-miningbusinessacco.dingto the functionsthat it had to cary out. He is generallycredited
with inventingfunctionalorganization Today, most large manufacturingorganizationshave a
functionalstructure,
including(amongothers)production,finance,marketing,sales,and personnel
or staff departments.This means. for example,that the pmduciionand marketingdepartments
cannottake financialdecisionswithoutconsultiogthe financedepartment.
Functionalorganizatbnis efticien!but thereare two standardcriticisms.Firstly,peopleare
usuallymore concemedwith the succssof their departtnentthan lhat of the crmpany,so there
are permanentbaftlesbetwen,for example,financeand tnatketing,or markelingand production,i
whichhave incompatiblegoals.Scondly,separatingtunciionsis unlikelyto encourageinnovation.
KYet for a large orgarizatbn manufaciudnga range of ptoducis, having a single production
department is generally inefncient.Consequently,most large companiesars decentralized,
following the model of Afrcd Sloan, wt|o divided General Motors-itttosparate operating divisions
in 1920. Each division had its om engineering, prcduction ard sales departmenls, made a
differnt category of car (but with soms overlap, to encourage intemal competition), and was
expected to make a profit
Businsses thai cannot be divided into autonomousdivisbns with their own markets can
simulate decenttalization,setting up divisionsthat dealwith eaci other using intemally determined
transfer prices. Many banks, for example, have establishedcommercial,corporate,private
banking,intemationaland investrnentdivisions.
, An inherent problem of hierarchies is thar pople at lo.r levels are unable to make
imporGnt decisions, bui have to pass on responsibilityto their boss. One soluiion to this is matrix
For example,a productmanager
management,in which peoplereportto morethan one suprior..
y
lor a certainmarketsegment
deal
direc
with
rnanagers
responsible
aHe
to
with an idea might be
tor
the traditional functions of
and tor a geographical regbn. as v/ell as the nEnagers responsibb
finance, sales and productbn. This is one way of keeping authority at lotrr levels, but it is not
in theirwell-knownbooklri
necessarilya very efficientone. ThomasPetersand RobertWateaman,
Searchof Excetlen@,insiston the necessityof pushingauthorityandautonomydownthe line,but
they argue that one element - probablythe product - must have pfiority;fourdimensional matices
are far loo comolex.
A fudher possibilityis to have wholly autonomous,temporarygroups or teams that are
responsiblefor an entireproiect.and are split up as soon as it is successfullycompleted.Teams
and they run the tisk of relationalproblems,unless
are often not very good for decision-making,
self-discipline.
In tad they still requirea definileleader,on whom
a
bt
of
small
and
have
they are
probably
depends.
theirsuccess
2. Which of the following ihtee paragraphsmost accuratelysummarizestlre text, and why?
Firstsummary
Although most organizationsare hieratchical,with a number of levels, and a line of
commandrunningfrom the top to the bottom,hierarchiesshouldbe avoidedbecusethey make
decision-making
slow and difficuft.A solutionto this problemis matrixmanagement,whichallows
peoplefrom the traditionalfunctionaldepartmentsof production,finance,marketing.sales.etc.to
the separationof the organizationinto
work togetherin teams.Anot|er solutionis decntralization:
competingautonomousdivisitlos.
Second sumtnaty
Most businessorganizalionshave a hierarchyconsistingof seve.allevelsand a clearline

ol commandTheremay also be staffposjtions

that are not integrated
rntothe hierarchyThe
organzationmight also be divadedinto functionat
departmenls,
such as production,
finance,
marketing,
salesand personnelLargerorganizations
are oftenfurtherdivtoeoIntoautonomous
divisions,
eachwithatsownfLrnctonal
sectionsMorerecentorganizational
sysremsIncrude
matnx
management
andteams,bothof whichcombinepeoplefromdifferentfunctions
and keepdecision_
makrngat lowerlevels
Thitdsummary
[4ostbusanesses
areorganized
as hierarchies,
witha clearchainof commanda bosswho
has subordinates,
who in tu|n have theirown subordinates,
and so on The hierarchy
mightbe
internallydivjdedantofunctionaldepartments.A companyofferinga largenuritberof prod;ts or
servrces
mightalsobe subdivided
intoautonomous
drvisions.
amongdivisions
Communicatjon
can
be rmproved
by the antfoduction
of matrixmanagement
or teams.
c

Ielua

3. The text mentions the often incompatiblegoals of the finance, markeffioduction

(or operations) departments. Ctassify the following strategies according to which
departmentswould probably favour them.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j
k.
L

a factoryworkingat full capacity

a largeadvertjsingbudget
a large salesforceearninghighcommission
a standardproductwithoutoptionalfeatures
a strongcash balance
a strongmarketsharefor new products
generouscreditfacilitiesfor customers
high profitmargins
large inventoriesto makesurethat Droductsare available
low researchand developmentspending
machinesthal give the possibilityof makingvariousdifferentproducts
self-financing(usingretainedeamingsratherthan bonowing)

WRITINGIN
The most commonverbsfor describingstructurearei
consist of contain include be composedof
be made up of
be divided inta
e.g. The companyconsistsof three maindepartments
Otherverbsfrequentlyused to descdbecompanyorganizationinclude
be in charge of
be responsiblefor
D suppotl or be suppoded by

::'+trfl:i:'fi
dj#f opaal\,l
fi iJ""."iiff;?l"j'&',i";"fl

Now write a description of either the organizationchart in the previous^unit,or a company

youknowin about100-t50words.
- #_tJto\-tr -0 AA]U,lpW-li f {O_r f ttrUdW
.4<-tto

&

vocABULARy

c+d".e r("a

Read the text. Then read the clues and completethe crossword. Allthe words can be found
in the text, and one has been done for you. The numbeF in brackets 0 show how many
letteF there are in the word.
Each departmentin a divisionof a companyrelieson budgetingto make the company's
affairsprofitable,A p.ofitta.getis set, andthe unit priceof the goods(whichdependson howmuth
they cost to make and for how much theycan be sold)is determinedby this;the manageEreport
how well this target has been met; the pric of the goods leavingthe factory(or ex works)is
adjusted.Only after this has been done can the variousdepartmentsin the comDanvexecutethe
orders
Many businessesfail becausethey fall into the trap ot ignoringtheir cash-flow.often
becausethey allow too gene.ouscreditlerms.The accountsdepartmentshouldmake su.ethat a
stop is put on the c.editg.antedto bad payers The smoothrunningof lhe companydependson a
good relationshipbetweenthe bossand the peoplewho work on the shop-floor

16

-::

Af ,T

iL . lr -

Senior managers,of iourse, must pass some of theartasks over to other people-they
of someJobsis essentaal,
srmplycannotdo it all Thisdelegation
andthe abilrtyto do it wellrsone
of the measuresof goodmanagement.
AC R O SS
1 This dependson productioncosts,profil margins,and marketsensitivity(5)
3 The cost of each item(4)
4 Wofd used for everythinga companydoes (7)
(4) of theirproduction
5 The pice of the goodsdependson the
good
good
at this; he does not try to do eveMhinghimself(10)
8A
manage.is
.10Priceof goods
.-factory(2)
12 To withdrawcredit(4)
13 Something
whichis aimedat (6)
DOWN
(10)
1 Notonly musta companymakemoney,it mustbe ...................
(8)
have
in itsownway
will
usually
a
senior
manager
and
be
organised
2 Each...................
(10)
6 Smallerthan 2 down
(9)and,if seniormanagement
agrees,controlsits
7 Each2 and6 downdoesits o1vrl...................
(
own financialaftairs.
(7) customers'orders,or they may lose theirjobs
9 The workersin a companymust.................-.
becausethe companymay fail.
11 Workersdo this to managers(6)

'\V,

Unit5: MANAGEMENT
ANDCULfURALD|VERStTy

DISCUSSION
1. Try and find answers to the following questions:
A. Multinationalcompaniescan either attemptto use similarmanagementmethodsin all their
foreign subsidiaries,or adapt their methodsto the locarculturein each counrryor conrrnent
Which proceduredo you thinkis the mostefficient?
B Do you thinkthe cultureof your countryis similarenoughto thoseof neighbouring
count es to
have the same managementtechniques?Or are there countriesnearbywhere peoplehave
very differentattitudesto rrrork,hierarchy,organisation,
and so on?
2. A Dutch researcher, Fons Trompenaars,and his associates,have asked nearly 1S,0OO
business people in over 50 countries a number of questions f,,hich reveal differing
cuftural beliefs and attitudes to work- Here are tive of them, adapted from Riding th6
Waves of Culture: Undersbnding Cuftunt Diversity in Basiness. They concern ways of
working, individuals and groups, rules and personal friendship, and so on. Whai are
your answe6 to the qusiions?
'1. lf you had to choose,v/orJldyou say that a companyis (a) a systemdesignedto prform
functionsand tasks in an efficientway, using machinesand people,or (b) a groupoi people
whose func{oning depends on socjal relationsand the tffaypeople woft together?
2. Vvhat is the main reason for having an organisational structure in a company? (a) so that
everyone knows who has authority over whom, or (b) so that everyone knows how functions
ar6 alloctedand coordinated?
3. Will (a) the quality of an individual'slife improveit hey'shehas as muchfreedomas Dossible
and the maximum opportunity lo develop personatty,or (b) the quslity of tife for everyone
improveif individualsare @ntinuouslytakingcare of their felow humanbeings,even ii this
limitsindividualfreedomand develooment?
4. A defect is dis@vered in a prcdudion facility. lt was caused by negligence by one ot the
membersof a team.Wouldyou say that (a) the personcausingthe defed by negligenceis the
one responsible,or (b) becausehe/sheis workingin a teamthe responsibility
shouldbe canied
by the wholegroup?
5. lmaginethat you are a passengerin a car drivenby a dose friendwho hits and quite seriouslv
injures a pedestdanwhile driving at teast 25 kr/h too fast in lown. There are no other
witnesses.Your friend'sbwyer saysthat it wilt help him a lot if you testifythathe was driving
withinthe speed limit.Shouldyour friendexpectyou to do this?
READING
1. What nalionalitiescould the managersbelow typically be?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

I want to get this crntracl signedfast and get the planehome.

He looksmuchloo youngto be doinga majordeal likethis.
lf lgo on sellinglikethis,lleam morethanthe boss!tcan.tletthathaooen.
What an aMul idea reportingto two differentbosses.
Thereis no hurry!Tonight.you cometo eat al my houseand tomonowwe will playgolf.

2. Read the text below and see if your suggestions about coincides with the nationalities
mentioned.
CROSS-CULTURAL
MANAGEMENT
Managinga trulyglobalmultjnatjonal
companywouldobviouslybe muchsimplerif it
required only one set of corporateobjectives,goals, policies,practices,productsand
services. But locl difterences often make this impossrble The conflicl between
t8

1O

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

haslet to the inventionof the word"glocalisationCornpanies

globalisationand localisataon
that want to be successfulan foreign markets have to be aware o[ lhe local cultural
thataffectthewaybusinessis done
characteristacs
dividethathas beenmuchstudiedis theone between,on
A fairlyobviouscultural
the one hand the countriesof NorthAmericaand north-westEurope,wheremanagement
logicand systems,and, on the other,the Latin
is largelybasedon analysisrationality,
culturesof southernEuropeandSouthAmerica,wherepersonalrelationsintuitlon,emotion
and sensitivityare of much greaterimportance.
The largely Protestantcultureson both sidesof the NorthAtlantic(Canada,the USA,
Britain, the Nethedands,Germany.Scandinavia)are essentiallyindavidualistln such
cultures,status has to be achieved.You don't automaticallyrespectpeoplejust because
managerwithan
they'vebeen in a companyfor 30 years A youngdynamic,aggressive
quickly
rise
in
hierarchy.
In most
Administration
degree)
cn
(a
in
Business
MBA Master
to
the
boss,
accorded
who
status
is
automatically
Latinand Asianc!ltures, on the cdnirary,
particularly
is
true in
is more likely to be in his fiftiesor sixtiesthan in his thirties.This
policy
promotion
A
50-year'old
by
seniority
of
tladitionally
have
a
companies
where
Jaoan.
Japanesemanaqer,or a Greekor ltalianor Chileanone,wouldquitesimplybe ottendedby
having to negotiatewith an aggressive,well-educated,bd inexperiencedAmericanor
Geman 20 yearshisjunior.A Japanesewouldalsowant to takelhe timeto get to knowthe
personwith whom he was negotiating.and would not appreciatean assertiveAmerican,
!
who wantedto signa deal immediatelyand take the next planehome.
principle
pay-for-perfofinance
often
successtully
of
cultures,
the
In northem
motivatessales people.The more you sell,the more you get paid But the principlemight
welt be resisted in more colledivist cultures, and the counlties where rewards and
givesthe example
promotionare expestedto comewith age and expe.ienc.Trompenaars
companywhowas givena huge
of a salesrep in an ltatiansubsidiaryof a US multinational
quarterlybonusundera ne'r',policl imposedby th6 head office.His sales-which had been
high for years - dedined dramaticallyduring lhe followingthree-months li was later
diacoveredthat he was deliberatelyttying not to sell moreihan any of hiscolleagues,so as
not to revealtheirinadequacies.He was also desperatelynot to eam morethan his boss,
which he thoughtwould be an unthinkablehumiliationthat wouldforcethe bossto resign
immediately.
Trompenaarsalso reportsthat Singaporeanand Indonesianmanagersobjectedthat
pay-tor-performance
caused salesmento pressurecustomersinto buyingproductsthey
didnl reallyneed,whichwas not only bad for long term businessrelations,bul quitesimply
unfairand ethicallywrong.
Other exampleof an Americanrdea that dosn't work 'rll in Latin countriesis
matrixmanagement.The task-orientedlogic of the mafix managementconfliclswith the
principleof loyaltyto the allimportantline superior'the funclionalboss.You can't have to
bossesany morethan you cn have two fathers.Andr6 Laurent.a Frenchresearcher'has
said that i; his experience.Frenchmanagerswould rathersee an organisationdie than
toleratea systemin which a tew subordinateshaveto reportto two bosses.
In discussingpeople's relatjonships,with their boss, and their colleaguesand
friends. Trompenaarsdistinguishesbetweenuniversalistsand partjcularistsThe former
and
believethat rulesare extremelyimportant,the latterbelievethat personalrelationships
friendshiosshouldtake precedence.Consequently,each group thinks that the olher is
conupt. Universalistssay that particularists'cannot be trustedbecusethey will always
helo their friends',while the secondgroup says of the first "you cannotfusl them; they
would not even help a friend'. Accordingto Trompenaars'data. there are many more
particularistsin Latinand Asiancounties lhan in Australia,the USA' Canadaor north-west
Europe.

3. Comprehension
1. How would you explainthe conceptof 'glocalisation"?
2. Why might a so-year-oldJapanesemanagerbe offendedif he had to negotiatewith or
3}year-old American?
reportto a well-educatedbut inexperienced
pay-tor-perto.mance
unpopulatin ltaly'and in Asia' in
of
concept
3. Why was the Ametican
examPle?
TromoenaafS'

4 Why do universalists
d,sapproveof pa.ticularists,
and viceversa?
4. Findwords in the text whichftean the following:
'1 the use of reasoningratherthan emotions
or beliefs.
2 understanding
or knowingwithoutconsciouslyusingreason,
3 respect,prestrge
or tmportance
grvento someone.
4 havinga higherrankbecauseone is older;
5 to have hu.t feelingsbecausesomeoneis beingdisrespectful:
6. moneyor somethingelsegivenin recognitionoi goodwork;
7. additionalmoneygivenfor betterworkor increas;dproductivity,
8. a feelingof shameand lossof dignityor self_esteem
9 to give up a job or a position:
10_accordingto acceptedmoralstandards
WRITING
Give short written answers to the following questions:
1. Would you like to woR for a companythat had a pay-for_performance
policy?Doesthis
ontywork for salespeople,or couldit be extendedto all jobs?
2. would you say thar you, personaly, were individuaristor coledivist? particuraristor
(Rememberyour ans,we6in 1.a.above.)
universalist?
3. What aboutthe majorityof peoplein yourcountry?
4. Would you like (or do you like) to \,toIk in a team? Oo you like the idea of matrix
management,or would ygu rather report to one mwerful boss?
5. Do you believe that it is possibreto sum up nationarcharacteristicsin a few words? rs there
'
usually some (or a lot of) truth in such stereotyps?Or, on the contrary,do you find such
stereotypingdangerous?
VOCABULARY
L The words in the two columns are opposites. Matchthem and them use them to fill in
the sentencestaken gut from businessdiscussions.
'1. cons (c,,
2. contracl
3. decline
4. divest
5. fall
6. fire
7. lay ott
8. loss
9. pe.ipheral
10.reduce
11.weaknesses
'12.withdraw

a.
b.
c.
o.
e.
f.
9.
h.
i.
J.
K.
l.

inc{ease
streoglhs
pros
nse
profit
expand
deposit
core
hire
accept
acqu'e
recruit

' 1 . 'We have to debatethe cors and

elgs of this projectbeforewe go aheadwith it.,

'Let'slook.atthe _
and _
ot each applicationintum andthen we,lldrawup
a shortlist.'
3. 'We expect
In salesnext yearfollowedby a steady_
for two yearsafter
that.'
"lt's simple;we have to _
our pricesand
our costs.'
5
'Y-oucan see the generalpositionif you lookat the ----and
_ accountin front
of you.'
Those were the goldenyears,ladiesand gen emen,whenwe saw lhe company
_
rapidly and successlulry.unfortunately.demand tumed dowr and we were then
forcedto
our operatronsto somethingapproachingour cuarentsize.,
20

B
I

'We had managedto

:he month but then we had to _

quitea large sLrmof moneyln our accountat the beginningof

it almostimmediatelv'
We need to concentrateon our
businessand sellour_
b u s t n e ss e s ,

It'seasrerlo

Peoplewhentimesare goodthanto

themwhenttrnes
are

naro.
10'We had hopedto _
your kind invital'onto visityour plantnext monthbut
unfortLrnately
we areobl;gedto _
yourofferdueto a changeof plan'

'11.'Our strategyis to
large,inefficientcompaniesand then
themof their
smallerprofitablepartsat a profit.'
12 'Althoughwe have beenableto
a handful of skilled workers for our main factoN
we havealsohad to
several hundred office staff '
2. Matchthe underlinedidiomswiththeir meaninos.
a
c.
e.
i.

dangeroussituation
be treated unfairly
refused
adopt good tactics
be dascouraging

b
d
f
h.
j.

allthetime
no conditions
hadesomething
oureaucracy
experimentalsubject

They shouldneverhave triedql$&gp that pollutionscndalunderthe carpet.

i
That companywill grow bankruptif they don't cut somelgo-lapg.
At the end of our presentation,
he spentten minutes@glilg jglEllElgl on our proposal.
The headof researchherselfagreedto be the ouineaoio for the trialson the new drug.
We agreed to do exe(dses every moming but tir drew the line at wearingthe company
uniform.
6. We must be very ca.eful about promotingouGelves as an elhical company- we're in a
minefield!
7. Chiversis going to damagehis health- he's beenwoftino roundthe clock.
8. lt's yoursfor a millionand no strinosattached.
9. They couldget the crntract if they plavtheircards rioht.
10. lt looksas if Teddygot a raw deal.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Unit6: LABOUR

DISCUSSION
Answerthe questions
I What skillsare requiredfor theJobthat you hopelo obtain?
2 How muchand what kindof trainangis requiredfor that iob?
I Haveyou ever had a Jobthat requi.edno trainlng?
jobsacco.ding
4 Howmightyouclassify
lo the skillsandtratning
lhey requife?
5 Givesomeexamplesof thesedifferentkindsof iobs
READING
1. After reading the text, answerthe following questions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

How do economistsdefinelabour"
What three groupsof labourersare mentioned?
What are the distinguishing
characieristics
of lheselhreetypesof labour?
What kind of workeris someonewtro makestools?
Whichof the three kindsof work is lhe mostsDecific?

10

15

,
20

25

To an economist,labouris the supplyof huananrcsourceswhichcan be usedin the

produclion of goods and services. Labour can be classifiedinto three types: skilled,
semiskilled,and unskilled.Each of thesetypeshas certaincharacteristics
whichdistinguish
it from the othertwo. Thesedistinguishing
characieristics
arc lhe degfeeof skilland tra]ning
requid of the woRer and the specificjtyof the task performed.
Skilledlabouris labou.whicfteitherhasexpertisein a particularskill,liketoolmaking
or prinilng,or whici has receivedprofessionaltlaining,such as doctors,teachers,and
tawyers.
A semiskilledlaboureris a personwho has reacheda very highdegreeof skillovera
very limitedrangeof activities.Such labourco be trainedvery quickly.A welderin a motor
vehicle assemblyplant is an example.Similarly,one manufacturerof businessmachines
believesthat an operatorcan be fullytrainedin two days.
Unskilledlabour,as ils nameimplies,requireslituespecjalised
training.Skiltscan be
acquiredon lhe job ilself,and as the labourersgrow used to the werk,lhey becomemore
efficient.For example,wheothe canalswerebuiltin Britainand laterwhenthe raalways
were
laid, the entrepreneurs
who built them found that it took a full yearfor strong,healthyfarm
boys to becomediggers.Theseyoungmen had to leamto use theirenergyeconomically
so
that they couldwork longhourswithouttiring.Althougha greatdeal ot specialisedtraining
was not necessary,thestrongbodyand chaEcterthatthejob requiredwerenot producedin
a singleday.
The idea of specificityis also importantin classifyinglabour.Generallyspeaking,
skilledlabourtendsto be more specificthan semiskified
or unskilledtabou( skilledlaboureusuallyperfom onlythosetasksfor whichthey have speciatskillor Uaining.For instance,a
dentistmust be employedin dentistryin orderto use his or her specialski s. Fora dentistto
work in the fieldsplantingcom woutdbe a wasteof theseskills.Of course,it mighthelpthe
dentista lot to find out aboutthe life of a farmer,but thiswouldnot substituteforthe efficient
use of the dentist'sseNicesin caringfor people'steeth.A welderin an automobilefactoryis
a less specifictypeof labour.This labourermightbe equa y usefulrepairingcarsor wetding
the steelframeworkof a new building

2. Answerthe following questions,referring backto the text that you havejust.ead:

1. In line 2, lhese typesrefer!o the typesof
2. In fine8, suchlabour.eterlo

22

labour.

rl
ln lineg, similadyintroducesantherexampleof
An authortrequentlyrepeatsa word throughouta textin orderto help connectthe dlfferent
partsof the text For example,the word /aboLlr
is used in everyparagraph
and helDsto
providea conneclton
amongthe djfferentparagraphs
in the text What otherwo.dsare
repeatedin the sameor similarfo.ms in the text?
5. Somettmes
an authorusessynonyms
to showconnections
amongthe differentpartsof a
passage.What synonymsfor the words lask andworketarc usedhere,in the text?
3
4

VOCABULARY
1. Read each definitionbelow and choose the word from the list that best matcheseach
definition. Then write that word in the blank.
acquire
manufacturer

assembly
professional

characteristic distinguish
range
subslitute

efficient
tend

imply

1 . AggEilg to obtainby one'sown effortsor behaviour

2.
to make noticeableor different.
3.
amountof variation,extent.
to be likely,usual.
(
relatedto a job requiringadvancdeducationand specialtraining
puttingtogetherof pans; a galheringtogetherof people.
7.
a personor firm that producesthingson a largescale.
to suggest.
producjngeffeclively wilh litue waste in time, effort or money.
'10.
typiclout\,vard
appearance;qualityor behaviourtypicalof a group,classor
individual.
11.
to put or use in placeof another
2. Fill in each blank with a word from the list. Each word is used only once.
acquire
manufacturer

assembly
professional

characteristic distinguish etlicient

r:rnge
substitute lend

imply

of airplaneshas openedup a new

One nggE&E!
Plantin
Califomia. This new plant employs people such as engineerswho design the airplanesand
semiskilledworkerswho Derforma wide
of activities.Someof the employees
have lust graduatedfrom technicalsciools, but most employeeshave been
from the company'slarge plant in Georgia,which ctosedthree monthsago becauseof labour
problems. The workers
to like this new plant bcuse it is clean and
and the companypays lhe workersexcellentsalaries_
Thereis a verylowrate
of absencein this new plant. Evenif someoneis absent,it is not a seriousproblembecauseone
workercan usually
for another.The efficiencyexpertat the plant feelsthat a
good
lowabsenteerate
workingconditionsfor the workers.
The company'sprofitshave been quite good so ta. this year The companybelievesthat
this is due not only to the qualityof ils pncducl,but also to the
of its employees,
whic,hare their willingnesslo wort overtime,their efficiency,and their pride in theirwork.These
qualities
these employeesfrom gther aielane assemblyplant workers,who
usuallyhave high absenteeratesand littlepridein theirwork.
3. Which of the job titles below would best describethe following?
.
.
.
.
.

unskilledworker
supervisor
director
union official
executrvemanager

.
.
.
.
.

safety officer
publicrelationsofficer
labourer
personnelofficer
administrator

1. The personwho representsthe workers'interestsin disputeswiththe managementin a factory

A personwho hasa high(butnotthehighest)

positaon
in a companyandwhosejob rsto make
important
decisions.
3. An importantpersonana companywho sjtson the Board
4 A workerwhosejob requiresno specialtrainjng
5. A persongenerally
in chargeof theday-to-day
administralion
in a company
6. The personwho makessurethereare no risksof accidentsfrom machinery,etc
7 A personwhosejob is to keepan eye on the day,to-daywork of otherworkeE
8. A personwho does hard physiclwoft
9 The personwho handlesapplications
for vacantposts.
10. The personwho gavesout iofomationto the pressfor a company
2

4. Read the following expressionsrelatedwith work:

hours of wo*
. to wort shift-work(nightsone week,days nexi)
. to be on flexi-time(flexibleworkinghours)
reasonsfo. nol wofuing
. to go / be on strike(industrialdispute)
. to get the sack (thrownout of yourjob)
. to be fired (mo.e formalthan 'get the sack,;oflen used as a direci address:,you?e
fired!')
. to be dismissed(morefomal than ,befired')
. to be made redundant (throvrnout, no longer needed)
. to be laid off (moreinformalthan,to be maderedundanf)
. to give up work (e.9. in orderto study)
. to be on / take matemityleave(expectjnga baby)
. to be on / lake sick leave(illnss)
. lo take early reftrement(retire at 55)
. to be a workaholic(loveworktoo much)
. to be promoted(get a higherposition)
. to applyforajob (fillin formsetc.)
Using some of these exp.iessions,say what you think has happenedt is happening.
e.g. l'm not workingnowtthe baby is due in threeweeks. Sheis on matemituteave.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
.

I lost my job. Theyhad to makecutbacks.

He is enjoyinglife on a pension,althoughhe is only SB.
One week it is six-to-two.the nextis nights.
They have madeher GeneralManageras from next month!
I was late so often,I lost my job.
I get in at nine o'clockand go homeal five.
Your troubleis you are obsessedwith work!

Now make a sentencefor each of the verbs you have not used.
5. Whose job do these tiings belong to?
e.g.

bucket

1. board
2. scalpel
3. tippex
4- make-up
5. t actor
6. sewingmachine

ladder

leather

overheadprojector
mask
filingcabinet
scnpr
plough
scissors

window-cleaner
chalk
forceps
stapler
microphone
Darn
needle

6. Match the following words with their definitions below_

PROFESSION

TRADE

UNSKILLED
JOB

A job thatrequiresno specialskillor training

a job thatinvolves
occupation
B. way of makinga livingespecially
makingsomething,
carpenter,
tatlot
etc
by
trade
be a butchea
Basketweavingis a dying trade
C paid occupation,especiallyone that requiresadvancededucationahd training,eg architecture,
lawor medrcrne
advising co ege leave,s on their choice ol profesaion
the acting, legal, medical, etc. p(ofession
Would you calf the following a trade, a professiono( an unskilledjobl
1. vet
2. ci,ef
6. dressmaker 7. cleanet

3. olumber
L tailor

4. architect
9. refuse-collector

5. electrician
10. lawyer

PHRASALVERBS
1. Replace the underlined words in these sntenceswith tlre corct torm of one of the
PhrasalvErbs below:
look over
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

look iflto

look though

lookon

lookout

lookafler

look up

The police are ioyeEllgglilg the cdme. ,ookitg i,4no

lf you cn't remmberthE number,you cn alwaysfull!! in the telephonebook.
you are going to have an accident one day.
lf you glglqlggEql,
you
please
Can
@d-qg!9xlggi9k!y and find all th phrasal verbs?
You should 9Xg!D!!9the proportycarefully belore you dcide lo buy it.
Who takes careof the kidswhenyou go out in lhe ev6ning?
lt was tanible ... wfiile the littleold ladywas bEingmugged,severalpassers-byjust stood
there ggEhilgl

2. Complete these sentences using the cornectform of one of the phrassl verbs below:
let down
Dulldown
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

@me down
take down

put down
knock down

tum down

A good friend neverlgE YougE@.

the posternow.
The show is over.You can _
them-.
They otfered her a loi of moneyfor the housebut she
- by a bus.
As the old ladywas crossingthe road she was_
lt was such an old house they decidedlo have it _.
in writing.
You should draw up a contractand everythingPricesin the sops never seemto _:
they are alwaysgoing up.

Part ll: GRAMMAR

1. REPORTEDSPEECHI
l.

Explanations
A WhAtiSREPORTED
SPEECH?

We often tell people what othe. peoplehave totd us. This is calledREPORTEDor INOIRECT
SPEFCH We usuallychangetensesand references
to people,placesandttmes
e.g. 'l' talk to Mr Jonestomorow,'saidMike
Mike said that he would lalk to Mr. Jones the to owing day.
B. REPORTEO
SPEECH
- withoutteosechanges
statementsare often repeatedimmediately,
and the reportedverb is in a presenttense. In this
case there are no tense changes
e.g. 'Jackis on lhe phone.He sayshe's going to thecinemaand do we wantlo go too?'
C. REPORTEOSPEECH- tensechangesaftera past tensereportngverb
statementsare usuarlyreportedwitha past tenseverb and an optionalfhat All tensesthatfollow
move back into the past.This is sometjmesclledbackshift.
DIRECTSPEECH

PresentTenseSimDle
'l nd son]helq"
PresentTenseContinuous
We are havtnEour lunch."
PastTenseSimole
"t wrote two letteGto het."
PresentPerfeclSimDle
"t have iost my keys."
WILL
"l will be homeat 6.00."
AM/IS/AREGOINGTO
"They arc golng to cooE back."

MUST
"l musTtinishthis befoteI go."

INDIRECT
SPEECH
PaslTenseSimDle
Snesait (rfia!)stre n eed sone helD

s:'J3"f'3i$lis*ff" tht,runn
"i,n "

PastPerfectSimote
He sakt(that)he had wdftenfuro|,tters
to her.
Pasl Peded SimDle
He said (that) he had ,ost h/s keys.

wouLo

Ste sard(ttat) she uosrd be homeat 6.00

WASMERE GOINGTO
She said (thao thev were ootna to cang back
MUST
He saict(that) he must frnishil beloe he went

Notethat some verbsdo not change:

WOULD) WOULD
COULD) COULD
MIGHT) MIGHT
SHOULD) SHOULD
OUGHTTO ) OUGHTTO
Note that sentencesin direct speechhave speechmarks(invertedcommas)aroundthe spoken
words. Indirector reportedspeechdoes not use speechmarks.
Note that PAST PERFECTin REPORTEDSPEECHcan be a reportof either past Simpleor
PresentPerfect.
'l have lost my keys!, said Joe.
'l lost my keys yesterday,' he said.

Joe said (that) he had lost h,b *eys.

He said (that) he had tos/.his keys the day before.

D No changesaftera pasttensereportingverb
whichis alwaystrue,it may notbe necessary
to backshift
lf the reportis aboutsomething
'l like applesmore than I tike onnges'
'Budapestis the capitalof Hungary.'

She said she likes applesmorelhan she

likes onnges
He said that Budapestis the capital of
nungary

Somesgeakersoreferto backshiftin sentencesof this kind.

SPEECH
E. Speakersin REPORTED
Speakerscan be mentionedat the beginningor at the end of the senlencein OirectSpeechl
e.g. Jack sai4 'We'E going to missthe tain.'
'Wa'regoing to miss the train,'saidJack.
Speakersare menlionedat the beginningof the sentencein ReportedSpeech:
(

Jack sad (that) they weE going to misslhe fra,n.

F. OTHERCHANGES
to peopl6,placesand tmes oftenchanges,becauselhe pointof
In reportedSpeecfi,references
viswchanges.
tomonow the next day/ the followingday
yesterdaythe day before
ha.a

this/these
tooay
tonight
nexr
|aSt
the day after tomonow
ago

there
thav those
that day
that night
the next/ the following
previous/before
in two days'time
before/ previously

SAY,TELL,SPEAK
G. VERBSEASILYCONFUSED:
Speakdescribesthe act of talking.
Simon spoke lo me in the supermarketyesteday.
Say describesthe words used. lt is followedby optionallhal
'll's watm today,' she sad.
She satd (that) it was wam.
Iel describesgivinginformation.lt needsan object.lt is tollowedby optionalfhal.
'Youhave won fitsl pize,'she said.
She totd ,ne (that) I had won fitsl pdze.
ll.

Practice

1. Underlinethe erro6 in these sentences.Rewriteeach sentence.

L
2.
l
I

Sally lgllthat she had lost her keys. Sa y said that she had lost her keys.
Chrissaid me that he muslleaveeady.
lraria and Tony said they shallsee us tomorow.
Tom said. I'm comingto yourParty.

5 Sue said that she had wrote a letter10Lisa

6 Steve said us that he was affivingat 8 OO
7 | had bought a nerr bike Pam told us
8 Whai's the mattet Ellentotd
9 Jim says that he had neededsome help
10.Joe said that he doesn'tfeelwell yeslerday
2. Rewrite each sentence in reported speech, ending as shown.
I
2

Anna told us that she had finished

'/ haye firr'slred. Anna toid us
George said that he would be back at 6 O0
'..7 ,-\";(l' 1.,t .L\,.:'ti ali !: (a ,'Georgesata.
Helen said she was ggingto go shopping
' ! ta m
' 1
n
.{.,
Jua,'t'
t.t' - .i ttt./ , \t
f-4 tiil/t
S ai d Helen.
aj said
-rh

Paul said h6 wadfedto makea 6hohecatl

I saidPaul.
5 Trnatold-the teachershe hbd forgonenher homework.

ll \,.,.,.!;'".J|r., ,^u h,^a.^,,i: ,'Tinatotdtheteacher.

6. Davidshidhe hadtb be backby 3.30.
,' Davidsaid.
7 Jan told me she Wouldlet me knovl
' Shc u;('t' &l me lcn-w
'Jan ioldme.
,' Billsaid.
3. Match each sentence in dirccl speechwith its sqmmarisedveFion in reporGd speech,
I. 'Look, sony about this, but l'm afraid I'm a. Shesaidshewouldbe back
goingto be a bit late.' fc,
soon.
2. 'Actually,I have no idea at allwhere I am!' e b. Shesaidshehadmissedthe
3. 'The thing.is, I know it's sillybut l've missed
bus.
the bus.' b
She said she was going to be
4. AnywayI'll be back in nextto no tjme.' ir.
late.
5. 'l did ring,you know, eadierin the evening.' d. She saidshe had alreadyrung.
e. She saidshe didn'tknowwhere
shewas.
4. Completeeach sentence,using sa, lel/ or speakin an appropriateform.
I
2
3
1
5.
6
'1.
E.

Jim toldme that he was playinpin,tbgschootbasketbateam.

l.f} iao to Helenand shelfl@g
she wouldphoneyou
'Ydu'relucky,'.Ez:_
Steve.'l rtJz.l you that youwouldwinl
A fra'lslalor /el/t
the presidenl whal everyone was!gzL_.
'took,'1,,t--/(
her. xwhydon'l you /o/l
mewhatioZ m&n?'
llalhL_ my teachet lha A@J!Chinese, but she didn'tbeJreve
me
'Plerse dont ft\!
anythihgduringthe test,'ov tead\etJhhLus.
|
-fu4__my lnnds aboutmy party,and they /1!i"( theywoutdcome.

5. Rewriteeach sentence in reported speech, beginningas shown.

l. 'lwon'tbe therebecausel'm havinga party,saidHelen.
Helentold us that she wouldnl be there because she was havinq a paftv.
2. 'l ve lost the map and I don'tknowthe way,' said Jack.
Jacktold me that he

: 'Whentfinishtheffi
Carolsaidthatwhen

.1. 'l m doing some homeworkbut I won'tbe long,'said Mjke

l,likesaid that he
28

i 't tike swimmingbut l don t go very often,'said Mary

tvlarytold us that she
6. 'l got up lateand I missedthe bus,'saidRichard.
Rrchardsardthathe
but l'm not surewhen,'saidJill
7 'lm goingto visitfnendsin Fr.ti
Jilltoldus thatshe
8 'l want to buy it, but lhavent b.oughtanymoney,saidTony
Tonysaidthathe
2. REPORTEDSPEECHII
l.

ExPlanations

ANOREQUESTS
A. COMMANDS
Commandsare reporledwith tel and the infinitive.
He told nte to go away.

'Go away!'

Requestsare reponedwithask and the infinitive

(
'Please help ne!'

He askad herto help him.

B, YES/NOOUESTIONS
Questionswith the answeF )s or ro are reportedwith badGhiftand using,t
'Does lhe London train stop hee?' she
asked

She askednp ll the London tnin

gioqqed the'.

Notethat the questionformof the directspeechis not usedin rEportedspeech, as thereis no

longera direclqueslion.Thareis no questionmafk.
WHETHERmeansil ...or not. We use whefrerwhen we reporlquestionslinkedwith or. The
oqestionis regortedwith backshift.
e.g. 'A you staing lhe night ot are you going hone?', he asked.
He asked ne whether I was s.taylng the night or goitp home.
C. WH. QUESTIONS
Ouestionsbeginningwitl].when,why, where,how, etc. are reportedwithbackshiftThe question
forrnsof directspeechare not used, so the subjectin bold comesbeforelhe verb.Thereis no
questionmark.
'

'Where isthe bus station?'she asfted.

'wheE halgyou gglit@m?' he asked.

She asked where t,|e bus stalioa ges.

He asked whete I had conF-from.

OUESTIONS
D. INDIRECT
Indirector embeddedquestionsare questionswhich havean introductoryquestionbeforethem.
The indirectquestiondges not have a questionform. Notethat the.e is no clange ot tenses
(backshift)
fntroductoryquestions.Coutd you tell rne...?Do you know.-.?
YES/NOQUESTIONS

OUESTIONS
I INDIRECTYESi,/NO

lS this the

Do you know if this ts the ngttt streetz

WH. QUESTIONS

INDIRECT
WH. QUESTIONS
Coutdyou tettme wherctie poit6frice
E?
Do you knowwhen the litm stafts?

Where ts the post office?

Whendoes the liln stad?
E REPORTING
VERBS

Reporting
verbsincludepartof the meaningof thewordsreportedHerearesomeof the most
commonfepoftngverDs:
aclvise
agfee

apologize
ask
congratulate
decide

lnvite

'l wouldn'tbuy that car, James,if t wereyou,

t advised James nol to buy that car.
'Yes,Ji ,Ithinkyou are right.'
Mike agreed with Ji .
'l'm really sorry for being so late,, said Maia.
Maia apo,ogized for being late.
'Do you think you could help me, Sue?,
I asked Sue to helo ne.
'well done, Tina, you've passedthe exan!'
I congntulated Tina on passingthe exam.
'l'm going to becone a doctol, said Helen.
Helen declded lo becotnea doctor.

'WouldWu liketo cometo the cinemaon Satwdav?'

.
linvi'd Pamto theci?fln]
on Satutdav.
'ShallI catryWur case,Dawn?'sadpeier.
Peler olfercd to catryDawr'scase.
'l' detinitelybe hone by eight,'saidAnn.

otfer
promise

Ann prcmlsed to be hone by eigh[

"l'll wail lor you, Helen,'saidpeter.
Peter prcmlsed Helen that he would wait for her.
'No, I wonl open the door!'saidCarot.
Carol relused to open the doot.
'Don'tfoget to sendyour mothera bidhdaycad, Joe.,
I reminded Jo to send his mother a bidhdav cad.
'How about spending the day at the beach?'-saidCados.
Cartos suggested spending the day at the beach.

refuse
remlnd
suggest
ll.

Practice

'1.Put one suitable word in each sDace,

L
2.
I
-1.
5.
6

going to schoolor not.

Helenaskedme I l _
Davidaskedhis mother
she_
be cominghome.
Peteraskedus _
we _
everbeento Hungary.
Costasaskedme
I manyphotog|aphs.
Mariaaskeda policeman
rnemuseumwas_
Dora askedhe. sister
she
fed the dog

2. Completeeach question in direct speechending as shownl. Jackaskedme whetherlwas havinglunchor goingout.

'Are vou havina lunch or doind oun'Jack askedme.
2. CarolaskedAnn what she had donethe day before.
, Ann?,asked
Carol.
3. John askedus if we oftenwent sailino.
30

--,.,, asKeous
I Kateaskedme howmanyGermanbooksI had read
'
?' Kateaskedme
5 GeorgeaskedSLreif shewasgoIngto changeschools.
Sue?'askedGeorge
6. Alice asked me who I sat nextto in class.
? Aticeaskedme
7 My teacherasked me if I wouldbe there the next day.
?' my teacheraskedme.
{t Mary asked me whereexactlyI lived
exactly?Maryaskedme
3. Rewrite each senlence in reported speech, beginningas shown.
l. 'Are you stayinghereall summen'the littlegirl askedme.
The littlegirl asked me llMtether I was stavino there all summer
2. 'What does 'orocrastinate'
mean?'I asked mv teacher.
I asked mv teacher

or not?my motheraskedme.
3. 'Haveyoudoneyourhomework,
My motheraskdme
4. 'When is your birthday?'I askedSue.
I asked Sqe

5. 'Didyouremember
to lockthedoor,'my fatheraskedme.
Myfatheraskedme

6. 'Why have you tumedoff the television?'Ellenaskedm.

Ellenasked me _
?. 'Do you speak ltalian?'the touristguido askedme.
The touristguide askedme _

8. 'Howmuchdid youpayforyourbike?'I askedSieve.

I asked Steve

4. Rewriteeach questionbeginningas shown,

1. What's the time?.
jEg..lb?
Couldyou tell me!449!LUe
mean?
2. Whatdoesthis
Do you know

3. How much does this cost?

2
Couldyou tell me
4. Whai time does the museumoDen?
1
Doyou know
5. Am lin the rightseat?
Couldyou tell me
6. Where'sAshamStreet?
?
Do you know
7. ls this TrafalgarSquare?
?
Couldyou tell me
L When does this bus leave?
Do you know
5. Rewrite each sentenceanrcported speech, beginningas shown. Use a verb from the list.
advised
offe.ed

apologised
promised

congratulated
retused

invited
suggested

l. 'l'll definitelyb at yourhousebefo.e 8.00,Sue,' said Mike.

Mike p4g@t:ggfSue rl\al he woqld delinitetv be at her house belore 8.:0O.
2. 'Would you like to cometo the cinema,Jean?' askedChris.
chris l. 'l wouldn'teat too muchit I we.e you, Dave,'said Patsy.

Patsy
'Howaboutgoingfor a walk?'satd
George
m ternbtysorrytor breakrnglhe-ii6ilsa,d--arol
Carol
6. S h a l l d o t h e w a sh rnu
gp ? sa rdB rl l
Brll
',,_
vve oone,youve passeoyourdnvtngtest.sardTtnas mother
Tina'smother
her
'No,lwon't go to the dentist's!'said
Pat
Pat

t.

Consolidation

1. Choose the best verb underlinedin the direct speech sentence:

1. Helenaskedme rf ltikedvisitjngotdbuitdings.
'Oo vou like/ Did vou likevisitingold buildingsi'asked Heten.
2. Bill askedMaryif she had done anythingthe previousweekend.
'Have vou doneanvthino/Did vou do anythinolastweekend?,
3. The policemanaskedme if the car betongedto me.
'Qag! !b!E!?r belono/Oidthis cr betonoto you?,askedth6 poticeman.
4. Fionaaskedme if I had seen her umbrellaanvwhere.
'Sj!-y9!lcclJl3!9Jqgl9eo
my umbreltaanylrtr;re?' asked Fiona.
5. Joe askedTina whenshe wouldget bac*.
'VV}|Enwill vou oev have vou oot back?, asked Joe.
6. Ed askedStevewho had beento lhe cinemawith.
'Who did vou oo,/had vou beento the dnema with?'askedEd.
7. My parentsaskedme what tjme I had got homethe nightbefore.
'What iime did vou oeu havevou oot home lastnight?,mt parentsasKed.
L Davidaskeda passer-byif it was the rightroadfor Hastings.
'ls this/ Was this the rightroad for Hastings?,
2. Rewriteeach sentenqeas direct speech:
1. Grahamtold lan h6 wouldsee him the followingday.
'l'll see you tomonow, lan', sak! Graham.
2. Paulinetold the childrentheirswimmingthingswere not there.
3. Davidtold me my letterhad anivedthe day before.
4. Shirleytold Larryshe wouldsee him that evening.
5. Billtold Stevenhe hadn'tbeenat homethat momino.
6. MargarettoldJohn to phoneher on the followingdat.
7. Tim told Ron hewas leavingthat aftemoon.
8. Christinetold Machael
she had lost herlighterthenightbefore.
3. Rewriteeach sentenceas direct speech,beginningas shown:
1. 'You can't park here.
The poftceofficertotd Jackthat he coutd not park there.
2. 'lll see you in the moming,Helen.'
Petertold Helen
3. 'l'm takingthe 5.30traintomonowevening.'
Janetsaid
4.

'rhe trouseEIiiEGTEEi[ tFiiaftEfi6oil

Paul told the dry-cleaners

5 . 'l left my umbrellaheretwo daysago.'
Susan told them

'rhe pa,cetoushi"iibETEET]'iiElni? nEiG-j.,

Briansaid

7 . '| lrkethishotelvervmuch'

Dianatoldme

B. 'l think it is going to rain tonight

Williamsaid

9. 'Whattimedoes the filmstarl.Peter?'

I asked Peter when the film stafted.
10.'Do youwatchtelevision
everyevenang,
Chris?
lhe rnterviewerasked
1 1 'Why didyou applyfor thrsJob?'askedthe salesmanager
The salesmanageraskedme
12.'Areyoutakingmuchmoneywithyouto France?'
My bank managerwantedto know
13 'When will I know the resultsof the examinat,on?
Mariaaskedthe examrner
'14.'Are you enjoyingyourflight?'
The stewardessaskedme
15 'How does the photocopierwork?'
I askedthe salesman
'16.'Haveyouever beento Japan,Paul?'
Sue askedPaul

4. Continureportingeachsentence,qsingonly the numberof wordsstated.

'1. 'Doyouthinkyou couldpossibly
tellmewhatthetimeis?'
(s words)
Davidaskedme !9l9ll!!lu!!9j|49.
2. 'Excuseme,but I wonderit you'dmindopeningthe window.'
(4
The man siningnextto me askedme
words)
3. 'Yougo do$rnthis street,tum left,thentakthe secondtumingon theright.Thecinemaisjust
downthestreton the left.'
A passer-bytold me how to

woros).
howmuchthisbikecosts.Canyoutellme?'
4. 'l wsntto kno\.,/
(4

John asked how

words).
5. 'Look,don't\,vorry,
l'll helpyouif youlike.'
Sue saidshe

(3words).

6. 'Alright,ltell youwhat,lhe cis yoursfor,lel'ssay $500.'

The salesmansaid I could
woros).
7. 'l hopeyoudon'lmindmy sayingthis,butyou'rebeinga bit silly,aren'tyou?'
(5words).
Petertold me I
8. 'lt doesn'tlook as if l'll be anivingunlilafter 8, I'm afraid.'
Jane said she probably
words).

(6

5. Rewriteeach sentence,beginningas shown so that the meaningstays the same.

1. What time does the next boat leave?Do you thinkyou cruld tell me U!4_g.4,elt9_!9!
boat leaves,?
2. Where can lchange somemoney?Can you tell me
3. Where is the toilet?Couldyou possiblytell me
2
4. How much does this pullovercosl?I'd like to know
5. How do I get to VictoriaStation?Can you explain
6. Doesthis train go to GatwickAirport?Could you tell me
7. Wheredo you comefrom?Wouldyou mind tellingme
8. What do you thinkof London?Do you think you couldtell me
6. Put a form of say, terl or ask in eacn space.
1. | &lU you that you had to be on time.Why are you late?

2
3
4
5
6
7
8

When you _
her.ifshe'dwork late,what did she
I thinkthat Alan _
us a lie about hjs quatifical,ons
When l_
him what he was doing there he
me { was noneof my buslness
l_
lwould help you,so here la m
Did you heaf what Sheila_
abouther new iob?
What drd Carol_
you about her hotidav?
lhere you seer l_
you lhe bus would'beon trme

7. Put a form of one of the verbs listed into the space in each sentence.
accuse
offer

agree
remind

clecrde
advise

insist
Confess

refuse
doubt

admrt
promrse

apologise deny
suggest

1 'No, it's not true, I didn'tstealthe money!'Jean derr.edstealingthe money/that he had

stolenthe money
2 'Why don't we go the cinemathis evenina?,peter
goingto thectnema/
thatthey
went to the cinema
3. 'Yes, of course,l'll give you a tift, Helen.'Liz
to give Helena lifv lhat shewoutd

gjve Helen a lift.

4 . 'l've brokenyour pen. l'm awfullysorry,Jack.,David

for breakingJack'spen
'Don'tforgetto post my letter,will you, Sue?' Diana
Sue to posther letter
6. 'Let me cany your suitcase,John.'Harry
to carryJohn'ssuitcase
_
7 . 'Alright,it's true, I was nervous' The leadingactoto being nervous/thathe had
been nervous.
8. 'l donl think Liverpoolwillwin.'Vanessa_
s,hetherLiverpoolwouldwin.
9. 'lf I were you Bill,l'd buya mountainbite.t Steptren_
Bili to buy a mountainbike.
10. 'Don'tworry Madin,l'll bringyour booklact<.'Lestie_
to bringirartin.sbookbacld
martanhe wouldbainghis book back.,
11.'YoumurderedLord Digby,didn'tyou Colin!'Theinspeclor
Colinof murdering
_
Lord Digby.
12.'No, no, you reallymusthave anotherdrink!' Dick
on my havinganotherdrinkJ
that I shouldhaveanotherdrink.

'19
to steating
themoney
:ll.rys m whostolethemoney,'saidJam.Jim_
14.'Right,l'll takethe brownpair.'Andfew
rc tate tre brown-pair.,
15.'No, sorry,I don'twant to lendyou my cameral Alex_

to tendme his cmera.

8. Rewrite each sentence,beginningas shown, so that the meaning staysthe same.

1. 'Sue,can you rememberto buy some.bread?'paul remindedSue to buy sqme bread.
2. 'l don't reallythink it'll snowlomorrow.'I doubt
3. 'l m sorry | didn'tphoneyoueartier.'LittapotogGE--a
_.
4. 'l reallythink you shouldseea doctor.Cnris.,W||iarnaOviseO
5. 'No, l'm sorry,I don'l workon Saturday Definitelynof' Cattrerin-6EtriEito
_.
6. 'Let'sgo out to the pub for tunch,shallwe?,Wendysuggested
_.
7. 'lt's not true! | have neverbeenanesteO.'Larryaeniea-j_]8. 'lf you like, l'll help you do the decorating.Bob.'Ann offered
_
9 1'lldefinitelytakeyou to the parkon Sunday,chitdren.'Tom p6frEEl tne
10.Yes, all right,l'll sha.elhe bi with you, Dave' Brendaagreed
9- Look carefully at each line. Some lines are correct, but some have a word which
should not be therE. Tick each correct line. tf a line has a word which should not be
there, write the word in the space.
Satellitetelevision
When my parentsdecidedlhat to get a new
satellitetelevision.I askedthemwhy they
thoughtthis was a goodidea.I doubtedit
whetherit was reallynecessary,and toldthem
that I had thoughtthey spenttoo mucht|me
34

thal
1.

2.
3.

watchingtelevisionTheyagreedtheydidn't
go out verymuch,butwereinsasted
thatthey
had had thoughtaboutthe matterverycarefully
'We enloytelevision
' theysaidme,'andwhenwe
askedyou,you sardthatyouagreedwithus '
I repliedthemthatI didn'tremember
beingasked,
And that lwouldhavetfledto stopthem.Then

4
5
6
7.
8
I
10

They were admittedlhal they had asked me while I was

Watchrngmy favouriteprog.amme lasked them

1 1.
12.

Whatwas lhad beenwatching,

andtheysaid
It was a footballmatch 'You told us that
To keepquiet,so we thoughtthatyouagreed!'

14

15.

REVISION
EXERCISES
'1.Pass the following sentencesfrom the Direct to the lndi.ect Speech:
'1. Marysaid to me, 'l'd liketo go out"
2. They alwayssay, "Theseexercisesare too difficultfor us'
3. Dorisis saying,"Behaveyourself,Peterl"
4. Dan is alwayssaying,'lhaveleftmynotebookat home"
5. The teacherhas said to the pupils,"l want to have a lookat your homework'
6. John and Tom are saying,"We haven'tdone our homework'
7. 'l am leavingtor the seasidetomonolv'
8. "We watchedw last nighf
9. "We have neverbeen here before"
10."l knowwhat the teacherwill sav".

B.
1. Where does your fatherwork?
2. Who are your friends?
3. What is yourdaily programme?
4. What time do you get up in the morning?
5. When did you move to this school?
6. When will you finishschool?
7. When did you buy this cmera?
L When are you going to take yourtirst photo?
L Can they developyour filmsat the photographer?
10.Do you thinkthe piclureswill comeoul clearly?
11.Will you take picturesof your friends?
12.Will you give me a photo,too?
2. Translate into English:
'

1. Elevull-a intrebatpe directornd trebuies; se prezintela cabinetulseu.2. Functionarulne-a

sfttuit se citim atent instrucliunileinaintesa deschidemcutja.3, Secretaraintreab5daca tebuie
si bat6 la maginAtoate rapoartele.4. Mamami-a atras atenliasa nu uit de intalnire.5. Doctorul
ne-a spus cA nimeninu are voie se vorbeasci cu pacientulpana a doua 2i.6. Voia sa ttie de ce
prieteniimei au plecta9a de devreme.7. BEtranulne-a spus ca el nu incuieniciodateuga din
spate. L Profesoruli-a intrebat pe elevi daca au inteles lectia sau nu. L Georges-a scuzat
spunandcd nu e vina lui. 10.Profesorulvoiasa ltie cine a participatla olimpiadade matematicE.
3. Retell an important dialogue you have had lately.

3. CONDITIONALCLAUS'ES
l.

Explanations

TYPE IF CLAUSE
Preseaa lense Slmple
0
lf you press this bufton
Dacaapesi De buton
Present fense Simple
1

lf we walk so slowly,
Dacevom mergeaia de
incet
Pasl Tense Simple

MAINCLAUSE
Present Tense Simple

VALUE

the machine stans.

maSinapomeSte.

- UUe,real

Futule (wi + lnfinitive)

we wifl be late.
vom intarzia.
Present CondiAonal (woutd +
,ntinitive)

lf lhada helicopter
I would fly to school.
Dacaas avea un helicooter m-asduce cu el la scoaE..
Past Perrbct Sr'r?ple
Past Condiabnal
(would + have + Past Pafticiple
J

lf I had teft hone eatier

I would not have lost lhe plane.

Dacgat li pleclde acase

maidewefne.

nu aS fi pierdutavionul.

-Possib/e,
achievable

- tmagtnary,
hypothetical

- impossible
codition, past
hypothetical

a. TYPEO describeswhatalwayshappens.Whenor itcan int oducethis sentence;

It's a lropical coutrt y, aN so ll lt rclns had, everyotg stays idootsWhen it ralns hard, ettetyone staysirrooors.
b. TYPE 1 is sometimescalleda real condition.lt descdbeswhat someonethinkswi,t
happnin a realsituation.
Situation:You are at the supermarket
with a friend.your friendhas put someeggsin one bag,and
is bying to pick up lots ot otherbags.you say:
lf you carry too tt't y bags,you wlll drop the eggs.
lf you drop the eggs, they wil break.
c. TYPE 2 is sometimesclled an imaginarycondition.lt refersto thingsthat might
happen in the fulure,or things that you can imaginehappening.We do not know
whelher the actioocan be accomptishedor not, we only knowthat the first clause
dependson the seconc
situation:You are watchingthe starsone night with a triend.you starttalkingabout aliens.you
tf iome aliens landEldon eaih, I would make ftiendswith them_
ff they didnt speak Etl,lish,I would use sign language.
We usuallywere for all personsin CONDTTTONAL
2 tF SENTENCES.
If I were an astrotEt!!, I woutd enjoy bF.ingweigh essl
lf she were a famous acfress, she wo.rrd earn a lot of money.
d. TYPE 3 is sometimescalledan impossibteconditon.lt refersto thingsin the past
and it is impossiblelo changethings that happenedin the past.The actionwould
l6

al a certainmomentIn the past,but the subiectmissedlhe

have been possable
so it is not possibleanymore
opportunity,
anoyougotwet
Youwentfora longwalk,but yoLrdrdnot takeyourumbrellalt rarneo,
Situation:
got
wet.
lf I had taken an umbrella,I would not have
lf I had heard the weatherfoecasl, I would not have gone out.
E NOTE
UNLESS means only if not. We use it to say that somethingwill only happen in certain
orcumstances:
We will go oul fot a walk,glES' il rains.
I wouldn\ ask you to helpme {LEjE you were my bestfnend.
sentencesusuallybeginwith /F. However,in everydayspeech,we oftenuse IMAGilVE
Condational
Or SUPPOS/NG.
lmagineyou sawa snake,whal wouldyou do? (lf you sawa snake,what wouldyou do?)
Supposing you owned a helicopter,what wouldyou useit for? (lf you owneda helicopter,what
would you useit for?)
ll.

Practice

a. Conditionals1 and 2
1. Choose the correct word or phrase underlined in each pair.
1. lf we're / we wouldbe latefor class,our teacher!4u.ib9.l!43langry'
2. lf t; Iygd.']!!qgldl]!C on another planet, s9!1999../@ilLSCg the Earth in the skv.
3. lf we take / will take a taxi, WC]Lelliy9.i!93lliy9llsooner.

4. lf we !l9o!hsry.I!9o!bsD., w9:!1b.9-&el49u!L!9-late.
5. lf we !r9.j:4qbirds, v' !4cld-!e-a!!Clq-l-el9-e!1919-fly.
6. lf you don'twear/ wouldn'twearvour pull over.ygg!!..189!-.149!-19!!cold.
I wouldoet/ qet bettermarks.
7. lf I glgdlgdlgillglUdLharder,
l'd ride/ | rodeit to school.
8. lf I bgfuhglga motorbike,
g. lf youl9!gli!!!.lg$Lme yourbike,l'll let / t lel voubonowmy skateboard
10.lf i had/ wouldhavelotsof money,lllgiyg-./ljeygsometo all myfriends
2. Completethe sentencefor eachsituationusingthe verbsgiven.
L
2.
l.

'7.

You are standingvery closeto the edge of a swimmingpool.You are wearingall your clothes,
not a swimmingcostume.A friendsays: lf you (tallin) &ll!4. your clothes(get)gi4g9! wet!
aboutgoingto the beach
You are sittingin the classroomon a hot day. You are day-dreaming
(go)
the
beach.
to
a holiday,|
You think: lf today (be)
You can't answera questionin your Englishbook. You ask a friendto help, but she doesn't
you.
the answer,| (tell)know the answer.She says:l{ t (know)You are walkingtowardsthe bus-stopwith a friend.Suddenlythe bus arrives The bus-stopis
we
far away, but you thinkthereis a chanceof catchingthe bus.You say: lf we (run)-.
it!
(catch)_
You are planningto go to the beach tomonowwith somefriends.You are not sure aboutthe
weather. becauseit sometimesrains at this time of lhe year.You arrangeto meet tomorrow
to the cinemainstead.
we (go)
afternoonand say: lf it (rain)-,
you
and you also play antwo teams.a
have
lots
to
do,
because
of
woR
You are very busy,
join
more free time, | 0oin)
I
a computerclub. You say: lt {tlave)friend asks you to
the club. But it's impossibleat the momentbecausel'm too busy!
_
You are discussingthe idea of underwatercilies.Peopleare describingthe advantagedand
underthe sea, we (eat)
disadvantagesof livingunder the sea. You say: lf we (live)fish all the timel
You are wonied abouta test next week. You ask your teacherfor someadvice.She says: lf
the tesi
you (study)
for one hour every day, you (pass)-

3. Compfeteeach sentenceusing4 unlessotwould

I
2
I
I
i
6
7
8
9
lo

lf youhadaskedme to helpyou,lwould
John _
win more racesif he trainedharder
Comeon!_
we hurry,we'llmisstheplanel
you lrkelo see my stampcollect,on?
_
you do if you saw a snake?
What_
We'll havelunch outsidein the garden,
rt,stoo cold.
-- take a seat,please.
The managerwon't be long
you
-l'm surethat Carol_
go
to the cinemawathyou, if you askedher
you
feel
like
phone
a
chat,
me tonight
_
I don't feel happy_
I swlmeveryday

4. Completeeach sentence a) to j) with an ending from 1) to 1O).

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
0
g)
h)
i)
j)

lf you playthe musictoo loud, I

lf the NorthPole melted,
lf we don'thave enoughice-cream,
lf I foundsomeone'swallet,
lf a burglarbrokeinto this house,
lf my trainisn't late,
lf you were famous,
lf my fatherlendsme the money,
lf you tookmore exercise,
lf you tell me what you want,

l. the alarmwouldgo off.

2. l'llbuya new bike.
3. l'llbe in Parisa t 6.00.
4. you wouldn'tSeeme anymore.
5. youwouldfeel better.
6. the waterwouldfloodmanycities
7. l'llbuy il for you.
8. you'llwakeup the neighbours.
9- we'll gel some more.
10. I'd take it lo the policestation.

5. Completeeach sntence as either a Conditional1 or a Conditional2 sentenceusing the

verb given.
l. f | (have)tgglarms five met es long, | (be abte)worrtdbe abre to reachthe top of that shelf.
2. Don'tworry,you'vejust got a cold.lf you (take)
an aspirin,you (feel)_
much
3 Vegetariansbelievethat it nobody(eat)_
meat,everyone(live)_
longer.
4. lf | (become)_
a famousrock star.| (buy)_
my parentsan;normous house.
5. lt says 'No Pafting', lf you (leave)_
lhe cr here,the police(give)_
you a parxrng
fine.
6. lts not far. lf you (follow)_
this palh,you (come)_
to the stalion.
?. lf peoplein cities(use)_
bikesinsteadof cars,there(not be)_
so much po utjon
8. Actuallyit's a very friendlydog. lf you (touch)_
it, it (not bite)
you.
9. lf you (leave)_
your bookson the desk,| (give)
thernbackto you al the end of
the lesson.
10.lf you (own)_
a pet tiger.your friends(not visit)_
you!
b Conditionals2 6nd 3
1. Rewritaeach comment beginning as shown.
1. Supposingyou had wings,what wouldyou do?
Whal would vou do it vouhad winas?
2. Why don'tyou leavenow? That'swhat I'd do.
3. lmagineyou livedon Mars.Howwouldyou feel?
rlow _

4. I lhink you shouldbuy a bike.That'swhat I'd do.

5. lmagineyou we.e rich. What wouldyou do?
What
^^------:--.---::o.
ttupposrng Jtm ctme wth us, what would you say"
38

Why don't yoLrtake the bus? That s what l'd do

,I-

8. lmagineyou owneda robot Whatwouldyou do?

2. Choosethe correct word oa phlaseunderlinedin eachsentence,
I
2.
3.
4
5.
6.
7.
8

lf you ohoned/ had ohoded me yesterday,I had aivenI would have oiven you the news.
lf you took/ would havetakenmoreexefcaseyou miohtfeel / hadfelt better
lf Tim drove/ had drivenmorec.trefully,he wouldn'thavecrashed/ didnt crash
lf you hadcome/ ctme to seethe film,youwouldhaveenioved/ hadeniovedit
If I'd known/ | wouldknowit was your birthday,I wouldsend / wouldhavesentyou a card.
lf peopleheloed / had helpedone anothermore often,the world!dg[LDq]@! a betterplace.
lf your team had scored / scored more goals, it hA!L!@!]1gqgl!!-h3!Ci{9!.
lf you would have wom / wore a coat, you wggk![!j9]!:!!!h]j9!wet.

3. Comoletethe sentencefor each situation.

she wouldn\i
Helen didn'i leave early, and so she missedthe bus. lf HeleniggL.llglLgE4!9(,

,ravemr'ssedthe bus.
lf I
I didn'tbuymoremilk,so I didn'thaveenoughfor breakfast.

enoughfor breakfast
We forgotto take a map,so we got lost in the mountains.lf we
in the mouniains.
eafly, I
I didn'tgo to bed eaiy, so I didn'twake up at 7.00. lf I
at 7.00.
Mikedidn'tmake a shoppinglist,and he forgotto buysomecoffee.It Mike
somecoffee.
he
realiseyou were tiredwhen I askedyou to go for a walk.lf I
I didn't
for a walk.
The Romansdidn't sailacrossthe Atlantic,so they didn'treachAmerica.lf the Romans
America.
they
and
I
lost
my
way.
lf I
the
station
left
at
I didn'ttum
,
my way.
ll l.

Consolidation

1, 2 and 3 andothercases
Conditionals
1. Choose the most suitabletense.
'1. lf the machine ggpsll{illg!9p, you press / will press this button
2. I can't understandwhat he seesin her! It anyonetreats/ will treat/ treatedme like that, | 3!
wiil be / would be extremelyangry!
3. lf you helDme / helgedme with this exercise,I will do / woulddo the samefor you one day
4. Accordingto the timetable,if the train !Ca!CSl]C[ on time,we will/ wouldanive al 5.30.
5. lf it is / it will be fine tomonow, we g9lrylllgg to the coast.
6. lf we find / found a taxi, we Wil&Cllt@grclgC! there before the play starts.
7. lt's quitesimple really.lf you take/ will take / took thesetabletseveryday,then you lgSClry!!!
lose / lost/ would loseweaght
L l don't likethis flat. I thinkI am / | will be./l'dbe happierit I live/ willlive/ wouldlive in a house
in the country.
9. I don't know how to playbasketball,but l'm sure that if I will / do / did, I plav/ will plav / would
pley a lot betier thananyonein this awfulteam!
'10.lf I phone / will ohone / ohoned you tonighl, aIC-yQ!-.1{ilLI9[q9]l@qkLI9[Dg in?

2. Choosethe most suitabletense.

I Why dldn t you tell me'> lf yoo told I had told me, Jhad heloed / would t aye heloed you
2 lf Brlldrdn'tsteal / hadn t stolenthe car he wasn't/ wouldnt be / hadn,tbe in pnsonnow
l lf Ann wasn't drivina/ didn'tdrive/ hadn'ldrivenso fast,her car didn'tcrash/ woLrldn,t
crash/

wouldnt have crashedinto a tree

Let me gtve you some advice. lf you smoked / would smoke / had smoked less, you didn t feel /
wouldn t feel / wouldn t have felt so tired
5 What bad luck! lf Alan didn'tfall / hadn'tfallen/ wouldn,tfall over,he won / wouldwin / would
have won the race.
6 lf you invited / had inviled me last week, I was able / had been able / would have been able to
come

7 I m sureyour letterhasn'tanivedyet. If it came/ had comel,m sureI notjced/ had noticed/

wouldhave noticedit.
8 We havea suggestionto make.How do vou leel / wouldvou feel if we offered/ wouldoffer/
had offeredyou the job of assistantmanaget
9 ll you lent/ had lent us the money,we paid/ wouldpav/ had oaid youbacknextweek.
10.Terrynevercatchesanythingwhen he goesfishing.And if he catches/ cauoht/ had cauohta
fish, he throws/ wouldthrowit back.
3. Put each ve.b in brackets into a suitable tense.
1 . Why didn'tyou phone?ll | (know)had known you werecoming,t (meet)woutd trave met you

at the airDort.
It's a pityyou missedthe party.lf you (come)_
you (meet){ my friendsfrom
11ungary.
3. lf we (have)
sometools,we (be able)
to repairthe car but we haven't
got any with us.
4. Thankyou for your help. lf you (nol hetp)_
me, | (not pass)_
tne
examination.
5. lt's a beautifulhouse,and | (buy)_
it if | (have)_
the moneybut I cn't
afford it.
6. I can't imaginewhat | (do)_
with the moneyif | (win)_
the tootba pootsor
a lottery.
7. iilark isn'ta seriousathlete.lf he (train)_
harderhe (be)_
quile a good
runner.
L lf Claire(listen)_
to her mother,she (not marry)_
Davidin the firstptace.
It rainedevery day on our holiday.lf we (nottake)_
the televisjonwith us, we (not
have)_
anythingto do.
10.Jim is so untidytlf he (buy)some new clothes,he (not look)_
so bad!
REVISIONEXERCISES
1. Supply the correct tense of the verbs in brackets:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
a.
j.

lwon t callyou if nothing(tohappen)

lf the engine(not to be cold),don't pultout the chokecontrol.
lwill callthe electricianif the lights(to fail)again.
lf more govemments(to wakeup) to what is happening,perhapshe wouldbe ableto avoidthe
orsaster.
lt wouldbe risky if you (to drive)this old car to SDain.
lwould takethe day off if I(to have)stomaci ache.
| (to stop)workingif I won a lot of money.
lf they (to change)more money,they couldhave stayedin a hotel.
Perhapsdad wouldn'thavebeen so surp.isedif he (to heao the boystalkingaboutit.
EvenI hadrun as fastas lcould,l(to miss)the bus.
40

2. Completethe followingcortditional
structures:
a
o
c

lf il doesnl aarnfor montns

lf a driversees a zebra crossingthe street

I shallbe happyif
1shouldbe richand successful
if
e I won the prazeunless.... . . . ..
lf I wentto visitLondon,
....
I I shouldhavecalledyouif ..
h I would have bought myselfa new car in case
d

i
j

Had I been in your place

Unlesshe had told me differently

3.Translate
into English:
1. Daceili vei fac datoria,vorfi mullumi(i.
2. Daci ne-amfi opritacolo,amfi ajunsinapoifoarte
teziu. 3. Nu fura mereledaci ceilaltibiieti nu-lindemnause o fac6 4. DacAil vei intrebace
inseamn5pentruel reclama,ili va spunecevaciudat.5. Oaceai lua un ziar,ai gasiprobabilun
num:rde cuvintepe carenu le inlelegi.6. Daci dinintamplare
nu voivenila timp,nu mgaltepta.
7. DaceaSfi in locultau, a.gfaceoricemi-arspune.8. Daci agli fostatatde obosit,mi-a9fi luat
catevazilede concediu.9. In cazcEm-arfi ceubt,Sorameanu m-arfi datla telefon.,lO.SEfi stiut
ce mealteapte,nu m-a9fi angajatacolo.
4. Writea compositionon one ofthe followingtopics:
a. Whatwouldyou do if youwerethe president
of the state?
b. Whatwouldyou havedoneif yourbestfriendhadcheatedon you?
c, In case you becomethe directorof an advertisingcompany,how will you treat your
employees?
d. Vvherewouldyou havelikedto r.lseyourskillsunlessyouhadbeenbomin Romania?
4. EXPRESSING
WISHES
l.

Explanations

A. WISHESaboutoresenlstates
Thesewishesuse the pastsimpleafterlhe verbWISH.Thetimereferedto is an imaginary
or
'unreal'present.
I wishI knew the answertothisquestion.
(lnthiscase,I do not knowtheanswer.)
I wish I didnl have so much work to do.
B. WISHES aboutpast events
Thesewishesuse the past pertectafterthe verb WISH.The time refenedto is past time.
I wish I had gone to yourpady lasl week.
(lnthiscase,I did not go.)
C. WTSHESaboutfutureevents.COULD
WishesusingCOULD referto abilityor to future time.
/ wsh / corrrd drive. (Ability)
I wish June could meet ne next week. (Future time)
D. WSHES aboutfutureevents:WOULD(annoyinghabits)
Thesewishesuse WOULD after the verb WISH. They oftentake the form of a comptaintabouta
bad habit
I wish Peter woutdn't chew gum all the tine

IF ONLY

1. /l only is r.lsedinsteadof WISH to make emphaticwishes

tf only I knew the answer to this questionl
lf only I had gone to your pady last week!
2. ln speech,ONLY is often heavilystresses

F IT'S TIME
1. /13aimefollowedby a personis followedby an unrealpasl tense
Sorry,but it'stime we went home.
Thishasa similarmeaningto a Conditional2
sentence:
lf we went home, it wouldbe better
2. High c2,nbe addedfor extraemphasrs.
It'shigh time you learnedto look aftet you6elf!
3. /fb t rne can also be usedwith the infinitive+ lo
It'stime you staied workl(You'rebeinglazy)
It's time to statl wotk (A statementof facl)
G I'D RATHER
1. /d rafherfollowedby a personis followedby an unreatpasttense.
Id Ether you didnl tell John aboutthis
This has a similarmeaningto a Conditional2 sentence:
lf you didn't teu John about this, it would be better.
2. I'd soonercln be usedin the sameway and has the samemeaning:
Actually, I'd sooner we lelt now.
ll.

Praqtice

1, Choos the correc'tword or phrase underlined in each sentence.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

I am sunburnt.I wish I hadrt sunbatted / didn'lsunbalhefor so long.

I don'tfeel well. I wish I couldstav/ stavedal homelomorlow.
I'm not a good swimmer.but I wish I couldswim/ wouldswimwell.
I wish I bgll_bglg a lot of moneyl
I wish | gpgElsggl@ you lomonqw,but it's impossible.
I wish Jim didn'tsit / doesn1sit nex lo merHe's so annoyingl
lf only we b!S!..1@gElhgyg
somemoneywe coutdtaketh bus.
you
yourselves
I hope
enioved/ eniov
at the dancetomorTow.

2. Choose the correct continuationtoreach sentence.

1. I've got lots of workto do, and I'm tired,but I can'tstop,
A. I wish I had taken a rest.
B. I wish I could take a rest.
2. I wasn't payingattentionin ctass.and nowTA;{!6;tI;;;GA-A. I wish I listenedto my teacher.
B. I wishl'd listenedto my teacher
3. Sarahpaintedher.oom green,but she doesn'tlikeit.
A. She wishesshe'd paintedit blue.
B. Shewishesshe paintedii blue
4. This is a very puzzlingmomenil
A. lwish I'dknownthe answer.
B. lwishI knewtheanswer.
5. lt's reallycold and miserablehere in the winler.
A. I wish we lived in an warmplace.
B. I hopewe livein a warmplace.
6. I can't repair my bikebecauseI haven'tgot any tools.
A- lf only | lrvouldhave a screwdriver.
B. lf onlyI had a screwdriver.
7. I'mwo.ried aboutmy basketballteam_Perhapstheywon'twinl
A. I wish they play well.
B. I hopethey playwe .
8. You promisednot to tell anyonemy secretsbut youdidl
42

A l w i sh Ih a d n t told you

B lwish I dadn't
tellyoir

3. Completeeach sentencewith a suitableform of the verbgiven.

lm soakedto the skinlIf only| (bting)had brouqhtan umbrellal
two of theml
Thispulloverwas reallycheap I wish| (buy)
(go)
there too
| lrkeyourunrversityI wlsh
hef phone nurnbe.!
I must oet in touch with Sue lf only | (know)
the traininstead!
Tnrsbus rsreallyslowllwishwe (take)
in thiscamera.lwish | (notbuy)v it.
Im disappornted
thewholetest!
7. I answefedthree questionswell {f only | (finish)
French.
anyihingMariesaysllwish | (speak)
L l can'tunderstand

1.
2
3
4.
5
6.

4. Completeeach sentencein a suitableway.

1.
23.
4.
5.

l'm hungry.lt onlyLb39!3jg!S!!]i9l in my pocket.

t|me.
Enjoyyourholiday.I hoPe
before.
This is a lovelyplace.I wishwe
you
pity
you
lf
only
in my streetl
live
so
far
away.
lt's a
as well as her.
Ellenis a fantasticdancer.I wish I
lll.

Consolidation

1. Choosethe most suitabletense.

so far away from lhe lown centre we'll
l. lwish Peter @
have to take a taxi.
2. I feel rathercold.I wish I b!9!gbl!l:!glE9!gh! my pulloverwithme.
3 'W h a t a p i t y . |w i sh w e @|e a ve .|'ve juststar tedto
enjoy myself.
4. I wish you !9!!-.1!qEllhelltq!!!me aboutthe test. I haven'tdoneany revision.
5'| w i s h t h e p e o p |e n e xtd o o r@so muchnoise,lcan,t
hear myselfthink!
6 Darling I love you so much! | wish we elg-l-b3!Lbgg4-^!9u!L!g.l.gqgE-be togelher always!
?. I'm sorry I missedyour birthdayparty.I reallywish I come/ came/ had come/ wouldcome.
me somemoreresponsibility.
8. I like my new boss but I wish she geygllggEldlg]lguCiiyq
9. Havinga lovelytime in Brighton.I wish you are / were / had beenhere.Love,Sheila.
10.This car was a completewasteof money.I wish I didn't buv it ,lhadn'tbouohtat.
2- Put each verb in brackets into a suitable tense.

'

"''

l. This trainjoumey seemsendless!| wish we (go)!gglg949 by cr.

the moneyto buy some new clothes,but I can't afford it at the
2. I wish I (have)
momenl.
(do)
somethinoaboutlhe pollutionin this city.
3. lwish the gove'rnrnent
my umbrella.
4. Im gettingreallysoakedllwish | (notforget)
habit.
(not
that!
lt's
a
really
annoying
do)
5. lwish you
so much.
6 That was a lovelymeal,bul I wish | (not eat)
harder
my
I
don't
think
l'm goingto pass.
(study)
for
exams.
7. I wish |
your dirtyshoesin yourbedroom.
8. lwish you (notleave)
9. I'm afraidI have no ideawhereDianahas gone. I wish | (know)moreoften
10. I reallyenjoyedour trip to the theatre.I wishwe (go)
3. Choose the most suitable tense.
I A chequeis alt right but l'd ratheryou pgy&atgl me cash.
2. lmagineyou liyelllilgq in NewYork.How wouldyou feel?

lf onlyI have/ had/ wouldhavea screwdriver

withme
you
lf
want to catchthe lasttrain,it's tameyou leave/ left
I'd ratheryoudont tell/ didnt lellanyoneaboutthisconversation.
l'vegot a terriblehangoverlf onlyI dtdn'tdnnk/ hadnt drunkthatfourlhbotfleof wine
lf you dont mind, l'd sooneryou Oractised
/ had practised/ wouldOracttse
your vtolln
somewnereetse
8. lt's hightimeyou learn/ leamedto tookafteryourself
9 Jean thinksthat everyonelikes her tf only she knows/ knewwhat peoplesay behandher
back'
l0 I'd ratherwe gAyl:9lalgd at homethis Christmasfor a change
I
4
5
6
7

4. Put each verb in brackets into a suitabletense.

I Whal can we do to get in louch with Robert?tf ontywe (know)knew his phonenumber
2 Come on children!lt s timeyou (be)
in bed.
I Actuallyl'd ratheryou (notsmoke)_
in here.
4 Supposeyou (see)
a ghosl.Whatwauldyou do?
5 I'm so annoyedaboutmy car acrident.tf ontyI (be)
morecrefulI

6. lt's hightimeyou(start)_
7. l'd ratheryou(notput)_

workingmoreseriously.
yourcoffeeon topof my book.
8 l've no idea wherewe are! It onlywe (have)
a map.
9 Yourhairis ratherlong.Oon'tyouthinkit'stimeyou(have)_
10.Visitingmuseumsis interesting
I suppose,
butI'dsoonerwe (go)

a haircut?
swimming.

5. Complete the second sentenc-eso that it has a similar rneaningto the first sentence,
using the word given, Do not change the word given. you musl use b-t\recntwo and five
woros'1. lt would be nice to be able to fly a
plane.
2. Pleasedon't eat in lhe classroom.
3. I think we shouldleavenow.
4. What a pity we ate all the tood.
5. lt's a shamewe don'thavea video.
6. Don't shout all the time, ifs so
annoyrngl
7. I don't want you to buy me a

present.
8. ldon'tlikebeingso tall.

L We ought to startworkingnow.
10. I regretnot going to university.

'

could

twish tgggjElzya ptane.

you
we
only
wish
wouldn't
sooner

I'd rather
lthink it's
lf
I
I
timel
ld

wish

present.
I

started
had

lt's
I

classroom.
left.
allthefoodl
a video.
shout all the
buy me a
so tall.
to university.

6. Look carefully at each line. Some lines are corect, but some have a word which should
not be there. Tick each correct line. tf a line has a word which should not be there. write the
word in the space.
Lositg you money
lmagineit thatone day you woke up and
discoveredlhat you had comptetelytostyout
memory.Howwouldyou havefeel exaclly?
I havethoughtaboutthis recenuyafter I was
involvedin a trafficaccident.I wokeup in
hospital,and saidlo myself'lt's the time I
got up and havewent to school!'l soon realised
my mistake.A nursecme in and askedto me
what my namewas I thoughtaboutit for a
momentandthensaid,'lwouldwishlknew!'
Then I traedto get up 'l'd rathe.prefer
44

1.
2.
5.
6.
7.
a.

n
/

youdidn'tdo thal, saidthe nurse 'Don'lworry.

you'llhaveit yourmemorybacksoon.'
'l w i shyo uh a d n 'th a vesaidlhat,l r eplted
'NowI am reallyworriedl'lf I hadn,tlooked
rn my wallet,lwouldn'thaveknownmy
own namelUnfortLtnalely
my memorysooncame
back,and I realised
I hada mathstestthe nextdayl

j0
11
12.
13
14
15

REVISIONEXERCISES
t. Rewrite each sentenceusing / wish + Pasf Sr'mp/e.

1 l'd loveto livein Ausljalialwish llived in Australia.

2. lhatehavingto go to school
on Saturdays
3. Whydon'twe go awaymoreoften?
4. Whydon'twe havea biggerhouse?
5. I'dloveto speakmorelanguages.
6. I'dloveto be ableto cook.
7. Why is the schoolso expensive?
8. I neverhaveenoughmoney:it wouldbe niceto havemore.
9. I havehavingto do homework
everynight.
10.I'd loveto be a filmstar.
2. RewritethesesentencesusingI wish + PasTpedect:
1. I decidedto work in London.I wish I hadn\ decidedto work ln London.
2. We didn'tgo to Alan'sparty.
3. We wentto livewithmyparentsin Suney.
4. I decidedto siopworkingas a busdriver.
5. WEput our moneyintoa groceryshop.
6. We bonowed$3,000to startthebusiness.
7. We didn'trealizethata supermarket
wasopeningnearby.
8. Thgroceryshopcloseddown.
9. We lostall our money.
10.lt was a mistaketo leaveManchester.
3. Mr and Mrs Reynoldsare worriedabouttheir childrcn.Writewhattheywantthemto
do, using , wish + would

''

L John never @mes home before 12 o'clock. We wlsh he would coma home belore 12
o'clock.
2. Sheilaisn't very politeto her grandparents.
3. Peter doesn'twashvery often.
4. Susan isn'tworkingvery hardfor her exams.
5. John doesn'thelpwith the housework.
.
6 l'd like"Peterto give up smoking.
7 Sheilatakes too manydaysoff work
8. ldon't likeJohnplayingfootballallthetime.
9. Sheilaand Susanare very unkindto Peter.
l0 John doesn'twear a tie very often.
4. Answer "Yes" o. "No" and circle (i) or (ii):
L lwish I had a bigcar.
(i)
(iD

the p.esent?
the past?

a. Do lhave a bigcar?!q
b. Am I lalkingabout

lwish l ha d gone ro unrver's[y

(i)
the present?
(ii)
lwish she wouldtakethe newjob
a Has she agreedto take lhe new.,ob?

a Did go to university?
bAm talkingabout

Am I talkingabout
the presenVfuture?
( i D the past?
4 l w i shth e yhadn'tphonedthe police.
a. Did they phonethe police?
b. Am I talkingabout
presenvfuture?
(i)
the
(iD
the past?
5 I wish she spoke F.ench.
Can she speak French?_.
Did she soeak French?
b
(i)

c. Arewe talkingabout
(i)
thepresent?
(iD
thepast?
lwish she would sDeakFrench.
Can she speak French?_
ls she speakingFrench?
c. Are we lalking about

(i)
thepresenvfuture?
(iD
thepast?
7. I wishI couldagreewithyou.
Do I agreewithyou?
-.
Am I going to changemy mind?
c. Are we lalking about

(i)
thepresent?
(iD
thePast?
8. lf onlyhEhad agreedwithus.
a. Didhe agreewithus?_.
b. Arewe talkingabout
(i)
thepresent?
(iD
thepast?
5. Underlinethe correctverbform in eachsentence.
1. I wish it stoppedl@glblggp raining.
2. I wish it hadr'l srowed /wouldn't snow yesterday.
3 | wisn I knew / ld k/pw the answerto your question.
4. I wish you wouldt'l be / aenl so .ude.
5. I wish lhey las,led/ they'd viited ls when they were in town.
6 | wish I'd speak/ / spokebetterFrench.
7 I wish they hadr't be'en/ wouldn'thave beer so unfriendly.
8. I wish /'ye /etused ,/ I'd rcfusedvrhen you suggestedthe idea.
9 | wish I had / | world have moretime to do this job.
10.I wish she would/had cometo work on time in the future.

46

5. PASSIVEVOICEI
l.

Explanations

A T R A N S IT IVAEN DIN T R ANSITIVE

Verbswhichhave objectsafe calledtransitrve
verbs.ln thissentencem/k ts theoblect.
Dianedrinks milk everymorning.
Verbswhichdo not haveobjectsare calledintransitave
verbs
Dianewalks lo college.
Onlytransitive
verbscanbe madepassive.
B PASSIVE:FORMATION
RULES
The passiveis formedwith the verbbe and the past participle.The objectof the verbbecomesthe
subiectin a oassivesentence.
TENSE

We Ogilld
hundredsof houseseveryyear.
Hundrdsof houses q!g..lo!4(everyyear
ggg!gbzbg two men.
Theauthorities
PF-sentContinuous
Two mena/e berrqquestbrad.
PrcsentSimple

Pasl S/hple
PastContinuous

The police a/fesfgd ons Drotester.

One protsster was a/I3slgd.

At this lime yesterdaythey!le3pghi4g the road.
At this time yesl.erdayth road was binq oaid.

We ,ar chosenHElenas the newpresident.

PrcsentPetfecl Simole
Futue Simple

Helenhasbeenchosenas the newpresident.

They w,//o/aythe match on Sundayevening.
The match w,ll Dep/ard on Sundayeveninq.

C. CONTEXTSOF USE
.

Puttingemphasison imporlantinformation:
Hundreds of houses are built every War by the Goveiin@nt.

In this sentence.it was what it was done, the numberof housesbuilt,which is given emphasis
Emphasisedinformationusuallycomesat the beginningof the sentence.Compare:
The Govenment has built hundreds ol houses thisyear.
In this sentence,moreemphasisis givento who did it, the Govemment.
.

Sookenand written

Passivetendsto be usedmore in writing,and in formalspeech.

D WITH THEAGENT8Y
Passivesentencesoftenincludeinformationabout who did it. This person.thing,organisationetc.
is calledthe AGENT.

Stoneswere thrownby angry football fans.

E WITHTHE INSTRUAJENT
MIH
Passivesentencesmay includeinformation
aboutwhal was usedto performan actronThisis
instrument
and
is
introduced
calledthe
usangwllh
The windowswere brokenwith a baseball bat.
F WITHOUTTHEAGENT
It is not alwaysnecessarylo mentionthe agent.Thereare seve.alreasonsfor this.The passiveis
often used becausewho did it is not knownor the speake.doesnol wantus to know,it is obvious.
or remainsimpersonal,perhapsbecausean authorityasanvolved
.

Not known
Brcnda's mototbike was stolen last night
lf we knewwho had stolenit, we wouldmentionthe nameof the person.lt is not necessaryto add
by someone.
.

Obvious
(
prolesler
was arrgsted.
One
It is not necessaryto add by the police,becusewe know that it is alwaysthe policewho do this.
However,somepeoplepreferto includethis information.
. lmpersonal
Sometimesa groupof peopleis responsiblefor an aclion,and who did it is not mentioned.
Studenls are asked nol to smoke.
We assumelhat the sciool authoritieshave madethis decision.
ll. Practice

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
L

1. Underlinephrass which are not necessary in these sentences.Not all the sentences
contain unnecessaryphrases.
My wallethas been stoln!yj9E9@.
We were taughtby a differentteacheryesterday.
Nickwas operatedon at the hospitalby a doctor.
The mealwas servedby a waiterin a red coat.
We were shownroundthe museumby a guide.
Two letterswere deliveredihis momingby the postrnan.
Three menhave beenanestedby lhe police.
Yesterdaya windowwas brokenby someone
2. Completeeach senlencewith a passiveverb.

'

1. The policequestionedGeorge.
George !Sgggg!9499 by the police.
2. Millionsof peoplewatchthis programme.
This programme
by millionsof people
3. Theywill finishou. new houseat the end of the month.
at the end of the month
Our new house
president.
4. They have electeda new
A new president
5. They are rebuildingthe damagedstadium.
The damagedstadium
6- They have closedthe mountainroad.
The mountainroad _
7. Studentswritemost of this magazine.
48

Mostof thismagazine
A burglarstolemy televrsron

My lelevision
by a blrfglar
Somebodywill meet you at the bus stalon

by students

at the busstation
1 0 Unitedwon the cup lastyear
Lastyearthecup
by United
YOU

3. Unde.line the errors in these sentences.Rewriteeach sentence.

1 . Manypet dogsare losinoeveryyear

Manypet dogsae losteveryyear.

2. The ill manwas beentakento hospital

A new b.idge is be built acrossthe river.
All the food at the partywas ate.
Nothing will being decided before next
Saturday.
The match is playingon Fridayevening.
7. The robberunlockedthe door by a false key.
Thasbook was writingby Sam'sfather

4. Rewrite each sentencebeginning with the words given.

1. Archaeologistshave discovereda new tomb in th Valleyof the Kings.
A new tomb has been discoveredin lhe Vallev of the Kinos.
The Presidentwill open the new sportsstadiumon Salurday.

Thenew soortsstadium
Oneof the mostfamouspaintersin thewoddpaintedthisportrait.
Thisportrait_
4. Theywill announcethe resultsof thecompetition
tomonow.
Theresults
Theyare redecoraling
ourschoolduringthe summerholidays.
Our school
The police in New York haveanestedthreetenorists.
Three tenorists

7. Ourcompanysellsmorethana thousandcarseveryweek.

Lilorethan a thousandcars
8. They are buildinga new museumin the city centre.
A new museum
9. AlexanderFlemingdiscoveredpenicillinin 1928.
Penicillin
10. Two millionpeopleuse the LondonUndergroundsystemeveryday.
Ihe London Undergroundsystem
5. Rewrite each senlence with a passive verb so that the people's namesare not
mentioned.
1 The authorities have closedthe casino.
The casino has been closed.
2. Someonebrokeinto the flat lastweek.
3. Peopleall over lhe world speakEnglish.
4. The aLrthorities
have openedthe new swimmingpool.
5. Someoneleft this pursein the classroomyesterday.
6. The city councilhas bannedtrafficfrom the city centre.
7. Peoplehave electeda new government.
8. The clubs have postponedthe match.

49

6. PASSIVEVOICEII
a . Ex pl a n a ti o n s
A VERBSWITHTWOOBJECTS
Someverbs can have two objects Theseverbsinclude buy,give,lend,after,promise,sell,take,
send
Peter gave Karen 42!959!!
Peter gave g2!9t9!l!to Karcn
Sentenceswith these verbscn be madepassrveIn two ways.
Karen WSSgjyg! a Presentby Peter
A present w3ggllplllLtdELby-Pete r
WITHPASSIVE
B. PROBLEIVIS
To be bom is a passiveform but doesnot have an obviouspassivemeaning.

lwas born in Uruguay.

Some verbs may have a passiveform in other languages,but are not translatedinto passivein
English.
OONE
C, HAVESOMETHING
When a professionalperson,e.g. a mechanic,a plumberetc. does someworkfor us, we can use
haw somethingdone. HAyE can be usedin any tense.
We had 9gL!998 Painted last YeaL
I am having 4yS9! serviced tomonow.
I have had !,y-9!4 decorcted.
happenings.
We alsousethisfor unpleasant
Shehad bSLbglE brcken into.
Tim had his an brckenPlayingrugby
b. Practice
'l . Choose the correct word or phraseunderlined in each sentence.
,

l.
2.
I
4.
5.
6.
7.
8

l'm having my hair gggilg..lglllLlqheyg jU! tomorrow.

The childrenwere took/ taken/ takinqto the seasidefor the day.
I was sendinq/ sent / sendhereby the manager.
Kate is having her car Sry!!qsl:!9!49!!gl!C!4!eg tomolrow.
Sue had her windows blge-K!.!gl-&!q0]-b!9!9 by vandals
a newjob in B.azil.
Davidhas been 9f9/q[9!Dg!]lflCd
Where exactlywere vou bom / did vou bom / did vou beap
I've just had my bike regaired/ reoair/ reoairino

2. Rewrite each sentencebeginningand ending as shown1. Someonestole Bob's bike

Bob !e9!!E bike stolen

50

2. Johnlentme thisbook.
Thisbook_
John.
3 The dentisttookoneof my leethyesterday
Yesterday
I
out.
4. Cairoasmy placeof birth.
|_
in Cairo
5 A rock concertticketwas soldto me by a friend
by a friend
6. SomeonebrokeintoTom'shouselastweek.
Tom had
lastweek.
7 Whenis yourdaleof birlh?
When exactly
born?
8. tvly parentsgave me this ring
parents
I
3. Rewriteeach sentenceso that it has a similar meaningand contains the word given.

1. They are servicingmy car tomorrow

having
I am having my car seliced tomorrow.
2. Yesterdaythey stolemy bike.
had

3. Lastyeartheypaintedour house.
had

4. Theyaretakingoutmy toothtomorrow.
having
5. Theyhavejust cutmy hair.
had
6. Theyarefittingournewcrrpet
tomorTow.
having
7. Theyhaveiust paintedAnn'sportrait.
had
c. Consolidation
1. Underlinethe verb forms which are not possible.

'

1. lry car bggDgilg stolen.

2. Jackwasbomedon a Thursday.
3. Then I realisedthat none of the guestshad been sentan invitation.
4. Mary'scar is being servicedtoday.
5 Yourorderwill beensentassoonasDossible.
6. The hole in the roadwas beingrepairedwhen I camehome.
7. This swimmingpoolis used by overa thousandpeopleeach week.
L When was this churchbuilt?
L An addressis writingon the backof the envelope.
10. Customersare requestto ask for a receipt.
2. Choose the most suitable tense.
1 Their new house hasn't been finished / wasn't finishedyet.
2. The robberswere arrested/ have beenanestedas soonas theyleft the bank.
3. Sue told us her babyis bom / had been born,two weeksearlierlhan expected

4 ll there is too muchsnow,the malchhas beencancelled/ will be cancelled

5 By the time we got there,the rainhad sloDoed/ had beenslopped.
6 When were you told/ have vou been told aboutthe new rules?
7 Mostof the passengerswere swimmino/ were swumeasilyto the shore
8 Ihe winnrnghorsewasridden/ was ridinaby PatMurphy
/ hadvanished.
9 . I lookedagainfor theold man,buthe wasvanished
you
wrll
be
/
asked
are
beino
asked
to showyourpassport
1 0 I don'tthrnkthat

3. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first, using the
word given (two to five words)a newmarketing
manager.
1. LastThursdaywe appotnted
j-DE! last Thursday.
A new
companywith fumiture.
2. Smith Ltd are supplyingour
'4je!@!g!9.!.999!_y-j_epp
by SmithLtd.
supplied Our company
builtthe
castle
in
the
11'h
centurv.
3. Williamthe Conqueror
in
Williamthe Conqueror
by
The castle
the 11'' century
4. No decisionhas Yetbeen made.
yet.
Nothing
decided
murdered
that
someone
Jenkins.
5. Peoplebelieve
wa5

It

6. Your hair needs qJttang.

get
Youought
7. The policewere followingthe suspects.

wene

Thesuspects

mutoereo.

cut
polrce.

8. No one has seen Petersincethe day ot the party.

the dayof the party.

Peter
been
9. We putup a noticeaboutthetripon the noticeboardyesterday.
up on the noticboardYesterday.
A notice
was
10.Peoplethink that an apple a day is good for you.
An apple a day
to

for you.

4. Rwrite each sentenceso that il contains a form ol haw sonethingdone.Do not include

the agent.
1 . A painterpaintedour house lastmonth.

We had our house painted last month.

2. The hairdresseris cuttingmy hairthis aftemoon.
3. Someonehas stolenmYmotorbike
4. The dentisthas takenout all of Ricky'steeth
5- | haven'tbeen to the cr washfor a long time.
6. The men are comingto put in the new centralheatingon Saturday.
7. Someonebroke Harry'snose in a fight.
8. lsn't it time someonefixed yourtelevision?
9. Helen'spublishershavejust publishedher book.
10.The policetowedawayNigels car.

5. Look carefully at each line. Some lines are correct, but some have a word which should
not be there. Fick each correct tine. lf a tine has a word which should not be there, write
the woad in the soace.

Openingof NewFairdeneSportsCentre
The GulliverSoortsCentre.whichhasbeen
completely
rebuilt,
was beenreopened
yesterday
been
by the Minister
for Sport The buildingil was
1
ongrnally
usedto as a market,butwassold
2
to Fairdene
Councilin 1981,and it thenconverted
3
into a sportshall.Local schoolswerq playedfootball
4.
and basketballindoors,and keep ftl classeswere held
5.
there.In 1990the hall was damagedwhen by a fire
whichwas brokeout into the heatingsystem The hall
7
couldnot be used,and remainedemptywhilediscussions 8.
continuedaboutits future.lt was then and decidedthat
the hallwouldto be rebuilt,and an appeatfor money
10.
was launched_
Two yearsago a localbusinessmanoffered 11.
to pay for the buildingwork,and planswere drawnup.
The new hall is includesa swimmingpool,runningtrack
13
and other sportsfacilitieswhichcan be used by anyone
't4.
in the Fairdenearea.The Ministerwas madea soeech
15.
in which she congratulatedeveryoneinvolved.
REVISIONEXERCISES
1. Give passiveequivalentsto the following active sentences:
a. The dog frightensher. b. The team is crryingout an interestingexperiment.c. you found the
door shut. d. She was cookingdinnerwhen he cme.e. They have built threeblocksof flats by
now. f. They had been diggingthe gardenfor two hourswhen it startedto rain.g. Somebodywiil
justice.h. She said somebodywould announcehim. i. Did your mothertell you w had left?j.
lLo
They have givenhimthe job he was lookingfor.
2. Make passivesentences using the tense required by the adverbials:
1. (promise,an electrictrain, littleJimmy)for his birlhday.2. (anange,the fumiture)right now. 3.
(embroider,my grandmother,this tablecloth)when she was a girl.4. (destroy,the lit e hut, the
wind) duing the storm.5. (analyse,the problem)tomorrow.6. (attack,the monkeys,the explorers)
the previousday. 7. (congratulate,he) when I saw him. 8. (throwaway,thatjunk) this rnorning.9.
(look,into the matter)next week. '10.(not live,in this cas e) for 200 years.
3, Translate into English:
1. Toate acestecaseau fost distrusede recentulcutremur.
2. Angliaa fost cucerilSde normanziin secolulal unsprczecelea.
3. Acesteca4i se citesccu ugurint: gi de aceeasunt preferatede turistl
4. Sunt sigurca acestcanteca fost ascultatde mai bine de zeceorj de cetreprieteniit6i.
5. Cands-a deschisuta, copilagulera
hrSnitde mamalui.