SEISMIC PARAMETER DESIGN

PRINCIPLES IN SEISMIC DESIGN

Objectives of the survey (Geological & Geophysical
aspects)
- Structural geometry of target
+ Depth in meter/feet
+ Dimension (length, wide, thickness, shape)
+ Dip of the target
- Surface and near-surface information
+ Elevation/morfology
+ Wheatering layer thickness
+ Geological surface map
- Physical properties of the lithology
+ Velocity
+ Density
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PRINCIPLES IN SEISMIC DESIGN

Other Geological & Geophysical data
- Seismic
+ Previous seismic survey and operation report
+ VSP
+ Refraction seismic
- Non-seismic
+ Gravity
+ Resistivity
+ Well log

PRINCIPLES IN SEISMIC DESIGN

Seismic acquisition method
- 2D or 3D,
- 1C (component) or 3C/4C
- Land, marine or transition
Equipment/Technology availability

1C vs 3C vs 4C
Cable vs wireless
Group geophone vs single
Realtime QC vs continuous recording
Broadband, dual sensor streamer

Social and Environmental condition

Economical aspect

PRINCIPLES IN SEISMIC DESIGN

Social and Environmental condition

Conservation, or restriction area

Vegetation, Flora and fauna
Dense population
Sensitive community
Damage claim

Economical aspect

Budget
Cost of the survey (Shot point, area or daily base)
Survey volume
Joint operation

SEIMIC METHOD - OBJECTIVES

2D LAND LINE LOCATION AND ORIENTATION

The location, direction and length of the lines are
important consideration in the survey design
Dip lines orientation are favored over strike lines
Line ties are important to interpretation. Put the line
ties on a relatively flat area
Lines distance should sufficient to get good image of
the target
Cover the target on full-fold migration area
An occasional cross-line can be very helpful to
processing and interpretation
A good scouting is needed to get surface information
and avoid obstacles like river, swamp, lake, town, etc
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2D LINE LOCATION AND ORIENTATION

Previous seismic line

Propose seismic line

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2D LAND LINE LOCATION AND ORIENTATION

2D SEISMIC PARAMETERS
Group Interval is the horizontal distance on the ground
between receiver stations
Source Interval is the horizontal distance between source
positions
CDP Interval is the horizontal distance between CDPs
Near Receiver Offset is the distance between source and
nearest receiver
Maximum Receiver Offset is the distance between source and
farthest receiver
Fold Coverage is the multiplicity of common-midpoint data
Sampling Rate is the time between successive samples of a
digital seismic trace
Record Length is a time to record seismic data
Geometry Template is the configuration of shot and receiver
positions
Source Type is a device that releases energy to make vibration
Charge Size is an amount of the energy to be released
Charge Depth is the depth of charge (explosive)
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GROUP & CDP INTERVAL

Gint =

Va

2 Fmax Sin

Gint = group interval

Va

= average velocity to horizon

= Maximum dip of the horizon in degrees

Fmax = maximum frequency to be recorded

CDPint = 0.5 Gint

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FOLD COVERAGE
(2D) Fold =

NC Gint
2

Sint

NC = Number of channels

Gint = Receiver interval

Sint = Source interval

(3D) Fold =

1
2

2
3

of (2D) Fold
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3D SEISMIC LAND CONSIDERATION

The basic calculation of vertical and lateral sampling
are same with 2D seismic
Uses multiple receiver lines and source lines
The bins may be square or rectangular and define the
spatial resolution
The fold coverage may be less than 2D, but the
azimuth range is added to the offset range as a
parameter
Re-binning is sometimes used in data processing to
make the fold more consistent
The maximum near offset should be considered for
shallow marker or target
A good scouting is needed to get surface information
and avoid obstacles like river, swamp, lake, town, etc
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3D SEISMIC LAND CONSIDERATION

STRUCTURAL MAP

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3D DESIGN PREPARATION
Objectives of the survey
- Map of the top and bottom of target
- Basement information
- Fault or fracture map
- General structure and dip information

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3D DESIGN PREPARATION
Seismic data input
- Previous survey (nearby) parameter

- Source generated and environmental noise

- Source type and power
- Weathering or static problem
- Borehole/VSP data

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3D DESIGN PREPARATION
Scouting / Field Orientation
- Traveling over the purposed survey by
vehicle and by foot
- Find accessibility and obstacles surface and
subsurface
- Surface condition to choose proper equipment
- Weather condition
- Environmental, permits, social, governmental
consideration
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3D DESIGN PREPARATION
Modeling
- Forward model takes the known parameters of
the earth and computes the effects of the model
for comparison to the observed data
Edwards (1989)

- Handle out-of-the-plane problems

- Generate crooked-line solutions
- Test line alignment
- Binning analysis
- 3D display
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SUBSURFACE MODEL

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RAY TRACING

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3D SEISMIC PARAMETER
Bin is one of a set of discrete areas into which a survey
area is divided
Receiver Line (RL) Interval is the horizontal distance on
the ground between receiver lines
Source line (SL) Interval is the horizontal distance
between source lines
Maximum Near Offset is the distance between source and
farthest receiver in the diagonal direction between two RLs
and two SLs
Azimuth Distribution is the horizontal angle distributions
specified clockwise from true north of source-receiver pairs
Offset Distribution is the distance distributions between
source to receiver
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3D SEISMIC TEMPLATE
Definition
Configuration of source(s) and receiver(s) position to cover
survey area in proper design parameters. The template
(pattern) of the survey depends on the objectives, economical
and operational reasons

Type of template (pattern):

Swath (orthogonal or slanted)

Patch
Bricks
Zig-zag
Marine (towed streamer)
etc

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SWATH PATTERN
ORTOGONAL

BRICKS

SLANTED

ZIG-ZAG

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3D SEISMIC TEMPLATE
Orthogonal

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3D SEISMIC TEMPLATE
Orthogonal

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3D SEISMIC TEMPLATE
Patch
SP

Receiver

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3D SEISMIC TEMPLATE
Patch

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3D SEISMIC TEMPLATE
Patch

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3D SEISMIC TEMPLATE
Brick

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3D SEISMIC TEMPLATE
Brick

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3D SEISMIC TEMPLATE
Orthogonal for TZ

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3D SEISMIC TEMPLATE
Orthogonal for TZ

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3D SEISMIC TEMPLATE
Orthogonal for TZ

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3D SEISMIC TEMPLATE
Slanted

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3D SEISMIC TEMPLATE
Slanted

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3D SEISMIC TEMPLATE
Marine

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3D SEISMIC TEMPLATE
Marine

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MARINE PATTERN

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DETERMINE THE BIN SIZE

Bin =
Vmin

Vmin

4 Fmax Sin

= minimum velocity
= maximum dip of the horizon in degrees

Fmax = maximum frequency expected

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MAXIMUM MINIMUM OFFSET

Hmm =

Sx + Ry
Sx
Ry

Hmm = largest minimum offset

Sx

= source line spacing

Ry

= receiver line spacing

Hmm

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MAXIMUM MINIMUM OFFSET

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DETERMINING THE RECEIVER LINE SPACING

RL = receiver line spacing

RL =

2
Mmin
- SL2

Mmin = maximum minimum offset

SL

= source line spacing

SL

RL

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DETERMINING THE NUMBER OF LINE

AND LINE LENGTH IN THE TEMPLATE
Hmax =

x2 + y2

x = distance of half receiver spread in full template

y = distance of SP to the farthest receiver line
x

y
Hmax

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ANALYSIS OF ATTRIBUTES
FOLD DISTRIBUTION

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ANALYSIS OF ATTRIBUTES
FOLD COVERAGE
SURFACE AREA

FULL FOLD COVERAGE

FULL FOLD MIGRATION

MIGRATION APERTURE

= D Tan()

TAPERED FULL FOLD COVERAGE

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ANALYSIS OF ATTRIBUTES

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ANALYSIS OF ATTRIBUTES

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ANALYSIS OF ATTRIBUTES
AZIMUTH AND OFFSET DISTRIBUTION

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ANALYSIS OF ATTRIBUTES
OFFSET DISTRIBUTION

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ANALYSIS OF ATTRIBUTES
AZIMUTH AND OFFSET DISTRIBUTION

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ANALYSIS OF ATTRIBUTES
OFFSET DISTRIBUTION SPIDER DIAGRAM

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ANALYSIS OF ATTRIBUTES
BIN FRACTINATION

BIN SIZE : 20 m x 20 m
FOLD
: 36

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ANALYSIS OF ATTRIBUTES
BIN FRACTINATION

BIN SIZE : 20 m x 10 m
FOLD
: 18

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ANALYSIS OF ATTRIBUTES
OFFSET DISTRIBUTION

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DETERMINING THE SURVEY PATTERN

AND TEMPLATE MOVEMENT

Shot Line
Receiver Line
Active Template
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3D SEISMIC PARAMETER DESIGN

RECORDING GEOMETRY (TEMPLATE)

TOTAL OFFSET AND AZIMUTH DISTRIBUTION

OFFSET, AZIMUTH AND FOLD DISTRIBUTION IN BIN

3D SEISMIC SURVEY LAYOUT

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3D SEISMIC PARAMETER DESIGN

SPS (Shell Processing Support) file
Shell Processing Support data format was initially defined and used by Shell Internationale
Petroleum for transferring of seismic and positioning data to the processing centres. In 1993
SEG Technical standards committee on ancillary data formats adopted SPS as the standard
format for exchanging Geophysical positioning data

Definition
SPS format is a set of three files called Receiver file, Source file, Cross reference file and an
optional fourth file for comments. In addition to the comment file comments can be entered
in each of the three files as part of the header and is indicated by starting with the letter H
Receiver file
Receiver file contains the information about the geophones their type, position (Easting,
Northing, Elevation) and their ID.
Source file
Source file contains the information about the Seismic source, its position and their ID.
Cross reference file
Cross reference file (also known as relational file) or in short, X file, is basically a relational
file relating the source and the receiver when the shot occurred. It contains the details about
the Shot ID, Source and receivers associated with that particular shot ID.
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3D SEISMIC PARAMETER DESIGN

SPS (Shell Processing Support) file
RPS

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3D SEISMIC PARAMETER DESIGN

SPS (Shell Processing Support) file
SPS

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3D SEISMIC PARAMETER DESIGN

SPS (Shell Processing Support) file
XPS

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