1.

The use of must, must not (mustn't) and need not

(needn't)
The modals must, must not and need not have the same form regardless the subject.
There is no ending with he/she/it.
If you want to say the sth. is unnecessary, use need not, not must not.
(The negation of must means not allowed to.)
I must play football. = I have to play football.
I need not play football. = I do not need to play football. = I do not have to play
football.
I must not play football. = I am not allowed to play football.
You can use must only with Simple Present. If you want to use it with other tenses, you
need the form have to. This form is not the same regardless the subject. Look at the
following table.

Modal

Substitutes

I must play football

I have to play football.

I do not need to play football.

I need not play football.
I do not have to play football.

I must not play football.

I am not allowed to play football.

The modal must can be used in the Simple Present only, so use the substitute have
to with other tenses. The formhave to has the same form regardless the subject.

Pronouns

Modal

Substitutes in the Simple Present

I, we, you, they

I must play football.

I have to play football.

he, she, it

He must play football.

He has to play football.

2. Sentences and questions with have to

2.1. have to in the Simple Present
Pronouns

Affirmative
sentences

Negative sentences

Questions

I, we, you,
they

I have to get
up early.

I do not have to get

up early.

Do I have to get
up early?

he, she, it

She has to get

upearly.

She does not have to get

upearly.

Does she have to get

upearly?

2.2. had to in the Simple Past

Pronouns

Affirmative
sentences

Negative sentences

Questions

I, he, she, it, we,

you, they

I had to get
up early.

I did not have to get

upearly.

Did I have to get

upearly?

2.3. Affirmative sentences with must

Modal

Substitute

Tense

I must play football.

I have to play football.

Simple Present

not possible

I had to play football.

Simple Past

not possible

I will have to play football.

will-future

2.4. Negations with must not, mustn't

Modal

Substitute

Tense

I must not play football.

I am not allowed to play football.

Simple Present

not possible

I was not allowed to play football.

Simple Past

not possible

I will not be allowed to play football.

will-future

2.5. Negations with need not, needn't, don't need, don't have to
Modal

Substitute

Tense

I need not play football.

I do not have to play football.

Simple Present

Modal

Substitute

Tense

I did not have to play football.

Simple Past

I will not have to play football.

will-future

I do not need to play football.

not possible

I did not need to play football.

not possible

I will not need to play football.

2.6. Questions with need and have to

Modal

Substitute

Tense

Does he have
to play football?

Simple
Present

Did he have
to play football?

Simple Past

Must he play football?

Does he need to play football?

The modal must is not used in the Simple

Past.

Did he need to play football?

Modal

The modal must is not used in the willfuture.

Substitute

Tense

Will he have
to play football?

will-future

Will he need to play football?

The form need is not used as a modal, this is a main verb. This form cannot be put
before another verb.
I needn't sing. (Here needn't is a modal. The main verb is sing.)
We need a new computer. (Here need is a main verb).
I need sing. (This sentence is wrong.)

1.

It's late. You

make so much noise.

2.

We

3.

4.

Passengers

5.

This is a dangerous tour. Children

6.

People

7.

We

8.

There

9.

We

10.

This was a nice evening. We

be home by 9 o'clock. The film starts at 9:15.

finish this essay today. It has to be handed in by tomorrow.
talk to the driver whilst the bus is in motion.
be accompanied by an adult.

stand on this bus.

do more exercise to stay fit.
be sth wrong with the engine of this car.
give up when we are so close.
meet again.

How to use the Passive in various tenses

Here you will find some examples of how to form the passive depending on the tense.

Tense

Active

Passive

Simple
Present

Peter builds a house.

A house is built by Peter.

Simple Past

Peter built a house.

A house was built by Peter.

Present
Perfect

Peter has built a house.

A house has been built by Peter.

Past Perfect

Peter had built a house.

A house had been built by Peter.

will-future

Peter will build a house.

A house will be built by Peter.

going tofuture

Peter is going to build a house in

summer.

A house is going to be built in

summer by Peter.