Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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Strong gust
of wind
A
sudden
loud
noise/
bang
An
explosion
A hard
hit
An intense
adverse
criticism
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Explosions
Manifestations
Rock Fracturing
Applications
Underground Mining
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Advantage
Can accommodate changeable ground conditions
Economic for short-length tunnels (TBM is not suitable in these cases)
Desirable for development of non-circular tunnel cross-sections
Sequential work progression guided by local site geology
Caution
Generation of ground vibrations in urban areas
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Drilling
Formation of drill holes which are used to carry charges
Commonly used diameter : 40 50 mm
Two- and
Four-Boom
Drilling Rigs
Formation of Drill Holes
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Charging
Insertion of explosive charges within the drill holes
Common size of charges: Packets of 40 x 300 mm or 90 x 400 mm
Explosive material: Cartridge, Emulsion or Powder
Common since the drill hole can be completely filled depending upon its consistency
Available in packets (12.5 70 cm long and 2-12 cm diameter) with hand-held charge
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Stemming
Sealing of the drill-hole to retain the explosive gases
Detonating
Blasting of the explosive
Effect of detonation
Detonators
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Detonation Scheme
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Ventilation
Fresh air is to be passed through ducts as artificial ventilation so that the
Mucking
Cleaning up of the excavated material and it transportation out of the
tunnel
Support system
Installation of support system for the newly created void
Steel arches, anchors, steel mesh, concrete and other conventional timber
supports
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amount of explosives
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Blast Energy
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Compression or P-Waves
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Dilatational or S-Waves
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P-wave
SV-wave
SH-wave
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Rayeigh Waves
Retrograde Ellipse
x
R-wave
Prograde Ellipse
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Love Waves
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P
2
Reflected P-wave
1 = 2
Layer 1
vp1 , vs1
Layer 2
vp2 , vs2
SV1
3
3
P2
SV2
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SV1
SV
2
Reflected SV-wave
1 = 2
Layer 1
vp1 , vs1
P1
Layer 2
vp2 , vs2
3
SV2
P2
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SH1
SH
Reflected SH-wave
1 = 2
Layer 1
vp1 , vs1
Layer 2
vp2 , vs2
3
SH2
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Dispersion
Waves of different frequency (and wavelength) propagate with different
velocities
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Multichannel Analysis of
Spectral Waves (MASW)
Active MASW survey using
Data Acquisition
Dispersion Analysis
Inversion Analysis
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Up-Hole Survey
Blast charge or Impact
energy is generated at
the bottom of the hole,
while the receivers are
placed at the surface
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Down-Hole Survey
Impact
or Blast energy is
generated at the surface, while
the receivers are along the
depth of the borehole
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Cross-Hole Survey
Impact
or Blast energy is
generated at a specific depth of
one of the borehole, while the
receivers are placed at the same
depth in the other boreholes
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Summary
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