SCE 443 Lect 15

Wastewater Treatment
Water and Wastewater

T h l
Technology
Seventh Edition
Mark J Hammer
Mark J Hammer, Jr
CHAPTER 11 (Part 1) Wastewater Processing
WASTEWATER PROCESSING
Conventional mechanical wastewater treatment is a
combination of physical and biological processes
Designed to remove organic matter & solids from solution
The earliest method was sedimentation in septic tanks

A breakthrough in secondary treatment was slow
movement of wastewater through a gravel bed
Resulting in rapid reduction of organic matter and BOD
A second advancement was observing that biological

solids, developed in polluted water, flocculated
organic colloids
Water and Wastewater Technology, Seventh Edition
By Mark J Hammer and Mark J Hammer, Jr
2012, 2008, 2004, 2001, 1996 Pearson Higher Education, Inc

Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ and Columbus, OH
Liquid treatment consists of: (Fig 111)
Preliminary treatment, primary sedimentation
Biological
g
treatment
Final sedimentation, and disinfection prior to discharge
Solids treatment consists of:

Digestion of primary and thickened secondary solids
Mechanical dewatering and land disposal




The overall treatment process can be viewed

as the conversion of soluble matter to an
organic solid and solids thickening
Pollutants removed from solution are
concentrated in a small volume
convenient for ultimate disposal


Completely mixed aeration without primary
sedimentation is popular for treatment of small
wastewater flows (Fig. 112)
Hundreds of villages and commercial establishments
in rural areas use stabilization ponds for wastewater
treatment




11
11
1 CONSIDERATIONS IN PLANT DESIGN
Desired effluent quality is specified for the design
engineer by a government pollution control authority
Effl
Effluent standards
d d are specific
ifi for
f each
h receiving
i i
water and are established for each treatment plant
Based on the location of discharge
Processes for sludge stabilization and dewatering

are based on the wastewater treatment system
And method of sludge disposal or reuse


Effluent Quality
Standards for municipal secondary treatment are:
A maximum monthly average BOD of 30 mg/l
Suspended
p
solids of 30 mg/l
g
Oil and grease of 10 mg/l
pH between 6.0 and 9.0
Disinfection of a wastewater effluent is required

where necessary to protect public health
A common quality standard for fecal coliform bacteria
is a geometric mean not to exceed 200 per 100 ml

Design Loading
Wastewater quantity for sizing basins and equipment
varies with the nature of the equipment
And whether the process is hydraulic or loading limited
Flow and load values are typically expressed in:

Peak hour and maximum day
Maximum average month and annual average


Design Loading
Flow value is important when sizing pumps, pipes,
and hydraulically limited equipment
L
Loading
di value
l iis iimportant iin sizing
i i aeration
i and
d
digestion equipment to meet peak demands
Organic content of a municipal wastewater is defined
by the concentrations of BOD and suspended solids
Other parameters to consider in design loadings:
Ammonia nitrogen; irregular flow; high strength
Presence of toxins in industrial wastewaters

Design Parameters
Standards for design of treatment units are expressed
by a variety of termsfound in published standards
Hydraulic criteria are expressed in terms of rates and
detention times
Sedimentation basins are sized on weir loading rate,
overflow rate, and detention time
Weir loading rate is the effluent flow is expressed in
gallons per day per linear foot of weir
Organic loadings are in pounds of suspended or volatile
solids, and pounds of 5-day BOD, per unit volume
Digester loading is expressed in pounds of volatile
suspended solids per 1000 gallons per day

11
11
2 PRELIMINARY TREATMENT
Flow measurement, screening, pumping, and grit
removal are normally the processing first steps
(Fig. 114)
The best system for flow measuring is a Parshall
flume with an automatic flow recorder and totalizer


11
11
2 PRELIMINARY TREATMENT


Screens, Fine Screens, and Shredders

Mechanically cleaned screens have clear bar
openings of between 1/2 and 2-1/4 (Fig 115)
S
Screens with
i h fi
finer openings
i
are made
d with
i h perforated
f
d
plates or filter belts (Fig. 116)
Popular for removing larger quantities of paper & plastics
Volume of screenings removed from wastewater

varies with quantity of material in influent wastewater
(Fig. 117)
Exponentially with decreased screen size







Following removal, screenings contain freewater and
a varying quantity of organic material
Many landfills place limitations on free water and
percentage of organic material
Special equipment used to ash and dewater

screenings (Fig. 118)
A shredder or grinder, used in small plants, cuts solids in
the wastewater passing through the device to about 1/4
1/4




10
Grit Chambers
Grit includes sand and other heavy particulate matter,
such as seeds and coffee grounds
Which settle out when the velocity of flow is reduced
System types used depend on the quantity of grit in

the wastewater and treatment plant size
Also money allocated to installation & operation
Grit processing through dewatering is critical to actual

grit removal and protection of equipment (Fig. 1110)
The quantity of grit varies depending on local sewer
condition, age, and soil carried with infiltration

Screw Pumps


11
11
11
4 SEDIMENTATION
Settling (clarification) is done in tanks
Waste-water is held quiescent to allow solids to settle out
To prevent short-circuits & hydraulic tank disturbance,

flow enters behind a baffle to dissipate inlet velocity
A mechanical skimmer collects and deposits the scum
in a pit outside the tank
Settled sludge is moved to a hopper by a collector arm
Criteria for sizing settling tanks are:

Weir loading rate, overflow rate (surface settling rate)
Tank depth at the side wall, and detention time

11
11
4 SEDIMENTATION
Surface settling rate is defined as average
daily overflow, divided by tank surface area
expressed in of gallons per day per square foot:


12
11
11
4 SEDIMENTATION
Detention time is computed by dividing tank
volume by influent flow expressed in hours:


11
11
4 SEDIMENTATION
Numerically, detention time is the time

required to fill the tank at a uniform
rate equivalent to the design flow


13
Primary Clarifiers
Primary tanks receive raw wastewater prior to
biological treatment (Fig. 1115 & 11-16)
W
Water
t moves through
th
h att a very slow
l
rate
t and
d
discharges from the opposite end
Flowing over multiple weirs around a collection trough
Where gravity-thickening tanks are not used, sludge

accumulates in the clarifierspumped
clarifiers pumped to digesters or
dewatering equipment
Effectiveness of sedimentation depends largely on
the character of the wastewater

Primary Clarifiers


14
Primary Clarifiers


Primary Clarifiers


15
Primary Clarifiers
Hydraulic loading influences sludge density
Storing sludge too long can upset clarification
Gas from microorganisms decomposing waste makes

solids more buoyant, expanding the sludge blanket
Reducing the solids concentration
Detrimental biological activity is characterized by foul

odors floating sludge
odors,
sl dge & darkening of wastewater
aste ater color


Primary Clarifiers
Detention time is generally not a specified

criterion for sizing
g primary
p
y clarifiersit
is defined by overflow rate and depth


16
Primary Clarifiers
Total suspended solids removal in primary clarifiers
do not tend to vary directly with overflow rate
It is more related to characteristics of the influent solids
Advanced primary removal uses a chemical aid to

improve suspended solids removal
Overall treatment removal varies due to differences
in solids characteristics,
characteristics flocculation
flocculation, and clarifier
overflow rates


Intermediate Clarifiers
Intermediate clarifiers are sedimentation tanks
between trickling filters, or between a filter and
subsequent biological aeration
In two-stage secondary treatment


17
Secondary Clarifiers
Settling tanks following biological filters are similar to
primary clarifiers (Fig. 1116)
The purpose of gravity settling following a trickling
filter is to collect biological growth, or humus, flushed
from filter media (Fig. 1117)
Each proprietary unit has features of importance in
the operation of a specific biological aeration system
Design parameters for clarifiers in activated-sludge

processes take into account reduced settleability
of a flocculent biological suspension



18


11
11
5 BIOLOGICAL FILTRATION
Fixed-growth biological systems contact wastewater
with microbial growths on supporting media surfaces
As synthetic media replaced stone, the term biological
tower was introduced
The biological process is essentially the same in all
fixed-growth systems


19
11
11
Wastewater sprinkled over the media produces
biological slimes that coat the surface (Fig. 1118)
The films consist primarily of bacteria, protozoa, and
fungi that feed on waste organics
Also sludge worms, fly larvae, rotifers & other biota
Sunlight promotes algae growth on the filter bed surface
Organisms
g
attached to the media in the upper
pp bed
layer grow rapidly, due to the abundant food supply
As wastewater trickles down, organic content decreases
and microorganisms in lower zones are starved

11
11


20
11
11
Organic overload of a stonestone-media filter and

insufficient hydraulic flow, can result in
plugging of passages with biological growth
The result is ponding of wastewater on
the bed, reduced treatment efficiency and
foul odors due to anaerobic conditions


Stone--Media Trickling Filters

Stone
Major components of trickling filters are: (Fig. 1119)
A rotary distributor, underdrain system & filter media
The most common media in existing filters are

crushed rock, slag, or field stone
Durable, insoluble, and resistant to spalling


21



Stone
BOD load on a trickling filter is calculated using
the BOD in the primary effluent applied to the filter,
without regard to any BOD contribution in the
recirculated flow from the clarifier:


22

Stone
Hydraulic loading is the amount of liquid applied
to the filter surface including both untreated
wastewater and recirculation flows:



Stone
S f
Surface
loading
l di
is
i commonly
l expressed
d as:
Millions of gallons per acre
of surface area per day (mgad)
Gallons per minute per square foot
(cubic
( bi meters per square meter per d
day))


23

Stone
The recirculation ratio is the ratio of recirculated

flow to the wastewater entering the treatment plant:



Stone
A two-stage trickling filter consists of two trickling filter
units in seriessometimes with an intermediate
settling tank
Odor control may be required


24
Biological Towers
Several kinds of plastic trickling filter media are made
The advantage over stone media is high specific surface
A high percentage of void volume, permits substantial

biological slime growth (Fig. 1121)
Without inhibiting the passage of air to supply oxygen
Other advantages
g are:
Uniform mediafor better liquid distribution
Light weightallowing construction of deep filters,
Chemical resistance & ability to treat high-strength
wastewaters

Biological Towers


25
Biological Towers
Common media in shallow filters are random packing,
placed like stone media, and high-density cross-flow
modules that can be fitted into a circular tank
A typical random packing is small cylinders with
perforated walls and internal plastic ribs (Fig. 1122)
The packing configuration influences the residence
time of the liquid in the bedrelated
bed related to hydraulic
loading and filter depth


Biological Towers
In theoretical equations,
equations BOD is filtered (soluble)
BOD, not the total BOD as is normally measured
The removal of soluble BOD in a filter with random or
modular packing based on first-order kinetics is:
EQUATION


26
Biological Towers


Biological Towers
The reaction-rate coefficient is

corrected
t d for
f temperature
t
t
by:
b


27
Biological Towers
BOD concentrations of the applied wastewater
before and after dilution with clear recirculation flow:


Biological Towers
Combining the equations gives:


28
Combined Filtration and Aeration Process

Biological-tower filtration can be combined with
second-stage aeration to improve treatment
Particularly for wastewaters of variable strengthfrom
high-strength industrial or seasonal wastes
These processes can be operated with various flow

patterns (Fig. 1124)
As plain aeration to enhance settleability of the
biological solids in the filter effluent
As an activated-sludge process by return of settled
biological floc from the secondary clarifier




29

An alternative flow pattern recirculates a portion of
the settled floc from the clarifier to the filter influent
Forming an activated sludge that recycles through
both the filter and aeration tank
This process is referred to by several names:

Activated biological filtration (ABF)
Activated biofiltrationactivated sludge
Trickling filtrationsolids contact process



Equations for the combined filtration and aeration
process have not been successfully formulated
Due to difficulty in analyzing the system
Operating personnel at most plants believe the

system is better able to absorb shock loads
More stable than the conventional activated-sludge
process


30
Operational Problems
Two major problems of stone-media trickling filters
are effluent quality and odors
Both associated with organic loading, industrial wastes,
and cold-weather operation
If municipal wastewater contains significant industrial

waste contributions, a two-stage filtration system is
necessary to meet the required effluent standards
The microbial zone adjacent to the media surface is
anaerobic
Capable of producing metabolic end products with
offensive odors

Operational Problems
Biological towers using synthetic media are less
susceptible to quality control and odors
Filter flies, Psychoda, are a nuisance problem near
filters during warm weather
Filter snails are a maintenance problem in warm climates


31
Water and Wastewater

T h l
Technology
Seventh Edition
Mark J Hammer
Mark J Hammer, Jr
PART 1 - END
32

SCE 443 Lect 15

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

SCE 443 Lect 15

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Wastewater Treatment

Water and Wastewater

The earliest method was sedimentation in septic tanks

A second advancement was observing that biological

2012, 2008, 2004, 2001, 1996 Pearson Higher Education, Inc

Solids treatment consists of:

Water and Wastewater Technology, Seventh Edition

2012, 2008, 2004, 2001, 1996 Pearson Higher Education, Inc

Water and Wastewater Technology, Seventh Edition

2012, 2008, 2004, 2001, 1996 Pearson Higher Education, Inc

The overall treatment process can be viewed

Water and Wastewater Technology, Seventh Edition

2012, 2008, 2004, 2001, 1996 Pearson Higher Education, Inc

Water and Wastewater Technology, Seventh Edition

2012, 2008, 2004, 2001, 1996 Pearson Higher Education, Inc

Water and Wastewater Technology, Seventh Edition

2012, 2008, 2004, 2001, 1996 Pearson Higher Education, Inc

Processes for sludge stabilization and dewatering

Water and Wastewater Technology, Seventh Edition

2012, 2008, 2004, 2001, 1996 Pearson Higher Education, Inc

Disinfection of a wastewater effluent is required

2012, 2008, 2004, 2001, 1996 Pearson Higher Education, Inc

Flow and load values are typically expressed in:

Water and Wastewater Technology, Seventh Edition

2012, 2008, 2004, 2001, 1996 Pearson Higher Education, Inc

2012, 2008, 2004, 2001, 1996 Pearson Higher Education, Inc

2012, 2008, 2004, 2001, 1996 Pearson Higher Education, Inc

Water and Wastewater Technology, Seventh Edition

2012, 2008, 2004, 2001, 1996 Pearson Higher Education, Inc

Water and Wastewater Technology, Seventh Edition

2012, 2008, 2004, 2001, 1996 Pearson Higher Education, Inc

Screens, Fine Screens, and Shredders

Volume of screenings removed from wastewater

Water and Wastewater Technology, Seventh Edition

2012, 2008, 2004, 2001, 1996 Pearson Higher Education, Inc

Screens, Fine Screens, and Shredders

Water and Wastewater Technology, Seventh Edition

2012, 2008, 2004, 2001, 1996 Pearson Higher Education, Inc

Screens, Fine Screens, and Shredders

Water and Wastewater Technology, Seventh Edition

2012, 2008, 2004, 2001, 1996 Pearson Higher Education, Inc

Screens, Fine Screens, and Shredders

Special equipment used to ash and dewater

Water and Wastewater Technology, Seventh Edition

2012, 2008, 2004, 2001, 1996 Pearson Higher Education, Inc

Screens, Fine Screens, and Shredders

Water and Wastewater Technology, Seventh Edition

2012, 2008, 2004, 2001, 1996 Pearson Higher Education, Inc

System types used depend on the quantity of grit in

Grit processing through dewatering is critical to actual

2012, 2008, 2004, 2001, 1996 Pearson Higher Education, Inc

Water and Wastewater Technology, Seventh Edition

2012, 2008, 2004, 2001, 1996 Pearson Higher Education, Inc

To prevent short-circuits & hydraulic tank disturbance,

Criteria for sizing settling tanks are:

2012, 2008, 2004, 2001, 1996 Pearson Higher Education, Inc

Water and Wastewater Technology, Seventh Edition

2012, 2008, 2004, 2001, 1996 Pearson Higher Education, Inc

Water and Wastewater Technology, Seventh Edition

2012, 2008, 2004, 2001, 1996 Pearson Higher Education, Inc

Numerically, detention time is the time

Water and Wastewater Technology, Seventh Edition

2012, 2008, 2004, 2001, 1996 Pearson Higher Education, Inc