MATRIX:

Definition: A matrix is defined as an ordered

rectangular array of numbers. They can be used to
represent systems of linear equations, as will be
explained below.
Here are a couple of examples of different types of
matrices:
Uppe
Sym
Lower
Diag
r
metri
Triang
onal Trian
c
ular
gular

Zero

Ident
ity

And a fully expanded mn matrix A, would look

like this:

... or in a more compact form:

The horizontal lines in a matrix are called rows and

the vertical lines are called columns. A matrix with
m rows and n columns is called an m-by-n matrix (or
mn matrix) and m and n are called its dimensions.
The places in the matrix where the numbers are, are
called entries. The entry of a matrix A that lies in the
row number i and column number j is called the i,j
entry of A. This is written as A[i,j] or aij.
We write
to define an m n matrix A with
each entry in the matrix called aij for all 1 i m
and 1 j n.

Example
The matrix

is a 43 matrix. This matrix has m=4 rows, and n=3

columns.
The element A[2,3] or a23 is 7.
Operations
Addition
The sum of two matrices is the matrix, which (i,j)-th
entry is equal to the sum of the (i,j)-th entries of two
matrices:

The two matrices have the same dimensions. Here A +

B = B + A is true.
Subtraction
If A and B are matrices of the same type then the
subtraction is found by subtracting the corresponding
elements aij bij.
Here is an example of subtracting matrices.

Multiplication of two matrices

The multiplication of two matrices is a bit more
complicated:

So with Numbers:

Two matrices can be multiplied with each other even

if they have different dimensions, as long as the
number of columns in the first matrix is equal to the
number of rows in the second matrix.
The result of the multiplication, called the product, is
another matrix with the same number of rows as the
first matrix and the same number of columns as the
second matrix.
the multiplication of matrices is not commutative, this
means, in general that
the multiplication of matrices is associative, this
means
Special matrices
There are some matrices that are special.
Square matrix
A square matrix has the same number of rows as columns,
so m=n.
An example of a square matrix is

This matrix has 3 rows and 3 columns: m=n=3.

Identity
Every square dimension set of a matrix has a special
counterpart called an "identity matrix". The identity
matrix has nothing but zeroes except on the main
diagonal, where there are all ones. For example:

is an identity matrix. There is exactly one identity matrix

for each square dimension set. An identity matrix is
special because when multiplying any matrix by the
identity matrix, the result is always the original matrix
with no change.
Inverse matrix
An inverse matrix is a matrix that, when multiplied by
another matrix, equals the identity matrix. For example:

is the inverse of

One column matrix

A matrix, that has many rows, but only one column, is
called a column vector.

Transpose of Matrices

DEFINITION: The transpose of a matrix is found by

exchanging rows for columns i.e. Matrix A = (aij) and the
transpose of A is:
AT = (aji) where j is the column number and i is the
row number of matrix A.
For example, the transpose of a matrix would be:

In the case of a square matrix (m = n), the transpose

can be used to check if a matrix is symmetric. For a
symmetric matrix A = AT.

trace(A) The trace of a matrix is simply the

summation of its main diagonal.
AT

The transpose of a matrix is switching the

rows and columns. For example:
a d g
A= a b c
AT =
d e f
b e h

g h i

c f i

The adjoint of a square matrix [a ij] is defined as

the transpose of the matrix [Aij] where Aij are the
cofactors of the elements aij.
Adjoint of A is denoted by adj A. Adjoint of a
square matrix
Minors and Co-factors
Minor : Minor of an element Aij of a
determinant is the determinant obtained by
deleting its ith row and jth column in which
element aij lies. Minor of an element aij is
denoted by Mij.
Co-factor : Cofactor of an element Aij ,
denoted by Aij is defined by Aij =(-1) i+j Mij
Properties of adjoint of a matrix , if A is an
invertible square matrix of order n.
1. A.(adj A) = (adj A). A = |A| In
( Note: |A(adjA)| = |A|n, if |A| 0, then |adjA| = |A|
n-1

2. adj (AB) = (adj B) . (adj A).

3. adj(adjA) = |A|n-2 .A, if a is an invertible square
matrix of order n.
4. If A is an invertible symmetric matrix, then A-1
is also sym.
5. Every skew- sym. Matrix of odd order is
singular

Example:
Find the adjoint of the matrix.

A11 = +

| |

A12 = -

A13 = +

A21

2 1
5 2

= 4 5 = -1

= -4

=8

0 1
4 2

0 2
4 5

|
=- |
2 3
5 2

= 19

A22 =+

A23 = -

1 2
4 5

=3

A31 = +

| |

= -8

A32 = -

| |

A33 = +

| |

1 3
4 2

= 14

2 3
2 1

1 3
0 1

1 2
0 2

= -1
=2

Inverse of a matrix
If A is any square matrix of order n and there
exist another square matrix B of the same
order n, such that AB=BA =I , then B is called
an inverse matrix of A and is denoted by A-1 =

A
adjA

The Inverse of a Matrix

DEFINITION: Assuming we have a square matrix A,
which is non-singular (i.e. det(A) does not equal zero),
then there exists an nn matrix A-1 which is called the
inverse of A, such that this property holds:
AA-1 = A-1A = I, where I is the identity matrix.
The inverse of a 22 matrix
Take for example an arbitrary 22 Matrix A whose
determinant (ad bc) is not equal to zero.

where a,b,c,d are numbers, The inverse is:

Singular Matrix : Any matrix whose

determinant is zero, is singular matrix.
Non-singular Matrix : Any matrix whose
determinant is not zero, is non-singular matrix.

Note 1:
Only a square matrix can have its inverse.
Note 2:
From the definition, it is clear that if B is the
inverse of A, then A is the inverse of B.
Note 3:
Inverse of A is denoted by A-1, thus B = A-1 and
AA-1 = A-1A=I.
Inverse matrix
An inverse matrix is a matrix that, when multiplied
by another matrix, equals the identity matrix. For
example:

is the inverse of

matrix Q is orthogonal if its transpose is equal to its

inverse:

which entails

where I is the identity matrix.

An orthogonal matrix Q is necessarily square and
invertible, with inverse Q1 = QT.

Question: Give an examples of matrices A, B and C

such that (i) AB BA (ii) AB = O = BA, A O, B O
(iii) AB = O but BA O (iv) AB=AC but B C,A O.

Answer: (i) Let A =

=

[ ]
2 0
0 0

BA=

Let A=

1 0
0 0

1 1
0 0

and B =

[ ]
1 0
1 0

then AB

[ ]
1 1
1 1

(ii) Let A=

[ ]

[ ]

and B =

[ ] and B = [ ] (iii)
[ ] then AB = O, BA = [ ]
1 0
0 0

0 0
0 1

0 0
0 1

0 0
1 0

[ ]
1 0
0 0

(iv) Let A=

[ ]
0 0
0 1

[ ]
0 0
0 0

then AB =

,B=

[ ]
0 0
0 1

and C =

= AC .

Give an example of matrices A, B such that AB=BA

A=

[ ]
1 1
0 1

[ ]
a b
0 a

B=

Question:

[ ]
2 0 0
0 2 0
0 0 2

If A =

then A5 .

A = 2I therefore A5 = (2I)5 = 32 I = 16(2I)

Answer:
= 16A.

**Question: Given that A =

1 3
5
1 3 5
1 3
5

and X be

the solution set of equation Ax = A, where x N-{1}.

Evaluate

x +1

x 1 .

A2 = A (by multiplying) and A3 =

Answer:
A and so on......

Thus An = A for n = 2,3,4......

n

lim

Now,
=

lim

3
1

4
2

lim
n

5
3

x +1
x 1

.....
n(n+1)
1.2

n
n1

n+1
n1

3
n +n+1

lim

)(

3
7

x +1
x1

= 3/2.

7
13

+1
xx x
+ x +1
2

....

n n+ 1
n +n+1

0 0 0
0 0 0

Question: (i)

0 0
0 0
0 0

, why?

[ Not

same order]

[ ] [ ]
1 0 0
0 2 3
1 4 4

(ii) Is the equation

=

[ ]
2 3
1 2

[ ]
2 3
1 2

Valid?

Question: (i) Let

A B C
x y z
zy zx xy

, then

[Hint

(ii) If f(x) =

1 0 0
0 2 3
1 4 4

[No]

xyz
xyz

Ax
By
Cz

x 1
y 1
z 1

and

=0

Ax
x
1

By Cz
y z
1
1

0
xa xb
x+ a
0
xc
x+ b x+ c
0

, then which is

correct f(a)=0 , f(b)=0, f(0)=0 and f(1)=0

[ Hint f(0)=0 det.(skew-symm. matrix)=0].

(iii) Let f(t) =

is equal to 0,-1,2,3.

cost t 1
2 sint t 2t
sint t t

, then

lim
t0

f (t)
t

f (t)
t

[Hint 0,
t

cost
2 sint
t
sint
t

1 2

1 0 1
2 1 2
1 1 1

1 1

as

].

(iv) There are two values of a which makes

determinant

1 2 5
2 a 1
0 4 2a

= 86, then sum

of these numbers is 4,5,-4,9.

operate R2 2R1]

Question: If A =

2 3
3 4

[Hint a=-4,

, show that A2 6A +17I =

0. Hence find A-1 .

Solution: A2 = A.A =
A2 6A +17I =

[ ]
1 0
0 1

[ ]
0 0
0 0

49 612
6+12 9+16

5 18
18
7

-6

2 3
3 4

5 18
18
7

+ 17

=0

A2 6A +17I = 0 17I = - A2 +6A IA-1 =

-1/17 A2 A-1 + 6/17 AA-1 = -1/17A+6/17I
A-1 = 1/17

2 3
3 4

+6/17

[ ]
1 0
0 1

= 1/17

4 3
3 2

].

NOTE If A is symm. As well as skew-symm., then A

is a null matrix.( if A = AT then A is Symm. And if A = - AT
then A is skew- symm.)
A=

[ ]
1 0 0
0 2 0
0 0 4

is symmetric and B =

0
5 8
5
0
12
8 12 0

is

skew-symmetric.
NOTE: (i) If A and B are symmetric matrices, then
BA-2AB is neither symm. nor skew-symm.
(ii) If A is symm. matrix then BTAB is
symm.
(iii) If A and B are symmetric matrices of
same order, then AB is symm. iff AB=BA.
(iv) Zero matrix is both symm. and skewsymm.
(v) Sum of two skew-symm. matrices is
always skew-symm.
(vi) If A is a symm., then A3 is a symm. and if
A is skew-symm., then A2 is a symm.

Theorem:
The inverse of a square matrix if it exists, is
unique.

Let A be an invertible square matrix. If possible,

let B and C be two inverse of A.
Then AB = BA = I.
AC = CA = I (by def. of inverse)
Now,
B = BI = B(AC)
= (BA)C [ Matrix multiplication is associative]
= IC = C
i.e., B = C
Hence the inverse of A is unique.
Theorem
If A and B are two invertible matrices of the
same order, then (AB)-1 = B-1A-1.
Proof:
From the definition of inverse of a matrix, we
have
(AB)(AB)-1 = I
or A-1 (AB)(AB)-1 = A-1 I (Pre-multiplying both
sides by A-1)
or (A-1A) B (AB)-1 = A-1 (Since A-1 I = A-1)
or I B (AB)-1 = A-1
or B (AB)-1 = A-1
or (B-1B)(AB)-1 =B-1A-1
or I(AB)-1= B-1A-1
or (AB)-1 = B-1A-1

Properties of Inverse of Matrix

In other words, a square matrix A is invertible if

and only if A is a non-singular matrix.

(c) If A and B are invertible square matrices,

then
(AB)-1 = B-1 A-1
(d) If A and B are two non-singular square
matrices of the same order, then AB and BA are
also non-singular matrices of the same order.

The Determinant of a Matrix

DEFINITION: Determinants play an important role in
finding the inverse of a matrix and also in solving systems
of linear equations. In the following we assume we have a
square matrix (m = n). The determinant of a matrix A will
be denoted by det(A) or |A|. Firstly the determinant of a
22 and 33 matrix will be introduced, then the nn case
will be shown.
Determinant of a 22 matrix
Assuming A is an arbitrary 22 matrix A, where the
elements are given by:

then the determinant of a this matrix is as follows:

Determinant of a 33 matrix
The determinant of a 33 matrix is a little more tricky and
is found as follows (for this case assume A is an arbitrary
33 matrix A, where the elements are given below).

then the determinant of a this matrix is as follows:

Consistent and Inconsistent

Solutions
Consistent system : A system of
equation is said to be consistent if
its solution ( one or more ) exists.
Inconsistent system : A system of
equation is said to be inconsistent if
its solution does not exist.
Working rule to check consistency:
Case I When A 0
System is consistence and has unique
solution.
Case II When A =0 .
Find Adj(A) and then find Adj(A) .B
If Adj(A) .B 0 then system is
inconsistence .
Case III If Adj(A).B=0 Then it may have
infinite solutions then it is consistence or
have no solution then it is inconsistence.

Solving Systems of Equations using Matrices

DEFINITION: A system of linear equations is a set of
equations with n equations and n unknowns, is of the form
of

The unknowns are denoted by x1, x2, ..., xn and the

coefficients (a and b above) are assumed to be given.
In matrix form the system of equations above can be
written as:

A simplified way of writing above is like this: Ax = b

Inverse Matrix Method
DEFINITION: The inverse matrix method uses the
inverse of a matrix to help solve a system of
equations, such like the above Ax = b. By premultiplying both sides of this equation by A-1 gives:

or alternatively

So by calculating the inverse of the matrix and

multiplying this by the vector b we can find the
solution to the system of equations directly. And from
earlier we found that the inverse is given by

From the above it is clear that the existence of a

solution depends on the value of the determinant of A.
There are three cases:
1.

If the det(A) does not equal zero

then solutions exist using

2.

If the det(A) is zero and b=0 then

the solution will be not be unique or does
not exist.

3.

If the det(A) is zero and b=0 then

the solution can be x = 0 but as with 2. is
not unique or does not exist.

Looking at two equations we might have that

Written in matrix form would look like

and by rearranging we would get that the solution

would look like

Three simultaneous equations in x, y

and z
ax + by + cz = p
dx + ey + fz = q
gx + hy + iz = r
To solve use the following By cramers rule

Solve the system using matrices.

x + 5y = 4
2x + 5y = 2
Always check your solutions!
Answer

and

To solve the system, we need the inverse of A,

which we write as A-1.
Swap leading diagonal:

Change signs of the other 2 elements:

Now we find the determinant of A:

|A| = -5 - 10 = -15
So

So the solution to the system is given by:

This answer means that we have found the

solution x = -2 and y = 2/5.
Is the solution correct?
We check it in the original set of equations:

Substituting x = -2 and y = 2/5, we get:

(2) + 5(2/5) = 2 + 2 = 4
2(2) + 5(2/5) = 4 + 2 = 2
So the solution to the original system of
equations is
x = -2, y = 2/5.
Solve the system using matrix methods.

Did I mention? It's a good idea to always check your

solutions.
Answer

Use adjoint of A , we find the inverse of A to be:

So the solution to the system of equations is:

Check:
22 + 2(-16) - (-16) = 6
3(22) + 5(-16) - (-16) = 2
-2(22) - (16) - 2(-16) = 4
So the solution is x = 22, y = -16 and z = -16.

The Determinant of a Matrix

DEFINITION: Determinants play an important role
in finding the inverse of a matrix and also in solving
systems of linear equations. In the following we
assume we have a square matrix (m = n). The
determinant of a matrix A will be denoted by det(A)
or |A|. Firstly the determinant of a 22 and 33
matrix will be introduced, then the nn case will be
shown.
Determinant of a 22 matrix

Assuming A is an arbitrary 22 matrix A, where the

elements are given by:

then the determinant of a this matrix is as follows:

Determinant of a 33 matrix
The determinant of a 33 matrix is a little more
tricky and is found as follows (for this case assume A
is an arbitrary 33 matrix A, where the elements are
given below).

then the determinant of a this matrix is as follows:

Properties of Determinants:
Property 1. If each element of a row (
column)
of a determinant is zero , then
value of determinant is zero.
Property 2. Value of a determinant is not
changed by changing the rows
into columns and columns into rows.
Property 3. If two adjacent rows (columns)of
a determinant are interchanged , then the
sign of the determinant is changed but its
numerical value is unchanged.
Property 4. If two rows (columns) are
identical, then the value of the determinant is
zero.
Property 5. If every element of a row
(column) is multiplied by some constant k,
the value of the determinant is multiplied by k.
Property 6 .If each element in any row
(column) consist of two terms , then the
determinant can be expressed as the sum of

the determinants of same order.

Property 7 . The value of a determinant
remain unchanged if to each element of a
row (column) be add ( or subtracted)
equimultiplies of the corresponding elements
of one or more rows (columns) of the
determinant.
Property 8. The value of the determinant of a
diagonal matrix is equal to the product of the
diagonal elements.
Property 9. The value of the determinant of a
skew-symmetric matrix of odd order is
always zero.
Property 10. The determinant of a symmetric
matrix of even order is always a perfect
square.
Notations
Let be the given determinant. Then
(i)R1, R2, R3 stand for first, second and third
rows of .

(ii) C1, C2, C3 stand for first, second and third

columns of .
(iii) By R2 R2 - R3 we mean that third row is to
be subtracted from 2nd row.
(iv) By C1C1 + 2C2 - 3C3, we mean that we
are to add in first column, the two times of C2
and subtract three times C3.
The given determinant is
y+z x y
z+x z x
x+y y z

By ( R1 + R2 + R3 ) and, then, taking

(x+y+z) out
from R1,
2 1 1
z+x z x
x+y y z

(x+y+z) =

By [ C1 - ( C2 + C3 ) ] and [ C2 - C3 ],
0 0 1
0 z-x x (x+y+z) =
x-z y-z z

Now, expanding along R1,

= { 0 - 0 + 1 [ (0) - (z-x)(x-z) ] }
(x+y+z)
= (x-z)(x-z)(x+y+z)

Applications of Determinants
1. Area of a Triangle The area of a triangle
with vertices (x1,y1), (x2,y2), (x3,y3) is given
by
=1/2 [ x1(y2-y3)+x2(y3-y1)+x3(y1-y2)]
In determinant form
= 1/2

X Y 1
X Y 1
X Y 1

Because area is always positive so we take

absolute value of determinant.
Question.1 Prove that the points P (a, b+c), Q(b,
c+a), R(c, a+b) are collinear.

Answer : If P,Q and R are collinear then

a b+ c 1
b c +a 1
c a+b 1

=0
By applying C2 C2+C1
a a+b+ c 1
b a+b+ c 1
c a+b+ c 1

= (a+b+c)

a 1 1
b 1 1
c 1 1

=0 ( C2,

C3 are identical)

Question.2 Find the value of k if the area of the

triangle with vertices (-2,0),(0,4) and (0,k) is 4 square
units.
Answer:

Area of

2 0 1
0 4 1
0 k 1

=4

the absolute value of (-2)(4 k) = 4

the absolute value of (k 4) = 4
|k 4| = 4 k 4 = 4, -4 k = 8,
0.
Question.3 Without expanding, show that
(i)

bc ca ab
ca ab bc
ab bc ca

=0

0 ca ab
0 ab bc
0 bc ca

Operating C1 C1+C2+C3, we get

= 0.
(ii)

0 a b
a 0 c
b c o

=0

Taking out (-1) from C1,C2 and C3, we get

= (-1)(-1)(-1)

0 a b
a
0 c
b c o

= -1

0 a b
a 0 c
b c o

=-

(by interchanging rows and columns)

2
(iii)
=

1
abc

b c bc b+ c
c a ca c +a
a b ab a+ b

=0
=0

abc
abc

=0
b c bc b+ c
c a ca c +a
a b ab a+ b

ab c abc ab+ ac
bc a bca bc +ba
ca b cab ca+cb

abc . abc
abc

bc 1 ab+ ac
ca 1 bc +ba
ab 1 ca+ cb

( Operating C3 C3+C1)

= abc

bc 1 ab+ bc+ ac
ca 1 ac +bc +ba
ab 1 ab+ca+ cb

abc(ab+bc+ac) x 0 = 0 ( two cols. Are identical)

1 a a bc
1 b b ca
1 c c ab

(iv)
1 a bc
1 b ca
1 c ab

=0

1 a a
1 b b
1 c c

1 a a
1 b b
1 c c

1 a a
1 b b
1 c c

a a abc
b b bca
c c 2 cab

1
abc

a a 1
b b 1
c c2 1

=0

(Pass

C3 over the first two columns.)

1 a a2
1 b b2
1 c c2

(v)

R.H.S.
1 a ab+ ac
1 b bc +ba
1 c ca+cb

=
1
abc

1 bc b +c
1 ca c+ a
1 ab a+ b
a abc ab+ ac
b abc bc +ba
c abc ca+cb

( applying C1 C2)

1 a bc
1 b ca
1 c ab

(ab+bc+ca))C1)

(apply C3 C3

a a abc
b b abc
c c 2 abc

1
abc

1 a a2
1 b b2
1 c c2

(apply C2 C3 and C1 C2)

If a,b,c are +ve and are the pth,qth and rth
terms resp. Of a G.P.,show without expanding that
(vi)
1

log a
log b
log c

p 1
q 1
r 1

=0

(put a=xyp-1 ,b=xyq-

,c=xyr-1 , apply C1 C1-logx.C3 ,C1C1+C3)

(vii)

1 a bc
1 b ca
1 c ab

1 a a
1 b b
1 c c

(same method as given below)

(viii)

a a bc
b b ca
c c 2 ab

1 a a
1 b b
1 c c

( Multiply by abc as R1 with a,R2 by b and

R3 by c then divide with abc )
Find the values of:

1 ab

(ix)

1 bc
1 ca

1
abc

1 1
+
a b
1 1
+
b c
1 1
+
a c

(Operate C2

C2. and value is 0

sin cos cos ( + )
sin cos cos ( + )
sin cos cos ( + )

(x)
C3 cos

.C2+ sin

(Operating C3

.C1 and value is 0)

Prove that :
(a)

1+a b
2 ab
2 b
2ab
1a + b
2a
2b
2 a
1a b

= (1+a2+b2)3

( Apply C1 (C1 - bC3) and C2 (C2+aC3)

(b)

coscos cossin sin

sin
cos
0
sincos sinsin cos

=1

(Apply R3

sinR3 + cosR1)
(C)

( y +z )
xy
zx
( x + z )
xy
yz
( x+ y )
xz
zy

= xyz(x+y+z)3

(Apply R1 x R1, R2 y R2, R3 z R3 and

take

x,y,z common from C1,C2,C3 resp.)

(d)

( b+ c )

a 2 bc c+ a a+b c 2 ab

b2

(a+b+c)(a2+b2+c2)

(e)

= (a-b)(b-c)(c-a)

( Apply C1 (C1+C2 2C3)

a+b +c
c
b
c
a+ b+c
a
b
a
a+b+ c

= 2(a+b)(b+c)(c+a)

(Apply C1 (C1+C3 )and C2 (C2+C3))

(f)

(g)

a
bc c +b
a+c
b
ca
ab a+b
c

b+c c+ a a+b
q+ r r + p p+ q
y+z z+x x+ y

= (a+b+c)(a2+b2+c2)

= 2

a b c
p q r
x y z

(apply

C1C1-C2-C3, C2C2-C1,C3C3-C1, C2C3)

(h)

1+a 1
1
1
1+ b
1
1
1
1+ c

(ab+bc+ca+abc).

= abc (

1
a

1
b

1
c

+1) =

(Hint taking a,b,c common from each row ,

apply R1R1+R2+R3 then expand along first row).
1+a b
2 ab
2 b
2ab
1a + b
2a
2b
2 a
1a b

(i)

1+a +b

)3

Apply C1C1-b C3, C2C2+a C3, we get

1+a + b
0
2 b
0
1+a + b
2a
2
2
2
2
b(1+ a + b ) a(1+a + b ) 1a b

=(

1 0
2 b
0 1
2a
b a 1a b

1+a +b

along C1, We get (

(h) Evaluate

1+a +b

( X1 ) ( X2 ) ( X3 )
( Y1 ) ( Y2 ) ( Y3 )
( Z1 ) ( Z2 ) (Z3 )

=C(x,1) ( binomial coefficient)

expand

where

( X1 )

x
1!
y
1!
z
1!

Solution:
1
1
1

xyz
2 !3!

x ( x1)
2!
y ( y1)
2!
z ( z1)
2!

x ( x1 ) (x2)
3!
y ( y1 )( y2)
3!
z ( z1 ) ( z 2)
3!

x1 ( x1 ) ( x2)
y1 ( y 1)( y2)
z1 ( z1 ) ( z2)

( taking x,y,z

common from
R1,R2,R3 resp. and !,1/3!
From C2,C3 resp.)
( by formula of C(n,r) =

n!
( nr ) ! n !

Apply C3C3 + C2 and put a= x-1, b=y-1,

c=z-1
xyz
12

xyz
12

1 a a
1 b b
1 c c

xyz
12

(a-b)(b-c)(c-a)

(x-y)(y-z)(z-x).

Question: If x,y,z are all different and if

x
y
z

x 1+ x
y 1+ y
z 1+ z

= 0 , prove that xyz = -1.

x
y
z

Solution:
x
y
z

x
y
z

x
y
z

x
y
z

1
1
1

x
y
z

x
y
z

x 1+ x
y 1+ y
z 1+ z

x 1
y 1
z 1

x
y
z

+ xyz

1
1
1

x
y
z

x 1
y 1
z 1

x
y
z

(1+xyz) = 0

=0

(x-y)(y-z)

(z-x)(1+xyz) = 0 xyz=-1 x y z.

Elementary Transformation
Elementary transformations are of the following
three types:
Interchange of any two rows (or columns)
The multiplication of the elements of a row (or
column) by a non-zero number.
The addition to the elements of any row (or
column) the corresponding elements of any
other row (or column) multiplied by any
number.
Any elementary operation is called a row
transformation or a column transformation
according as it applies to rows or columns.
Definition

Let Ri denotes the ith row of the matrix A = [aij]

then the elementary row operations on the
matrix A are defined as:

3. Ri Ri + kRj means multiply each element

of jth row by k and add it to the corresponding
elements of ith row.
The corresponding column transformations are

4. In applying one or more row operations

while finding A-1 by elementary row operations,
we obtain all zeros in one or more, then A-1
does not exist.

Q.15 Of Ex.3.4
Step 2: Transform the matrix to the reduced row echelon form
inv

-3
Row
Operation
1:

2
2
3

Row
Operation
2:

1
2
3

-3
2
-2

3
3
2

1
0
0

-3 3

2 2
2 3
-2 2
-3 3

Row
Operation
3:

0
3

2
0
0

2
5
5

2
0
-5

2
-1
-3

-5

5
-3
2

-3

-5

5
-1
1
2

0
0

0
1

0
2
-1 1
-3
0
2

-3

2 2
5 0
5 -5

0
2

0
-5

2
-1

-3

2
-1

1
0

5
0

1
0
5
-1
1
2

1
0

-1
3

0
5
-3

1
multiply the 3rd row
by -2/5

2
1

-3

-3
0

0
1

2
-1 1
0 0

5
0

1
0

2
0
2

1
add -5/2 times the 2nd
row to the 3rd row

-1
2

2
5
-2

0
5

2
0
0

-5

multiply the 2nd row

by 1/5

0
2
-1

2
3
2

0
3

2
-1 1

2
2
-2

2
3

0
2

add -3 times the 1st

row to the 3rd row

1
0
1

0
1

2
-1 1
0 0

-3

-3

Row
Operation
6:

1
0

add -2 times the 1st row

to the 2nd row

1
0

Row
Operation
5:

multiply the 1st row by

1/2

1
Row
Operation
4:

0
0
1

-3

1
2 2
5 0
-2 2

0
1
0

2
-1

5
2

0
5
1 -2

0
1

-3 3

-3

0
2

Row
Operation
7:

0
0

0
5

-1

-3

10
-1

10
1

1
0

5
2

5
1

-2

10
-1

10
1

5
2

5
1

-2

1
0

-3

0
2

Row
Operation
8:

0
5
1 -2

-1
0

2
add -3/2 times the
3rd row to the 1st
row

-3
1

2
-1 1
5
2

add 3/2 times the 2nd

row to the 1st row

-2

0
5
-1 1

0
5
2

5
1 -2

1
0
0

0
1
0

0
0
1

0
1
0

0
0
1

Q. 16 Of Ex.3.4
Step 1: Adjoin the identity matrix to the given matrix
Adjoining I3 to the given matrix, we obtain the 3x6 matrix:

1
-3
2

3
0
5

-2
-5
0

Step 2: Transform the matrix to the reduced row echelon form

inv

Row
Operation
1:

1
-3
2

3 -2
0 -5
5 0

1
0
0

0
1
0

0
0
1

add 3 times the 1st row

to the 2nd row

Row
Operation
2:

1
0
2

3 -2
9 -11
5 0

1
3
0

0
1
0

0
0
1

add -2 times the 1st

row to the 3rd row

1
0
0

3 -2
9 -11
-1 4

1 0
3 1
-2 0

0
0
1

Row

multiply the 2nd

-2

1
0
2

3 -2
9 -11
5 0

-2

1
3
0

-11
Operation
3:

0
0

1
Row
Operation
4:

0
0

9 -11
-1 4

3 1
-2 0

-2
-11

1
1

0
1

1
-1

0
1

3 9
-2 0

-1

0
0

9
4

row by 1/9

add 1 times the 2nd

row to the 3rd row

0
9
4

3
-2

9
0

-2
-11

1
1

0
1

Row
Operation
5:

1
Row
Operation
7:

0
0

Row
Operation
8:

-2
-11

1
1

0
1

3
-3

9
1

25

25

1
0

add 11/9 times the

3rd row to the 2nd
row

1
-2

0
4

0
11

5 25
-3 1

25
9

25

3 -2

1
25
11

0
25
9

add -3 times the

2nd row to the 1st
row

0
0

25

25

3
-3

9
1

25

25

1
-2

0
4

0
11

5 25
-3 1

25
9

25

25

-1

18

5
-2

25
4

25
11

5
-3

25
1

25
9

25

25

-2

-3

-2

5
4

5
11

5
-3

25
1

25
9

25

25

0
0

18

0
1

1
25

1
1

1
add 2 times the 3rd
row to the 1st row

-2
-11
9

5 25
-3 1
0

0
0

5 25
-2 4
0

multiply the 3rd

row by 9/25

1
9

3 -2
1

3 9
-5 1

-1
1

0
1

1
1

0
9
25

Row
Operation
6:

-2
-11

3 9
-5 1

9
1

0
9
25

0
1
0

0
1

Step 1: Adjoin the identity matrix to the given matrix

2
1
2

Adjoining I3 to the given matrix, we obtain the 3x6 matrix:

6
4
-5

-2
0
1

1
0
0

0
1
0

0
0
1

1
0

0
1

1
2
-1 0

11

Step 2: Transform the matrix to the reduced row echelon form

inv

1
Row
Operation
1:

2
1
2

6 -2
4 0
-5 1

1
0
0

0
1
0

0
0
1

multiply the 1st row

by 1/2

1
2

-1

4
-5

2
0
0

0
1

1
1
Row
Operation
2:

1
1
2

3
4
-5

-1
0
1

2
0
0

1
0

0
1

-1
2
-1

add -1 times the 1st

row to the 2nd row

-5

-1

2
0

1
1
Row
Operation
3:

-1

1
0

2
-1
0
2

1
-5

1
1

2
0

2
-1

add -2 times the 1st

row to the 3rd row

-11

1
1
1
Row
Operation
4:

-1

1
0

-1

2
-1
0

-11 3

2
-1 0

add 11 times the

2nd row to the 3rd
row

2
-1
0

1
2
-13

14
2

Row
Operation
5:

-1

1
2

multiply the 3rd

row by 1/14

3 -1

1
2

-1
0

-1

2
-13
0

14

11

2
-13 11

28

14

14

-1

2
1
1
Row
Operation
6:

3 -1

2
-1
0
0

1
0

1
2
-13 11

1
add -1 times the
3rd row to the
2nd row

2
-1
0
0

14

1
28

3 -1

Row
Operation
7:

0
2
-1

0
0

1
Row
Operation
8:

3 -1

14

1
0

1
0

-1

0
28 14
-13 11

14
1

28

14

14

11

1
add 1 times the
3rd row to the
1st row

0
0

1
28
-1

14
3

14
-1

28 14
-13 11

14
1

28

14

0
1

add -3 times the

2nd row to the
1st row

0
0

14

14
1

28

14

14

11

28
-1

14
3

14
-1

28 14
-13 11

14
1

28

14

14

7
-1

7
3

7
-1

28 14
-13 11

14
1

28

14

1
1

28 14
-13 11

1
14

Q. 14 OF EX. 4.6
Row
Operation
1:

1
3
2

-1
4
-1

2
-5
3

7
-5
12

Row
Operation
2:

1
0
2

-1
7
-1

2
-11
3

7
-26
12

add -2 times the 1st row to the

3rd row

Row

-1

multiply the 2nd row by 1/7

add -3 times the 1st row to the

2nd row

1
0
2

-1
7
-1

2
-11
3

7
-26
12

1
0
0

-1
7
1

2
-11
-1

7
-26
-2

-1

Operation
3:

0
0

1
Row
Operation
4:

0
0
1

Row
Operation
5:

0
0
1

Row
Operation
6:

Row
Operation
7:

7
1

-1

-11
-1

-26
-2

2
-11

7
-26

7
-1

7
-2

1
1
-1

7
-26

7
4

7
12

-26

7
-1

7
-2

2
-11

7
-26

7
4

7
12

2
-11

7
-26

7
1

7
3

1
0
0

-1
1
0

2
0
1

7
1
3

1
0
0

-1
1
0

0
0
1

1
1
3

0
1
0

0
0
1

2
1
3

add -1 times the 2nd row to the

3rd row

-1

2
-11

-11
0

-1

1
multiply the 3rd row by 7/4

0
-1

0
2
-11

7
-26
7
3

7
1

1
0
0

-1
1
0

2
0
1

Row
Operation
8:

7
1
3
1
0
0

add 11/7 times the 3rd row to the

2nd row

add -2 times the 3rd row to the 1st

row
-1
1
0

0
0
1

1
1
3

add 1 times the 2nd row to

the 1st row

ANSWER IS X=2,
Y=1, Z=3.

Mathematics reference

1
0
0

Rules for matrices

Basic properties of matrices.
A, B, a and n are scalars.
Basic.
-A == (-1) A
A - B == A + (-B)
1 A= A
0 A= O
A+ O = O +A=A
I A= AI = A
A- A= O
Addition and scalar product.

A+B=B+A
(A + B) + C = A + (B + C)
r (A + B) = r A + r B
(r + s) A = r A + s A
(r s) A = r (s A)
Matrix product.
A0 == I
A2 == A A
An = A An - 1
(A B) C = A (B C)
A (B + C) = A B + A C
(A + B) C = A C + B C

Transpose and inverse.

IT = I
(AT)T = A
(A + B)T = AT + BT
(r A)T = r AT
(A B)T = BT AT
I-1 = I
A A-1 = A-1 A = I
(A B)-1 = B-1 A-1
(A-1)T = (AT)-1
Trace.

tr (A + B) = tr A + tr B
tr (r A) = r tr A
tr (A B) = tr (B A)
Determinant and adjoint.
det O = 0
det I = 1
det A = det AT
det (A B) = (det A) (det B)

Definitions
Match the following terms with their definitions.

____address>_______________1. Diagonal from the

upper left corner entry to the bottom right corner entry

____ determinant of 2x2 matrix>____________2. A

rectangular array of numbers enclosed in brackets
____ dimensions>____________3. Variation in size of a
matrix
____ main diagonal>__________4. Any matrix that has
the same number of rows as it does columns
____ matrix>________________5. Matrix in which all
of the entries are zero
____ scalar>________________6. The difference of the
products of the diagonals
____ square matrix>__________7. Number located
outside of a single matrix which is multiplied by each
entry of the matrix
____ zero matrix>____________8. Describes where
each value, or entry, of a matrix lives