Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Society for American Archaeology is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to
Memoirs of the Society for American Archaeology.
http://www.jstor.org
AMERICAN
ANTIQUITY,
Volume
XXII, Number
4, Part 2, April,
1957
MEMOIRS OF THE
SOCIETY FOR AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY
Number Thirteen
PARACAS,
AND
NAZCA,
CULTURAL
TIAHUANACOID
RELATIONSHIPS
SOUTH COASTAL
PERU
by
WILLIAM DUNCAN
published
STRONG
by
CITY,
UTAH,
U.S.A.
IN
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
a
generous
Council
made
grant
by the
for Research
publication
columbia
in the
of
this
university
Social
memoir
Sciences
possible.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
1. Cultural
2. The
3.
and Historical
Environmental
4. The
Surface
5. Preceramic
Background.
1952-1953 Columbia
University
2
Background.
and
Culture
Survey
Evidence
Expedition.
Epoch Terminology.
. 8
6. The
Formative
7. The
Florescent
24
8. The
Epoch
36
. 11
Epoch
Epoch.
of Fusion.
9.
. 43
Summary
Addendum:
Recent Radiocarbon
and Viru Valleys
. 45
References
Cited.
Dates
47
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Frontispiece.
. vi
from the air (1952)
of the South Coast
Cahuachi
Fig.
1. Archaeological
2. Stone artifacts,
Fig.
3.
Fig.
4. Map
Fig.
5. Architectural
Fig.
6. Late Paracas
pottery
Fig.
7. Late Paracas
and Proto-Nazca
Fig.
8. Late Paracas
pottery
types, Cahuachi.
20
Fig.
9.
Proto-Nazca
pottery
types, Cahuachi.
22
pottery
types, Cahuachi.
pottery
type, Cahuachi.
Fig.
Fig.
12.
Burials
Minor
site map
San Nicolas
decorated
the Nazca
pottery
types,
phases.
12
14
. 15
types, Cahuachi.
"capital".
Cahuachi
details,
follows
III. 9
of Cahuachi,
of Peru.
pottery
17
types.
19
23
26
Cahuachi.
27
pottery
from Cahuachi
. 30
42
LIST OF TABLES
Table
1. Surface
Table
2. Culture
sequence
Table
3.
Table
4. Radiocarbon
Stylistic position
(Early Nazca)
dates.
46
of Peru
Polychrome
region.
(Ica-Nazca).
style
4
7
Cahuachi
from
the
Air
(1952).
PRESENT
THE
of
this
not
paper,
the emphasis
suggests
its
content.
total
the
to
materials
be
so
studied
numerous
The
and
findings.
had
analyses
taking
been
our
to wait
Even
of
outline
considered,
carefully
since
labora
Since
excavations
reconnaissance
are
covered
The
latter
former
and correlated
(Fig. 1), classified,
herein.
1), but only briefly discussed
(Table
Excavation
the
brought us face to face with
of the Formative epoch, including
development
the
Paracas
culture
Proto-Nazca
ceeding
phase.
Then,
we
suc
defined
out
growing
a
late
of
the
Nazcoid
huanacoid
this
early
are
both
in the epoch
classificatory
epochs
our
and
For
immediate
later
countered,
(Table
The
fitted
Ica-Nazca
and
mous,
known
of
at
cultural
region,
has
the
from
one
same
time,
provinces
1954,
For
preliminary
1955, and Rowe
These
one
announcements
from
that
of
because
the
is also
region
of
and
Nazca
Paracas
to
known
prehistoric
subsequent
were
times,
Inca Empire.
of
conquered
Yet,
cultural
despite
such
the
materials,
basic
to point
rich
en
and
from
Paracas
out
that
purely
the great
and
or
stylistic
present
so
been
bulk
and
private
un
been
our
has
known
materials,
in museums
the very
has
It is beyond
this
and
temporal
cultures
save
any
standpoint.
to stress why
cultural
studied
the
between
relationship
Nazca
limitations
as
problems
of all
save
these
sometimes
collections,
had
archaeologi
of
the
Its
fa
very
least
Strong
amount
small
of
scientific
excavation
ac
archaeo
on the discovery
see:
such
speculative
scheme
of the most
in Peru.
the
ancient
prehistoric
wealth
answered
indicates.
been
the
series
late
obvious
early
Earlier
larger
to
developmental
in
briefly
the
in
even
horizons
emphasis.
into
2) as the evidence
cal standpoint,
cultural
manifestations,
are
I have
of Fusion.
and
point
cultural
reason
vast
the
the
which
later in
by the invading Tia
cluded
an
was
of
recovered
tombs
southern
by the historic
Florescent,
horizon,
has
Necropolis
because
textiles
Cavernas
this
These,
in the
involved
became
and Late
(here, Early, Middle,
encountered
Paracas
famous
the adjacent
and
Successively,
peninsula
described
The
a complex
have
we
stratigraphically,
Florescent epoch
Nazca).
its newly
Paracas
nearby
incised
cultures
in
(Cavernas-Necropolis
and
terminology)
the
In addition
is
survey
mapped
older
beautiful
particular
survey
the
more,
many
here.
emphasized
surface-site
of
unusual
certain
emphasized
our
whereas
periods,
the
Tello
world
and
array
site,
cultural
on
tombs.
become
into
and
Julio Tello
discovered
the famous
Lothrop
site
Cavernas
tory.
our
cul
1925 when
later, when
and,
major
the
Nazca
came
again
in
Necropolis
until pains
in
made
ancient
relatively
area
general
prominence
Samuel
K.
and
colorful
Essen
of
be
noted,
no
stratigraphic
or
studies whatsoever
had been
the region prior to 1952.
1952,
1953.
settlement-pattern
accomplished
in
memoirs, 13
to
at
answer
some
least
of
these
our
questions
research
2 departmental
Strong;
assistants,
we
which
was
expedition
by
equally
Foundation
almost
supported
are most
from
and
grateful,
research
and
sponsoring
the
agency,
cooperating
thanks
Regional
lea, and our warm
to
Bermudez
the
Adolfo
go, especially,
director,
de
Museo
Jenkins,
making
also
Robert
Robert
paper.
the
and
curator,
our work
possible
to express
wish
particular
At
others.
among
Respaldiza,
to Paul Truel
to Jorge
gratitude
Director
de Arqueologia
Muelle,
Ministerio
de Educacion
Publica,
much
y Historia,
and to Jose
we
Ocucaje
us
assisted
who
in the Ocucaje
are
We
region.
owe
in every
his mag
in field work
and in studying
way
collection
of the Paracas cultures
nificent
tained
In
Pezzia.
Alejandro
also
ob
very
to
acknowledgments
assistance
appreciated
for much
others
in later
be made
will
reports.
3. ENVIRONMENTAL BACKGROUND
drained by
VAST
region intermittently
rivers is a
Nazca
de
THE the lea and Rio Grande
one.
fact
that both
the
Despite
very fascinating
areas
are
result
of
extremely
prosperous
expanding
cotton
as mining
as well
at
and
grape
growing,
area
the
operations,
as
present
is very
and many
the geographic
poorly
is
at
Cultivation
other
present
standpoints.
to
the
confined
upper
valleys
irrigable
largely
from
known
are
which
pampas,
areas
vast
by
separated
mountain
sand
ridges,
of
barren
and
dunes,
dry
are
small irrigable
relatively
for
example, esti
(1939: 96),
pockets; Romero
in
were
acres
then
cultivated
mates that 32,500
a
out
of
the lea Valley
irrigable
potentially
125,000 acres. Receiving water from the western
These
valleys.
addition
cotton
that,
and
in
fruit,
the emphasis
However,
native
viticulture
times,
and
many
other
takes
was
up
used
much
for
water
seemingly
crops
on
the
the
same
Nazca
is
mouth
about
on
rivers.
lower
The
from
distance
the
is confined
cultivation
modern
almost
entirely
and
burning
cotton
of
expansion
grow
continues.
area.
The
pebble-strewn
on
pampas,
of
combination
plants.
food
abundant
medanos,
small,
iso
amidst vast
hidden
or
sand
dunes
as capping
the
the steep
with
"
PISCO
[7
fC^-^/7
?*
y^pisco
r*\
<\_^^?
/paracas
ica
vx^.
^"^/ \
e* ~-*|ca
v /I
1 ^-?\
I '-'*8
<0 .ol;
^\
***
/
C
X>,2I3
,<A
V^
2 7?\ /
I 26\ /
1
JUAN PABLO I
4
5
6
MACACONA
ANGOSTURA I
ANGOSTURA H
SAN RAMON )
^~^\^
H
PABLO
2 JUAN
^^
SUCTANGALLA
3
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
3 1
32
33
34
35
\
\
/
/
\^^
/ j
^^/shell
Rounds
/ S
HUACACHINA I
^.
HUACACHINAH
X.\J \
TACARACA X.
PANCHO RAMOS
PINILLA I
PINILLA
H
PINILLA m
OCUCAJE I
OCUCAJE H
LLAPANA
CACIQUE
CHACRACARO ALTO
CERRO BLANCO
OYUJAYA I
OYUJAYA H
OYUJAYA HI
49
SAMACA
CABECERA DE SAMACA
PIES DE SAMACA
SAMACA LLAMA CEMETERY
53
COYUNGO
TRES PALOS I
TRES PALOS E
LA
MUNA
MOLINOS
LA VENTILLA
PAMPA DE JUANCAMOTE
INGENIO
/^
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
50
5l
52
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
SAN JOSE I
X
SAN JOSE TL
\
INCA SITE
5
\
ESTAQUERlA
CHICO I X/II^5,
CHICO H
62
CAHUACHI
PACHECO
63
SOISONGO I
PAREDONES
LATE
PAREDONES EARLY
TAMBO DE PERRO I
TAMB0 DE PERRO H
TROPHY HEAD CEMETERY
LAS CANAS
70
ACHACO
71
SOISONGO II
SAN NICOLAS I
SAN NICOLAS II
SAN NICOLAS M
OCUNGALLA I
OCUNGALLA H
AYAPANA
78
EL QUEMADO
ATARCO
80
61
64
65
66
67
68
69
72
73
74
75
76
77
79
8 1
Approximate
scale:
1 cm. = 12 km.;
1 inch-19
miles.
/J
1\trujillo
\lima
r
\ -cuzco
ICHIMBA
/"GRANDE ^\
^J
/ J
VISCAS
^jPALPA^r-?
^
^\\
/
//
I
^"^V ) \\
\ ^^<36*^'*-"/
J-^""?''NGEN'?
/yy^
As
jr\L0M
r^-^^/r
_J
/NAZCA
J9 soJ^^^^^
^v
KaJ)
^|Bj
SAN
BAY
^sl -53 :
-^~~~^N?n
N IC 0 L A S \ \
V*>
/ YAUCA /
__/
>/^
J ^^y?
XT/ ^^^
';>
/ /
v.-?*
^^^
iTUNGA
\
R.
y^
\_
"~'*<?*
/I
/ (
^~^?N^
//
^?
Fig.
1. Archaeological
site map
of
the south
CHALA
^^?
8"'\/
coast
of Peru.
strong ]
Andean
ground,
is utterly
changing
minerals
color
always
unique.
arising from the polychrome
in the soil and the shifting light effects
from dawn to dusk. Rains of great erosive force
occur at intervals of from 3 to 15 years (Bow
man
these
ent
southern
trade
force, driving
the afternoon
ever-pres
to
increase
winds
cutting
practically
The more
the
while
valleys,
southwest
great
in
work
impossible.
area will
of
the hacienda
in 1901
Ocucaje
is
still
other
(Uhle
5)
valid, although
sources of subsoil water have been tapped since
description
1914:
then.
an enclosed
about
three
occupies
valley
in diameter
and separated
from
the lea Valley
The
is extremely
soil here
proper by a solitary mountain.
the rainy season
in the Cordillera
the
dry. Only
during
little lea river carries
a few weeks
its water
as far
during
This
hacienda
miles
down
as
when
none
this
are many
while
there
valley,
dry years
comes
at all. Fortunately
for this region
is
the circumstance
that there is a substratum
of gypsum
of lime) underlying
the top soil, which
retains
(sulphite
so that at least
the humidity
subterraneous
that
blazes
sun
unclouded
all
there
remains
always
the vegetation
otherwise
filtrations,
be scorched
would
valley
heat
out
the
of existence
year
around
by
from
some
of
the
the
torrid
an
ever
and
breezes
untempered
by any cooling
from the sea, which
are cut off by the intervening
moun
tain. All
the surrounding
mountain
slopes and any ele
are covered
vations
visible
with
sand dunes
hundreds
of meters
has a completely
high. The
landscape
tropical
character.
Palms
districts.
detailed
RELATIONSHIPS
here
grow
Extensive
groves
and
dates
of algarrobe
in many
ripen
form the natural
of palaeontological
some rocky eleva
creatures,
in the valley
are covered with petrifacts
of conchs
as if in this remote
turtles.
It seems
crea
solitude
in
tion,
thousands
its development,
of years.
has
been
still
standing
for
order
the Nazca
the Cavernas
occur
culture
at Paracas
and
culture
in
was
which
but
Ocucaje
relation
to
known
to
so
as
not,
far
a surface
middle
as well
a
for
(Ocucaje),
as 5 branches
were
sites
81
sites
a considerable
and
Nazca
thorough
examined,
survey.
in the area
sites
were
of
the
large
promising
While
be
survey
to select
the
and
does
not
are
many
listed here.
surface
to
purport
more
In all,
collections
mediate
site.
on
attack
revealed.
Table
certain
1 gives
names
These
are
sondage.
than are
examined
both
area,
locally,
or, where
culture
those
which
(relatively
necessary,
here
phases
of the
occur
few have),
are
are
arbitrary
names
nature
tion was
currence
our
factors
surface
in our
collections,
subsurface
or
from
excavations.
all
available
1.
Surface
of
Survey
in the
Sites
on the map,
and
1, are sequential
Figure
are marked
an asterisk.
with
Cultural
accomplished
are markedly
dominant.
Site
not
numbers
were
Map No.
(Fig.
of Site
Name
I)
Field Desig.
Field No.
and
Ica
are
Nature of Site
Nazca
numbers.
survey
phases
memoirs, 13
Region.
Those
italicized
sites where
when
Cultural
excavations
ceramic
their
samples
of Site
Affiliation
North
*
Juan 1Pablo
*
Juan 2 Pablo
of
1-25
I
80
cemetery
II
1-26
81
cemetery
Ica
24
1-2
22
sandy mound
5
Angostura
1-1I
21
eroded mound
1-8
23
sand dunesLateIca
II
6
Angostura
Huacachina
8
II
Ica
Late
Coast
Ica
Tiahuanaco-Middle
Between
San Ramon
7 1-4
Nazca
Paracas-Late
lea
1-3
Macacona
4
3
Suctangalla
lea
Paracas-Middle
Early
Early
adobe mounds
25
Lea-Late
26
sandy
1-6
27
sand mounds,
adobemound complex
Huacachina
10
Tacaraca
1-7
28
Pancho *11
Ramos 1-20
75
cemeteries,
1-21
76
low mounds
II 1-22
77
tombs
1-23
78
lea-Late
Middle
area
I1-5
Early
cemetery
Middle
Ica-Inca
lea
lea-Late
Ica-Inca-Colonial
Ocucaje
Pinillal
*12
Pinilla *13
*
14
III
Pinilla
*15
Ocucaje
1-24
79
*16
Ocucaje
II
1-27
82
17
Ica (Epigonal)
Early
Nazca
mound,
mound,
walls
Late Paracas-Proto-Nazca
Paracas-Late
Late Paracas-Late
cemetery
Nazca
of Ocucaje
Llapana
(Callango)
1-9
29
adobe
(Callango)
1-10
30
adobe
Alto
1-14
69
adobe
structures
Late
lea
structures,
mounds
Early
structures,
cemeteries
Early
(Callango)
Cerro20 Blanco
Paracas-Proto-Nazca
Late
Cacique
Chacracaro
19
Late Paracas-Proto-Nazca
Late
walls
South
18
refuse
large adobe
70
1-16
I
71
mounds
Huaca
1-17
72
mounds,
adobe walls
lea
del Loro
Late Nazca-Huaca
Ica
town
1-15
lea-Late
Early
lea-Late
Ica
(Callango)
Oyujaya 21
II
Oyujaya22
III 1-18
Oyujaya23
Samaca
24 1-11
25
Cabecera
Samaca 27
cemetery
adobe
village,
Nazca-Huaca
cemetery
32
tapia village
Llama 1-19
74
cemetery
Ica
del Loro
Early-Middie-Late
Ica
cemetery
Ica-Inca
Early-Middle-Late
Middle-Late
33
1-13
1-12
de Samaca
73
31
del Loro-Middle
Middle
Nazca-Middle-Late
Middle-Late
Ica
lea-Colonial
Ica
Early-Middle-Late
Cemetery
NAZCA DRAINAGE
Grande
TresPalosI
29
Tres
Palos
30
NG-1
28 Coyungo
65
NG-2
66
NG-3
II
67
(NORTH TO SOUTH)
Branch
Middle
cemetery
wooden-stake
round
temple
Nazca-Middle
Ica
temple ?
Late Nazca-Huaca
del Loro-Early
Ica
strong ]
Map No.
(Fig. I)
Name
of Site
Field Desig.
Field No.
"Natureof
LaMufia
Molinos
NP-1
NP-2
1
2
cemetery
temple and cemetery
Ingenio
33
LaVentilla
34
Pampa
35
36
de Juancamote
Ingenio
San Jose I
Site
Cultural Affiliation
38
San Jose II
Inca Site
Branch
NW
16
NI-2
17
NI-3
18
NI-4
19
NI-5
20
stone city
NI-6
68
adobe city
Nazca
*39
Estaqueria
(Kroeber)
N-l
34
of Site
Middle-Late Nazca
Middle Nazca
cemetery
cemeteries
Middle
cemetery
Branch
lea
Nazca-Early
Early-MiddJe-LateNazca
cemetery Early-MiciciZe-Late
Nazca-Early
Middle
37
Branch
Palpa
31
32
RELATIONSHIPS
lea
Early-Middle-Late lea
Middle Nazca-Late Ico-Inca
Proper
wooden
temple
cemeteries
and
Proto-Nazca-L/ite
Nazca-Huaea
lea
Loro-Middle
40
Chicol
N-2
35
cemetery
Middle-Late Nazca
41
Chico II
N-3
36
cemetery
Middle-Late Nazca
Cahuachi
N-4
37
temples,
*42
house
43
Pacheco
44
Soisongo
45
Paredones
Nazca)
N-5
38
cemetery
Late
N-6
39
stone
Early-Middle-Late
N-7
44
cemetery
Late
village
Paredones
Early
N-8
Ica-lnca.
Middle
(Nazca)
Paracas
sequence-Late
through
area
temple
46
(complete
cemeteries
mounds,
Zca-Inca
lea
Nazca-Early-Late
(Inca)
45
cemetery
Middle-Late
Nazca-Middle-Late
Ica-lnca
47
Tambo de Perro I
N-9
46
48
Tambo de Perro II
N-10
47
cemetery
Middle-Late lea
N-ll
48
cemetery
Middle-Late
*49
Trophy
Head
cemetery
Early-Middie-Late lea
Nazca
Cemetery
50
Las Cafias
N-12
53
cemetery
Early Nazca-Middle
51
Achaco
N-120
59
2 cemeteries
Late Nazca-Huaea
Early
52
lea
del Loro
lea
N-13
54
*53
Soisongo II
SanNicolas I
N-14
49
*54
SanNicolas II
N-15
55
*55
SanNicolas III
N-16
56
shellmounds
preceramic
56
Ocungalla I
N-17
57
cemetery
Early-Late lea
57
Ocungalla II
N-18
58
58
N-19
60
cemetery
Early lea
59
Ayapana
El Quemado
N-20
62
cemeteries
60
Atarco
N-21
63
cemeteries
cemeteries
Late
village site
mummies ?
cemetery
Early Ica-Mi'ddle-Latelea
Loro-Early
lea
Tiahuanaco
Early-Mi'ddle-Late
61
Mancha Verde
N-22
64
small cemeteries
Middle Nazca
lea
del
Name
1)
of Site
Field Desig.
Field No.
Nazca-Huaca
Early-Middle-Late
del Loro-Early-Middle-Late
NT-1
I
cemetery
La Huaquilla
63
II
NT-2
cemetery
Rosa NT-3
cemetery
large stone
Santa 64
Falda
65
NT-4
Tunga
66 NTu-1
Copara
La
67
NTu-2I
Jolla
of Site
Affiliation
Branch
La Huaquilla
62
La
Cultural
Nature of Site
Taruga
[memoirs, 13
Huaca
lea
Early-Middle
Late
city
Ica
Branch
town
adobe
cemetery
Late
Ica-Inca
Middle-Late
68
Jolla
Corrallones
69
NTu-3
II
NTu-4
10
Coast
cemetery
cemeteries
del
Nazca-Huaca
Ica
Loro-Early-Middle
La
Ica
Tiahuanaco-Eariy
Middle-Late
Na^ca-Coast
Ica
Tiahuanaco-Early-Late
NTu-5
70 Tunga
cemeteries
11
Nazca-Huaca
Middle-Late
Loro-Early-Middle-Late
Las Trancas
71
Trancas
Las 72
II
I
NTu-6
12
NTu-7
13
huge
cemeteries
to NTu-6)
(related
Huaca
del Loro
74
Huayuri
NTu-8,9
14,15
Late Nazca-Huaca
NTu-10
40
town Huaca
temple,
cemeteries
cemetery
(small)
Late Nazca-Huaca
II
NTu-11
41
cemetery
(small)
Middle
76
Huayuri
III
NTu-12
42
cemetery
(small)
Late Nazca-Huaca
Nazca
Early
77
Huayuri
78
Poroma
IV
Cemetery
NTu-13
43
large stone
NTu-14
61
cemetery
city
del Loro
Ica
75
Huayuri
Early-Late
del Loro
Ica
lea
Middle-Late
Ica-Inca
Chavinia
Vasurales
Valley
L-l
52
vast
refuse mounds
Late
L-2
50
vast
refuse mounds
Chala
81C-l
Chullpa
51
Ica-much
Valley
30(?)
stone
chullpas
Late
Ica (?)
Ica
del Loro-Coast
del Loro
Early
del
Na^ca-Huaca
Ica
Early-Middle-Late
del Loro-Early
Tiahuanaco-Early-Middle
Late Ica
*73
Ica
del Loro-Early-Middle
Late Ica
else
del Loro
strong ]
2. Culture
of the
Sequence
Note:
numbers
Site
Culture Phase
Epoch
South
Colonial
leaChincha
Middle
also
lea
Early
lea (Epigonal)
Tiahuanaco
Huaca
del Loro
Cahuachi
Florescent
(42)
Cahuachi
(42)
Proto-Nazca
Cahuachi
(42)
Late Paracas
Cahuachi
Ocucaje
Incipient
Chavinia
to note
It is interesting
that
so many
cemeteries
interesting
phase
tive
cent
sites
in
continuity
usually
late
phases,
and phases
Florescent
there
various
sites.
Inca.
with
early
with
early
tive
more
it should be noted
epoch
sites
are
very
that, in general,
rare
and
were
Forma
revealed
often
quate
surface
region,
to reveal
the
lower
surveys
content
by
and
deep,
coastal
ered
are
inade
of deep
strati
later
seems
probable
assignment
is, as yet, hypothetical.
they may
if the
latter
Peru
mutually
where
reveal
have
traces of such
deep
been
are
cov
work
survey
digging
exclusive,
cul
hunting
not
Surface
occupations.
stratigraphic
not
a lithic
Apparently,
ture
cultures
early
Flores
can
but
mentary,
Fusion,
This
(80)
III (55)
Forma
and Con
occurrences
These
is an
cultural
Thus
federacies
overlap
mixed
looted,
1),
the
at most
manifestations
phases
of
46, Table
(some
the fact
that despite
consisted
identified.)
(79)
Vasurales
San Nicolas
San Nicolas
Pre-Agricultural
is
1(1)
Lomas Vasurales
Lomas
Agriculture
to he
have
may
(Early Paracas
moved
Paracas
if
up to Middle
a simpler
Paracas
culture
type
(42)
II (16)
Juan Pablo
Early Paracas
encountered)
(73)
(39)
Cahuachi
Nazca
style not
(42)
Estaqueria
Early Nazca
Formative
also
(Pacheco
(?)
del Loro
Huaca
Late Nazca
Middle
Colonial
Kingdom
Coast
Fusion
(Ica-Nazca).
1.
Figure
Late
and
Kingdoms
Confederacies
SitesRemarks
Definitive
Inca
Imperial
of Peru
Coast
to map,
refer
RELATIONSHIPS
comple
in
techniques
sites
once
abound
one
really digs.
the
Concerning
epoch
and
culture
phase
in Table
terminology
employed
2, this is
in the
basically similar to that used previously
Viru Valley
1952: 226,
(Strong and Evans
Table
stemmed
from the Chiclin
18) which
Conference
to
the
recommendations
ference
of 1953
ceding
brief
of
the
Lima
Con
(Anonymous
of
tabulation
from
(Table 1) proceeds
we
evidence
encountered
to historic
times
Data
for periods
are
based
largely
workers
detailed
these
than
are
and
service
the
of
appearance
to
illustrative
the
account,
present
material
reader
general
I have
that
should
emphasized
ceramic
described
and
but important
newly
structural types which have not heretofore been
or
published
received
recognition.
adequate
cul
the first 2 postulated
/CONCERNING
^^
tural epochs
(Table 2) the Pre-Agricul
tural and the epoch of Incipient Agriculture,
is
evidence
contra
sometimes
limited,
However,
dictory, and generally hypothetical.
site there is posi
in the case of the San Nicolas
lithic cul
tive proof of an hitherto undescribed
ture which
and pre
is seemingly preceramic
For
agricultural.
present
this
present
briefly
noncommittal
purposes
we
will
under
the
more
evidence
of
heading
evidence.
preceramic
The
Nazca.
now
road,
well
to
improved
the
San
coast
line
is a very
This
Nicolas.
and
Mr.
recent
active,
noted
Gregerson
super
terraces at this
imposed beach lines or major
are
numerous
low shell
end of the bay. There
heaps
their
above
white
these mounds
the
color,
present
are
beach
which,
inconspicuous.
save
for
Between
hills
is a rocky,
complete
in
placement
our
own.
regard
to
strati
own
excavations.
For
Inca
the
styles,
Nazca,
is re
reader
standard
older,
on
is based
factors
our
some
vessels,
than
other
from
to
ferred
by
associational
materials
sherd
literature.
In
the Early,
and Late
Ica
classifying
Middle,
to
ceramic
of
Fusion
styles (epoch
Imperial
epoch, Table 2), I have followed Kroeber and
Strong (1924b) but have omitted their numeri
as
subdivisions
cal
the
of
purposes
to
nongermane
the
major
paper.
present
evidence
dike which encloses a blocked and dry
or
channel.
Rocks in this channel are
lagoon
on the basis of a
encrusted with algae which,
to
brief examination,
Mr. Gregerson
believed
more
water
be of fresh
origin. This point merits
natural
extended
since
investigation
is located
great empty bay of San Nicolas
a
of
in
direct
line
southwest
miles
45
The
about
the
and
graphic
ceramic
unrecognized
collections
However,
5. preceramic
our
from
Ica-Chincha,
to the limited
be warned
types
illustrated
illustrations
a more
account.
descriptive
the
later
materials
hitherto
possible,
are
times
epochs.
as of possible
to
prior
In regard
in
surface
here
Fusional
and
earlier
on
outlined
barely
other
and
Florescent,
Where
memoirs, 13
in former
occurrence
the
of
times would
explain
At pres
human occupation.
in San Juan and San Nicolas
some 50
tanks from Poroma
away.
The
shellmounds
irregular
series
in
some
of
shell
an
compose
question
5
concentrations
each
not
to be
lieved
great.
It was
our
to
intention
screening
was
made.
and
done
ceramic
No
a wider
objects
surface
were
survey
on
found
or within
in question
the mounds
although
in the vicinity and several miles
other mounds
to
the
southwest
pottery
yielded
and
re
other
mains
lop,
ash,
limpet,
charcoal,
and
mussel,
charred
clam.
and
numerous
It also
split
rocks,
pebbles,
contained
sea
and
lion
sand
strong ]
III
p|lP^
Fig.
2.
Stone
artifacts,
RELATIONSHIPS
CM.
San Nicolas
III.
\v|ft/
occurred
surface
the
another
of
recent
now
mound
Artifacts
that
area,
and
on,
from,
55.
is, Site
sandblasted
were
smooth
butt
(Fig.
(2.7
have
cm.)
the
so
and
that
dull.
and
surfaces
edges
one
was
There
large
3
end from such a point. There were
2 l-K) side scrapers of basalt and quartzite
to 5!5 cm. long), one of which may also
been a drill or chisel. A flake knife (3.5
of obsidian with a use retouch completes
there were
In addition,
lithic inventory.
of both
very many
flakes, cores, and nodules
obsidian which
black and red-flecked
repre
such obsi
sented work shop debris. Normally
dian
chips
and
retain
artifacts
sharp
cutting
has sandblasted
of 2
few nonlithic
artifacts consisted
The
reeds with smoothly flattened points; 3 2-strand
twisted strings of reed fiber; one 2-strand knot
ted loop of reed fiber; and one twined piece of
soft vegetable fiber.
secured on
While
the bulk of the material
our
very
2,
its positive
impressive,
istics
reconnaissance
brief,
are.
the
On
of
appearance
the
and
positive
obsidian
side
points,
is not
trips
character
negative
the
types
side
and
scrapers,
plants
that
occur
which
fact,
seems equally
a very
early
significant.
cultural
horizon,
It is apparent
or
just
vey
horizons,
at San Nicolas
in superficial
deposits
should not require deep excavation. This
of
in conjunction
the evidences
with
the
area,
almost
September
23 to 24,
was
made
from
other
sites,
two were
trip
well
may
from
emerging
From
among
surface
the
beneath
in
activity
suggests
about
main
geological
memoirs, 13
contain
obscurity.
1953, a brief
and,
encountered
for
sur
to Chala
Nazca
which
culture
preceramic
evidence
However,
total
throw
origins
such
horizons.
is
conclusion
swept,
that
calm.
It would
for
the
at
north,
fishermen
from
least
comparatively
to be an excellent
appear
to
ancient
place
times
present
point
an
of
enormous
this
supports
heaps
series
contention.
of
shell
The
small,
Columbian
It is impossible
how high, deep,
may
but
be,
mous.
are
they
On
obviously
western
the
sea
the
exposure
enor
and
deep
has
or
sea
below
Pottery
of many
scattered
over
of
Midden
cemetery.
to
down
entire
these deposits,
other
areas
action,
where
were
sherds
acquired
but
exposed
were
in
is
plain ware,
at
noted.
these
the
base
or
by wave
examination
superficial
no
where
ments
area,
sides.
several
types, especially
the
extend
deposits
on
level
revealed
Cloth
sherdless
frag
areas
cloth found in
that suggest the crudely woven
Prieta and similar sites assigned to the
in northern
of Incipient Agriculture
epoch
Huaca
Peru.
garded
examination
was
very
limited,
to have
sent
my
However,
here
as
from
Peru,
speculative.
the
above
must
be
re
strong]
of the
Further to the south, near the mouth
Rio Lomas,
is another vast area of shell and
refuse
heaps
covers
which
in intermittent
several
concentrations.
miles
square
These
pottery
over
tered
ware
utilitarian
cursory
the
and
types
surface
again,
and,
scat
or
plain
Our
predominates.
greatly
here
examination
occurs
periods
no
gave
opportunity
11
to determine
the depth or nature of these refuse
are lower and more
scattered
deposits which
than
scattered,
RELATIONSHIPS
those
on
concentrated
the
rocky,
sea-girt
long record
later
human
and possibly
continuous,
occupation.
lection.
period
incorporates
deco
negative-painted
showing
the
cabeza
larga
or
general
nas
All
type of head deformation.
had disappeared
perishable materials
small,
crumbling
of
fragments
Caver
traces of
save for
plain-weave
was
seated
in a broken
olla,
and
two
were
plain
ware
ollas,
one
interior
banded
site now
in the Truel
Col
fired Polychrome
to be mentioned
Decoration
takes the form of broken
panels decorated with a very fugitive
The
powder.
pigments
most
are
latter
without
common
used,
white,
to 5
to
appears
binder.
at
including
red,
brown,
least
may
in
decoration
Incision
appear
negative
of
pure
red
is the
11 other
colors
yellow,
green,
incised
colored
consist
Orange
but
color,
below.
on
single
vessel,
and
painting
Up
plus
incision.
is done with
thin, somewhat
irregular,
lines and simple Chavinoid
feline face designs
are
common.
quite
lined with
negative
All
incised
technique
lines.
occur
areas
painted
Simple
on
are
out
dot designs
numerous
in
vessels
concerned,
pear
alone
Paracas
lem of
period.
negative
as it does
In regard
decoration
does
in the subsequent
to
the
important
not
ap
Late
prob
of the negative
be pointed
out
Fig.
Burials
and pottery
of the Early
Paracas
and Late Paracas
and
Paracas
burial
A-E,
phases.
Early
of burial
I: A,
and associated
ollas and Juan Pablo Postfired
Juan Pablo
close-up
plain ware
Red
C, E, Cahuachi
Polychrome
bowl; B, Juan Pablo Postfired
Polychrome
bowl;
Slipped
bowls; D, Cahuachi
Interior bowl.
vessels
Incised
F, G, Juan Pablo Postfired
(Paul Truel
Polychrome
burial,
Collection);
H, Late Paracas
Postfired
Ocucaje
II; I, J, Ocucaje
Polychrome
effigy jars, Late Paracas
burial, Ocucaje
II; K, L, Cahuachi
Negative
II.
burial, Ocucaje
bowl, Late Paracas
associated
3.
memoirs, 13
pottery,
strong ]
Space
mentioned
types
to deal with
but
above,
the other
are
names
the
judging from
Thus,
descriptive
(Fig. 3 B-G).
the much more abundant Early Paracas vessels
in the Truel and Pablo Soldi collections
(Soldi
of various
1956), and from Soldi's description
other graves from the Juan Pablo site, we can
our
regard
a small
as
here
4 graves
reason
but
of
the funerary
sample
ably characteristic
culture phase.
aspects of the Early Paracas
de
excavation
controlled
and more
Further
the above collections
tailed comparison with
must be accomplished
before any full definition
can
be
given.
while
Therefore,
Paracas
is
phase
of
the
limited
to
knowledge
at
present
Early
grave
it seems to be a definite
types and ceramics,
and early horizon. Characteristics
noted in our
own
small
boulder
shallow
sample,
covers,
crude
graves,
pit
stone
and
rough
adobe
lump
skeletal remains
flexed, very deteriorated,
deformed
lack of
heads, and a general
are also reported as typical
perishable materials
In the ceramic
range, the
by Soldi
(1956).
fugitive, powdery nature of postfired decoration
and the fact that both 2 and 3 color negative
walls,
with
occurs
painting
vessels,
and
not
on
a high
alone
(as
of
percentage
in Late
Paracas),
these
set
Paracas
He states
culture manifestation
in the
that there is a slightly later
of Paracas
type at the foot of the
cemetery
central
Ica Valley
to
unable
(this we were
that
and
the
latest
Paracas
culture phase
visit),
at Ocucaje
is manifest
still further down
stream. The
our own
last is in accord with
findings
which
ferences
Juan Pablo
between
show
distinct
Paracas
I and at Ocucaje.
subcultural
manifestations
dif
at
The
Late Paracas
was
phase
13
RELATIONSHIPS
culture
(and "Necropolis")
to us
revealed
in various
manifesta
tions at Ocucaje
site in
and at the Cahuachi
the drainage of the Nazca
evi
These
proper.
while
dences,
are more
limited,
than
extensive
as well
practice,
artifact
Our
types.
Late
ceramic
and
strata
Paracas
other
and
pits
somewhat
smaller.
This
mammiform
adobes,
with
in mud.
These
plaster.
and
bone,
with
some
charcoal,
but
not
refuse mounds
and would
the substructures
for ceremonial
ings.
was
Time
common
at Ocucaje
but
and
of
adobe
sherds,
are
they
appear to be
or other build
to work
lacking
in detail,
structions
coated
smoothed
contain
mounds
considerable
are
walls
out
con
these
they
seem
Late
Paracas
to
be
pro
venience.
the mound
Cahuachi
bottom
firm
where
even
construction,
after
abandonment,
seems
poorer
culture
Paracas
hacienda
phase
later built
are
very
dwellings
of
houses
a temple.
similar
today
The
to
the
and were
were
Forms
were
not
but
were
houses
these
in our
entire
floor
in
encountered
were
cuts.
Since
the
center
causes.
tinctive
/
L
/J
**m2&\\
r\
7-^->
n\\V^N
*/ 1
jj^^|f*f
/l^/^^^l|OTfl|'
^SS^L
jl'-V^WIf
f'
^.ti jff H^'%^^^ih
jp
some
cabeza
(Fronds.;
type
larga
of
occur.
did
skulls with
the dis
deformation
that
also the
up earlier by huaqueros,
other human bones which were
under the houses. Most puzzling
located on a
great cloth deposit
to the west
flat
refuse
practice
of several
Fig.
4).
CAHUACHI
WV^V
_J^
Wiw^^
S|TE
N"4
^/
/^-^ v fflyvS^^
osSLc
^n)
M
/xi ((
\J
with
pits
Irregular
consisted
of mortuary
evidences
zling
These
houses
plans
strata
deep
wall.
and
rectangular
interconnected,
out
durable
extremely
evidently
worked
a series of main
(huarango)
of vertical
with a wattlework
horizontal cane supports. The
smeared with a thick layer of
an
creating
memoirs, 13
_ <,r
*^ ^
5/--C;.?*
sv??!#
BurialArea 2 V*^
.1,j~*-*?fc^
XvflrZ^G *
llV^UJ
\^^^K^f
}f Hp\
**/V
Sfrf'l
CONTOUR
LINESREPRE
Jfl (^
sent NATURAL
FEATURES
<^0J/lf\y
T-j-^ -J
HATCHING
REPRESENTS
CULTURAL
FEATURES
Vzrfr^-^
ft 1^jffiST~~
^
((3^
Ull"j?j|\Atefcll
/f^^&^
CC
f'l 1HL^-J?
~r^?C^
]}ff'
yy
HEAVY
SOLID
LINES
RE"
PRESENT
ADOBE
WALLS
,,,.-.^?,.^u>--?
Wr?? J
If"'* ^*/??t -3
!'-.csSWl
/Hi
\l v*1?r^'tn
cultivated
^f$kM~^<
Lands
Fig.
\M
4. Map
^tht miw^Sr
of Cahuachi,
?L*
^\
-?
.---***
^ 1**^f
*-%
V~
the Nazca
"capital."
/&^^ys/
vr:;?/^^?^//w
******** jr**
> ?**
p^
tzdlX^^
\jC-<^Tr(S
/7
|||C\///If/ff//Mil,
^\ O // li?>*wir
SIRONO
J
RELATIONSHIPS
15
,
HH^^^^^l^^H^^^^lI^^B^^&I^^B^^^^3iiii
^^^^^^^^^^^^BBmm^'^
8.
^KuBWmmmmmmmmmmmmBmWS^m.
l^mm^BBmmmmmmmmmmmmuBmaBm
WBrnRmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm
PI
'
- . **-
^
/^MMHHHB|iHn||f
'^
...
._.
IL.
F ~
*g,-^?
*-
^>~ /
**
~&?>.L.?$r
' ^"r. ".L-ji".IW
5.
Cut
Architectural
5
:^
1 (Late Paracas);
and daub wall, Cut
Cahuachi.
A, wattle
details,
of small,
of
conical
adobes
wall
behind
D, wall
ungrooved,
(Early Nazca);
of
of large grooved,
conical
E, walls
F, close-up
(Proto-Nazca);
adobes, Cut 3 (Early Nazca);
3 (Early Nazca);
1 (Middle Nazca).
cal adobes, Cut
of wedge
G, wall
adobes, Cut
Fig.
rooms,
:<+?
B, C, complex
Cut
loaf adobes
large,
grooved,
of
coni
composed
cotton
plain-weave,
simple,
cloth
entire.
cut
times by
be saved
several
not
could
hence
that
reported
archaeologists
com
this was exactly the type of cloth which
of
the
cloth
the
majority
wrappings
plain
posed
bundles at Paracas and
of "Necropolis" mummy
were
they
sure
The
Necropolis.
we
had
another
encountered
occurrence
of
"Cavernas"
(our
Late
we
when
ever,
cut
and
cloth
the
through
burial
culture
Paracas
with
how
practices,
temple
several
encountered
empty
deep
sealed
tombs, several of which were carefully
canes and had not been excavated
with
by
All
huaqueros.
area
this
through
were
there
abundant
signs of very hot and extensive fires
which had calcined the earth and rock to con
siderable depths, as well as several previously
cabeza larga (Cavernas
excavated
type) de
of large,
formed skulls, and many
fragments
seems
ware
It
ollas.
highly probable either
plain
are
there
that
culture
Paracas
concentrated
ever
burial
the
where
ped,
and
to Ocucaje
At Ocucaje,
we
were
across
transported
or
much
the
were
dead
important
Paracas
even
more
wrap
smoked,
the
great
broken
we
ware
plain
en
were
others
flexed
barbacoas
of burned-off
albarroba
logs, with
another beneath composed of lashed canes, the
interstices being stuffed with grass (Fig. 3 H).
not abundant,
but 2 fine
Grave
gifts were
vessels occurred
Postfired Polychrome
Ocucaje
with one (Fig. 3 I, J), and Cahuachi Negative
ware vessels with 3 others (Fig. 3 K, L). Cloth
was
rotten
and
sparse
but
did
in mantles,
occur,
very
and
messy
we
However,
to delineate
hard
secured
clearly.
to
evidence
adequate
materials
similar
form)
graves
Necropolis
lected materials
Collection.
made
at
More
Paracas
and
ceramic
and
se
similar
in the Truel
types
be
will
comparisons
specific
The
fragmentary
from Ocucaje
elsewhere.
istic of
more
(in
to those reported
character
the Late
determined
from
the
for
Paracas
above
the
segregating
brief,
the
ollas,
Ocucaje
peninsula.
fortunate
to the Late
countered
9 burials pertaining
Paracas period. These were pit burials in refuse
of the Late Paracas period which
ranged from
0.80 to 2.10 m. in depth. Three of the bodies
were
in partially
seated in a flexed position
achi,
pampas
memoirs, 13
mentioned
and
abundant
graphic
materials.
Collections
with
comparison
vessels
but
and
graves,
rich Truel
our
fragmentary
few
by
from
grave
strati
strong]
S3^?ZZ^^p^T\
"
.
1 YELL0W
1
"
BROWN
[;^i;';.jFLESH
1111111
^^^^Jl^^
^^^
I
|_|
F'W^'f^'PJ^uj
^^^^^^
GREEN
||||li
IB1IIIMAUVE
I -. ;.
\ ?or-Ak,
1 : : : 1 CREAM
17
KEY
COLOR
WWM RED
RELATIONSHIPS
COLOR
WORNOFF
I_'_?_'_>_'
**~^?~?*?
W^^Sf
Fig.
6.
Late
CM.
Paracas
D,
pottery
E, Cahuachi
types, Cahuachi.
Incised
Interior;
A-C,
F-/,
Ocucaje
Cahuachi
Postfired
Negative.
Polychrome;
is characterized
Paracas horizon
Post
ceramic types: Ocucaje
White
Slipped "Necropolis,"
Incised Interior,
Cahuachi
Negative,
Cahuachi
Red and White Decorated,
and plain ware types.
Late
by the following
fired Polychrome,
Cahuachi
Cahuachi
Modeled,
The
first, Ocucaje
the most distinctive
occurs only sparsely
is
Polychrome,
ware
it
although
funerary
in the strata cuts (Figs. 3
Postfired
memoirs, 13
While
ceramic
the Ocucaje
Postfired
Polychrome
type has to date been regarded as most
the
for the Late Paracas
diagnostic
culture,
more
associated
types are much
following
in the refuse and living levels per
abundant
strata cuts.
taining to this period in Cahuachi
Cahuachi
has 2 and 3 colors, occurs
Negative
most
on bowls,
double
commonly
although
spouts do occur
are
(Figs. 3 K, L; 6 F-J).
geometric
lines,
circles-and-dots,
dashes,
stepped
blocks,
vessels.
Interior
Designs
chevrons,
dots,
and
triangles,
interior or exterior
seem
designs
more
of
complex
The
and may
Incised
rarely be naturalistic.
Interior type is self-descriptive.
The
type was
first noted at Chincha
(Kroeber and Strong
applied than in the earlier type. Also negative
PL
also see Kroeber
occur
on
not
Post
the
does
1924a,
20,
Proto-Chincha;
Ocucaje
painting
PL
Red and
Cahuachi
a
forms
but
fired Polychrome
Paracas).
1944,
41B,
separate
vessels,
White
Decorated
like
8
7
ceramic
Cahuachi
(Figs.
E;
A-E),
type,
Ocucaje
Negative.
is a very abundant Late
has a range of at least 12 Cahuachi
Postfired Polychrome
Negative,
Paracas type. Rounded
bowls with
incurving
colors and may have up to 8 postfired applied
a
on
colors
those of
but
single
Its
pot.
are more
are
forms
Postfired
to
similar
Polychrome
complex.
The White
type (Fig.
Slipped "Necropolis"
but theoretically
10 F) is a minor,
important,
ware, also closely related to the Cahuachi
Poly
chrome
Incised and Modeled
types (Fig. 10)
are
which
culture
Proto-Nazca
lies
portance
sent
of
characteristic
in the
Its
phase.
that
fact
the
it appears
im
to repre
the White
incised,
polished,
Slipped,
ware said to have been found
and/or modeled
in the "Necropolis"
in isolation
(a Cavernas
at
Paracas
culture house
1929;
(Tello
ruin)
some 400 mum
Carrion Cachot
1949) where
mies
rich
with
textile
wrappings
Since
occurred.
data on
and provenience
descriptive
type pottery is utterly inadequate
"Necropolis"
in the existing published
record, all that may
be said here is that the stratigraphy at Cahuachi
indicates
that
the
is probably
so-called
"Necropolis"
ware
to our White
Slipped
equivalent
type and occurs, stratigraphically,
"Necropolis"
as
with
late "Cavernas"
(our Late Paracas),
a
as
well
with
succeeding culture horizon here
termed Proto-Nazca.
It is therefore
form
later than
and earlier
early "Cavernas"
(Early Paracas)
than fully developed Nazca
(Middle Nazca).
double-spouted
bowls,
face
vessels,
collar
and
jars,
plat
with
jars
contrasting
black
subsequent
theoretic
sides, hemispheric
geometric
modeling
is present.
as
important
The
a possible
is theoretically
type
southern
representation
of theWhite-on-Red
tion of the central
decorations
to
tions
may
from
series
of
depressions
stratigraphic
as
as well
decorated
varia
shape
simple
most
representations;
effigy
are
characteristic
racas
vary
elaborate
thumb-shaped
and
descriptive
these Late Pa
plain
ware
must
types
be presented
elsewhere.
However,
hoped that even this brief description will
cate
how
inventory
previously
Cavernas
been
more
much
of
complex
the Paracas
been
indicated
culture
when
the
it is
indi
ceramic
is than has
only 2 or 3
and Necropolis
funerary types have
or
at least mentioned
in the
known,
literature.
strong |
Fig.
seum,
7.
Late
Harvard
E, Cahuachi
and Modeled
Paracas
and
Proto-Nazca
D, Cahuachi
University);
Decorated
Red
and White
Thin
double-spout
bottle
pottery
Polished
I_I_I
CM.
types.
Black
19
10
Cahuachi
bowls
A-C,
Stylus Decorated
(Peabody Mu
bottle
Incised
de Ica);
double-spout
Regional
(Museo
Incised
F, G, Cahuachi
Cahuachi;
bottle,
Polychrome
double-spout
Soldi Collection).
(Carlos
RELATIONSHIPS
rA1-,~Ti~^V
SOCIETY FOR AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY
20
[ MEMOIRS, 13
COLORKEY
^^^0^3
CM.
COLORKEY
^^^^
Pblack
FI0.,
r.huachi
L.?P-?iS^-^Sthi
A-E,
Cahuachi
Modeled.
bi&3
Red
and White
strong ]
painted
of complex
negative
in both Early
in abundance
designs
Paracas
Late
and
occurrence
the
Like
culture
so
phases,
the
strati
"Ne
of the White
Slipped
graphic placing
and
in
Paracas
Late
immediately
cropolis" style
is theoreti
culture phase horizons
succeeding
cally
important.
tures
about
are many
There
the
so-called
fea
puzzling
ceramic
"Necropolis"
and
we
encountered
pieces
in our
own
At
clined
to identify
vessels),
to
objective
isolation
reported
an
and
Proto-Nazca
at
record
similar
possibly
are
sites
cul
until
the
is pre
Paracas
its
recorded,
fully
site at
in the Necropolis
due to class limited functions,
excavation
inadequate
in
Slipped
it equiv
make
here. However,
Necropolis
Paracas,
present
would
Paracas
as defined
or
sented,
or
Late
the
ture phases
I am
will
record,
remain
culture
the Proto
and stylistically,
Stratigraphically,
follows
phase
the
Late
Paracas
culture
and
being
Nazca
culture
refuse
from
tirely
is at
known
present
no
layers,
almost
en
nor
unit
burials
structures
daub,
and
adobes,
structures
a result,
small,
irregular
5 D),
not
have
adobes
lump
(Fig.
yet
but
been
occur
more
decorated
are concentrated
in Cut
revealed.
As
of
ceramic
1?
in
the
types
above
those
characteristic
of Late Paracas and below those
as Early Nazca
(Table 2). The dis
are
tinctive decorated
types in Proto-Nazca
classified
Thin,
(3) Cahuachi
Stylus Decorated,
and
(4) Ca
are
gray
with
colors
rust,
the
most
the
most
orange,
flesh,
characteristic
on
one
any
above
which
occurs
also
How
earlier.
In
ever, the bulk of the Cahuachi
Polychrome
cised and Modeled
Thin is unique, representing
a distinct though transitional ceramic and, pre
sumably, cultural period. Cahuachi
Polychrome
Incised Thick
includes
(0.8 cm. or thicker)
painted with
fired, true ceramic
10
The
elaborate designs,
pigments
J).
(Fig.
are
outlined
with deep
mainly
representational,
incised lines which are usually painted over and
vessels
filled in.
Cahuachi
is a unique type
Stylus Decorated
characterized
black
by
polished decoration on a
black background
These
(Figs. 7 A-C; 9 GA).
vessels usually have completely
black reduced
interiors and exteriors but, in about half the
examples,
duces
com
diagnostics
are
phase
conical
ungrooved,
Proto-Nazca
which
of
strata
Proto-Nazca
plete
as
buff,
black,
and
closed
obscure.
Nazca
white,
Red,
colors,
complete
our White
it with
style which
"Necropolis"
alent
work.
no
are true
Polished
Black
Incised. All
not
in
decoration.
fired,
postfired,
The first of these, Cahuachi
In
Polychrome
cised and Modeled
has
great variety in
Thin,
both shape and design (Figs. 7 F, G; 10 A-I).
huachi
brown,
21
RELATIONSHIPS
the
slight
vessel.
of
oxidation
lighter coloration
Upon
the
exterior
giving a 2-tone
these
surfaces
pro
effect to
subtle
designs
were
a blunt
with
by burnishing
produced
instrument before firing while
the clay
pointed
was
state. The designs are
in a leather-hard
essentially
lines), but
dots,
and
linear
spirals,
sunburst
(both
straight
S-shaped
designs
and
designs,
are
also
wavy
circles,
common.
Naturalistic
designs of fish are also present and
cover
the designs
the entire
inside
usually
bottom of the plates. The plates are usually
gambreled, but incurved, round forms and out
flaring forms also occur. The fourth character
memoirs, 13
^^^^^m KEY
J^^^HRI^^^Sfc
Fig.
9.
Proto-Nazca
pottery
Incised;
types, Cahuachi.
A-F, Cahuachi
Cahuachi
Stylus Decorated.
G~l,
Polished
Black
strong ]
RELATIONSHIPS
13
H
COLOR
Fig.
'?'?'?'-'?'
CM.
10.
Proto-Nazca
and Modeled
18111
pottery
Thin;
^^^
KEY
MAUVE
H -^^M
types, Cahuachi.
A-I, Cahuachi
Polychrome
Incised Thick.
/, Cahuachi
Polychrome
Incised
BLACK
ceramic
istic Proto-Nazca
Pol
This
re
includes
type
completely
well-polished,
ware
fine
with
vessels
black
decorated
duced,
line incised designs. Bowl forms are similar to
Incised
ished Black
the
The
type.
preceding
common
most
type
of
cally
the
characterizes
culture
Proto-Nazca
ce
phase. This phase,
the early incised tradi
ramic types fall within
tion of the Formative epoch of the South Coast
seems rightly to be included in that major cul
it should also be
tural grouping.
However,
since all
its decorated
noted
memoirs, 13
that
the Proto-Nazca
horizon decorated
are characteristically
with
painted
ceramic pigments
normal
(not resins) which
are truly fired, not applied after firing, hence ac
of the
the decorative
cording with
techniques
in these regards
Florescent
subsequent
epoch
as
Derived
and therefore
truly transitional.
ceramics
than as originally
applied
Nazca
Middle
(Nazca A)
full-blown
style at Ocucaje
(Kroeber and Strong 1924b). In regard to nega
it persists
in small
tive painted
decoration,
amounts
in
Paracas
be
the
the
as primarily
regarded
Formative
on
later
in
abundant
hence
periods,
and
Proto-Nazca
more
is much
but
periods,
the
South
earlier
can
Coast
diagnostic
of
the
epoch.
of the polychrome
painted
the incising tradition of
terminates
prior
haanacoid
coastal
to
stylistic
the
first
elements
intrusion
into
of
the
Tia
south
region.
features
as well
as stylistic
chrome
relation
to
partially
overlapping
Proto-Nazca
In
types (Cahuachi
Polychrome
Polished
Black
cised, Cahuachi
Incised, and
in
Cahuachi
Stylus) and Nazca A Polychrome
is shown in Table 3. It can
3 cuts at Cahuachi
there
be
seen
that
the
Proto-Nazca
are
types
comes into
Polychrome
fading when Cahuachi
As
Cahuachi
fades
in the
vogue.
Polychrome
it
Nazca
A
is
upper levels,
Poly
replaced by
chrome. This table (Table 3) includes 3 sites:
a one-culture
Cut 6
site, The Great Temple;
(average of 3 levels); and Cut 5 (6 levels)
statistics will be pub
(Fig. 4). More detailed
table
lished later, the present
being introduced
solely to indicate the gross stratigraphic position
It seems
of the Cahuachi
Polychrome
style.
us
to
that
Cahuachi
Polychrome
probable
alone, or with only a little foreign influence,
into the famous Nazca A Polychrome
evolved
it is some
with sherd materials,
style. Working
times
painted
difficult
types.
to distinguish
between
the
strong j
Table
3.
Style
Cuts at Cahuachi
of
Position
Stratigraphic
Polychrome
polished
Nazca A
Polychrome
80.10%
52.32
51.77
38.75
53.96
none
31.99
none
33.87
11.14
10.71
4.65
1.59
Polychrome
shapes
Closed
are
but
occur,
not
everted
short
jars with
and
spouted,
as platform
such
vessels,
common.
distinctive
is the most
2. The
decoration
It is al
characteristic.
Cahuachi
Polychrome
to a 2 or 3 color combination
limited
ways
(red
white
and
black/cream
black/cream-white,
to a
and,
or
gray
Rarely,
lesser
an
extent,
are
is added.
color
orange-brown
occur.
backgrounds
rarer
but
metric,
are
latter
are
Designs
naturalistic
most
commonly
of
representation
geometric,
geo
usually
designs
occur.
stylized,
the
aji
The
almost
pepper,
on,
dots,
are
circles
common.
and dots,
A
panel
squiggles,
of
or more
in one
paint
colors
pro
any
one
design
Polychrome
solid
areas
of
paint
is that decorative
and
are
out
not
several
instances
the
shapes
Incised.
Polychrome
In resume, Cahuachi
terized by a number
to Proto-Nazca
related
nonincised,
painted,
and
decorations
of Cahuachi
Polychrome
those of
identical with
is charac
Polychrome
most
of shapes
closely
forms; but the solidly
re
and
anticipate
designs
the simpler
semble
types in the full-blown
Nazca A Polychrome
style.
The
Broad Line Red and
type Cahuachi
is also most characteristic
White
(Fig. 12 A)
it is
of the Early Nazca
phase.
Stylistically
Broad Line Red,
closely related to Cahuachi
and
Black (Fig. 12 B-D) of the Middle
White,
Late
red/cream-white).
and
Cahuachi
units
common.
of
also
flecks
small
base of each
type:
1. The
chrome
7.33%
18.8656.25
the Cahuachi
summarize
Cahuachi
Cahuachi
Polychrome
Proto-Nazca
Type
.
none
Great Temple
none
Cut 6 (Average of 3 levels)
Cut 5
m.
15.54%
0-0.50
. 16.07
.50-1.00
. 37.21
1.00-1.50
. 25.39
1.50-2.00
.
53.32
2.00,2.50
.
45.16
2.50-Bottom
To
the
Nazca)
(Early
25
RELATIONSHIPS
Nazca
phases.
interesting
of
complex
walls
and
struc
tures in Cut
in Mound
deposits
Mound
rooms,
structures,
of
these
quite
ceramic
great
common
and
and
conical
foundations.
and
at Cahuachi
stratigraphic
and,
use
The
adobes
grooved
from
associations,
is
their
they
mkmoirs, 13
KEY
COLOR
^ m^HHHHI^V
H|H
Fig.
pottery
type, Cahuachi.
A-M,
Cahuachi
Polychrome.
BLACK
strong 1
^^
RELATIONSHIPS
27
WHITE
[' ;'/.'' ,]
E
N^>^^
/^'^^^^^:SS<N\
f^^?^?^^^^^
'
W.V^
/ ^5
"
V
^^^^IsX^
Fig.
12. Minor
(Proto-Nazca).
B-D,
I CLAY
IV"'
\A---^^feJ
G
and White;
KEY
COLOR
decorated
pottery
Cahuachi
Broad
types.
Line
:::-
Cahuachi
Red, White,
'
''?/xy
(Early Nazca
Black;
wsj
fr::::::::?|
to Late
EAT, Cahuachi
Nazca).
A,
Cahuachi
miscellaneous
Broad
Modeled
Line
and
Red
Incised
to pertain
to
particularly
the
factual
Nazca
Early
of
walls,
heavy
as walks,
used
perhaps
open
main
The
were
which
roof under
general
the partially
content
ceramic
of
of
5 consisted of a high percentage
sherds with
very fine Cahuachi
Polychrome
and earlier types in the deeper
Proto-Nazca
levels. The rooms had been filled in at a later
in Cut
fill
5 strata
the Cut
were
there
numerous
also
fragments,
curred
in all
our
and
Paracas
oc
and elaborate,
both plain
our
fine
levels,
culture
Nazca
were
structures
used
textile
deposits
at Cahuachi
represent
most
of
that these
and
weavers.
by
than
that
the
from
fragments
the
refuse
seem
elsewhere
the major
in
abundant
particularly
to say more
is lacking
numerous
so
were
pieces
those at Cut
Space
to
Necropo
Paracas,
generally
or
and
in Peruvian
museums.
other
Since
the
concerning
of
actual
data
provenience
on many
cropolis)
is often
that
to
be
which
moment,
the
levels
and
Nazca,
deposits
important
our
present
primarily
textile
and graves
other
as
or
confused,
lacking,
probable
stratified
and synthesis,
analysis
the
final
report.
to
refers
ceramic
polychrome
and
techniques
textiles
remains,
but
regard
factual
and
certain
are
these
other
too
arti
incompletely
to be reported upon
at this time.
analyzed
with
of beaten gold, seem
exception
Metals,
to be lacking in Early and Middle Nazca.
Re
mains of the Middle Nazca culture phase, rep
resented particularly
ceramic
by the decorated
are found in the
type Nazca A Polychrome,
upper
of
portions
the
strata
at Cahuachi.
cuts
com
and architectural
largest ceremonial
plex, the Great Temple
(Fronds.; Fig. 4), be
longs almost entirely to this period since only
Nazca A Polychrome
and a
(Middle Nazca)
of Early Nazca
very small proportion
type
sherds were
found in stripping and pitting at
this great structural unit south of the strata pit
as
from the
fragments
in all our Paracas,
may
the
More
prove
eventually
pottery
classification
based.
it seems
arbitrary,
types
is, for
complete
Our
located
expedition
of
number
Middle
down
the
river
from
our
at Cahu
excavation
await
area.
strata
must
The
3).
(Table
and architectural
however,
in
the
memoirs, 13
on
the
arti
Polychrome
ceramic
style
agrees
with
that
of
stratigraphic
or
stylistic,
confirming
Nazca
classification.
Polychrome
We
ceramic
therefore
style,
view
as
as an essentially
whole,
bipolar development
its ear
with Nazca A Polychrome
dominating
the
lier and Nazca B its later stages. Through
in the stratigraphic pits, the
materials
excavated
in the Great Temple,
large sample collected
and the very large surface collection
from the
looted cemeteries which
in the area,
abound
strong ]
we
were
amass
to
able
an
sample
impressive
is not
of Nazca A Polychrome
pottery. This
the time nor place to attempt a fully synoptic
rich and very
of the symbolically
description
the
colorful Nazca A Polychrome
style. Unlike
hitherto
unknown
nonfunerary
and
Proto-Nazca,
the
ceramic
Nazca
Early
the
Paracas,
types
at
Nazca
below Middle
deposits
the later Nazca
styles have already
Cahuachi,
treatment elsewhere
received extensive
(Uhle
and
1914; Putnam
1914; Seler 1923; Kroeber
1927; Kroe
Strong 1924b; Gay ton and Kroeber
occur
which
ber
at
1926
the
moment,
however,
been
ble
be
to
in
to
us
are,
com
for
here.
it is possi
However,
ideas
general
and
Paracas
types
previously
This
I
Kroeber
and
type, which
1924b).
as "Proto-Nazca,"
has
(1924b) then designated
since been recognized
by Kroeber
(1930: 8;
and
as
others,
an
outstanding
of
sample
seems
certain
represent
extended
these
type, Nazca
over
an
local
ceramic
regional
varia
larger,
minor
only
area
Polychrome,
at
least
as
collection.
and
double-frustrum,
also
in our
appear
Kroe
Double
plat
collections.
The
Ocucaje
are
derived
the Kroeber
from
earlier
Nazca
collec
Proto-Nazca
and
Paracas
To
summarize:
variants
of Nazca
the Ocucaje
A
and Cahuachi
are
Polychrome
closely
re
lated.
1956),
from
apparently,
grave
elsewhere.
concerning
and,
spheroid,
vessels
tions,
few
collection
spouted,
form
1926 Nazca
ber's
Uhle
have,
They
available
attempted
a
Further,
at Nazca
preparation.
made
present
others).
excavations
grave
parison
cannot
various
among
1956,
Kroeber's
Hemispheric
stratigraphic
Ocucaje
29
RELATIONSHIPS
large
It is here postulated
that the Uhle
collection
is slightly later in date be
Ocucaje
cause of the presence of the F-H bowls (Gayton
and Kroeber
the Cahuachi
1927, Fig. 2) while
variant
lacks
earlier
shapes
but
these,
mentioned
retains
above.
a
The
number
latter
of
can
to be connected with
earlier, local
styles. On the basis of a comparison
between his 1926 Nazca Valley
grave pottery
of this style and that from the Uhle Ocucaje
collection, Kroeber
(1956) comes to a similar
be shown
Cahuachi
conclusion.
pottery
valleys,
primarily
from
the Ica and Nazca
on the basis of our own
collections
stratigraphic
at Cahuachi.
Concern
A may, however,
be men
Polychrome
tioned here. The most common Nazca A Poly
chrome background
is cream-white,
then red,
then black. The last is about one-half as com
mon
as
istically
outlines
the
first.
Bowl
red. A
interiors
are
character
line usually
slipped
painted
both the entire design as well as the
memoirs, 13
C E
',..-
I
H-
^"HB^fc
||
J.
Fig.
Nazca
vessels;
spout
13. Middle
and
burial
and
C-E,
Nazca
HJ,
Nazca
bottle;
Late
associated
Nazca
pottery:
(Nazca A
view
A,
jars.
Polychrome
A Polychrome
G-iM,
bowls;
and
jj|
11
and associated
from Cahuachi.
B) burials
pottery
A~E, Late
of burial
and
associated
B, view
barbacoa;
chamber,
body,
double
from Middle
Nazca
burial: G, Nazca A Polychrome
pottery
of
K-M,
plain
ware
jars.
strong]
individual
unoutlined
painted,
any design.
do
designs
Solidly
painted
There
is a
on
the
opposing
of
sparseness
design
sides
are
and
an
typical.
Nazca
"is
that
without
31
concentrated
or large structures"
"all
four
of
sites
our Nazca-Ica-Paracas
of
and
(1927: 639)
cultures
expanse
as com
in Nazca A Polychrome
of background
more
to
the
flamboyant Nazca
pared
that
habitation
however.
occur,
RELATIONSHIPS
B Poly
chrome.
materials
is an estimated
20 or
pyramid
in height
and the largest court
below it is 45 m. from north to south and 75 m.
from east to west. This plaza is surrounded by
walls of similar adobes as seen in the diagram.
are at least 3 similar but somewhat
There
On
are
on)
common.
most
Animal
par
figures,
natural
slings,
quite
as
trophy heads,
objects, conventionalized
tied bags, foot or hand prints also occur
as
commonly,
the
step
block,
do
such
motifs
geometric
stars,
triangle,
circles,
scrolls,
figures
in grave
lots.
no
However,
exam
or feline
"cat demon,"
ple of the elaborate
deity, with a human body or limbs (compare
Gayton and Kroeber 1927, Fig. 3, 15) is present
in either
Nazca
or
cut
strata
or
provenience
of modeled
amples
and
Further
must
that
representations
do
not
descriptions,
analyses,
ce
of Nazca A Polychrome
be made
elsewhere.
most
impressive
test-pitting
and
The
ex
occur
vases
detailed
comparisons
ramics
few
figure
and Kroeber
human
painted
occur.
association.
but
The
ridges.
par
architectural
on
complexes
the
south
Polychrome
amount
unusual
of
broken
an
and
pottery
re
llama
panpipes,
bird plumage,
and other
apparently
feasting and sacrificial materials.
Space forbids
more detailed discussion
of the Great Temple
mains,
or
other
areas
ficial
itmay
temple
mounds,
we
explored
E, F)
Great
sacri
However,
sometimes
also
probably
also
adobes
grooved
(Fig. 5
associated with Nazca A
in the strata cuts. Walls
ceramics
irregular,
adobes
we
structures,
Temple
large, conical,
in constructions
Polychrome
of
and
cemeteries,
at Cahuachi.
superficial
noted
can
prove
per
Nazca
In the present
complex
erosion
almost
rectangular,
to this cultural
belong
phase.
architectural
stripping
smaller
shaped
of Middle
materials
human
(shape X, Gayton
but
grave
river
upon
tially natural
more meters
statements
size
seems
what
article
to
be
tried to empha
I have
the
most
characteristic
this.
ing new
Florescent,
For
the moment,
fact seems
and
the most
interest
constructions
Nazca-Ica
region
were
towns
of
that
and,
in the
made
all
the
these,
ceremonial
ture phase
we
impressive
as
In our
noted.
Cahuachi
opinion,
was
The
extent
of
cemeteries
the
dig
them
was
excavation
Grave
scientifically.
3 and
the north
The
Cahuachi.
side
were
graves
of
generally
Nazca
Decorated
0.40 to
of logs
occur
vessels
Grave
than
other
offerings
pottery
were
were
limited and textile wrappings
extremely
in
small
present only
fragments.
these were all lower or middle
Presumably
classy
we
burials;
not
did
encounter
any
un
great
to note
It is interesting
Late
Nazca
tombs
seemed
run
in
and
somewhat
typical,
they
have
not
overlooked
many
formerly
barbacoas
and
of
numerous.
very
in by
huge
are
many
were
They
algarroba
awesomely
log
Yet
deep.
of them at present
boasting or very indirect
know
quero
is from hua
scientific ref
erence.
The
Florescent
the
epoch,
Late
to be
remains
Nazca,
and other
stratigraphically,
architectonically,
wise more
Our own data on
fully exploited.
this period includes some 19 burials at Cahu
a
achi,
in
section
stratigraphic
of La Estaqueria
Stonehenge"
to belong
to the Late Nazca
Loro
other
level
of Cut
sherds
and
graves
Late
Nazca
times.
the
in
sherd
Yet
surface
the
upper
surface
collections
that
indicate
from
quence
of
and numerous
5 we found no Nazca
B
in any of our stratigraphic
at Cahuachi.
trenches
"Wooden
range
one
for
Except
the
(which proved
del
and Huaca
at Cahuachi
made
sites.
most
a wide
and
periods),
our
Since
Paracas
underlying
in
used
se
stratigraphic
cultures,
and Mid
and with
out
yet
marked
and
breaks,
since
as
the
strati
reason
ing of
there
to doubt
the
present
structures,
B).
extensive
undoubtedly
other
sequential
(Nazca
than
the
plac
However,
Late
Nazca
Estaqueria-type
tem
lineal
are
sealed
Polychrome
(Frontis.),
collections
circular
at
river
the
all we
pertaining
memoirs, 13
Moreover,
suggestive stylistic
dicate a connection
certain of the more
great ground
the many
(Reiche
slender
tends
but
to in
between
realistic
figures which
pampas
some
which
is
there
evidence
areas
of
the Nazca-Ica
These
suggested
region
con
STRONU
]
33
*WHHr
H
Fig.
RELATIONSHIPS
I
14. Wood
from Cahuachi.
from Estaqueria
and Late Nazca
carving
(Nazca B) burial
from Estaqueria;
B Polychrome
A, wood
BJ, Nazca
carving
pottery
vessels.
nections
ever,
in
correlations
positive
this
are
regard
yet
to be made.
were
structures
and
deposits
Late
between
correlations
Architectural
Nazca
en
not
at the
However
countered by us at Cahuachi.
1944:
site of La Estaqueria
(see Kroeber
26, 27, Fig. 4, Pis. 9, 10) we sank a stratigraphic
sherd types which were
trench that revealed
of Late Nazca
(B) type but also in
mainly
nearby
types
absent.
sion of
serves
site
the Cahuachi
special
of
consisting
paral
at
lel rows of algarroba logs generally notched
In 1926
the top and burned off at the base.
12 rows
and counted
Kroeber
(1944) mapped
of 20 log pillars spaced about 2 m. apart in the
In contrast to these 240 large
main structure.
posts noted in 1926, we, in 1952, counted only
The
47 large posts on the 2 main platforms.
been removed
remainder had apparently
by
modern
in
this
man
On
region.
a
encountered
face
on
who
are
surface
of
burners
charcoal
the
but
simple
a
48
of
H
pottery
below
slab
strata
the
of
we
hu
carved
algarroba
trench
yielded
surface,
site
the
strongly
cm.-long
Our
wood
(Fig. 14 A).
east end of the colonnade
active
very
in the
cultural
gest
structure
type
was
evidently
characteristic
and Huaca
of
del
stone
extensive
the
colon
spaced
regularly
piles
beds"
"garden
in the
arranged
Nazca-Ica
in
types
but
sequence,
stylistic
in establishing
such
of
description
full
as well
stratigraphic
can
this
be
out
barely
lined in a preliminary
from one
report. Aside
sherd in the uppermost
level of Cut
5 we
recovered no Late Nazca
(Nazca B) sherds
our
from
cuts
stratigraphic
at
Cahuachi.
be
here.
analyzed
Nazca
pure
However,
was
cemetery
small
encountered
about
only 2 types
approximately
so
figures,
of Estaqueria
nades
as
a square,
in 2 steps, adja
platform
is a rectangle
to which
cent
of
exten
but de
(Frontis.)
It consists
treatment.
adobe wall-supported
an
is really
Estaqueria
ground
memoirs, 13
collection.
In major
our
part
Late
Nazca
ware
decorated
It is significant
A-B.
defined
stylistically
occur in association.
sels in Burial Area
or light background.
chocolate-brown
that
these
are
Interiors
background.
have
vessels
A single, out
usually smoothed, but unslipped.
side, black rim band is characteristic.
In
in
regard
this
flaring
goblets,
to
the
shape,
collection:
bowls
vases,
are most
gambreled
following
waisted
common;
bowls,
are
present
and
goblets,
double-convex
flat-bottomed
flaring
strong 1
concavely
flaring bowls, head-to-spout
vessels, cylindrical bodied double spouts, small
lipless jars, and small flaring rim jars are also
as well
as 3 plates. The
last have
present,
all-over
A
unusual
rather
unique head
designs.
a
is
in
with
form
queer, Picasso-like,
jar bulbous
a feather
human head wearing
impressionistic
bowls,
headdress
one
Three miniature
(Fig. 14 C).
double
head-and-spout
occurred
vessel
in a child's
small-mouthed
and
spouts,
human
larger
(Burial
narrow-mouthed
vases,
handled
grave
Forms
17, Fig. 14 D-G).
Nazca B, but not found
cylindrical
vessels,
a
with
spout,
jars,
jars, lenticular
double
figure
or
demon
or
partial,
or
painted
"cactus
in
form.
degenerate
rays,
and
darts,
short
often
resentations
of
cat
the
demon,
associ
always
are:
designs
rows
of
"chino"
women's
Geometric
designs
all squiggles
large
rarely
plate
found
of flaring
has
vessels.
depicts
encountering
band of
are
a
However,
figures, using
more
flying
arrows at Agincourt
vases whose
eared,
whiskered,
bushy-tailed
also
or
a moon
and
variant
rate
have
in repetition
or
calendric,
an insect above
and
which
rectangles
some
suggest
count.
other
them
our
In general,
dots
a snake
the medallions,
vertical
repetitive
of
arrangements
Cacti
sepa
below
appears
and
(Fig. 14 I).
Late
Nazca
ceramic
complex
1 at Cahuachi
agrees quite
with
the
Nazca
B sty
closely
Gayton-Kroeber
cer
listic classification
It
also
includes
(1927).
tain of their transitional type X between A and
B.
The
grave
differences
seem
tion
our
between
and Uhle's
sample
to be mainly
associated
B collec
segregated
of
those
relative
collec
We
lack completely
selectivity.
the interlocking design and certain shapes, but
also
a number
have
of
in the Uhle
found
these
and
and
designs
collection.
other
Further
ceramic
details
18 graves
characterized
or
countered
of
associated
had
graves
discovered
top
not
analysis
must
be
by Late Nazca
ceramics
These
forms
elsewhere.
These
representing
discussion
other
presented
over
in action
figures
Nazca
bowls
and
spearthrowers,
darts
rare;
one
dots.
Realistic,
pair
are
under
of
"fox"
complete,
Curled
rays,
tripartite
jagged-staff
a horned
where
design,
seasonal,
either
man,"
is a guinea pig.
(1923: 301) suggests
a
seen
Never
guinea pig with a bushy
having
to
prefer
tail, I would
regard it as a fox. On
one
finds
the North Coast
the "gato de luna}>
oddly
Seler
disc."
"sun
the animal
and
vases.
a rayed
two
other
the
animal;
35
RELATIONSHIPS
them,
the
that
these
face.
The
grave
may
graves
no
surface
but
canes
in a few
have
were
generally
when
we
above
the
cases
indicated
to
extended
en
1 (Fig. 4).
markers
vertical
proper
once
were
features
circular
the
sur
to oval
a layer of pebbles
graves
taining
were
children)
mere
were
of a barbacoa.
in place
pits
and
4 burials
in broken
ollas.
(con
Some
each.
was
ware
Other
ollas.
broken
only
shell
sticks,
thread-wrapped
the
by
represented
gifts were
very
limited,
and
corn,
beads,
8. the
epoch
the Late
I THREE cultural phases following
1 Nazca
are here
in the
included
culture
epoch of Fusion. These are the newly defined
Huaca del Loro, the Coastal Tiahuanaco
(and
cul
and the Early lea (or Epigonal)
Pacheco?),
tures (Table 2). Of these, we made habitation
and refuse site excavations
only in the first or
in a few
encountered
latter 2 phases we
The
Huaca
at various
and
graves
sur
de
Tambo
excavated
who
Tello,
here,
However,
Copara.
called
this
since
there
site
on
is
of
the hacienda
(No. 66)
Copara
that name, whereas Huaca del Loro is on Las
the latter,
I have preferred
Trancas Hacienda,
par
newly coined name. This site is marked
ticularly by a gutted, small, round temple with
rooms and compounds
(Figs. 15 A,
adjoining
another
temple has
B; 16). The
and rubble, coated with
is one entrance and
There
of boulders on a plastered
with
this
some
thick walls
circular
refuse,
and
structure.
but
also
plaster.
red-painted
the interior was full
floor. Several rooms
inclined
The
what
of stone
thick walls
ramps
former
appears
angle
off
contained
to be
sacri
such as mummified
ficial materials
macaws,
llama and guinea pig remains, large fossil whale
Plas
bones, and several unworked monoliths.
face of
tered stairs lead up the front (south)
Two
style.
on
in place
skulls
trophy
a cadaver.
occurred,
were
Bodies
seared
flexed
faced south.
and, where
determinable,
Sex included 4 female, 2 male,
3 immature.
Nine bodies were indeterminable
and 2 graves
had no skeletal remains.
It is probable that, as
was the case with
the Middle
Nazca
burials
previously
class
of
were
these
mentioned,
middle
all
to
poor
persons.
fusion
and are flanked
the temple
concentric
guinea
clay
by strange, modeled,
and
rings
wattle-and-daub
pens.
pig
in Nazca
one
memoirs, 13
north
of
are
these
numerous
looted
tombs,
inside
as
well
these
outside
The
tomb walls were
pounds.
yellow and fragments of white,
yellow
walls
occur,
but
with
struct.
Smaller,
burials
occur
as
are
all
on
scattered
curvilinear
too
smashed
and
the
around
flat.
So
designs
to
the
as well
spur
has
complete
recon
looted
poorer,
apparently
and
upon
painted
red, black, or
elaborate
badly
com
grave
often
been
west
of
the main
is a
compound
refuse
we
cross sectioned
It proved to have
heap which
(Fig. 16) in 30
cm. levels.
a central depth
of 1.60 m. The pottery
from this, the only
at the site, is all of
refuse heap encountered
in the Huaca del Loro culture
types included
of sporadic
later
the exception
phase. With
the
usage
this
one
major
site
here
appears
to
represent
period.
strong J
Fig.
Loro
15. Huaca
site;
B,
chrome
bowl;
/, Loro
Polychrome
D-G,
del Loro
from Huaca
Loro, and pottery
phase
of round
del Loro; C-], pottery
temple, Huaca
Loro Polychrome
effigy jars; H, Loro
Polychrome
Fine
bottle.
head-bridge-spout
del
close-up
RELATIONSHIPS
31
view
Cahuachi.
A,
burial,
from Huaca
del Loro burial:
Fine
bowl;
/, Loro
of Huaca
C,
Polychrome
Loro
Fine
del
Poly
jar;
oo
If
o o
yf _---^
>
tn
> Oa:> mO t O o
>
ws o
F"S
WALLS
///'''
1/^
?STONE
?WALLS
.GOOD
O
".
?"1
r?,m^TTiM:tf.ADOBE
Ijj
/\^?
"^V
ILORO
DEL
HUACA
/^^
jC
OqO
I/SSHP
/^f^
0?
HOLES
.
II
_^^
LdlC*);'
o
^^ ' LARGE
/Fir^/000"0
/AREA
^/
T0MB
IN
p.muD^i
?
fCn
JC\f
f\
J?^^/
?/
-_--SCATTERED
O
0
/O
/ ./^/IC^J
/Cr^C)
WALLS
f~->
.STONE
jI/ ~~~]
?*Vx
^/
0v/o
\
__--" ~^S . ^^
o /0O
?*
^/ j?\-^-rammnriSH
O walls
O
/
JJj
".
?JP":
_^^<^/^\
POLES
Fig.
Map
16.
Huaca
the
of
del
Loro
site.
IN
*o O '/
/ / BURIALS
- ^_Jfr^l
r^
\irIx
ii
?LOOTED
?>^^^
Bo
11
/ I%
?
strong ]
RELATIONSHIPS
KEY
COLOR
I
\J^^^^^^^^^r\
^^^ f^^BHBr
V''
f|?
II
ORANGE
J^|
fr^^l
Fig.
17. Huaca
Fine;
GA,
Tunga
del
Loro
Polychrome
pottery
Fine;
39
del Loro.
types, Huaca
/, Loro Reserve
Painted;
CLAY
Loro
Polychrome
JC-M, Loro
Polychrome.
A-F,
BLACK
stones,
angular
the outside.
cemetery
in
and
adobe
looted
containing
on
plastered
It occurred
tombs
rectangular
at
types
pottery
other
sites
surface
can
be
seen
in Table
1. The major concentration
of
the Huaca
del Loro culture phase appears to
in the Nazca
been
have
especially
valleys,
Nazca Grande, Taruga, and Tunga. Huaca del
were
remains
Loro
series
lated
of
also
found
us
by
in
an
iso
at
Area
burials
(Burial
4)
These
identical with
Cahuachi.
burials were
at that site and need not
those of Late Nazca
be described here.
to what
corresponds
complex
been
has
called Nazca
(particularly Y 1 and 2) by
Kroeber
and
(1927); to the Ayacucho
Gayton
of Bennett
Thin Ware
Polychrome
(1953);
style of Tello al
and, possibly, to the Chanca
for de
though this last is too poorly defined
tailed
comparison.
ceramics
(Figs.
part derivable
(Nazca
istically
ground
15 C-J; 17)
from Late
character
vessels
have
white
Some
chrome).
occasionally.
the
The
types.
B)
closest
occur
also
backgrounds
resemblance
Late
bear
Nazca
types.
It is significant
that they also have an early
our
strata and other cuts at
in
distribution
red backgrounds
Huaca
del Loro.
Slipped
Fine) are also occasionally
(Turiga Polychrome
found.
or
These
vessels
bar-and-dot
often
have
thus
designs,
chevron-band
antici
seemingly
ceramic
at
complex,
The Huaca
that
is pre
site,
decadent
to the Huaca
Unique
black
organic
del Loro
used
pigment,
either
is an
style
as
an
over
out
resist
in
the
are
designs
del
Huaca
Loro Polychrome
Fine
characteristically
units.
rectangular
in either
arranged
bands or inmedallion-like
horizontal
ceramics.
Loro
Interior
circular or
decorated
are
bowls
of Loro Polychrome.
characteristic
particularly
The most diagnostic designs are a series of sty
or deity figures, in
demons
lized, curvilinear
from Late Nazca
part derivable
(B) motifs.
heads and rows of human
faces are
Trophy
Geo
clearly related to Late Nazca
(B) motifs.
metric
designs
frets,
also commonly
are
zigzags, circles,
including
characteristic
and
crosses,
diamonds,
depicted.
of Loro
variety
stepped
so
are
on,
of shapes
and
Polychrome
Loro
bottles,
Also
phase
as various
are
exotic
of
characteristic
ceramic
human
shapes.
the Huaca
figurines.
del
Loro
Fragments
It is this
Tiahuanaco
style.
the
with
fact
that
del
Huaca
factor, together
occur
Loro and Wari
in
(Tiahuanacoid)
styles
association atWari
leads
which
(Bennett 1953)
to the present placing of the Huaca
del Loro
the Huaca
pregnant.
apparently
Stylistically
del Loro figurines are clearly derived from the
Late Nazca
(Lilien 1956).
(Nazca B) figurines
pating
ures,
the Coast
del Loro.
Nazcoid.
blocks,
del Loro
Huaca
are in considerable
Nazca
Loro
dominantly
memoirs, 13
felines,
condors,
and
so on)
(marked by
the fact that
(running
do
not
fig
occur
figurines
The
highland
seated
represent
Huaca
del
Loro
site of Wari.
corpulent
females,
ceramic
The
complex
is
Polychrome
(1953) at the
demon
motifs
of
strong ]
such
Likewise,
motifs
geometric
complexes
suggest
strongly
rows
in both
found
and bars-and-dots
of chevrons
identi
as
How
relationship.
unassociated
other
any
complex
contain
Bennett
found
ing them is highly significant.
and Wari
the Ayacucho
(Huaca del Lorolike)
at
associated
(Tiahuanacoid)
styles always
occur
and the 2 generic
styles also
Wari,
together at various coastal sites (for distribu
tions see Bennett
This suggests
1953: 95-108).
in
that the Huaca
del Loro ceramic complex
and is
the Nazca region ismore purely Nazcoid
somewhat
of
Ayacucho-Wari
the
as
color
Tiahuanaco
coast.
of the south
chevron
and
Its inclu
bar-and
cylindrical
possibly,
the
antedates
features
such
dot motifs,
and,
it
invasion
stylistic
sion
than
earlier
since
complex
and
choice
combination,
may
fluences.
own
definitely
and
work,
agreement
with
is
local collectors,
that metallurgy
on the increase. Like the succeeding
in
cultures
Tiahuanacoid
gold
in
suggest,
findings
of
reports
other
as well
metals,
and
basketry,
the
so on
region,
as
are
textiles,
both
more
worked
wood
abun
dant
So
far
as
excavation
of
stratigraphic
is
concerned,
the Huaca
major
wider
conclusion
del
or
the
other
foregoing
intensive
sketch
surface
surveys which
range from before
culture
Inca and
up
through
Colonial
times have
been
above
tabulated
the epoch of Fusion,
(Table 1). Concerning
to the Huaca del Loro culture, with
subsequent
the
Paracas
RELATIONSHIPS
41
one
late Tiahuanacoid
tomb at Pinilla II (Figs.
a site at Ocucaje.
It con
1, No.
13; 18 A-O),
an
sisted of
upper, adobe-walled
chamber, be
neath which was a 21-log ceiling (Fig. 18 A).
The burial chamber below this went to a depth
of 3 m. below the surface and was 1.25 by 3 m.
size.
in
must
Details
be
elsewhere.
given
Two
seems
no
doubt
that
the Nazca
culture
the highland,
largely run its course when
art style entered
this
specifically Tiahuanaco,
the fact that local diggers
region. However,
had
and
collectors
report
here
graves
containing
ceramics (Fig. 18
only rich Coastal Tiahuanaco
P, Q) of the type called Tiahuanaco
A (Ben
nett 1946, PL 39) complicates matters
as to the
manner
in which
the Tiahuanaco
ceramic
style, and cultural
influence, first entered the
Ica-Nazca
We
region.
encountered
un
neither
1).
Four
of
these
are
sites
on
close-grouped
the
other
ceramic
from
parently
of the Tiahuanaco
styles
looted
A
and
present
tombs.
The
were
ap
associations
(Table
memoirs, 13
Tiahuanaco
Fig.
18. Early
lea (Epigonal)
burial with
associated
from Pinilla
pottery
II, and Coastal
and associated
lea
burial
vessels.
associated
view
of barbacoa;
A-O,
Early
pottery:
B-O,
(Epigonal)
A,
Tiahuanaco
bowls
Coastal
Soldi Collection).
(Carlos
pottery.
P, Q,
strong ]
gonal)
leave
this
own
our
for
must,
the
throws
work
no
absolutely
stylistic influences
(Kroeber 1944: 28
In
in
with
company
9).
1940,
Julio Tello, Luis
to find this
I attempted
and Mejia,
Valcarcel,
site but could not do so. At
least we found
no place where sherds of the style occurred and
Tello
baffled.
In our 1952 surface
appeared
we
survey
searched
again
told by
local people
for
that
the
the
site
were
but
site had
been
classified
exists
style
as museum
the Pacheco
somewhere
there
in Lima
collections
tion, Magdelena
style.
can
and New
Vieja)
be
That
no
the
doubt
(Tello, collec
York (Olson,
collection,
its
ever,
I can
as well
no
offer
"Pacheco"
concerning
testify. How
associations,
extent
and spatial
obscure.
totally
43
Hist.)
and
provenience
as temporal
tion
present,
unanswered.
problem
Similarly,
we
styles,
RELATIONSHIPS
better
than
explana
that
by
given
Kroeber
that the Tiahuanaco
A style
(1944)
did briefly encounter
the Late Nazca style while
it was still vivid and that stylistic blending oc
curred, the "Pacheco"
style being the unique
and limited result. This is crudely speaking of
cultural
in terms of ceramic
process
solely
decoration,
but, until specific data on other
cultural manifestations
at Pacheco
its
before
are published
or until other sites
destruction
of this culture are located, it is the best one can
do. With
"Pacheco"
the
of this mysterious
exception
seem that the
it
would
culture,
style was dying or dead at the time
Nazca
marked
Tiahuanaco
tered
the
or
influences,
Ica-Nazca
region.
en
people,
concerning
Thus,
here
cerning
the
sources
their
have
here
outlined.
briefly
Tiahuanacoid
and
been
exact
raised
themselves,
more
nature,
problems
answers
than
con
However,
cultures
given.
9. SUMMARY
THE
types of ar
foregoing pages 2 main
IN chaeological
have
been
findings
briefly dealt
with:
first, the results of intensive stratigraphic
excavation
in
the
obtained
results
survey
in
the
refuse
and
heaps
by
Ica-Nazca
an
ruins;
extensive
region.
second,
surface
Emphasis
been on outlining
the correlated
run
results
which
from
the earlier
stratigraphic
Formative epoch, through the Florescent epoch,
and, just, into the epoch of Fusion
(Table 2).
The
surface
survey
(with occasional
grave
at
evidence
finds) covers the Pre-Agricultural
herein
has
San Nicolas,
and many
sites running from the
of
epoch
Fusion,
through the epoch of King
doms and Confederacies,
on, into the Imperial
(or Inca) epoch (compare Tables 1 and 2).
Since the primary aim of the Columbia Uni
I will first
versity expedition was stratigraphic,
above
there
ceramic
complex
is
types
constant
and
evolution
of
crudely,
through
postfired, polychrome
the better controlled, polished, and less
fugitive, polychrome
types of Late Paracas. Ac
the plain and polychrome
wares
companying
in both periods is negative painting
in several
colors.
is char
Incising (as well as modeling)
acteristic of both Paracas periods but, in Early
Paracas,
on
the
incising
same
negative
style. The
and negative
vessels
painting
occurs
concluding
isolated
phase
painting
in Late
whereas
as
occur
Paracas
separate
Formative
terms
In
horizon.
of
defined
ceramic
styles
Proto-Nazca
Proto-Nazca
is transitional
the incising, postfiring,
between
and negative-painting
Paracas tradition of the
and the succeeding,
truly fired,
Formative,
of the
tradition
polychrome
painting Nazca
Florescent
Since
epoch.
these
have
continuous
and
outlined
above
it
However,
been
complex
changes
they need not be repeated here.
should be noted that a considerable
number of
and plain ceramic
decorated
styles, hitherto
are involved
in both the south
undescribed,
coast
Formative
earlier
actual
Florescent
seem
classifications
in considerable
than
and
part
on
selected
Second,
Nazca
that,
ceramic
polychrome
within
the
mounds
and
Paracas
times
elaborate
pyramidal
Middle
Nazca
into
period
wattle-and-daub
the
and
relatively
other
structures
(as at Cahuachi,
sites
found
contribution
ment
of the Nazcoid
nor
Pacheco
style
of our
in the 8 months
in
work
main
the
Ica-Nazca
toward
the
our
region,
puzzling
replace
houses
of
large
and
of
the
Frontis.;
Fig. 4).
is
The epoch of Fusion, as herein defined,
the point in the local cultural continuum where
the great Nazca
artistic tradition breaks down
as
here
to
location
and
cul
major
tural distributions
(Table 1), but must wait
further detailed
analysis and illustration. We
agree with Rowe (1956) that the Tiahuanacoid
an
style marks a definite break, and apparently
into
intrusion,
ture
the
sequence.
cerned
with
also
the
introduce
of
place
earlier
However,
the
Ica-Nazca
region
since
1954-55
the
cultural
post-Nazca
a new
earlier
cul
ar
of the University
of
were primarily
con
explorations
(Rowe 1956)
chaeological
California
in
Florescent
there is development
from the Early
epoch,
Nazca
Nazca,
(ceramically
through Middle
on into the more flamboyant
Nazca A),
Late
Nazca
it can be seen that
(Nazca B). Finally,
architecture has evolved in the region from the
crude
intensive
the original
Pacheco
were
sherds,
and
traditions.
or
Nazca
other
any
presented
and
2). Aside
grave and
Pacheco
site,
periods (Table
of an Epigonal
based
materials.
stratigraphic
specifically Tiahuanacoid,
take over.
In our findings
later
the
del Loro
Huaca
Coastal Tiahuanaco
and
rather
The
been
funerary
epochs.
to have
memoirs, 13
local
site
horizons
terminology
Uhle-Kroeber-Strong
and Strong
classification
Gayton
(Kroeber
it seems
and Kroeber
1924a; Gayton
1927),
better to defer discussion
of these later periods
until more complete publications
and illustra
are
tions
It
available
on
all
to make
is tempting
this
recent
wider
work.
of
comparisons
Ica-Nazca
space,
in time and
stylistic distributions
with
the
and north
central
particularly
coast
Formative
quences.
basically
wider
later
and
However,
a
"work
comparisons
publication.
Florescent
since
in
and
the
se
culture
progress"
conclusions
is
paper
present
report,
must
such
await
strong ]
RELATIONSHIPS
45
ADDENDUM
Radiocarbon
Recent
the
Since
above
radiocarbon
paper
was
of
materials
assays
Dates
a series
written,
from
the
of
Co
1952-53 expedition
has be
lumbia University
come available, as well as 2 dates for materials
in 1946 by the Columbia
collected
University
Unit of the Viru Valley Project of the Institute
Research.
Of
of Andean
these, numbers L
268A through H and L-115 have been pub
lished (Broecker, Kulp, and Tucek
1956). Re
sults on numbers L-335A
through G were sub
to the writer by W.
S. Broecker
mitted
(letter
the above samples
of October
18, 1956). All
were
processed
by
the
Lamont
Laboratory.
are
in Table
presented
those
of
the
contributing
2.
Sample
num
laboratories,
bers.
All
the dated
ceramic
or
tions,
save
wooden
other
materials
L-268H.
This
definite
associa
period
sample,
certain
date
may
post,
have
culture
specific
of
small
the
great
times. This,
Nazca
ground figures to Middle
is problematical.
however
Each calendar date
is figured from the year of the respective radio
carbon
measurement.
The
dates
for
the
Viru
Mochica
culture
Valley
period
(L
samples
335A and B) are much
later than those ob
tained previously
for the same period by the
of Chicago
radiocarbon
University
laboratory
(C-382: 873 b.c. ? 500 and C-619: a.d. 112 ?
agree better with the
190). They do, however,
evidence
archaeological
(see Strong and Evans
Aside
from stating that the series
1952:225-6).
here
presented
further
made
is most
discussion
elsewhere.
radiocarbon
remarkably
and
We
scientists
consistent,
comparisons
are most
who
have
must
given
be
to
grateful
us
the
these
dates. We
did not know how well the stratig
coincide
raphy and radiocarbon
dating would
until we checked
the catalog of the 1952-53
expedition on December
12, 1956.
Culture Period
Sample Nos.
Associations
Epoch
Huaca
del Loro
L-268E
N-l
Dates
4. Radiocarbon
Table
Fusion
end of post,
burned
(Estaqueria):
No.
L-268F
NTu-8,
No.
9 (Huaca
del Loro):
104
N-4
L-268G
NTu-8,
No.
charcoal,
del Loro):
9 (Huaca
103
32,
L-355A
V-162
charcoal,
(North
L-335B
V-162
de
(Huaca
Valley):
basketry, No.
Middle
Nazca
L-335E
L-268H
L-335G
L-268C
L-268D
Late Paracas
L-268A
L-115
L-335C
L-268B
W-422
756 ?
90
Huaca
types;
755 ?
80
656 ?
80
656 ?
80
types
526 ?
90
figures;
525 ?
80
336 ?
100
PI.
559
Nazca
4,
225 (Fig.
Nazca
Burial 39,
(Cahuachi)
hair and textile fragments,
human
Nazca
N-4
N-4
N-4
(Cahuachi):
charcoal, No.
(Cahuachi):
charcoal, No.
Necropolis,
Bundle
Cut
types
1952,
B Pottery
14 B)
ground
no ceramics
A pottery
types
Epoch
Cut
types
495 ?
80
7,4.00-4.25
m.,
Proto-Nazca
pottery
types
325 ?
80
1,3.50-3.75
m.,
Late Paracas
pottery
types
245 ?
80
206\?
90
Mummy
114,
cloth,
II): Burial 4,
and scalp, No.
1-27 (Ocucaje
II): Burial 3,
reeds strung with cord, No.
(Other half
measured
pottery
139
Paracas:
(Cahuachi):
charcoal, No.
Proto-Nazca
192
311
B, cotton
1-27 (Ocucaje
human hair
N-4
pottery
and Evans
356
Cut 1-SW,
(Cahuachi):
3.00-3.25 m., charcoal, No.
N-4
types
pottery
17)
1946-14 A.M.N.H.
L-335D
types
(Strong
Formative
Proto-Nazca
Late Mochica
San
No.
70
Huaca
pottery
PL 14 A-D)
la Cruz,
Burial
10,
Burial
(Cahuachi):
textile fragments, No.
N-4
985 ?
del Loro
500
No.
fragments,
Viru
Late Nazca
types;
Huaca
Late Mochica
de la Cruz,
(Huaca
textile
70
Epoch
Coast)
a.d. 1055 ?
del Loro
types
temple
Florescent
Mochica
B and Huaca
Nazca
34 pottery
temple
Burial
(Cahuachi):
human hair, No. 352
L-335F
Age
Cut
ceramic
Necropolis,
see
association
unknown;
Paracas
comments,
Broecker,
and Tucek
1956
Late Paracas
pottery
types
116 ?
100
Late Paracas
pottery
types
116 ?
100
Late Paracas
pottery
types
115 ?
80
Late Paracas
pottery
types
124 B.C. ?
160
Kulp,
(Fig. 3 L)
415
414
1,3.75-4.00
m.,
140
of L-268B
above,
by U.S.G.S.)
46
cited
references
Anonymous
1953 Mesa
para
la terminologia
de la Sociedad
regularizar
Boletin
peruana.
arqueologica
para la Antropologia
No.
Peruana,
by J. H.
American
of
Ethnology,
Peru.
Ayaehuco,
in Anthropology,
Yale
1956
of Central
Andean
Ceramic
Study
Figu
of An
Ph.D.
Department
dissertation,
Columbia
thropology,
University
University.
Ann Arbor.
Microfilms,
No.
rines.
Haven.
The
Andes
dian.
The
1914
W.
Broecker,
1956
No.
III.
and C.
S., J. L. Kulp,
Lament
Natural
Vol.
Science,
Society,
Geographical
2. New York.
1955
Zeiss
Measurements
124, No.
pp.
3213,
154-65.
Carrion
1949
1939
Nacional
de Turismo,
and G.
J. A.
Elements.
Cultural
Surface
Corporacion
1956
Lima.
R. Willey
1949
A.
Gayton,
1927
H.
Survey
and A.
A.
1927
L. Kroeber
1930
and
ternational
1944
York,
York.
Peruvian
Publications
1956
in
Highland
Toward
Relations
Proceedings
Congress
Between
America.
del
In
American
Antiquity,
Salt
City.
1923
Lake
Die
North
17-22,
in
Archeology
in Anthropology,
of
1928,
1942.
No.
the Nazca
1956
4, pp.
Peru.
Lima.
in Southern
Peru,
22, No.
2,
Vol.
"Notes
Vol.
Buntbemalten
and
19, No.
News."
106-7.
1, pp.
von Nasca.
Gefasse
Vol.
Abhandlungen,
Gesam
169-338.
pp.
4,
1954
In
at
en
Fund
Strong,
York.
Uni
Style.
in American
43, No.
W.
1948
Privately
printed,
lea.
Jr.
Columbia
films, Ann
Viking
4. New
lea.
Painted
Negative
Ph.D.
Dissertation,
pology,
5-22.
pp.
L.
Chavin
R. L.,
Stigler,
South
the Twenty-Third
Held
of Americanists,
Publications
of California
and Ethnology,
Vol.
and Los Angeles.
Berkeley
versity
Archaeology
and
Pablo
Soldi,
Peru.
29, No.
of
September
Definition
Prehistoric
Vol.
Anthropologist,
Menasha.
America.
New
economica
Berlin.
Cultural
New
97-108.
4, pp.
(assembler)
South
melte
Coast
625-53.
6, No.
Stuttgart.
Eduard
Seler,
L.
American
Photog
in the
Contax
Explorations
Archaeological
1954-1955.
American
Antiquity,
Salt Lake City.
pp. 135-50.
1953
Berkeley.
Kroeber,
Forschung:
Vol.
of Science,
Ikon,
in Peru.
Drawings
The
und
Geografia
J. H.
Rowe,
The
Uhle
Collections
from Nazca.
Pottery
in Ameri
Publications
of California
University
can Archaeology
and Ethnology,
1.
Vol.
24, No.
the
13, pp.
J. H.
Rowe,
Paracas:
of
Emilio
Romero,
Rebeca
Cachot,
of
Iowa.
Ground
Prehistoric
raphic
Service
Washington.
and
Nazca
Proceedings
Vol.
Sciences,
Maria
Reiche,
S. Trucek
Radiocarbon
Pottery.
Davenport
Academy
17-46. Davenport,
Special
of
Collection
Davenport
Peruvian
Other
Peru:
Geographical
Meri
the Seventy-Third
Along
American
Publication,
Ford,
E. K.
Putnam,
Southern
of
Reconnaissance
Uhle
Berkeley.
Isaiah
1916
1.
21, No.
R. M.
Lilien,
in Northern
Excavations
Chile.
Anthropologic
cal Papers of the American
Museum
of Natural
Vol.
38, Pt. 4. New York.
History,
Bowman,
Uni
in American
J. B.
1943
Chincha.
versity
In
edited
Indians,"
Bureau
61-147.
of
143. Washington.
2, pp.
Bulletin
at Wari,
Publications
Excavations
Andes.
Central
the
American
Vol.
Steward,
University
49. New
Bird,
The
1924b
Archeology
of South
"Handbook
1953
from
Berkeley.
The
1946
Strong
Collections
Publications
of California
and Ethnology,
Vol.
Archaeology
C.
W.
D.
Uhle
versity
Lima.
Bennett,
The
1924a
3-18.
1, pp.
L. and W.
A.
Kroeber,
redonda
in South
Pottery
University.
America.
of
Anthro
University
Micro
Department
Arbor.
D.
Cultural
Peruvian
Peruvian
Epochs
Archaeology.
and
Refuse
Stratigraphy
in
Reappraisal
assembled
by W.
of
In
"A
C.
Archaeology,"
Memoirs
of the Society
for American
No.
4, pp. 93-102. Menasha.
Archaeology,
Bennett.
4.
47
1952
Ica-Ocucaje-Nazca.
de Ica, Ano
4, No.
expedicion
Museo
Regional
Revista
del
5, pp.
7-11.
Uhle,
Max
The
1914
Ica.
in
Discoveries
Archeological
Peru.
Transactions
of the New
Coastal
The
Cultural
1952
Northern
Ethnology,
W.
1943
Society,
4,
Evans,
the
of
Vol.
Vol.
8,
G. R. Willey,
1. New
Research
G.
Willey,
1946
and
and
Studies
in Archeology
Corbett
1948
Peru:
Antiguo
del
Organizadora
cano de Turismo,
American
Tulane
University,
Vol.
2,
Orleans.
Chiclin
The
132-4.
Conference
American
for
Peruvian
Vol.
12, No.
of "Horizon
Styles"
Antiquity,
Ar
2,
Menasha.
Functional
Analysis
Archaeology.
Peruvian
In
"A
Reappraisal
assembled
by W.
in
of
C.
Archaeology,"
Memoirs
of the Society
for American
No.
4, pp. 8-15. Menasha.
Archaeology,
Bennett.
York.
J. C.
1929
from
Middle
Records,
Peruvian
1941-1942.
Peru,
and Ethnology,
Dates
America.
R.
pp.
J. M.
in
Radiocarbon
South
2. New
chaeology.
York.
4. New
of
Implications
and
Middle
Jr.
in Archaeology
Proceed
Sciences,
Robert
Wauchope,
No.
Studies
Archeological
Columbia
Studies
Vol.
Tello,
D.,
Vol.
in the Viru
Valley,
Stratigraphy
and Florescent
Formative
Peru:
The
Columbia
Epochs.
Strong,
of Ancient
Peru.
Pottery
the Davenport
Academy
of
Iowa.
13, pp. 1-16. Davenport,
of
York
16, No.
Bulletin
Culture.
Anthropological
1-2. Philadelphia.
and Clifford
D.
W.
2, Vol.
South
1954
of Nazca
Origin
Philadelphia
No.
2, pp.
Strong,
Series
of Sciences,
New
York.
Academy
pp. 215-8.
1955
Nazca
ings
Recent
1954
memoirs, 13
primer a
Segundo
Lima.
epoca.
Comision
Congreso
Sudameri
1951
The
Chavin
Southwestern
No.
2, pp.
Problem:
Journal
103-44.
A Review
and Critique.
Vol.
7,
of Anthropology,
Albuquerque.