COURSE NO: CE 6121

Course Title: Advanced Structural Steel Design

Term Paper on
Repair, Retrofitting and Strengthening of Steel Structures

Submitted To
Dr. K.M. Amanat
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, BUET

Submitted By
Mahadi Hasan
Student ID: 0416042245

Date of Submission
19 September, 2016

BANGLADESH UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

INDEX
1.
2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Introduction
1.1 Scope
Evaluation of existing structure
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Evaluation Methods
2.2.1
Gravity Loads
2.2.2
Seismic Loads
2.3 Chapter N, AISC LRFD Specification
2.3.1
Specification Provisions
2.3.2
Commentary
Defects in steel structures
3.1 Material defects
3.1.1
Casting defect
3.1.2
Inclusions
3.2 Fabrication defects
3.3 Corrosion
3.4 Fatigue
3.5 Accidental damages
Enhancements of existing structural systems
4.1 Gravity Systems
4.1.1
Floors
4.1.2
Columns
4.2 Lateral Systems
4.2.1
Fully Restrained Moment Frames
4.2.2
Partially Restrained Moment Frames
4.2.3
Concentrically Braced Frames
4.2.4
Eccentric Braced Frames
4.3 Connections
4.3.1
Connection Types
4.3.2
Typical Methods of Reinforcement
4.3.3
Rehab of Seismic Moment Connections
4.4 Welding to Existing Members
4.5 Thermal Cutting of Existing Members
4.6 Drilling Holes in Existing Members
Remedial works: Repair
5.1 General principles
5.2 Repair of structural members
5.2.1
Stitching
5.2.2
Repair of corroded components
5.2.3
Refurbishment of riveted connections
5.2.4
Repair of deformed members
Strengthening of steel

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7.

members
6.1 Strengthening by modifying load paths
6.2 Strengthening by adding material
6.3 Strengthening by Fibre-reinforced Polymer
Retrofitting of steel structures
7.1 Material specification
7.1.1
General
7.1.2.
Strength and Over strength
7.1.3
Elongation and Ductility
7.1.4
Strain Rate
7.1.5
Toughness
7.2 Section Requirements
7.2.1.
General
7.2.2.
Member retrofitting
7.2.2.1
Beams
7.2.2.2
Columns
7.2.2.3
Braces
7.2.3
Connection Retrofitting
7.2.3.1
General
7.2.3.2
Beam-To-Column Connections
7.2.3.3
Haunch Connections
7.2.3.4
Cover Plate Connections
7.2.3.5
Other Steel Beam-To-Column
Connections
7.2.3.6
Brace Connections
7.2.4
System Retrofitting
7.2.4.1
General
7.2.4.2
Braced Frames
References

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LIST OF FIGURES
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

Microstructure of cast iron on the left side and wrought iron on the right side.
A 100 year old incorrectly fabricated casting
Process of surface corrosion
Process of crevice corrosion

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3.5
3.6
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10
4.11
4.12
4.13
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
5.10
5.11
5.12
5.14
5.15
5.16
5.17
5.18
5.19
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
6.10
6.11

Different locations of the fatigue in steel superstructure

Fatigue cracks in riveted frame
Framing Angle Extension
Adding Second Framing Angle
Fillet Weld Reinforcement
Seat Angle Addition
Framing Angle Addition
Strengthening and Unstiffened Seat Angle
Upgrade of Unstiffened Seated Connection to PR Type
Reduced Beam Section (RBS) connection
Contour Detail for RBS connection
Welded Haunch Connection
Bolted Bracket Connection, Haunch Type
Bolted Bracket Connection, Angle Type
Proprietary Slotted Beam Connection
process of stitching
Reparation of the badly corroded section
Corroded bottom flange is replaced
Deteriorated rivet connections
Heating of the rivets and introducing the holes
The second rivet heat is shaped
Hand tools, a) anvil, b) single-arm lever with grip, c) with two levers
Straightening of a member by hydraulic jack
Straightening by hydraulic jack
Category S
Category W
Category T
Category L
Different ways of spot heating
Vee and rectangular heating showed
Sequence of the vee heating a) by one operator, b) by two operators
Line heating in the web
Edge heating
Strengthening of the bottom flange
Strengthening of the top flange
Strengthening by adding materials
Girder strengthening
Top hat strengthening
Pier strengthening for box girder
Strengthening, Docklands Light viaducts
Additional stiffener in support zone
Illustration of Weld shrinkage
Process of HSFG bolts
Different types of the bolting for HSFG bolts

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6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9
7.10
7.11
7.12
7.13
7.14
7.15
7.16
7.17
7.18
7.19
7.20
7.21
7.22
7.23
7.24
7.25
7.26

Different types of adhesive bonding

Pultrusion process
Illustration of shear and peeling stress
View of FRP installation
Factors influencing local ductility of steel members.
Distribution of yield- to-tensile strength ratio
Schematic representation of combined temperature and loading rate effects on
fracture toughness
Typical moment-rotation curves for steel slender cross sections
Typical repairs for buckled (left) and fractured (right) flanges of steel beams
Strain increase as a function of the section depth and shape
Typical yielding length for beams within MRFs
Desired location for plastic hinges formations in beams
Moment in the critical section at column centerline
Typical plastic hinge locations for reinforced connections
Column flange repair
Cyclic behavior of typical braces: stocky (left), intermediate (middle) and slender
(right).
Plastic hinge location for reinforced moment connections
Retrofitting measures for beam-to-columns (post-Northridge): (a) cover plates, (b)
triangular rib plates, (c) haunches and (d) RBS
Welded bottom haunch connections: unreinforced top flange and bottom flange not
welded (left), reinforced top flange and welded bottom flange (right).
Welded top and bottom haunch connections
Typical welded plate connections
Weld details for plate connections
Behavior of welded plate connections: yield mechanisms (left) and failure modes
(right)
Proprietary connections for existing buildings and relevant advantages: side plate
(left), bolted bracket (middle) and slotted beam web (right)
Web reduced connections
Improved brace-to-gusset connection: configuration (left) and hysteretic response
(right)
Typical plastic mechanisms for MRFs
Characteristics of global intervention approaches
Common configuration for CBFs
Configurations for CBFs without unbalanced forces in the beams

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LIST OF TABLES

6.1 Material properties of carbon fiber, aramid fiber and e-glass fiber
6.2 Comparison between the analytical and numerical methods
6.3 Thermal expansion coefficients for steel epoxy and CFRP

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