INTRODUCTION

An automobile, motor car or car is a wheeled motor vehicle used for transporting passengers,
which also carries its own engine or motor. The word automobile comes, via the
French automobile from the Ancient Greek word (auts, "self") and the Latin mobilis
("movable"); meaning a vehicle that moves by itself.
Automobiles may be classified by a number of different criteria and objectives.
However, comprehensive classification is elusive, because a vehicle may fit into multiple
categories, or not completely satisfy the requirements for any. The most widely used general
categorization is summarized in Table 1 below.
Table 1: Classification of Automobiles
HLDI
classificatio
n
Sports

Those cars with significant high performance features

Luxury

Higher-end cars that are not classified as sports

Definition

Large

Length more than 495.3 cm (195 in) and wheelbase more than 279.4 cm (110
in)

Midsize

Length 457.3495.3 cm (180195 in) and wheelbase 266.8

279.4 cm (105110 in)

Small

Length less than 457.2 cm (180 in) and wheelbase less than
266.7 cm (105 in)

An all-terrain vehicle (ATV), also known as a quad, quad bike, three-wheeler, or four-wheeler, is
defined by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) as a vehicle that travels on lowpressure tires, with a seat that is straddled by the operator, along with handlebars for steering
control. As the name implies, it is designed to handle a wider variety of terrain than most other
vehicles.
ATVs are intended for use by a single operator, the rider sits on and operates these vehicles like a
motorcycle, but the extra wheels give more stability at slower speeds. The first three-wheeled
ATV was the Sperry-Rand tri-cart. It was designed in 1967 as a graduate project
of John Plessinger at the Cranbrook Academy of Arts near Detroit. The Tri-cart was
straddleridden with a sit-in rather than sit-on style.
The primary aim of this project is to design and fabricate an All-Terrain Vehicle a four wheeler
that will take on rugged non-motor able roads with ease and have paramount importance to
driver safety. We have strived to self-design and manufacture most of our components while
some have been readily bought from the market and customized as per our requirements. As a
guideline, we have taken the rules and guidelines stipulated for SAEINDIA BAJA 2016.
(http://www.bajasaeindia.org/down/Rulebook%20Final.pdf).

The design process of this single-person vehicle is iterative and based on several engineering and
reverse engineering processes. The designing work is initiated to achieve the best standardized as
well as optimized design possible. The vehicle used for this project was originally built for the
event titled Mega ATV Championship. The stated goal for the build of the car was the
endurance race in the Mega ATV Championship. The rigors of this race dictated all design
decisions of the vehicle, which is important to understand when studying the vehicle. The
suspension and ground clearance of the vehicle were designed to overcome the obstacles
presented in this race; the drivetrain was designed to run at the speed ranges required to be
competitive in the race; the chassis was designed with ergonomics in mind to reduce driver
fatigue while competing in this long race, and the brakes were designed to provide the required
braking forces and survive the punishments of frequent and forceful braking during the race. A
top priority in design and material selection was always weight. The limiting factor of the our
Vehicle is the low powered engine, which all teams are required to use; therefore minimizing
weight gives the car a competitive advantage. Many of the design decisions were based on
knowledge gained from studying various reference books and practical knowledge of other
teams.
A frame of a vehicle plays the most important role in safety of the passenger. The frame contains
the operator, engine, brake system, fuel system, and steering mechanism, and must be of
adequate strength to protect the operator in the event of a rollover or impact. The passenger cabin
must have the capacity to resist all the forces exerted upon it. This can be achieved either by
using high strength material or better cross sections against the applied load. But the most
feasible way to balance the dry mass of roll-cage with the optimum number of members is done
by triangulation method. The roll cage must be constructed of steel tubing, with minimum
dimensional and strength requirements dictated by SAE. The SAE BAJA vehicle development
manual also restricts us about the vehicle weight, shape and size, and dimensions. Circular crosssection is employed for the roll cage development as it helps to overcome difficulties like
increment in dimension, rise in the overall weight and decrease in fuel efficiency. Its always a
perfect one to resist the twisting and the rolling effects, therefore is preferred for torsional
rigidity.
Driver safety is an important concern in the design of the vehicle. The roll cage part of the
chassis is the primary protection for the driver. So to ensure driver safety, the roll cage must be
structurally rigid. As weight is critical in a vehicle powered by a small engine, a balance must be
found between the strength and weight of the vehicle. Thus the chassis design becomes very
important in the vehicle performance