DEPARTMENT

OF THE ARMY TECHNICAL MANUAL

PAINTING INSTRUCTIONS
FOR FIELD USE
A0

HEADQUARTERS,

i._............/

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY

JULY 1962

TM 9-213
C1
CHANGE
No. 1

HEADQUARTERS
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
]

WASHINGTON, D.C., 1 February 1965

PAINTING INSTRUCTIONS FOR FIELD

LORARY

U.S. ARMY WAR COLLBOI

TM 9-213, 24 July 1962, is changed as follows:

AU

YIJAR IYY

J9N 4

Page 67.
CHAPTER 4

985

MARKING PROCEDURES
(Superseded)

Section I. LETTERING AND SIGN PAINTING

119. Purpose
The directions as given in this section are
designed merely to acquaint the novice with the
basic principles of lettering and sign painting.
Only practice will make him capable of executing such an assignment with passable proficiency.

120. Lettering Alphabet

sified as single stroke lettering brushes and

come in a variety of soft bristle combinations.
For beginner's use, a flat oxhair-and-sable combination is suggested. This type lettering brush
will hold a knifelike precision edge, and will
hold a large load of paint which feeds evenly
and accurately and is easy to control.

121. Lettering Technique

120.1. Brushes
(Added)
The brushes that will be used will depend
upon what kind of surface is to be lettered.

a. Preparationof the Brush. Dip the brush

into the paint until all the bristles are immersed. Raise the brush straight upward until
all excess paint drips from it. Stroke the brush
back and forth on a smooth flat surface in
4"razor strop" style until the paint is worked
well up into the bristles and until the end of
the bristles form a sharp chisel-like edge (figs.
32.1 and 32.2). This makes it possible to make

a. Rough Surfaces. Brick, concrete, stucco,

rough plaster, and boards that have been recoated many times will require a flat bristle
brush. The size used depends upon what width
of stroke the letter is. These brushes are classifled as fitches, angular fitches, and cutters.
b. Smooth Surface. Metal, glass, trucks,
boards, hardboard, and cardboard will require
a softer flat bristle artist-type brush to obtain a
finer degree of finish. These brushes are clas-

asharp, uniform stroke.

b. Basic Strokes. Three basic strokes form
the basis of all vertical Gothic lettering. The
three basic strokes are straight (vertical, horizontal, slant), left curve, and right curve. The
basic principles of these strokes are demonstrated in figures 32.3 through 32.8. To differentiate still further, the basic strokes can
be separated into nine subdivisions: vertical,
horizontal, left slant, right slant, left curve,

The lettering alphabet suitable for all military requirements is known as the vertical
Gothic style as illustrated in figure 32.

TAGO 7388A-Feb

APPROXIMATELY 1/6
TO 1/7 OF THE HEIGHT

ABC D E
FG H IJK

LMNOP
QRST UVWXY Z
12345
6'7890
ORD A 2098
Figure 32. (Superseded) Lettering and stencil alphabet.

AGO 7388A

>

RA PD 108388
Figure 3'.1. (Added) Working paint into lettering
brush and obtaining chisel edge.

BRUSH
CENTER OF
BALANCE

RA PD 77524
Figure 32.2. (Added) Chisel edge on lettering brush
after paint has been worked in.

RA PD 77510

Figure32.3. (Added) Lettering--methodof holding brush at start of vertical stroke.

AGO 7388A

AP

'

Figure 32.4. (Added) Lettering-position of brusk at end of vertical stroke.

right curve, top curve, bottom curve, and "S",

e. Spacing and Balance. It is particularly

as shown in figure 32.9.

important for the less experienced sign painter

c. Direction of Brush Strokes. The appearance of a hand-drawn letter depends, to a very

considerable degree, upon the direction given to

to pencil in the letters upon the working surface, making sure they are accurately spaced
and balanced, and of uniform size and rela-

each brush stroke. It is, therefore, important

to closely follow standard directions shown in

tionship. In active service it may be necessary

to letter under difficult conditions with limited

figure 32.9.

materials.

d. Right and Wrong Ways of Lettering.

Avoid mistakes indicated in figures 32.10 and
32.11, and follow the right methods shown.

In this event the letters may be

laid out with the use of chalk or any similar
material. The layout can thus easily be checked
for balance, and the sign completed.

AGO 7388A

THUMB

TIP OF INDEX
FINGER ON BRUSH

EXTENDED
OVER
BRUSH 6

--

RA PD 7781
Figure 32.5. (Added) Lettering-method of holding brush at start of left curved stroke.

TIP OF THUMB

ON BRUSH

RA PD 78...
Figure32.6. (Added) Lettering-positionof brush at end of left curved stroke.

AGO 7388A

TIP OF THUMB
ON BRUSY

t }9

RA PD 77820

Figure32.7. (Added) Lettering-method of holding brush at start of right curved stroke.

TIP OF INDEX
FINGER ON BRUSH

RA PD

77821

Figure a2.8. (Added) Lettering-positionof brush at end of rightcurved stroke.

AGO 7388A

SY

4I

RA PD 76500
Figure 32.9. (Added) Brush strokes for lettering the Gothic alphabet.
AGO 7388A

RAPD 77816
Figure 32.10. (Added) Lettering-rightand wrong

way of making capitals B and S.

Figure 32.11. (Added) Lettering--method of making

capitals C, G, V, and W.

Section II. STENCIL AND PAINT MARKING

122. Purpose
Stencils enable personnel untrained in hand
lettering and design to apply lettering and designs to materiel quickly and efficiently. A
stencil (para. 139) is a paper or metal pattern
which has the letters or design cut out, so that
when the stencil is held in position over a surface and paint applied to the cutout portions,
the desired lettering or design will be accurately
reproduced. When a large number of signs,
identification marks, or designs are to be reproduced, time is saved by using a stencil.
123. Stenciling Techniques
a. General.
(1) This method of vehicle, launcher, and
general marking requires the use of
gummed-back
i,(pressure-sensitive)
paper stencils, and painting the proper
marking color over the stencil,
(2) Paper stencils are available as individual letters, numerals, and legends
of various sizes, and may be located by
Federal stock number under FSC
7520, in Federal Stock Catalog FSC
C 7510/30-IL.
(3) Surface to which the marking is to be
applied must be clean and dry. All
oil, dirt, and grease must be removed
to prevent contamination of the stencil
adhesive and the marking paint.
b. PaperStencil Application Techniques.
(1) Locate the prescribed location for the

marking. Mark a straight guideline

for proper positioning of the legend,
or letter and/or numeral combination.
(2) Remove the gum-protector paper from
the paper stencil; avoid handling the
stencil
adhesive.
stenciladhesive.
(3) Apply the stencil in the proper location on the vehicle or equipment. Handie and apply the stencil with caution
to avoid distortion of the characters.
Insure that the stencil lies flat against
the surface, without wrinkles.
(4) After application, remove the webs
from the letters and numerals, in
order that the finished marking appears with unbroken lines.
(5) Mask, with masking tape, paper, and/
or canvas, to prevent overspray. Mask
between individual characters to prevent paint adhesion to surfaces other
than the exact marking (fig. 33).
(6) Apply the paint by spraying or by
brushing. Spraying is preferred for a
smooth surfaced ultimate marking.
Spray paint if possible with the paint
required for the surface; otherwise,
use a brush and stencil paint or paste
TT-P-98
paint(para. 67). If a brush
isused, c
should
are
taken
be to preis used, care should be taken to prevent forcing of the paint under the
stencil edges, resulting in a ragged
marking.
(7) Remove the stencils. This must be
done with care to avoid smudge damAGO 7388A

Figure 33. (Superseded) Papermarking stencils applied with overspray shield.

age to the marking or to adjacent surface area of the vehicle or equipment.

(8) Do not handle the marking until the
paint is thoroughly dry, time for
which is dependent on temperature,
method of paint application, and
thickness of the paint film. Prevent
dust or dirt contamination.

(9) Carefully clean all paint overspray

and smudges, and residue from the
masking tape and stencil adhesives.
Use dry cleaning solvent or mineral
spirits paint thinner and a cloth. This
must be done with care; avoid contact
of the solvent or thinner with the
marking.

Section III. PRESSURE SENSITIVE ADHESIVE VINYL MARKERS (DECALS)

124. General
a. The markers are available as die-cut letters, numerals, and legends in various sizes, and
may be located by Federal stock number in SM
10-1-7600, FSC 7690. The method of vehicle
marking concerns itself with the use of vinyl
material conforming to Military Specification
MIL-F-8799A, manufactured to conform to
Military Specification MIL-D-8634B.
b. The vinyl markers are applied directly to
the surface without water or other solvent to
activate the adhesive. They are received
mounted on a protective paper lining that is
AGO 7388A

removable without the use of a solvent. The

marker face is covered by a translucent application tape which is removed after marker application.
c. The markers are resistant to grease, oil,
water, salt spray, gasoline, and aromatic fuels.
Cleaning of the marking requires only water
and soap or detergent.

(Added)
a. Surface. The surface on which the marker
is to be applied must be clean and dry. All oil,
9

grease, and dirt must be removed to prevent

contamination of the adhesive. When applicable, wash the surface thoroughly with drycleaning solvent, or any approved cleaning solution. Allow sufficient time for the cleaning
solvent to evaporate. Vinyl markers cannot be
adequately applied to extremely irregular or
rough surfaces. Complete contact of the marker
to the surface is necessary for proper adhesion.
Old markers must be removed completely prior
to applying a new marker. New markers cannot be placed on existing markers without
creating an increased vinyl film thickness. Old

precentered on the application tape

and backed with a protective liner
over the pressure sensitive adhesive.
(2) Mark a straight horizontal guideline
on the materiel surface in the appropriate location. This guideline will be
used for properly positioning the legend.
(3) Place the legend on a flat surface with
the translucent application tape side
down and carefully remove the protective liner. Avoid handling the adhesive on the legend marker (fig. 34).

markers will be removed as follows:

(1) Pressure sensitive vinyl markers may
be removed by soaking the markers
with a rag or sponge dipped in technical methyl ethyl ketone or technical

(4) Position the legend to the guideline on

the materiel. Press one edge down
while holding the rest of the legend
taut and slightly away from the surface (fig. 34.1.)

xylene (see FSC 6800-IL) which acts

on the adhesive to soften it. A mixon the adhesive to soften it. A mix-

(5) Roll the legend down firmly with a

roller or applicator to remove any

trapped
air bubbles or wrinkles (fig.
34 2)

ture of 75 percent methyl ethyl ketone

and 25 percent technical xylene is recommended. The marker may then

be removed with a putty knife or

scraper without damaging the mate-

(6) Starting at one corner of the marker

remove the application tape by care-

riel surface.
(2) Alternate and less effective methods
for marker removal require using
common paint removers or a sharp
bladed instrument. Avoid materiel
surface damage and self-inflicted personal injury.
(3) The vinyl marker cannot satisfactorily
be removed by power sanding or abrasion. These methods will damage the
materiel surface necessitating refinishing.
b. Temperature. Application of the vinyl
marker should be made at moderate temperatures above 400 F., but may be made at lower
temperatures if the surface is prewiped with
technical isopropyl alcohol (see FSC 6800-IL).
If the surface temperature is hot or very warm,
insure that application is exact at first contact,
since the adhesive will act very rapidly.
c. Sealing. Sealing of the marker or its
edges with varnish or other sealant is neither
required nor recommended.

fully peeling it back flat against itself

(fig. 33)
(7) Roll the legend again to insure firm
and complete adhesion.
e. Character (Letter or Numeral) Marker
Application.
(1) Each character (letter or numeral) is

'

d. LegendMarkerApplication.d. Legend
Marker
Application.
Figure 34. (Superseded) Remove protective liner from
(1) Each legend marker is prespaced and

10

adhesive side of vinyl marking legend.

AGO 7388A

Figure 34.1. (Added) Aline legend to guideline.

Figure 84.2. (Added) Remove air bubbles and wrinkles.

Figure 34.3. (Added) Remove application tape.

AGO 7388A

11

precentered on the application tape

and backed with a protective liner
over the pressure sensitive adhesive.
(2) Mark a straight horizontal guideline
on the materiel surface in the designated location. This guideline will be
used for proper alinement of the
characters.
(3) Place the first character on a flat surface with the translucent application
tape side down and carefully remove
the protective liner. Avoid handling
the adhesive on the character.
(4) Position the character to the guideline
on the materiel. Press one edge down

while holding the rest of the character

taut and slightly away from the surface.
(5) Roll the character down firmly with a
roller or applicator to remove any
trapped air bubbles or wrinkles. Do
not remove application tape at this
time.
(6) Repeat (3), (4), and (5) above in
order, for each remaining character
in the desired marking. Butt the left
edge of the application tape against
the right edge of the preceding application tape (fig. 34.4).
(7) When the entire marking is properly

_I
Figure 34.4. (Added) Charactersspaced properly.

Figure4.5. (AddeORD
E51615

Figure .24.5. (Added) Remove each tape separately.

12

AGO 7388A

ORD E51616

Figure 34.6. (Added) A complete equipment marking.

positioned and applied, remove the application tape. Start at a corner and
carefully peel each application tape
back, flat against itself (fig. 34.5).
(8) Roll the characters again to insure
a firm adhesion.
(9) A complete marking is illustrated in
figure 34.6.
124.2. Vehicle National Symbol Markings
(Added)
a. This method of vehicle marking is concerned with the application of the National
Symbol to vehicle surfaces. This method applies to National Symbols made of vinyl material conforming to Military Specification MILF-8799A, manufactured to conform to Military
Specification MIL-D-8634B.
b. The National Symbol markings are available in various sizes from 6 inches to 36 inches
(between opposite points measurement) and
may be located by Federal stock number in SM
10-1-7600, FSC 76901.
c. The vinyl material National Symbol is
applied directly to the equipment surface without the use of water or other solvent to activate
the pressure sensitive adhesive. The symbol is
received mounted on a protective liner, with the
symbol face covered by a premask tape.
d. The vehicle or equipment surface must be
clean, dry, and free of dust, dirt, and grease.
AGO 7388A

e. Application.
(1) Place the symbol on a flat surface, face
up. Cover one point of the symbol
with a small piece of masking tape,
rubbing the tape down firmly.
(2) Hold the symbol by the tape, in one
hand. Begin separation of the protective paper liner from the adhesive
side of the symbol.
(3) Place the symbol on a flat surface, face
down. Carefully pull the paper liner
from the point of the symbol past the
horizontal base of the point. Fold the
liner as it is freed from the symbol.
(4) Position the symbol on the equipment
surface. Apply the symbol tip to the
surface while holding the rest of the
symbol taut and slightly away from

the surface. Apply the exposed por-

tion of the adhesive side, rolling and

pressing the material to remove
wrinkles and air bubbles.
(5) Continue removing the paper liner,
rolling and pressing the unapplied
portion of the symbol to the surface
until the entire marking is applied.
(6) Roll the entire marking again with
particular attention to the edges, to
insure firm and complete adhesion.
(7) Remove the premask tape on the face
of the symbol by pulling carefully on
the masking tape piece, folded back
13

symbol to the remaining symbol

points. Roll the marking again with
particular attention to the edges.
(8) Any remaining small air bubbles may
be punctured with a pinpoint and the
air worked out with a finger.

against itself. Carefully pull back to

the opposite edge of the symbol. With
this operation the protective premask
tape will tear. The remaining pieces
may be removed by pulling them,
folded back, from the center of the

Section IV. POUNCING

124.3. Description and Purpose

124.4. Equipment

(Added)
a. When it is necessary to make a quantity of
the same signs, identification marks, or designs,
work can be speeded up by a process known as
pouncing. Pouncing is the term applied to the
use of a perforated pattern in transferring to
the painting surface the outline of the letters,
numerals, or design to be painted.

(Added)
The following equipment and materials are
needed to prepare a pouncing pattern:
a. Thin, durable paper (large enough to
cover the lettering or design).
b. Light cardboard.
c. Pouncing wheel.
d. Dry color, powdered chalk or other

b. Pouncing should also be used when'more

accurate lettering and design are desired than
can be attained by stenciling, and particularly
when working over larger areas.

powder.
e. Flint paper, grade 2/0.
f. Masking tape.
g. Thin cloth.

-ppp>~rP~'

OUTLINEDI

LETTERS I

s,'

POUNCING

WHEEL

PATTERN

..

SOFT PAPER PAD

RA PD 77499

Figure 34.7. (Added) Perforatinga pattern for pouncing.

14

AGO 7388A

124.5. Procedure
(Added)
a. Pencil out the lettering, numerals, or design on a plain sheet of paper (fig. 34.7).
b. Place the penciled-in paper on top of
several thicknesses of other paper or upon
cardboard orcardboard
other
which
can be
other material
material
or
which can
be
easily perforated by a pouncing wheel. Then
use a pouncing wheel to perforate the outline
which has been penciled in (fig. 34.7). In
emergencies, a large needle or other sharp,
pointed object can be used to perforate the outline.
c. Turn the pattern over and use flint paper,
grade 2/0, to sand off all rough edges of the
perforations (fig. 34.8).

d. Prepare a pounce bag by placing drycolor,

powdered chalk or any other available powder
in a thin cloth. Tie the cloth so it forms a bag
with the powder inside (fig. 34.9).

e. Place the pattern in the desired position

on the surface to be painted. Secure it in position with masking tape. Then gently tape all

perforations with the pouncing bag until the

powder is worked through the perforations and

onto the painting surface (fig. 34.9).

f. Remove the pattern (fig. 34.10), exercising
care not to smudge perforation dots on the
painting surface.
g. Paint in the outline of the pattern, lettering, or numerals on the painting surface (fig.
34.11).

FLINT PAPERPOUNCING PATTERN

. :...... .

..

.. ....

"',,

.,.-

L"

LL,

~IRA

.......

PD 108392

Figure 34.8. (Added) Sanding the back of a pouncing pattern.

AGO 7388A

15

POUNCING BAG

POUNCING PATTERN

so &>vs.

,/MASKING TAPE

\,~ /)RA PD 108393

Figure 34.9. (Added) Pouncing a lettering pattern.

I . ,...........-

POUNCING BAG

.--

''

'

POUNCING PATTERN

LAYOUT

RA PD 77484

Figure 34.10. (Added) Removing the pattern. Pouncing pattern transferredto surface to be painted.

16

AGO 7388A

1!

4,

LAYOUT -

........

RA
PD 78475

Figure 34.11. (Added) Painting in a pounced sign pattern.

Section V. SILK SCREEN PRINTING PROCESS

124.6. General
(Added)
a. The silk screen process is a method of
printing in one or more colors on almost any
type of surface with mediums such as oil colors,
water colors, lacquers, and enamels, having
compositions for this type of application. This
process is used when large quantities of the
same design are desired, and because of the
speed achieved and the faithful reproduction
of the original design.
b. The basic principles of this process are
simple but require special equipment. Care and
accuracy in performing preparatory work assure the success of the operation.
124.7. Equipment Required
(Added)
a. A baseboard, larger than the screen, absolutely level and free from ridges, is necesAGO 7388A

sary. This board may be a drawing board, plywood board, or table-top, the surface being
covered with a piece of stiff cardboard. If warpingoccursthebaseboardisuseless,
b. The frame on which the silk is attached
may be a simple wooden frame or the standard
grooved frames stocked by artist supply dealers
in various sizes. This frame should be at least
11/2 times the size, in length and width, of the
sketch to be printed.
c. The silk should be special material made
for screening which comes in different meshes.
For all practical results, the medium or Nos.
14XX or 16XX will be found to be generally
suitable.
d. The squeegee consists of a bar of rubber
embedded in a piece of wood shaped to conveniently fit the hands. It may be obtained in
any length but must be not less than 2 inches
greater than the width of the design being re17

g. Stencil knives, dividers, steel ruler, Tsquare, triangle, film, and adhesive tape are
necessary accessories to have in the shop.

124.8. Specific Instructions

SANDPAPER

IORD
_____
A2099

Figure 34.12. (Added) Sharpening squeegee.

produced. The squeegee must be longer than

the width of the design in order that one pull
over the screen will complete the printing.
Sharpen squeegee to assure perfect register.
Draw rubber across sandpaper, holding
squeegee in vertical position (fig. 34.12).
e. The silk must be stretched drum-taut over
the frames by tacking or by sewing with fiber
cord, after which it is washed with water to
remove the sizing. As the silk dries, it will become more taut. Failure to achieve the drumtautness will nullify subsequent preparatory
work and result in unsatisfactory reproductions.
f. The frame should have a pair of loose pin

hinges attached to one of the long sides of the

frame and then attached to the baseboard. The
hinges are placed so that the side of the frame
on which the silk is stretched comes in contact
with the baseboard. Masking tape is then
placed on the inside of the frame with half of
its width on the frame and the other half on the
silk, thus keeping the paint from creeping out
onto the baseboard. The tacked or grooved side
is also taped to keep from abraiding the silk.
18

(Added)
a. PreparatoryWork.
(1) Thumb tack original sketch or layout
sheet to either a drawing board or
worktable. A drawing board will be
found to have many advantages over
a worktable as the operator can turn
it at will and also sit in a more comfortable position during the cutting
operation.
(2) With pencil or pen draw a cross in
each of the four corners of the original
sketch to facilitate replacing the film
in exact registration.
(3) Cut one piece of film a little larger
than the size of the original sketch for
each color contained in the sketch.
(4) With adhesive tape fasten the film
over the original sketch with the film

side up and the translucent paper in

contact with the sketch. Use enough
tape so that the film is down tight and
will not shift. Trace the cross appearing in each of the four corners of the
sketch onto the film. The film is now
ready for cutting.
b. Cutting Film.
(1) This specially prepared film is laminated to a sheet of translucent paper
(the paper acting only as a temporary
carrier of the film until such time as
the transfer to the silk is made). The
proper method is to cut through the
film only and not through the backing paper (fig. 34.13).
(2)
which the
the colors
colors are
are to
to
(2) The
The order
order in
in which
be processed must be determined before any cutting occurs and may not

thereafter be changed. The general

practice is to process the lightest color

first and the darkest color

makeup of the sketch occasionally requires a change for this procedure.
For example, the Administrative and
Technical Service (formerly Army
Service Forces) sleeve patch (dated
AGO 7388A

Figure 34.13. (Added) Cutting film.

1947) would be reproduced by applying first white, then blue, and finally
red.
(3) The cutting operation must be performed in a manner to allow the first
color applied to extend under the edge
of the succeeding colors. In the example of the sleeve patch the white
film would be a circle having a radius
of 3/32 inch less than the diameter of
the red border. In a tracing manner,
using a fine stencil knife, cut through
the film to, but not through, the backing paper (an hour or so of practice
in cutting should
be
to
in cutting
should
be sufficient
sufficient
to get
get
the feel of it). When the cutting has
been completed, strip out the film representing the portion of the design to
be applied in the first color. Now remove this cut film from the sketch and
place carefully to one side. Repeat the
operations for each remaining color.
Particular attention must be given to
the exactitude of cutting along lines
in the original sketch which appear in
AGO 7388A

each color in the reproductions. Again

referring to the sleeve patch example,
the lines of the star in film No. 2 and
the lines of the border in film No. 3
must be sharp, and an exact tracing
of the sketch. To prevent blurring of
corners the cuts should extend just
past the intersection.
c. Attaching Film to the Screen.
(1) In all the larger open spaces from
which the film has been stripped, cut
a slit through the backing paper. The
purpose of this is to allow the escape
of air during the adhering operation.
(2) Place screen in hinges on the painting table. Place layout sheet on table
and apply pieces of cardboard of same
thickness
to table
along edges
of
and apply pieces
of cardboard
of same
sketch to form a register. Bring down
screen so that the silk is in contact
with the layout sheet and make certain
that contact is good. If contact is
poor, build up by using a piece of cardboard under the layout sheet. Fit back
19

the film for color No. 1 to exactly the

original position in which it was cut
and fasten with adhesive tape or
secure it to the sketch with mucilage.
(3) Examine the stencil to make sure that
no small pieces of film have been left
in the cut portions.
(4) Take two pieces of cloth, one large
and one small (preferably cotton
cloths of the type of shirts or underwear). Do not use cheesecloth or
similar cloths as difficulty will be encountered in judging the amount of
liquid applied. Roll up the large one in
a loose ball. Wet the small cloth with
the adhering liquid. Hold the wet cloth
in one hand and the dry one in the
other. Dampen (do not soak) a small
portion of the screen by taking a
single stroke and dry it immediately
with the dry cloth using a rubbing motion. When this has been done adhesion will be instantaneous. Continue
in the same manner until the entire
film has been adhered, wetting the

small cloth as often as is necessary. In

adhering always start from one side of
the screen and continue in the same
direction to avoid wrinkles (fig.
34.14).
(5) When the entire film has been adhered,
take a thin straightedge or ruler, slip
it under the film and carefully free the
screen from the layout sheet by loosening the adhesive tape. Remove the
screen from the hinges and lay it on
the table, backing paper side up. Allow
the film to dry about 10 minutes.
d. Removing Backing Paper.
(1) Start in any one of the four corners
and slowly peel off backing paper (fig.
34.15). Peel backing paper so that one
can at all times see the film in order
to prevent tearing any portion of it
that has not adhered. Should any portion of it not adhere properly, do not
remove the backing paper, but turn
screen over again and by wetting and
drying that portion obtain proper
adhesion.

ORD A2101
Pigure i4J4. (Added) Attaching film to the screeli.

20

AGO 7388A

Figure 34.15. (Added) Removing backing paper.

(2) When the backing paper has been

completely removed, if there still are
some loose places, turn screen with the
film side up, wet cloth with the adhering liquid and dampen the loose part
from the under side of the screen.
Pat down from the film side with the
fingers, thus completing adhesion.
(3) Fill in the open silk bordering the film
with lacquer or mask out paper.
e. Printingor Reproducing.
(1) If the original sketch is the exact size
of the copy to be processed, the original register applied when adhering the
film to the silk should suffice. In the
event that this is not true, new registers should be set. The old register
should not be disturbed unless absolutely necessary.
(2) Place one of the pieces to be printed
on the table snugly against the register and drop the silk screen (fig.
34.16).
(3) Place a small quantity of paint of the
AGO 7388A

desired color and required quantity

across the screen just above the design. Starting just above the paint,
pull the squeegee across the screen
making certain to apply firm and even
pressure across the width of the
squeegee (fig. 34.17).
(4) Lift the screen, remove the printed
piece (fig. 34.18), and place it on a
drying rack (fig. 34.19); insert an
unpainted piece; drop screen, and
squeegee in opposite direction.
(5) When the one color has been applied
to the entire lot, the design must be removed from the silk and replaced with
the film cut for the application of the
next color.
f. Removing Film from the Silk.
(1) The simplicity is one of the outstanding features of this type of film.
(2) Take a sheet of smooth wrapping
paper or similar paper. Lay this paper
on a flat table, placing screen on top of
paper, making contact with the film.
21

Figure 34.16. (Added) Placing material in position.

ORDA2104
Figure 34.17. (Added) Squeegeeing paint.

22

AGO 7388A

Figure 34.18. (Added) Removing the printed piece.

ORD A2106
Figure 34.19. (Added) Drying the printed piece.
AGO 7388A

23

Take a good sized cloth and soak it

well with film remover. Wash over the
film portions of the screen, keeping the
rag well saturated. After a few moments take hold of the paper and pull
it away from the silk and it will take
all the film with it. Take several clean
cloths, wet them with remover and
wash the silk well from both sides at
the same time. Dry the silk with a dry

cloth.
g. Facts Pertinent to the Silk Screen Printing Process.
(1) When a job is to be repeated at frequent intervals, the complete screens
with cut film applied may be stored for

future use.
(2) The tenderness of the silk indicates
the obvious need of exercising care in
handling and storage of the frames.
(3) Ordinarily, an average of 5,000 to
10,000 impressions may be made before the silk wears out.
(4) Experience will indicate the proper
consistency at which the paint should
be applied. Because solvent continually evaporates, it is customary to
have the replenishing paint slightly
thinner than the first portion put into
the screen. This procedure brings the
consistency of the paint back to that
desired immediately after replenishment.
(5) The artist preparing the design can
minimize screen preparation work if
notified in advance that the work is to

be reproduced
by
silk screen process.
be reproduced
by silk screen process.
(6) It is impossible to cover every even-

tual(6)
It is impossiblbecause tonew problems arise
tuality
because
arise
with each
designnew
to problems
be reproduced.
The fascination inherent in silk screen
work assures the application of ingenuity and imagination,

.14

Page 87.
138. Stencil Key Set
c. Gummed-Back Paper Stencils. Gummedback paper stencils *** the registration number.
139. Availability of Stencils, Marking Materials, and Decals
(Superseded)
a. Stencils and Marking Materials. The following stencils and marking materials may be
located by Federal stock number, Class 7520, in
FSC C 7510/30-IL.
(1) Stencils, marking.
(a) Paper.
(b) Paper, gummed-back, pressure sensitive adhesive coated (fig. 33).

(e) Zinc.
(2) Marking materials.
(a) Stylus, duplicating stencil.
(b) Stencil board, writing.
(c) Stencil paper.
(d) Stencil duplicating print kit, hand
a

2. Brush, ink.
3. Cleaner, bottle.
4. Ink, bottle.
5. Pen, stylus.
6. Case.

(3) Airbrush.
. Decals. The pressure sensitive adhesive
vinyl markers, decals, may be located by Federal
7600. stock number, Class 7690, in SM 10-1Page 89. Figure 49, RA PD 252726A. Rescinded.

AGO 7388A

By Order of the Secretary of the Army:

HAROLD K. JOHNSON,

Official:
J. C. LAMBERT,
Major General, United States Army,
The Adjutant General.

General, United States Army,

Chief of Staff.

Distribution:
Active Army:
DCSLOG (1)
Fort Hood (5)
CNGB (1)
Fort Knox (25)
CofEngrs (5)
Fort Sam Houston (5)
TSG (5)
Fort Sill (5)
CC-E (5)
Ord Comd (3)
USAMC (9)
USATAC (20)
USACDCOA (1)
USAWECOM (2)
USCONARC (3)
GENDEP (4)
ARADCOM (2)
Ord Sec, GENDEP (4)
ARADCOM Rgn (2)
Ord Dep (10)
OS Maj Comd (2) except
Svc Colleges (20)
USAREUR (5)
Br Svc Sch (20)
USARCARIB (5)
POE (2)
USARJ (5)
Ord PG (10)
USARPAC (5)
Ord Arsenals (5) except
LOGCOMD (2)
Frankford Arsenal (10)
MDW (1)
Ord Plants (2)
Armies (3) except
Springfield Army (3)
Seventh US Army (8)
Cen (2)
EUSA (8)
MIDA (3)
Corps (2)
Ord Dist (1) except
Div (2)
Cleveland Ord Dist (2)
Regt/Gp/bg (2)
New York Ord Dist (5)
Bn (2)
USA Corps (2)
Co (2) except
Mil Msn (2)
Co (2)
MAAG (1)
TOE 9-17, 9-47, 9-377 (none)
JBUSMC (2)
Fort Belvoir (5)
JUSMAGG (2)
Fort Bliss (5)
Units org under fol TOE:
Fort Bragg (5)
29-55 (2)
NG: State AG (3); units-same as active Army except allowance is one copy for each unit.
USAR: None.
For explanation of abbreviations used, see AR 320-50.
* U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.

AGO 7888A

1968-750580

25

*TM 9-213
TECHNICAL MANUAL

HEADQUARTERS,

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY

No. 9-213

WASHINGTON

25, D.C., 24 July 1962

PAINTING INSTRUCTIONS FOR FIELD USE

Paragraphs

CHAPTER

1.

Section I.
II.
III.
IV.

Pages

INTRODUCTION

General ___________-______.--_---------------------------------------------Purpose of painting _. ________________----------------------------------------Discussion of terms ------- _________ __-----------------------------------Techniques of mixing and paint failures ______________________--__--__--__

1-4
5-8
9, 10
11-28

3
4
5
6

CHAPTER 2. UNDERCOATS, FINISH MATERIALS, AND RELATED PRODUCTS

Section I. General __--__ __-_--________________-------_____
______._-_
__-_ .
29-32
15
II. Fillers
. _____________.__________________________
... ______----__
33-36
17
III. Sealers ._____-_____-__________._
_ .. ___ ____
37-40
17
IV. Primers
_-..-____._____ ___________________________
___________________
41-48
18
V. Enamels ___-....-_ __
__...__... ________________________ .
.._
49-56
22
VI. Lacquers
___...-__ __--__--________________._ ________________
------56-60
24
VII. Paints
____.-___-.-________.___.___________
______________
_- 61-69
25
VIII. Varnishes
...
....
.
.
........----------------------------------70-73
27
IX. Finish systems
______ _________________________-------.
-74-88
28
X. Finish systems for fire-control materiel -______-__-__--_____________---.
89-100
36
CHAPTER 3. APPLICATION TECHNIQUE
Section I. Spray guns and pressure cans __-___________________________________________
II. Brush or roller application _______________________________________________
III. Dip application
________________________________________-_________________
III. Safety considerations
____________________-______________________________

101-107
1,08-112
113-116
117, 118

45
57
64
65

CHAPTER 4. SPECIAL TECHNIQUES

Section I. Stenciling
________________________________ ______________________._______ 119-121
II. Decalcomania transfers ___________________________________--______________
122--124

67
69

CHAPTER 5. SPRAY EQUIPMENT

Section I. Compressors (gasoline and electric drive) _________________________________ 125-129
II. Tank (paint container) ________________________________________-_________
130-133
III. Miscellaneous accessories __________________________________________________ 134-136

73
78
82

CHAPTER 6. MISCELLANEOUS EQUIPMENT

Section I. Painting tools and materials __-______________________________________
II. Shop equipment _____________________________-.____________________________

137-142
143-147

87
90

CHAPTER 7. PAINTING DATA

Section I. Opacity and covering data -_______________________________________________
148, 149
II. Tips on painting __________________________________________________________ 1150-152

95
95

GLOSSARY
APPENDIX.

INDEX

________________________________________-REFERENCES

________________________________________--.______-

________________________________________-._

_______

99

_______

103

*This manual supersedes TM 9-2851, 30 December 1947, including C2, 7 April 1955, and C3, 5 April 1957.

107

TM 9-213

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Section I. GENERAL
1. Purposes

f. Any comments or suggestions concerning

This manual is published for the use of per-

sonnel whose duties require a knowledge

of

the materials and methods used in the painting

of Army Ordnance materiel.
2. Scope
painting, paint terminology, techniques of mixing, paint failures, and preservative and corrective procedures. It contains information on
paint systems, techniques for application as

required, and painting equipment.

errors or omissions will be forwarded on DA

Form 2028 direct
to the Commanding Officer,

Raritan

Arsenal,

ATTN

ORDJR-OPRA,

Metuchen, New Jersey.

3. Forms, Records, and Reports
a. General. Responsibility for the proper
execution of forms, records, and reports rests
execution of forms, records, and reports rests
upon the officers of all units processing materiel. However, the value of accurate records
must be fully appreciated by all persons re
sponsibe for their compilation, maintenance,
sponsible for their compilation, maintenance,

and use.

Records, reports, and

authorized

b. This manual differs from TM 9-2851 in

changes necessitated for conformity to standards and specifications, and the elimination of
reference to painting of buildings, which is
covered infor
TM 5-618.ationoncleaningOrdnn

forms are normally utilized to indicate the

type quantity and condition of materiel to be
inspected, to be repaired, or to be used in repair. Properly executed forms convey authorization and serve as records for repair or re-

teriel, refer to TM 9-208-1.

d. For supply information on brushes,
paints, sealers, and adhesives, FSC group 80,
refer to SM 5-1-C5-1-SL, Vol. 2.
e. Specifications and standards used by the
Department of the Army are listed in the Department of Defense Index of Specifications
and Standards, which consist of three separate
parts:
Part II-Straight Alphabetical Listing
Part II-Numerical Listing, and
Part III-Federal Supply Classification
Listing
Copies of specifications and standards may be
requisitioned in accordance with the provisions
of that index. As only basic specifications and
standards are referred in this manual, use
must be made of that index to determine the
latest revision.

and for delivery of materiel requiring further

repair to Ordnance shops in arsenals, depots,
etc. The forms, records, and reports establish
the work required, the progress to the work
within the shops, and the status of the materiel
upon completion of its repair.
b. Authorized Forms. The forms generally applicable to units operating or maintaining
this materiel are listed in the appendix. For a
listing of blank forms, refer to DA Pam
310-2.
c. Field Reports of Accidents. The reports
necessary to comply with the requirements of
the Army safety program are prescribed in detail in AR 385-40. These reports are required
whenever accidents involving injury to personnel or damage to materiel occur.
d. Report of Unsatisfactory Equipment Report or Material. Any deficiencies detected in

c. For information on cleaning Ordnance ma-

placement of materiel in the hands of troops

TM 9-213
the equipment covered herein which occur under the circumstances indicated in AR 700-38,
should be immediately reported in accordance
with the applicable instruction in that regulation.
e. Marking for Shipment. Refer to AR 74680.
4. Safety Precautions
Note. If solvents are used on insulation and insulated wires, particularly in the more critical electronic
equipment, extreme care must be exercised. Even the
vapors of solvents could be harmful in such instances,
by causing dimensional changes in delicate equipment.
Avoid inhalation of solvent vapors.

a. Observe safe operating procedures at all

times, particularly when handling cleaning materials.
b. The use of gasoline and similar hydrocarbons for cleaning purposes is hazardous and
they must not be used. Adequate cleaning ma-

terials described in TM 9-247 are available

through regular supply channels.
c. Avoid skin contact with cleaning solvents.
Use synthetic rubber gloves.
d. Observe fire regulations when using paint
and lacquer thinners as they are highly flammable.
e. Hydrocarbon solvents are destructive to
natural rubber and must not be used on such
parts. These solvents are petroleum products
such as gasoline, benzene, kerosene, drycleaning (Stoddards) solvents, and drycleaning
agents (naphthas).
f. Fire protection equipment must be adequately distributed throughout work areas.
g. Protective equipment must be worn during operations involving abrasive blasting,
grinding, buffing, or where compressed air is
being used.
h. Do not use carbon tetrachloride as its vapor is dangerous to health.

Section II. PURPOSE OF PAINTING

5. Functions
a. The primary function of painting is to
protect metals, wood, and other material
against corrosion and rot. Paint should not be
applied to "green" or unseasoned wood, since
paint under such conditions retards the seasoning process and fails to form a proper coating.
Additional functions of painting are identification, camouflage, and visibility.
b. Certain paints adhere to most surfaces
better than others and thereby furnish better

protective coating.

The first or base coat

should penetrate into the minute depressions

AR 746-2300-1. For information on ammunition color coding, refer to MIL-STD-709.

7. Camouflage
Camouflage of Army Ordnance materiel is a
function of paint. Camouflage may be applied
when necessary directly on the finish coat. For
information on camouflage materials and procedures, refer to FM 5-20, FM 5-21, and FM
5-22.

Visibility
White and light-tinted paint are frequently
used on interior surfaces to increase the visi-

or pits in the material and adhere with suffi-

bility in spaces with limited access to outside

cient tenacity to form a good bond for following coats.

light. In this respect, paint can serve to increase visibility with existing natural, or artifi-

c. The success of painting depends partly on

the selection of a suitable paint and also largely
upon the care used in preparing the surface,
which should be thoroughly clean, dry, and
smooth. Other factors are method of application and weather conditions.

of natural or artificial light required in a given

interior space. For safety, it is desirable where
practicable to use paint that will make an article more readily visible. For example, AR
746-2300-1 requires that materials handling
equipment such as lift trucks, industrial tractors, warehouse cranes, and trailers, used in
warehouses be painted a high visibility yellow
to make them more noticeable and thereby to
reduce accidents.

6. Identification
For information pertaining to color and
marking of vehicles and equipment, refer to
4

cial light or it can serve to reduce the amount

TM 9-213

Section III. DISCUSSION OF TERMS

9. Definitions
a. Composition. Paint is composed of a pig-

ment and a vehicle. The pigment, or solid

component dispersed in the paint, is provided
to color the paint and to enable it to form a
film on the painted surface. The vehicle is the
liquid portion of a paint, which in turn includes components which serve as binders, and
volatile components known as thinners. The
binder portion of the vehicle, like the pigment, is film forming.
b. Classification. Organic finishes, generally referred to herein as "paint," are classified
in four main groups-enamel, lacquer, varnish,
and paint as defined in (1) through (4) below.
(1) Enamel. A finish comprising an intimate dispersion of pigments in a varnish or resin vehicle, or in a combinadries
tion of both. Enamel generally tion,
bynoxidation and/or polymerization,
(2) Lacquer. A clear or pigmented finish
whose vehicle is cellulosic or phenolic with or without other resins or
plasticizers. Lacquers generally dry
by solvent evaporation.
(3) Varnish. An unpigmented (clear)
finish whose vehicle consists of resins
and drying or nondrying oils. After
evaporation of volatile content, drying generally is by oxidation and/or
polymerization.
(4) Paint. A finish comprising a dispersion of pigments in a vehicle consisting of drying oils with or without a
solvent. After the evaporation of the
volatile content, drying generally is
by oxidation.
c. Pigments. Besides that of coloration, pigments provide corrosion resistance, the ability
to obscure base materials, the development of

body for smoothness and satisfactory flow characteristics, strength, hardness, and increased
durability.

d. Vehicles.
(1) Binders. The binder portion of the
vehicle contributes to the characteris-

tics of a paint and determines its use.

Binders may be divided into three
groups: drying oils, resins, and a miscellaneous group, which includes casein, chlorinated rubber, nitrocellulose
and ethyl cellulose.
(2) Thinners. The thinner makes the
paint workable, adjusting the consistency for easy application, and producing a uniform film that will penetrate and adhere to the surface. The
thinner, being volatile, evaporates,
hence does not provide part of the
dried surface film
10. Color
a. Definition. A surface which reflects all
visible light back to the eye is white, since
white is a combination of all colors of the spectrum. This can be illustrated by passing sunlight through a prism which separates the visible light into all colors of the spectrum (fig.
1). The same thing happens when the sun
shines on falling rain and creates a rainbow.
Absence of visible light gives the sensation of
black.
REFRACTION
S
AND DISPERSAL

SPECTRUM

RED
O

RANGE

YELLOW
GREEN

PRISM

BLUE
IND IGO
VIOLET
ORD A1387

Figure 1. How a prism separates visible light into its

component colors.

b. Standard. For the selection of colors and

color numbers for readymade paints, refer to
Federal Standard 595.

TM 9-213

Section IV. TECHNIQUES OF MIXING AND PAINiT FAILURES

11. Scope

Note. Do not "box" lacquer as this would

cause loss of the vehicle by evaporation.

a. General.
(1) The best, quickest, and easiest method of painting is spraying. Paint rollers are used on large surfaces when
spraying is impracticable. Paints are
brushed on when other methods are
impracticable or other equipment is
not available. In general, the use of
brushes is confined to touchup jobs.
(2) Paints are issued ready mixed, hence
color blending is not required.

All

(2) Straining. When paint stands over a

period of time, a skin may form over
the surface and the pigment may
form into chunks to the extent that
stirring will not mix all ingredients
properly. In such cases, strain paint
as shown in figure 3.

PAINT STRAINER

containers must be kept covered except when in use, to prevent contact

with the air or foreign matter.
b. Preparation.

(1) Stirring (fig. 2). Stir paints well be-

fore use. If the vehicle (liquid portion) has separated from the pigment,
pour off most of the liquid portion
into a clean container (B, fig. 2).
Then stir the thickened settled portion (A, fig. 2) in the bottom until
all chuncks are softened and dissolved.

"

|PAIL

Restore the poured off por-

Figure 3. Straining paint.

tion, a little at a time, stirring constantly with a lifting and beating

motion. "Box" the paint thoroughly,
that is pour it from one container to
another several times, mixing the
paint for a few minutes between each
transfer. If a can shaker is available,
the paint should be thoroughly shaken before the container is opened.
-PIGMENT

~
"A"

used, the ratio of pigment to oil

would be reduced, giving the paint

less hiding power and greater penetrating power. On certain priming coats on wood or plaster, this
is desirable. The warmer and drier
the weather, the less thinner is
needed, since the heat thins the oil
more readily. More thinner is required in cold weather to hasten

ORD A1392

"B"

Figure 2. Stirring paint whose pigment has separated

from the vehicle.
6

(3) Thinning.
(a) When it is necessary to thin paint,
use a small amount of prescribed
thinner. Because of its volatility,
thinner will evaporate from the
paint film, leaving practically the
same ratio of oil to pigment per
square foot of surface as the paint
would provide before thinning.
Should linseed or other oils be

VEHICLE

'~-~-_~-~-/

the drying and hardening of the

film. However, thinner should be
used with care, since the less used
the more durable the applied
will be.

coat

TM 9-213

(b) Paints which contain a slow-drying

vehicle may require additional drier.
(c) Varnish should not be thinned except when used as a primer coat,
when it should be thinned with a
small amount of recommended thinner. Turpentine should be used
sparingly, since it tends to destroy
the gloss.
Caution: Do not shake varnish,
This may entrap air which will be
difficult to eliminate from the film.
(d) Do not thin synthetic enamels with
turpentine. Use synthetic enamel
thinner, specification TT-T-306.
c. Spraying. Instructions for spraying are
given in paragraph 104.
d. Brushing and Rolling. Instructions for
brushing and rolling are given in paragraphs
108 through 112.
e. Dipping. Instructions for dipping are
given in paragraph 114.
12. Paint Failures, General
a. There is a cause for every paint failure
and, in most instances, the failure can be prevented by observing specific precautions and
instructions. The weather, with humidity, heat,
and cold, sudden rainstorms, and the like can
damage a paint film. For this reason, the
painter should take into consideration the
weather and seasonal changes.

b. The most frequent paint failures are discussed in paragraphs 13 through 28.
13. Alligatoring and Checking
a. Characteristics (fig. 4). When a rupturing of the top paint coat causes the surfaces
to break up into irregular areas separated by
wide cracks in "alligator hide" style, the condition is referred to as "alligatoring." It is
checking in aggravated form. Checking on a
painted surface can be detected by the appearance in the topcoat of small openings or ruptures which divide the surface into small irregular areas, leaving the undercoat visible
through the breaks in the topcoat.
b. Probable causes. Checking is usually
caused by too soft an undercoat or by applying
a coat over an underlying coat which has not
thoroughly dried.
c. Preventive measures. Do not apply paint
over a soft undercoat or over paint which has
not thoroughly dried.
d. Corrective Measures. Remove the entire
paint coat using scraper or paint remover.
Mild cases should be thoroughly wirebrushed.
Clean the surface thoroughly after paint has
been removed before repainting.
14. Bleeding
a. Characteristics. When the color of a previous coat is absorbed into the top coat, the
condition is called "bleeding."

Figure 4. Alligatoring of paint.

TM 9-213

b. Probable Causes. Bleeding is usually

caused by the partial solubility of the pigment
in the vehicle of the new coat. Bleeding may
also occur with asphalt and colored resins, as
well as with pigments.
c. Preventive Measures. Use only the paints
prescribed for the particular application, as reflected in paragraphs 29 through 73. This
practice will insure that successive coatings will
be compatible.
d. Corrective Measures. The corrective
measures to be taken depend on the severity
of the bleeding and the quality of appearance
required. If bleeding is not severe and appearance is not important, apply another coat of
paint after the previous coat (in which bleeding occurred) has dried thoroughly. If this
method fails to provide an acceptable finish,
remove all paint coatings, clean the bare surface thoroughly, and repaint.

tion of paint over damp or wet surfaces. Under the action of the sun's rays, the moisture is
drawn out of the wood, taking the paint coating with it in the form of blisters. The breaking of the blisters may result in the peeling
of the paint coat. Blistering is also caused by
using a paint that is incompatible with that
used in previous coatings.
c. Preventive Measures. To avoid blistering,
make sure too much drier is not used in the
undercoat and that undercoat and topcoat are
approximately the same composition. Avoid
painting over a damp or wet surface. See that
resinous surfaces are shellacked, that there are
no greasy spots on the surface, and that lumber is not green when painted.
d. Corrective Measures. Use a wire brush or
scraper to remove all defective paint. Permit
the surface to dry thoroughly; then repaint.

15. Blistering
a. Characteristics (fig. 5). Blistering is evidenced by blister-like irregularities on the film
of a painted surface, with the paint coat detached and raised from the surface upon which
it is applied.
b. Probable Causes. Blistering is the result
of gases or liquid (usually water) forming
beneath the coating. The most common causes
of blistering on wood surfaces is the applica-

a. Characteristics.A surface on which blushing has occurred is characterized by white discoloration in the coating and sometimes by
separation of ingredients from the coating.
Blushing most commonly occurs in nitrocellulose lacquers.
b. Probable Causes. Blushing may be
caused by condensation of moisture on the film
or by improper composition of the vehicle or
solvent.

4.4~~~P

16. Blushing

5..1

8~~~~~~~~~~~~.r
Figure 5. Blistering of paint.

TM 9-213

c. Preventive Measures. Avoid painting

under conditions which permit water vapor to
condense on the applied film.
d. Corrective Measures. Remove or sand
down film where blushing has occurred. Repaint after insuring surfaces are dry, using
paints prescribed in paragraphs 29 through 73.
17. Chalking
a. Characteristics. Chalking can be detected
by rubbing the painted surface, disclosing
loose powder on the paint film. Rains tend to
wash off this powder from exterior surfaces.
b. Probable Causes. The degree of chalking of a painted surface is affected by the composition of the paint. Chalking and loss of
luster is the result of deterioration of the surface film due to atmospheric conditions, thus
exposing the pigment. Paints low in binder
content or high in inert pigments have a tendency toward early and excessive chalking.
c. Preventive Measures. Use paints prescribed in paragraphs 29 through 73. Apply
paint only under dry conditions.
d. Corrective Measures. A paint which
chalks moderately affords a better repainting
surface than one which does not chalk at all.

However,However,
if
taken place,
place,
has taken
if excessive
excessive chalking
chalking has

remove all loose chalked substance from the

surface with a wire brush, and repaint.
18. Cracking, Flaking, Scaling, and Peeling

a. Characteristics. Breaks which

extend

through the paint film to the bottom surface

are called cracks. Cracking is usually followed
by flaking, scaling, or peeling. Flaking is
the dropping off of small pieces of the paint
coat. Peeling is the curling and dropping off
of relatively large pieces. Scaling is an aggravated form of flaking evidenced by the falling off of larger pieces.
b. Probable Causes. Paints which dry hard
and brittle, and can no longer contract or expand with moisture and temperature changes,
lack elasticity and therefore crack. Low grade
paints are usually inelastic, because they are
deficient in oil and contain too much inert material for extended exposure. Cracking may
also be caused by too many coats being applied

in previous painting. Since flaking and scaling

are usually preceded by cracking, its causes are
the same as for cracking. Peeling may occur
around knots, and where cracks in the paint permit water to get behind the paint film. Peeling and scaling frequently occurs when paint
has been applied to unseasoned lumber. Previous coats may have lost their elasticity and
become "lifeless." This results in scaling because of poor adhesion and the pulling loose
by the stronger new coat of the oil film from
the surface.
Preventive Measures. Correct the construction defects in order to prevent water from
seeping underneath a painted surface. Do not
paint over a wet surface or over a previous
coat which has not thoroughly dried. Do not
paint over green wood.
d. Corrective Measures. Use a wire brush
remove the entire paint coat using scraper or
remove the entire paint coat using scraper or
paint remover. Clean the surface thoroughly
with a duster before repainting. Be sure that
first coat is thoroughly dry before applying a
second coat.
19. Crawling or Creeping
a. Characteristics (fig. 6). "Crawling" or
"creeping" of paint is noted by little drops or
islands which form on the paint film.

b. Probable Causes. Crawling often occurs

when varnish or enamel is applied on an oily
or greasy surface. Painting over a very smooth
surface wil sometimes cause crawling
c. Preventive Measures. Remove all grease
and oil spots from surface before painting. If
necessary to paint a glossy coat over a glossy
surface, remove gloss from the applied coat by
sanding with fine flint paper (sandpaper) or
by washing with a mild solution of sodium carbonate (washing soda).
d. Corrective Measures. Remove the little
islands of paint which have formed on the film
by sanding and wash off any grease or oil
which may be underneath. If a glossy coat has
been applied over another glossy coat, remove
both coats, using paint and varnish remover.
Then apply a prime coat without gloss before
applying a high gloss coat.
9

TM 9-213

a.

Dulling canCharactersts.
be detected
Figure 6. Crawling or creeping of paint.

20. Dulling
a. Ct. De
a.
.

d. Corrective Measures. To prevent the recurrence of mildew, the old coat of paint

.....

should be removed, with paint and varnish re-

by a loss of gloss, which develops in a high-moverw

ad-ri
t o
p
mover, and a new coat of hard-drying paint
gloss varnish, paint, or enamel film after it has
applied. The fungus growth can be partially
dried
out
applied. The fungus growth
can
be partially
o
. Dulling
removed by scrubbing the affected surface with

b. Probable Causes. Dulling may be caused

a water solution of trisodium phosphate if

by the action of gases, inferior quality of product, use of very old stocks, or use of too much
turpentine as a thinner.
c. Preventive Measures. Avoid applying
varnish, paint, or enamel where gas in the air
can affect the coat.
d. Corrective Measures. Remove the dulled
coat or sand it down with fine sandpaper. Then
apply varnish, paint, or enamel of known good
quality.

available, rinsing the surface with clear wate

and allowing it to dry. The use of less oil and
more turpentine is advisable in environments
where mildew is common.
Caution: Extreme care should be observed
in the handling of paints containing mercury
or other fungicides, to prevent poisoning or
irritation of the skin.

Mildewing
21.
a. Characteristics (fig. 7). Mildew, a form
of plant life, is a fungus frequently found on
exposed surfaces in damp, warm climates, particularly on soft paint films.
b. Probable Causes. Paint films become
sticky and windblown spores and decayed and
dried vegetation adhere to the surface. The oil
in the paint 'sometimes becomes infected and
breeding of mildew spores takes place.
c. Preventive Measures. Use a hard-drying
paint which remains clean and unaffected. Apply paint under dry conditions.
10

22. Streaking and Lumping

a. Characteristics. Crumbly streaks
and
lumps on painted wood surfaces are caused by
resin exuding from knots and by pitch in unseasoned lumber exuding into the applied
paint.
b. Probable Causes. This condition
is
caused by painting over unseasoned lumber
and by painting over knots or resinous streaks
which have not been properly treated before
painting.
c. Preventive Measures. Do not paint over
unseasoned lumber. Before painting
over
knots, coat them with shellac varnish or aluminum paint.

TM 9-213

--

RA PD 78492

Figure 7. Mildew on painted surface.

d. Corrective Measures. Apply shellac varnish or aluminum paint to knots and repaint
Do not paint wood until it is properly seasoned.
23. Running or Sagging
a. Characteristics(fig. 8). An effect of ripples or irregularities produced by a film of
paint, varnish, or lacquer on a vertical or sloping surface is known as "runs" or "sags."
b. Probable Causes. Runs and sags are usually produced by the application of a paint,
varnish, or lacquer which has been thinned excessively or by the application of too much material and is usually evidenced on a sloping
or vertical surface. The most frequent causes
are too much material, incomplete brushing,
and the use of an inflexible brush.
c. Preventive Measures. Apply a uniform
coat of paint of correct consistency. When applying the material, do not apply too much and
brush out to a uniform film with a flexible
brush.
d. Corrective Measures. Sand the surface
until runs or sags have been removed and then
coat with material of correct consistency. Do
not apply an excessive amount. Use a flexible
brush and brush out to a uniform film.

24. Slow Drying

a.
a. Characteristics.
Characteristics. Although
Although the
the time
time rerequired for drying is dependent upon the type
of paint, enamel, varnish, or lacquer used, certain faulty conditions may prolong the drying
period. Paints which under normal drying conditions are tacky or sticky for long periods (12
hours or longer) after application are likely to
catch dust and dirt, promote mildew, or to fail
by checking or alligatoring.
b. Probable Causes. Paints to which a small
amount of mineral oil has been added may
never dry thoroughly. Do not pour linseed oil
into a can which has contained lubricating oil
until the can has been thoroughly cleaned.
Cold weather retards drying of paint. Driers
sometimes lose their effectiveness in prepared
paint of dark color, such as dark green and
dark brown. The use of old linseed oil that has
become "fatty" by exposure, or the use of inferior driers and thinners are other factors frequently contributing to slow drying of paint
coats.
c. Preventive Measures. Do not paint when
temperature is below 500 F. It is good policy
to paint a test area and let it dry overnight before adding additional drier to paint to assure
11

TM 9-213

X: I

cor~~~~rec
Incl
eteapywssosaesmtmscue ynied
drin

peiod

Figure 8. Runs and sags in paint.

a correct drying period. In cold weather, apply

a thin uniform film on a dry surface.
d. Corrective Measures. Once paint is applied and fails to dry properly, the condition
should be corrected by removing the paint with
paint and varnish remover or a scraper, and
painting with the right type of paint under correct conditions (c above).
25. Spotting
2.Spotting

a. Characteristics (fig. 9). The appearance

of discolored spots on a painted surface is
known as spotting.
b. Probable Causes. Color changes and loss
of gloss in irregular patches may be caused by
spots in the surface which absorb oil from the
paint unevenly. This may be the result of too
few coats or the lack of controlled penetration
of the paint and may occur on new work which
has been given only two coats or on old work
painted with one coat. In white paints, this is
accompanied by the loss of gloss. Colored
paints usually appear to fade when the oil is
absorbed unevenly. A chill of fresh varnish
may separate its constituents, so that discolored
spots appear on the varnished surface. Like-

12
1'2

wise, spots are sometimes caused by nail heads

which rust, due either to moisture back of the
boards or to improperly driven and covered
nails. Splashes of liquid on a freshly varnished
surface will also cause spotting. Rain and hail
on a freshly painted surface will usually leave
spots.
c. Preventive Measures. Apply sufficient
coats of paint and avoid painting when rain or
storms are imminent. The use of a paint containing zinc oxide is effective in minimizing
spotting on old work.
d. Corrective Measures. Apply an additional coat of paint. Apply paint during dry
weather. In cases of spotting due to rain or
sandstorms, sand off rough spots before painting.
26. Sweating
a. Characteristics. The reappearance of luster on a varnished surface which has been
rubbed to a dull finish is known as "sweating."
b. Probable Causes. Sweating of a varnished
surface is usually caused by inadequate rubbing to attain a dull finish or to the applica-

TM 9-213

,~

.,,~

. .,~ ..

'

'

APD78465

Figure 9. Spotting of paint due to rain.

tion of the finish coat before undercoats have
thoroughly hardened.
c. Preventive Measures. Rub the varnished
surface thoroughly before applying finish coats
if a dull finish is desired. Do not apply finish
coats before undercoats have thoroughly hardened.
d. Corrective Measures. After the surface
is thoroughly hardened, rub down the finish
thoroughly and then apply another finish coat.

27. Wrinkling
a. Characteristics (fig. 10). Wrinkling of a
paint coat is evidenced by the paint film
gathering in small wrinkles.
b. Probable Causes. Wrinkling may be
caused by the application of an excessively
thick coat or by failure to brush out the paint
properly. It also may be caused by too much

drier in the paint. Paints which have been excessively thinned with oil and applied too
thick are subject to wrinkling.
c. Preventive Measures. Do not apply thick
coats. Brush out each coat thoroughly. Do not
use an excessive amount of drier. Do not thin
paint with oil because it changes the ratio of
the original ingredients.
d. Corrective Measures. Sand off wrinkles
with rough sandpaper and paint with properly
thinned paint which does not have an excessive

amount of drier or oil in it. In cases of exces-

sive wrinkling, strip off the old coats and

paint as instructed.

28. Failures in Spray Painting

Paint failures and difficulties which occur
only with spray painting equipment are discussed in paragraph 105.

13

TM 9-213

,/

.t

.'

_
i

_-

j ', ;

, _.-

.-7'-

i{

'

'"'"

g~

."

..

, I*

---

'

-r--

...

,.

',
'f-r
.<,p
,.t

''

"
s

~ _o__L
~

u^ .r

,A PD 78457

=-__

-:

Figure 10. Wrinkling of paint.

._k~
~ ~ ~ ~

14I

14

igr lo. Wrnkin of pa-int.r

i;

TM 9-213

CHAPTER 2
UNDERCOATS, FINISH MATERIALS, AND RELATED PRODUCTS
Section I. GENERAL
29. Applications
This chapter is intended to serve as a general

guide to the selection of suitable materials, ,

procedures, and systems for painting and otherwise finishing metal and wood surfaces. For
color and
numbers, see Federal Standcolors

colors and color numbers, see Federal Standard 595. If the correct finish system (par. 31)

applied when at a subnormal temperature. On

the other hand, high temperatures may cause a

soapy foamy condition or chemical change of
the oils in a paint or varnish and make it unusuable.
c. Arrange for up-ending of containers every

90 days when they are stored on end or for

is used and properly applied, it will keep

rolling them half a turn when they are stored

maintenance to a minimum. Otherwise, moisture or other substances will penetrate the pro-

d. Do not store partially filled containers

without tightly installing lids, covers, caps, or
other sealing means.

tective coating and cause the metal to corrode

or the wood to rot. Usually, the finish coat

alone will not provide sufficient protection.

For example, lusterless olive-drab enamel,
which is somewhat porous, offers relatively
little protection; its main function is camouflage. The required protection is provided
chiefly by primers that for metal contain rust-

inhibiting pigments and

for
have
inhibiting
for wood
wood
pigments
have
and high
high
moisture resistant qualities.

30. Storage of Paint Materials

a. The materials covered in this paragraph
include the primers, fillers, paints, varnishes,
lacquers, and other liquid products that are
required for the application of protective
finishes.
b. Store these materials where they will be
protected from the elements and extreme temperature changes. While freezing temperatures
may cause a separation of some ingredients
which are difficult to mix in again with uniform consistency, the majority of the products
described in this manual are not damaged by
freezing. Low temperatures, however, tend to
increase the viscosity of paints, varnishes, and
like materials. This makes their application
difficult and impairs their adhesion if they are

e. Do not store paints, varnishes, or other

flammable finishing materials near steam

pipes, an open flame, or where there is any
danger
from flying
sparks
such as from welda
ng
.
SMOKING" signs
Post
"NO
ing
equipment.
in
ent
in prominent places in paint warehouses.
f. Each drum should be labeled with complete instructions covering the type of material
contained therein, the reduction ratio, the reducing material recommended, color, gloss,

and application data.

g. Maintain a perpetual inventory of all

materials where the volume is large enough
to warrant the effort. Install a system of dating for each shipment received. Use oldest
stock first, since aging causes certain types of
enamels to lose their gloss and to body-up to
such an extent that they are rendered useless.
Black enamels, especially, have a tendency to
lose their gloss and drying properties upon
aging.

31. Finish System

a. Protective coatings are applied to metal
and wood surfaces to protect these substances
from the destructive action of moisture and
other injurious agents. Coating colors enhance
15

TM 9-213

the appearance of the surfaces to which they

are applied and also serve for camouflage, to
denote service application of equipment, and
for other specified purposes. Coatings must
also resist weathering, abrasion by cleaning or
usage, fumes, oil, the action of fungi and
other causes that tend to impair their protective qualities.
b. Because no single finish material can fulfill all the requirements mentioned above, the
finishes, as applied to both metal and wood, are
usually composed of two or more materials
that have been applied separately, each of
which serves a definite purpose in a combination coating known as "finish system."
c. The information in this manual on finish
systems is in accordance with MIL-STD-171
(ORD) (general), MIL-STD-173 (ORD) (artillery materiel), MIL-STD-709 (ammunition),
MIL-STD-193 (tactical vehicles), and MILSTD-194 (ORD) (fire-control materiel). The
thickness of dry paint films for metal and
wood surfaces, unless otherwise specified, is
given in table I, in accordance with MIL-STD171 (ORD), which lists the systems. For specific finish systems in formation, refer to paragraphs 74 through 88 and tables II and IV
through X.
32. Finish
System Materials
a. Fillers. Fillers are heavy-body materials,
usually in paste form, that are used to fill depressions and holes and to provide a smooth
surface, after subsequent sanding, on rough
castings and other uneven surfaces.
b. Primers. Primers are used on metals to
provide an adherent corrosion-resistant coating
to which the subsequent finish coat will firmly
adhere.
c. Sealers. Sealers are used to fill or seal the
pores of wood and to prevent "bleeding" of
an underlying stain or colored filling medium
into the final finish coat. Certain sealers contain fungicides.
d. or
Topcoat
Finish Coat. This is the final
coat in a finish system. It may be enamel, lacquer, paint, or varnish, depending on the service requirements desired.
e. Thinners.
(1) Alcohol, denatured (0-A-396). This
is a water-white flammable liquid. It
16

is poisonous. This grade of alcohol is

prescribed for thinning shellac varnish. It is a solvent for shellac resin.
(2) Oil, linseed, ra? (TT-O-369). When
used as a thinner in pigmented coating materials, it reduces the pigmentto-oil ratio, resulting in a thinner
coat. Paints thinned with linseed oil
are used for the sealing and priming
coat on bare wood.
(3) Solvent, dry-cleaning (P-S-661). This
thinner is also known as "Stoddard
Solvent." It is a water-white petroleum derivative used interchangeably
with mineral spirits paint thinner as
a thinner for oil paints, varnishes, enamels, and asphalt paints other than
certain synthetic-resin-base finishing
products.
(4) Thinner, enamel, synthetic (TT-T306). This thinner is a mixture of
volatile coal-tar and petroleum derivatives. It is used to thin synthetic-resin-base varnishes and enamels. Do
not use to thin lacquer.
(5) Thinner, lacquer, cellulose nitrate,
dope and lacquer, blush retarding
(TT-T-266). This thinner evaporates
much less rapidly than the lacquer
thinner (MS-35626). These thinners
are intended for use during periods
of high humidity, to prevent the condensation of moisture on the surface
of the lacquer film. Such moisture
seriously impairs the lacquer coating.
(6) Thinner, paint, mineral spirits (TTT-291). This is a water-white petroleum derivative similar to and used
vent. It is used as a thinner for as-

phalt paints and oleoresinous enamels,

paints, and varnishes, except synthet-

ic-resin-base enamels and varnishes.

It will curdle or decompose these latter materials. Do not use to thin lac(7) Turpentine, gum spirits (TT-T-801).
This is a clear, volatile liquid obtained by distillation of the gum

TM 9-213

(oleoresin) of living pine trees. It

is a good solvent for many resins and
is the preferred thinner for oil paints

and varnishes with a linseed oil vehicle. Its evaporation rate is relatively
slow. Do not use to thin lacquer.

Section II. FILLERS

33. General
Fillers, like primers and sealers, are undercoats used to prepare metal or wood surfaces
for subsequent and final coats of enamel, lacquer, paint, or varnish. They are heavy-bodied
pigment materials and, excepting the graduation fillers, are applied with a putty knife,
spatula, or other suitable tool. They are always used in conjunction with finish coats.

34. Sealing Compound, Curing (MIL-S(1S

FSN 8030-275-8 1A0)
(SM 51031)
5-1-8000A)
a. Characteristics. This sealing compound is

a two-part material consisting of a black poly-

inert, thermoplastic, and noncuring. It is not

affected by oil or temperatures between minus
0 F.
65 F to180
b. Use. It is used for -static sealing of glassto-metal in optical instruments, also to cover
visible headless screws, except adjusting
screws, in fire-control instruments.
36. Filler, Graduation or Engraving

(MIL-P-1201 1)

a. Characteristics. This is a paste-paint-type

filler that adheres firmly to the surface to
which it is applied. It is issued in black, deep
red, white, and translucent white. It provides

maximum legibility on graduated scales.

sulfide-base compound and a catalyst, to be

mixed according to manufacturer's instructions.
This compound and the catalyst are contained
in a two-compartment container. After curing,
it forms a rubber-like material and provides
satisfactory adhesion.
b. Use. The compound is used for sealing
and plugging exposed holes where required in
fire-control instruments, such as holes for setscrews, adjusting screws, and plugs that are accessible from the outside of the instrument.
c. Curing.
(1) Temperature. Cure at room temperature, approximately 800 F.
(2) Time required. 72 to 96 hours.
Warning: The catalyst used contains lead compound. Avoid excessive
contact with skin. Wash hands before
curing.

c. Application. Fill the indentations with

the paste by brushing; then wipe across the indentations with a cloth or small knife blade.
This action will press the paste into the indentations and remove most of the excess paste.
Wash the remainder from the surface before it
sets with castile soap and water; rinse with
clean water and allow to dry.
d. Drying Time.
(1) Dry-to-handle. Air-dry for 12 hours.

35. Sealing Compound, Noncuring (MILS-11030 Type I, Class 1) (FSN 8030577-4815) (SM 5-1-8000A)
a. Characteristics. This is a homogeneous
stable noncorrosive, nontoxic compound. It is

(2) Dry hard. Air-dry for 24 hours.

(3) Recoating. A finish coat may be applied over the graduated element after the filler has air-dried for 2
hours.

b. Use.
(1) For filling in the graduation scales of
fire-control instruments.
(2) For small-arms sight graduations
where specifically prescribed.
been removed by cleaning operations.

Section Ill. SEALERS

37. General
Sealers are usually unpigmented. They are
used in most applications to seal the pores of
wood and serve as an undercoat, over which
one or more finish coats are applied. Sealers

are also used to prevent the bleeding of underlying substances, such as stains or the resin
from knots, into the finish coat. In some applications where the decorative feature of the finish is of less importance than its sealing and
17

TM 9-213

protective qualities, a sealer is used for both

prime and final finish. Some types contain
fungicides.

d. Drying Time.
(1) Dry-to-handle. Air-dry for 2 hours.
(2) Full hardness. Air-dry for 24 hours.
(3) Recoating. Recoat after 2 hours air-

38. Oil, Linseed, Raw (TT-0-369)

drying.

Characteristics.
This is a yellowish transe. Thinners. If thinning is required, use
~~a.~~~~~~~ CrtssTisyl
sdry-cleaning
solvent or mineral spirits paint
parent vegetable oil extracted from flax seeds.
g s
thinner,
or gum
When exposed to the atmosphere, this oil dries
Warning
hisspirits
stain turpentine.
contins a toxic ingreWarning: This stain contains a toxic ingreoroxidation
cures by to form a tough and
dient that is a skin irritant. Contact with the
flexible film: It is the most widely used oil

for .angeneral
purposes.bare
for general painting
purposes.
b. Use.

hands should be avoided.

40. Varnish, Shellac, Bleached, Type I,

(1) As a sealer on bare wood as in finish

systems 29.2, 29.3, and 29.4.
(2) As a vehicle for paints, a thinner for
paints, and in the formulation of oleoresinous varnishes and enamels.
c. Application. Apply by dipping or brushing. By dipping allow the wood, which must
be completely dry, to soak in the oil for 24
hours, remove from the oil, wipe the excess
with a squeegee or cloth, and allow to dry.
d. Drying Time. Air-dry (cure) for about
16 hours. A second coat may then be applied.
Caution: Wiping cloths, soaked with linseed
oil, must either be destroyed or spread open
and dried in well-ventilated area to prevent
possible spontaneous combustion.
39. Stain, Wood, Olive-Drab (MIL-S13913 (ORD))
a. Characteristics. This is a penetrating,
wipe-off type stain containing a fungicide.
b. Use. The stain partly penetrates clean dry
wood and is used on wooden items where camouflage and protection against fungi is desired. It is also used in finish system 29.1
(MIL-STD-171 (ORD)).
c. Application. Apply the stain as issued by
brushing, dipping, spraying, or wiping.

Medium Body, and Orange, Type II,

Medium Body (TT-V-91)
a. Characteristics. Shellac varnish is a solution or "cut" of a resin made from the secretion of certain insects. It dries to a transparent
film that is soluble in shellac thinner. It is
not durable under exterior exposure conditions.
b. Use.
(1) As filling or sealing coat on wood as
in finish systems 28.5 and 29.5 of
MIL-STD-171 (ORD).
(2) As an intermediate coat to prevent the
bleeding of oil-soluble colors as in
finish system 29.1.

(3) As
intermediate
coat over
oiltypeansealer
as in systems
29.2an29.3,

type sealer as in systems 29.2 29.3,

and 29.4.
(4) As a topcoat in finish system 28.5.
c. Application. Shellac varnishes are usually applied as issued by brushing. They can be
sprayed when thinned as required.
d. Drying Time.
(1) Set-to-touch. Air-dry for 15 minutes.
(2) Dry-to-handle. Air-dry for 1 hour.
(3) Full hardness. Air-dry for 24 hours.
(4) Recoating. Recoat after 2 to 3 hours
air-drying.
e. Thinner. If thinning is required, use
denatured alcohol, grade III.

Section IV. PRIMERS

41. General
Primers are applied to metal to provide an
adherent coating to which a subsequently applied coating will firmly adhere. The pigment
composition of primers, for ferrous-base metals
18

usually consists of iron oxide, titanium oxide,

lead chromate, red lead, zinc chromate, zinc
dust or zinc oxide, or a mixture of these.
Zinc chromate is the principal pigment in
primers used on aluminum, magnesium, and

TM 9-213

their alloys and on items for very wet and very

damp operating conditions.

42. Enamel, Rust-Inhibiting, Olive-Drab

(TT-E--485)
a. Characteristics. This is a combination airdrying and baking enamel that provides a
smooth, semigloss, olive-drab (color No.
24087) film, possessing excellent corrosion-inhibiting properties.
b. Use.
(1) As a one-coat painting system over
phosphate-treated or solvent cleaned
steel surfaces, such as sheel metal
surfaces, metal containers for ammunition, gasoline drums, etc., as in
finish system 21.1.
(2) For a two-coat system, as the primers
and top coat alkyd finish for general
use, as in systems 21.5 and 27.3.
(3) As a baked primer in a two-coat semigloss baked finish on steel and wood
as in systems 21.7 and 27.3.
(4) As an undercoat for all metals except
aluminum and magnesium as in systems 23.1 and 23.2.
c. Application.
(1) Brushing. Apply as issued or thin
with not more than 5 percent by volume of thinner.
(2) Spraying. Apply after thinning with
not more than 15 percent by volume of
thinner.
(3) Roller coating. Thin to consistency
recommended by manufacturer.
d. Thickness of Coating. This depends on
the purpose of the application. When used as
a priming coat, a thin (04-0.6 mils thickness),
uniformly applied coat is effective. When
used as an intermediate or topcoat, a fairly
heavy coating should be applied (0.9-1.1 mils).
e. Drying Time.
Air-dry

(1) Dry-to-handle:
(a) Types I,
16 hours
II, III
(b) Types IV __ 8 hours

Bake

45 minutes
at 2500
F.
or 30
minutes
at 300
F.

Air-dry

(2) Full hardness

72 hours

Bake

Bake as
above

plus 24
hours air
dry.
(3) Recoating -_--After air-dry 6 hours
or bake as in (1)
above.
f. Thinners. If thinning is required, use
dry-cleaning solvent, mineral spirits paint
thinner, or synthetic enamel thinner.
Warning: This enamel contains toxic pigments. Care should be exercised to avoid breathing the mist from the enamel when spraying.
Spray dust from this enamel is subject to spontaneous combustion if allowed to accumulate
on surfaces of enclosures or booths. Spray dust
accumulations must be removed by scraping at
frequent intervals.
43. Primer-Surfacer, Synthetic (TT-P-659)
a. Characteristics. This is a tinted or white
primer that provides a smooth hard film, free
from pebbling, and other surface imperfections.
It has no rust-inhibiting properties and must
not be used as a substitute for corrosion-resisting primer. This is an alkyd-resin-base product
that serves both as a primer and as a surfacer.
It is an undercoat in a finish system, over which
synthetic enamel, gloss or other finish is applied as a top coat. As a first coat surfacer
and filler on wood surfaces, it can be lightly
sanded to provide a smoother finish over which
the ton coat is applied.
b. Use.
(1) As a primer on metal for two-coat
lusterless alkyd finish for interior use
(light colors) as in system 20.7.
(2) As a primer on metal for two-coat
semigloss alykd finish for light colors
not exposed to the weather as in systemrn 21.2 -and two-coat full gloss
alkyd finish not exposed to the
weather, as in system 22.1.
(3) As a first coat surfacer and filler on
wood surfaces and as a primer on
metal and wood surfaces not exposed
to the weather, as in systems 21.2,
28.2, and 22.1.
19

TM 9-213
(4) As a surfacing coat over old enamel
in good condition.
c. Application.
(1) Brushing. Apply as issued. (Dilute
with not more than 5 percent of
thinner.)
(2) Spraying. Apply after thinning in accordance with manufacturer's instructions.
(3) Dipping. Apply after thinning in accordance with manufacturer's instructions.
d. Drying Time.
(1) Set-to-touch. Air-dry 10 minutes to
2 hours.
(2) Dry through. Air-dry 18 hours or
bake 45 minutes at 250 F. or equivalent.
(3) Recoat. After air-dry 18 hours or
bake 45 minutes at 2500 F. or equivalent.
e. Thickness of Coating. 0.9 to 1.1 mils.
f Thinners. Thin primer as required with
dry-cleaning solvent or mineral spirits paint

c. Application.
(1) Brushing. Apply as issued or by
thinning with not more than 5 percent by volume of thinner. Apply
one coat of primer for a two-coat finish and two coats for a three-coat
finish.
(2) Spraying. For spraying, thin with 15
percent by volume of dry-cleaning solvent, mineral spirits paint thinner, or
turpentine.
d. Drying Time.
(1) Set-to-touch. Air-dry 20 minutes-2
hours,
(2) Dry through. Air-dry 18 hours or
bake 45 minutes at 250 F. or equivalent.
(3) Full hardness. Air-dry 18 hours or
bake 45 minutes at 2500 F. or equivalent. Then air-dry 24 hours.
(4) Recoat. After air-drying 10 hours.
e. Thinner. Thin primer as required with
dry-cleaning solvent, mineral spirits paint
thinner, or turpentine.

thinner (TT-T-291).

Note 1. Use olive-drab rust-inhibiting enamel (TTE-485) when stocks of (TT-P-636) are exhausted.
Note 2. Zinc yellow primer coating (TT-P-666)
may be substituted for the corrosion-resisting primer
only when protection against salt-water corrosion is

Note. This primer when dry may be wet- or drysanded if necessary.

44. Primer Coating, Synthetic, Wood, and

Ferrous Metal (TT-P-636)
a. Characteristics. This is a red or brown
iron oxide alkyd-resin-base primer that has
good adhesion, durability, and flexibility and
covers in one coat. It has good resistance to
weathering, although its intended use is as an
undercoat.
b. Use.
(1) As a priming coat on bare or phosphate-treated ferrous metal parts of
motor vehicles, guns, gun mounts,
tanks, and metal shipping containers,
and other Ordnance materiel as in system 20.8, 21.3, 22.2, and 23.3.
(2) As a sealing undercoat on the wooden
parts of motor vehicles as in systems
26.1 and 27.3.
Note. This primer should not be used on
the inside of steel drinking water tanks,
for amphibious vehicles, on steel exposed to

strong acid fumes, to air containing excessive amounts of sulfuric acid or sulfur
dioxide fumes, or on steel structures designed to stand many years of exposure
to weather.

20

desired.

45. Primer, Coating, Synthetic,

Rust-Inhibiting, Lacquer-Resisting
(TT-P-664)
a. Characteristics. This is a fast-drying
primer that provides a hard smooth satin finish
on iron or steel and requires no sanding.
b. Use.
(1) As the first coat on bare iron or steel,
with an enamel as topcoat as in systems 20.5 and 20.9.
(2) As an intermediate coat over a synthetic enamel when nitrocellulose lacquer is applied ,as a topcoat.
c. Application. Apply primer by dipping,
brushing, or spraying when thinned as recommended by the manufacturer.

d. Drying Time.
(1)

Set-to-touch. 3 to 6 minutes.

(2) Dry hard. 15 minutes.

Dry-after-tack-free. 20 minutes.
(4) Dry through. 25 minutes.
e. Thinner. Use thinner specified by the
manufacturer.

TM 9-213

46. Primer, Lacquer, Rust-Inhibiting

c. Application.

(MIL-P-11414)
a. Characteristics. This is a quick-drying,
rust-inhibiting cellulose nitrate primer. It is
of one type and one grade, pigmented. The
color is characteristic of red or brown iron oxide pigments.
b. Use.
(1) As a base for lusterless lacquer finishes for automotive and general use,
systems 20.4 and 20.10.
(2) As a base for semigloss lacquer finishes for automotive materials, systems 21.11, 21.12, and 21.13.
(3) As a base for full gloss lacquer finishes for automotive use, systems 22.3
and 22.4.
c. Application. Apply primer by dipping or
spraying when thinned with one part by volume of lacquer thinner.
d. Drying Time.
(1) Set-to-touch. 1-1/2 to 3 minutes.
(2) Dry through. 6 minutes.

(3) Full hardness. 48 hours.

e. Thinner. Thin lacquer with
thinner as specified (TT-T-266).

(1) Brushing. If not in brushing consistency in package, thin with xylene

to the following viscosity: 23-40 seconds on a No. 4 Zahn, or 75-150 seconds on a No. 4 Ford cup.
(2) Spraying. Apply after thinning with
1 volume of thinner with 2 volumes of
primers, or the following viscosity:
43-75 seconds in a No. 1 Zahn
Cup.
15-25 seconds in a No. 4 Ford
Cup.
d. Drying Time.

Air-dry

Bake

15 minutes
(1) Dry-tohandle
(2) Dry through__30 minutes
24 minutes 45 minutes
(3) Full hardat 2500 F.
ness
(4) Recoating ____30 minutes
e. Thinner. This primer with xylene (TTX-916), toluene (TT-T-548), or synthetic

enamel thinner (TT-T06).

lacquer

47. Primer Coating, Zinc Yellow, for

Aluminum and Magnesium Surfaces
(TT-P-666)

a. Characteristics. This primer has corro-

Cs c
sion-inhibiting properties and is prescribed for

48. Surfacer, Sanding, Lacquer Type

(MIL-1 0181)
a. Characteristics. This is a blue-gray surfacer (color No. 37038) that has a semigloss
finish when either wet- or dry-sanded.
b. Use. This surfacer is used as a surfacing

use. on.
matsevere
l
use on materiel and equipment
where
on.
materil
use.
corrosive conditions exist such as exposure to

coat over a primed automotive steel prior to

the application of a gloss lacquer finish coat
to obliate slight scratches and dents.

salt water or spray. A slight silking of the

dried film is permissible.
b. Use.
(1) On iron and steel exposed to acid, and
salt water spray, as in system 22.7.
(2) On aluminum or magnesium, as in
system 21.18.
(3) As a substitute in systems 20.5, 20.7,
20.9, 21.5, 21.7, 21.8, and 21.9 for
the priming of aluminum or magnesium alloys.
(4) On all contact surfaces with other
metals or wood.

c. Application. Surfacer is applied preferably by spraying. Surfacer is thinned with approximately three parts of lacquer thinner to
two parts of surfacer. An 0.9- to 1.1-mil
(0.0009 - 0.0011 in.) coating is sprayed on the
primed metal surface, allowed to air-dry for 1
hour, and then wet- or dry-sanded to a smooth
and uniform finish 0.6 mils (0.0006 in.).
d. Drying Time. (Dry- or wet-sand). 4
hours
e. Thinner. Thin surfacer with lacquer
thinner (MS-35626).

21

TM 9-213

Section V. ENAMELS
49. General

b. Use. A heavy olive-drab coating is apEnamels

are
materials
pigmented
finishing
plied
on surfaces that might become wet, to
Enamels are pigmented finishing materials
provide a more secure footing. For painting
that, in general, dry to a hard gloss, semigloss,
tank turret floors, a heavy coating of white
or lusterless finish. The nonvolatile vehicles in
enamels may be oils, natural or synthetic resins, soluble cottons, or their combinations.
c. Application.
(1) Brushing. Apply as issued or by
50. Enamel, Lusterless, Quick-Drying
thinning with not more than 5 per(for Ammunition) (MIL-E-10687)
cent by volume of thinner.
a. Characteristics. This is a quick-drying,
(2) Spraying. Apply after thinning with
synthetic resin-base enamel. It comes in several
15 percent by volume of thinner.
colors.
(3) Troweling. Apply as issued.
b. Use.
This
b. Use.
This enamel
enamel is
is used
used as
as aa finish
finish coat
coat
(4) Thickness of coating. The thickness
on projectiles, bombs, grenades, and pertinent
of the coating should be 1/32 to 1/16
ammunition components and for finish system
20.1 of MIL-STD-171 (ORD).
inch to insure retention of maximum
20.1
of MIcaSTD-171 (ORD).
durability and nonskid properties.

c. Application.

(1) Brushing. Apply as issued.

(2) Spraying. Thin with two parts of the
specified thinner to five parts by volume of the issued enamel.
(3) Dipping. Thin with one part of the
specified thinner to three parts by
volume of the issued enamel.
d. Thickness of Coating. Apply coating at
0.8 to 1.1 mils thickness.
e. Drying Time.
(1) Set-to-touch. 3 to 6 minutes.
(2) Dry hard. 10 minutes.
(3) After tack-free. 15 minutes.

d. Drying Time.
(1) Tack-free. 4 hours.
(2) Full hardness. 24 hours.
e. Thinner. When thinning is required, use
synthetic enamel thinner.
52. Enamel, Synthetic, Gloss (TT-E-489)
a. Characteristics. This is a high-gloss airdrying alkyd-resin-base enamel with excellent
weather-resistant properties. It is flexible and
has satisfactory gloss and color retention.
b. Use.

(4) Dry through. 20 minutes.

(4) Dry through. 20 minutes.

(1) It is used on exterior and interior
(5) Full72hardness.
hours.
metal surfaces, particularly on smooth
f. Thinner. When thinner is required, use
exterior metal. Its main use is for rearomatic petroleum naphtha or a blend of 60finishing automobiles. For this latter
finishing automobiles. For this latter
percent aliphatic naphtha land 40 percent by
volume xylene. (Where the naphtha or naphpurpose, it should be noted that, when
alkyd enamels of this type are applied
tha-xylene blend i's not available, dry-cleaning
to steel surfaces, the bare or phossolvent or mineral spirits paint thinner may be
phatized steel should
first be given
used, requiring a longer drying period.)
sh
Caution: Do not use this enamel where rea priming coat, such as an oxide, zincsistance to gasoline is a prime requisite, such
chromate alkyd, or primer surfacer.
as on automotiveequipmeThe white is the appropriate paint for
as on automotive equipment.
interiors of combat vehicles.
51. Enamel, Nonskid, Lusterless
(2) It is also suitable for machinery.

(MIL-F-18176)
a. Characteristics. This enamel provides a
very coarse, gritty coating, similar to coarse
sandpaper. It is applied over a previously
painted or primed surface.
22

c. Application.
(1) Brushing. Apply as issued.
(2) Spraying. Thin in accordance with
the manufacturer's instructions.

TM 9-213
d. Drying Time.

c. Application.
Air-dry

(1) Dust free ____ 2 hours

(2) Dry hard -___ 8 hours

(3) Full hard ....

__48 hours

(4) Recoat _-----

24 hours

Bake

45 minutes
at 250
F. or
equivalent.
24 hours
air-dry
after
bake.
45 minutes
at 2500
F. or
equivalent.

e. Thinner. Thin enamel with synthetic enamel thinner, dry-cleaning solvent, or mineral

spirits paint thinner.

Note. This enamel is not intended for painting8
houses or exterior walls.

53. Enamel, Synthetic, Lusterless

(TT-E-527)
a. Characteristics. This is a combination airdrying and baking enamel with a oil-modified
alkyd-resin base. It has satisfactory weather
characteristics 'insofar as chalking, fading, and
color changes are concerned but, because of
film porosity, the enamel is applied in a finish
system requiring the use of a primer containing a zinc-chromate pigment. It will also, without a primer, adhere firmly to stainless steel
and other high-alloy steel, and will withstand
high temperatures without blistering or flaking from the metal surface to which applied.
b. Use.
(1) This enamel is applicable, when applied as in a above, over a primer
where extreme weathering conditions
are encountered.
(2) In camouflage.
(3) For two-coat lusterless alkyd finish
for interior use, light colors, and for
general use, and for interior surfaces
of optical instruments as in systems
20.7 and 20.8.
(4) To enamel (with black enamel) the
gas cylinder of cal. .30 rifles, M1
and M1C.

(1) Brushing. Thin with not more than

parts by volume of

thnner to 95

parts by volume of enamel.

(2) Spraying. Thin with not more than

15 parts by volume of thinner to 85
parts by volume of enamel.
d. Thickness of coating. The thickness of
the wet coating applied to obtain required hiding depends on the color of the enamel.
For instance, black, gray, red, and olive-drab
have satisfactory hiding-power and a relatively
thin film will suffice. Orange and yellow require a film at least twice as heavy. White
enamel requires a heavy film to obtain complete hiding.

e. Drying Time.y
(1) Set-to-touch __ 2 hours
(2) Dry hard .... 8 hours
hours

Bake

45
45 minutes
minutes

F. or
equivalent.
(3) Full hard .... 72 hours
24 hours
air-dry
after
bake.
(4) Recoat _-----.
after dry
hard
Thinner. Thin enamel with synthetic
Warning: The dry spray dust of lusterless
enamels is an extreme fire hazard. Remove
dust daily. The danger can be materially reduced by the use of water-wash spray booths
whenever possible.
54. Enamel, Synthetic, Semigloss
(TT-E-529)
a. Characteristics. This is an alkyd-resinbase enamel. It is issued in two types: class A,
air drying, and class B, baking. Both have
satisfactory weathering qualities.
(1) For exterior application where extreme weathering conditions exist.
(2) In camouflange.
23

TM 9-213
c. Application.
(1) Brushing. Apply as issued or by
thinning with not more than 5 parts
by volume of thinner (TT-T-306) to
95 parts by volume of enamel.
(2) Spraying. Thin with not more than
15 parts by volume of thinner (TTT-306) to 85 parts by volume of class
A enamel or 15 parts by volume of
xylene (TT-X-916) to 85 parts by
volume of class B enamel.
d. Thickness of Coating. A light coat of
olive-drab. or black enamel will provide sufficient hiding. A considerably heavier coat is required when yellow or white enamel is applied.
e. Drying Time.

(1) Dry-to-handle. Air-dry class A for 8

hours.

f. Thinner. Thin enamel with synthetic enamel thinner (TT-T-306), or xylene (TT-X916) as required.
55. Enamel, Baking, Phenol- or
Urea-Formaldehyde (JAN-E-480)
a. Characteristics. This specification covers
the following types of semigloss baking
enamel.
(1) Type I-Phenol-formaldehyde resin
base.
resin
(2) Type II-Urea-formaldehyde
base.
b. Use. For steel surfaces in oil housings.
c. Application. By spraying.
d. Thickness of Coating. Apply coating at
0.9- to 1.1-mil thickness.

e. Drying Time.
(1) Dry hard

Bake

._

at 3750

Bake class B at 2500 F., for

45 minutes.
(2) Full hardness. Air-dry class A for 72
hours. Air-dry class B for 24 hours
after baking at 2500 F., for 45
minutes.

.45 minutes
.---------.

(2) Full hard ____---------.

F.
24 hours
air-dry
after,
bake.

Section VI. LACQUERS

56. General
Lacquers are finish materials that dry by
evaporation of the volatile portion only and
deposit a strong horn-like film that is, generally, thinner than the film provided by oleoresinous products. The lacquers described in this

(3) Where finish 29.3 is prescribed.

c. Drying Time.
'(1) Tack-free. Air-dry for 10 minutes.
(2) Full hardness. After 24 hours of
air-drying, it can be rubbed to a high
gloss.

section are of this type.

57. Lacquer, Spraying, General Use
(TT-L-58)
a. Characteristics. This lacquer is a quickdrying, cellulose-base material. It is issued in
two types: type I, clear, and type II, pigmented. After 24 hours of air-drying, the film
is sufficiently hard to permit rubbing to a
high gloss.
b. Use.
(1) On interior or exterior surfaces over
sealed wood surfaces, where a gloss
finish is prescribed as in finish 28.4.
(2) Where quick drying is required and
when specifically prescribed.

(3) Recoating. Air-dry for 1 hour.

d. Thinner. Thin lacquer when required
with clear lacquer thinner (TT-T-266)

24

58. Lacquer, Lusterless, Hot Spray

(MIL-L-11195)
a. Characteristics. This lacquer is a onetype and one-grade cellulose nitrate material
which can be applied at either elevated or
room temperature. Color is as specified.
(1) As a one-coat lusterless finish for projectiles, grenades, etc., as in system
20.2.

TM 9-213

(2) As a two-coat lusterless lacquer

ish for automotive and general
as in system 20.4.
(3) As a three-coat lusterless lacquer
ish for automotive and general
as in system 20.10.
c. Applncatgon.

finuse,

d. Thinner. Use lacquer thinner conforming to TT-T-266.

finuse,

60. Lacquer, Semigloss, Cellulose-Nitrate

(MIL-L-52043(ORD))
a. Characteristics. This lacquer may be applied at either elevated or room temperature.
It is a cellulose nitrate semigloss lacquer. It
is pigmented to match the following colors and
color numbers: olive-drab, 24087; light green,
24533; slate gray, 26132; accent gray, 26251;
'sand gray, 26306; and white, 27875. Refer to
Federal Standard 595.

0.2 parts of thinner,

(2) Hot spray. As issued.
(3) Cold spray. When thinned with one
part
by volume of thinner to two
parts by volume of packaged material.
d. Drying Time.

b. Use.

(1) Set-to-touch. 4 to 8 minutes.

to

(1) As a two-coat semigloss lacquer finish for automotive materials, system

21.11.
(2) As a three-coat semigloss lacquer finish for automotive materials, systems

(MIL-L-12277(ORD))
a. Characteristics. This lacquer is a one-type
and one-grade high gloss, cellulose nitrate
material which can be applied at either elevated or room temperature. Color is olive-drab
and shall match color No. 14087 of Federal
Standard 595.
b. Use. As a multiple coat full gloss lacquer
finish for automotive use in systems 22.3 and

(3) As a three-coat semigloss lacquer finish for

magnesium, as
as
ish
for aluminum
aluminum and
and magnesium,
in system 21.18.
c. Application.
(1) Hot spray. As issued.
(2) Cold spray. When thinned with three
parts by volume of thinner to five
parts by volume of lacquer.
d. Drying Time.

(2) Dry through. 10 minutes.

(3) Full hardness. 48 hours.
(3) Full hardness. 48 hours.
e. Thinners. Use thinner conforming
TT-T-266.

59. Lacquer, Automotive, Hot Spray

21.12 and 21.13.

*22.4.
*(1)
c. Application.
(1) Hot spray. As issued.
(2) Cold spray.. When thinned, one part
thinner to two parts of packaged material.

Set-to-touch. 4-8 minutes.

(2) Dry through. 10 minutes.
(3) Full hardness. 48 hours.
e. Thinner. Use lacquer thinner conforming to TT-T-266.

Section VII. PAINTS

61. General

mixtures or dser
Paints are mechanical

sions of pigments in a nonvolatile liquid (vehicle) (par. 9). A volatile solvent or thinner
is used to reduce the paint to the proper consistency for application. The pigmented liquid,
after application to the surface by brushing,
spraying, or dipping, dries to form a solid and
opaque coating. An oil paint contains a drying
oil or oil varnish as the basic ingredient. A
paste paint is one that permits a substantial
addition of the vehicle and/or thinner to ob-

tain the consistency for application. As asphalt

paint contains asphaltum or a similar substance

as the principal nonvolatile ingredient; this

also provides the coloration, black or brovn.
62. Paint, Acid-Proof, Black (MIL-C-450,
Tye 11)
a. Characteristics. This paint consists of a
natural or petroleum asphalt (bitumen) or a
combination of both, cut back with dry-cleaning solvent or mineral spirits paint thinner to
the required nonvolatile content. It contains

25

TM 9-213
no drying oils, resins, or pigments. This paint
is
is highly resistant to acids.
b. Use. It is used on metal or wood battery
boxes and supports and in the assembly of certain ammunition items as in system 24.2.
c. Application.
i1) Brushing. Apply as issued.
(2) Spraying. Apply as issued or thin as
required.
d. Drying Time.
(1) Dust-free. Air-dry for 10 minutes.
(2) Tack-free. Air-dry for 30 minutes.
(3) Recoating. Recoat after air-drying for

e. Thinner. Xylene (TT-X-916).

64. Coating, Underbody (for Motor
Coting, nderbody (for Motor
a. Characteristics. The compound is a mixture of asphalts, fillers, solvents, and additives
processed to meet the requirements stated
herein.
b. Use.
(1) As a protective underbody coating
for automotive equipment.
(2) As a sound deadener.
c. Application. Spraying at a temperature of
650 F 50 F. with a tank pressure of 80

4 hours.

e. Thinner. Use dry-cleaning solvent

mineral spirits paint thinner.

or

63. Primer, Weld Through (MIL-P-13380

pounds per square inch (psi). and with no

more than 80 psi on the gun nozzle.
d. Drying Time (1/16-inch dry film).

(1) Set-to-touch. 4 hours.

a. Characteristics. The pigment is aluminum

(2) Full hardness. 24 hours.

Note. The coating shall be free from pinNote. The coating shall be free from pin-

paste conforming to TT-A-468, type II, class

B. It is furnished in a separate compartment
from the vehicle to be mixed with it in the
ratio of 2 pounds to the gallon of vehicle. The
vehicle shall be a para-phenyl phenol-formaldehyde resin alkali-refined linseed oil varnish
of 12-1/2-gallon oil length thinned with xylene.
b. Use. This primer is intended for application to ferrous metal surfaces that are not
readily accessible for painting after spot welding such as interior surfaces on trailer assemblies.

65. Paint, Heat-Resisting (Silicone,

Aluminum) (MIL-P-14276)
a. Characteristics. This is a product of one
type and one grade of aluminum heat-resistant paint, which will withstand heat, solvents,
and normal weather exposure. It is an air drying, or, air drying and baking, product with
an aluminum pigment, powder or paste, and a
vehicle.
b. Use.
(1) For painting equipment, where operating temperatures preclude the use

(ORD))

Note. Care must be exercised in the application of

this primer to avoid the use of coats heavier than
0.6 mils. Thick films act as an insulator and may
prevent welding.

c. Application.
(1) Spraying. With three parts of the
mixed primer reduced by two parts of
thinner by volume.
(2) Dipping. With four parts of the
mixed primer reduced by 1-1/2 parts
of thinner by volume.

d. Drying Time.

Air-dry

Bake

(1) Set to
6 minutes
touch
(2) Tack dry ----. 75 minutes
(3) Full hard72 hours
30 minutes
ness

26

of conventional paints.
(2) For application to engraved, stamped,

or stenciled lettering or numerals on

components exposed to temperatures
up to 1,0000 F.
c. Application.
(1) Spray as issued.
(2) Brush only as required.
d. Film Thickness. 0.8 to 1 mils.

e. Dryng-tme.ake

Air-dry

Hake

(1) Dust-free -_. 15 minutes

(2) Dry through _60 minutes
(3) Full hardness
_.-.
.__.minutes
..60
at 400

at 275

F 5

F.

F.

TM 9-213
66. Red Fuming Nitric Acid-Resistant
Coating (MIL-P-22636+MIL-P-14458)
a. Characteristics. The coating consists of a
primer conforming to MIL-P-22636 and a
paint conforming to MIL-P-14458.
b. Use. For the use of red fuming nitric
acid-resistant coating, refer to the technical
manuals on materiel, equipped for storing or
transporting this acid.
67. Paint, Stencil, Flat (TT-P-98)

68. Paint, Stencil: Black (MIL-P-15149)

a. Characteristics. Black, nonvolatile contents 65 percent by weight.
b. Use. For stenciling drums, crates, etc.
c. Application. By means of brush and stencil board or mask to surfaces of varying textures and absorptive properties.
d. Drying Time.
(1) Set-to-touch.

(2) Dry hard.

a. Characteristics. Stencil paint shall be of

e. References:

Federal Catalog C5-1-SL,

Department of the Army SM 5-1-C5-1-SL,

one grade and two types.
vol. 2; and List of Items -and Marking for Ship(1) Paint consistency (black, white, gray,
ment and Storage (MIL-STD-129).
primary, and secondary colors).
(2) Paste form (black, white, red,
(2)
Paste form (black, white, red,
69. Paint, Water, Paste, Camouflage
yellow).
b. Use. For marking bales, crates, fiber-P-13340)
a. Characteristics. This is a water paint in
bound boxes, ammunition, etc.
c. Application. By means of brush and paste form to be diluted to proper consistency.
It comes in different colors, black, brown,
stencil board or mask to surfaces for varying
green, white, and yellow.
textures and absorptive properties.
b. Use.

d. Drying Time.

(1) Set-to-touch. 10 minutes.

(2) Dry hard. 1 hour.
e. References: Federal Catalog C5-1-SL,
Department of the Army SM 5-1-C5-1-SL,
vol. 2; and List of Items and Marking for
Shipment and Storage (MIL-STD-129).

(1) Diluted in the ratio of one to one, it

is suitable for application to wood
and metal surfaces.
(2) Diluted in the ratio of one part paste
to three parts water, by volume, it
is suitable for application to fabrics.

Section VIII. VARNISHES

70. General
Varnishes are nonpigmented liquids that,
when applied as a thin film, dry on exposure
to the air and provide a protective coating.
Most varnishes are clear or translucent but certain asphaltic-base materials, which are used
for protection against moisture or acids and for
technical purposes such as electrical insulation,
are called "varnishes" although they are black.
Colored varnishes contain dyes or similar
transparent or semitransparent substances.
71. Varnish, Asphalt (TT-V-51)
a. Characteristics. This varnish is composed
of natural asphalts, such as gilsonite, which are
run (fused by heat), blended with drying
oils, and thinned with solvent, together with
the necessary amount of driers. It dries to a

smooth black lustrous finish similar to black

enamel.
b. Use.
(1) As a two-coat acid resistant finish for
battery racks, interior of high explosive projectiles and other surfaces requiring similar protection, as in
painting system 22.6.
(2) As a three-coat acid resistant finish as
in painting system 22.7.
c. Application. Apply varnish by brushing.
d. Drying Time
(1) Set-to-touch. Air-dry for 3 hours.

(2) Full hardness. Air-dry for 24 hours.

(3) Recoating. After air-drying for 3
hours.
e. Thinner. When thinning is required, use
dry-cleaning solvent or mineral spirits paint
thinner.
27

TM 9-213

72. Varnish, Moisture- and Fungus-

(4) Recoating. Recoat after air-drying for

Resistant for the Treatment of

Communications, Electronic, and
Associated Electrical Equipment
(MIL-V-1 73)
a. Characteristics. This is a transparent
phenolic-resin-base varnish. The presence of
this varnish can be determined in the inspection of electrical equipment by a "black
light," which activates a fluorescent dye, which
can be added for this purpose in the original
application of the varnish. This varnish has a
high dielectric strength.
b. Use. It is used as a surface or finish
coat on electrical equipment and components
such as coils, circuit wiring, and chassis of radar and radio assemblies as protection against
moisture and fungi (TB ORD 350).
c. Application.
(1) Brushing. Apply as issued or after
thinning with not more than 5 percent by volume of thinner.
(2) Spraying. Apply after thinning with
15 percent by volume of thinner.
(3) Dipping. Dipping consistency
depends on the type and shape of components and construction of assemblies. Degree of thinning is determined by trial.
(4) Minimum coating. Dry film should
not be less than 1 mil (0.001 in.) in
thickness.
(1) Dust-free. Air-dry for 1 hour.
(2) Dry-to-handle. Air-dry for 5 hours.
(3) Full hardness. Air-dry for 24 hours.

2 hours minimum.
e. Thinner. Thin varnish with synthetic enamel thinner (MIL-T-306).
Caution: This varnish contains a fungicidal
ingredient and the manufacture's precautions
should be observed in the handling of this material.
73. Varnish, Spar, Water-Resisting
(TT-V-1 21)
a. Characteristics. This is a durable waterproof varnish with satisfactory weathering
qualities. It is composed lof high-grade resins
and polymerizing drying oils.
b. Use.
(1) As issued, on exterior surfaces where
durability is the prime requisite and
a high gloss is not required.
(2) As a vehicle, for exterior enamels
where high resistance to the elements
is required.
(3) Where system 28.3, 29.1, 29.2, 29.5
or 29.6 is prescribed.
c. Application.
(1) Brushing. Apply as issued or after
thinning with not more than 5 percent by volume of thinner.
(2) Spraying. Apply after thinning with
15 percent by volume of thinner.
d. Drying Time.
(1) Dust-free. Air-dry for 2 hours.
(2) Dry-to-handle. Air-dry for 8 hours.
(3) Full hardness. Air-dry for 24 hours.
(4) Recoating. Recoat after air-drying 4
hours.
e. Thinner. Thin varnish with synthetic enamel thinner (par. 54f).

Section IX. FINISH SYSTEMS

74. General
This section describes specific finish systems.
For general information on finish systems and
materials, see paragraphs 31 and 32.

a. Surface Preparation. Surface preparation

is discussed in TM 9-208-1.
b. Thickness of Paint Films. Unless otherwise specified, thickness of dry paint films as
per Military Standard MIL-STD-171(ORD)
should be as shown in table I.

28

Table I. Paint Films on Metal and Wood Surfaces

Thickness

ms

Specifications

MIL-C-15328 -0.3-0.5
TT-P-666 __----------------------MIL-P-11414 _______________________
TT-E-485, TT-P-636, TT-P-664, other )

0.4-0.6
0.6-0.8

primers,
MIL--S-10103, TT-P-662, TT-P-659 __)

0.8-1.2

All top coats, clear or opaque ----__--

0.9-1.2

TM 9-213

75. For Artillery Materiel

a. Metal Surfaces. Metal surfaces are
painted with two coats of rust-inhibiting enamel according to TT-E-485, system 21.5. The
color of the enamel top coat is specified as
olive-drab No. 24078 semigloss of Federal
Standard 595.
b. For Wood. Wood that previously has received preservative treatment in accordance
with MIL-STD-171 (ORD) (finish 25.1, 25.2,
or 25.3) is painted a two-coat semigloss alkyd
finish (system 27.3) of same standard, with
either two coats of enamel (TT-E-485), or a
primer coating (TT-P-636) and a synthetic enamel (TT-E-529) as a top coat.
76. For Rocket and Guided Missile
Materiel

paint. Table II covers paint systems for metal

surfaces of tactical vehicles (tracked
and
wheels). For further information, refer to
MILSTD-193.
b. Metal Surfaces
(1) Ferrous metals. Ferrous metals are
painted according to (1) of table II.
(2) Aluminum wrought (except castings).
Aluminum castings as painted according to (2) of table II.
(3) Aluminum castings. Aluminum castings are painted as in (2) above. In
stripping to bare metal for better adherence of the priming coat, a wash
primer (formula 117) conforming to
MIL-C-15328 may be applied.
(4) Magnesium alloy metals.
(a) Cleaning. Magnesium metal surfaces shall be cleaned in accordance

For painting and marking of ammunition,

refer to TM 9-1900 and MIL-STD-709.

with method II of TT-C-49; in

addition for magnesium alloy castings, acid pickling in accordance
with method specified in MILM3171.
(b) Pretreatment. The clean surfaces
shall then be treated in accordance
with the required surface coating
specified in MIL-M-3171 or anodic
coated in accordance with MIL-M4502.

78. For Tactical Vehicles (Tracked and

(c) Priming and finishing.

(c)1. Priming
finishing.Priming and
Regular and
application.

When guided missile materiel is to be painted

or prepared for painting, refer to the technical
manuals on that particular equipment for specific instructions. The finishing requirements
for guided missile materiel are diverse and often extremely critical.
77. For Ammunition

Wheeled)
a. Exterior and Interior Surfaces. Exterior
surfaces exposed to outside view, including underside of hatches, ramps which hinge outward, and fender storage boxes are painted
olive-drab. All interior surfaces of combat vehides including engine compartments
are
painted white for better reflection of light. All
exposed metallic surfaces of the vehicle are protected by both priming and finish coats of

finishing will be in accordance

with table II (3)B.
2. Severe conditions application. Magnesium alloy parts subject to
temperatures up to 5000 F. and
severe exposure such as impact
and abrasion will be prepared
and finished to MIL-W-45347,
dipping compound, as indicated
in table II(3)A.

'29

TM 9-213
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TM 9-213
c. Reinforced Fiberglass Parts. Reinforced
fiberglass parts to be painted, which have been
stripped of paint and surfaces smoothed, are

painted with synthetic enamel paint as in table

III.

Table III. Reinforced FiberglassParts-Surfaces

(1)

Olive-drab, semigloss
Specs

(a)
(b)

Primer
TT-P-636
or MIL-P-14553
Enamel
TT-E-529

(2)
Thickmils

0.75-1.25
0.40-0.60
1.25-1.75

White. gloss

System

21.3

d. Interior Surfaces of Ammunition Boxes.

The interior surfaces of reinforced fiberglass
ammunition boxes remain unpainted.
e. Wood. All solid wood and plywood parts
or items shall be dried so as to contain no more
than 16 percent, by weight, of moisture (dry
basic prior to treatment), and then shall be
surfaced to the correct cross-sectional dimensions before pressure treatment according to
TT-W-571. The preservative solution shall
consist of, not less than 5 percent, by weight,
of pentachlorophenol conforming to TT-W570, dissolved in a light solvent which is completely volatile in air, or a solution conforming to type II, composition A of TT-W-572.

Specs

Thickmils

(b)

Primer

TT-P-659

0.75-1.25

(b)

Enamel

TT-E-489

0.75-1.25

System

22.1

Antibloom and water-repellent agents may be

added as needed to the preservative solution.
After final impregnation of the wood with
the preservative solution, a vacuum shall be
applied where practicable to remove excess
preservative solution from the wood. The
treated wood is than freed of solvent by storage or mild heating. As an alternative, plywood shall be treated by sealing the surface
with sufficient sealer conforming to MIL-S13518, and thoroughly dried. The treated
wood shall be paintable. The finish shall be a
specified number of coats of enamel conforming to TT-E-485, or TT-E-529 as indicated in
table IV.

Table IV. Finish Systems - Wood - Tactical Vehicles

(Tracked and Wheeled)
(1)

Olive-drab, semigloss
Specification

(a)
(b)

Primer

TT-P--636
or TT-E-485
Top coat TT-E-529
or TT-E-485

(2)
Thick
mils

0.75-1.25
0.40-0.60
1.25-1.75
1.00-1.50

System

27.3

White
Specification

(a)
(b)
(c)

Primer
TT-P-636
2d coat
TT-E-529
Top coat TT-E-529

Thick
mils

0.75-1.25
1.25-1.75
1.25-1.75

System

27.1

Note. Dry paint film thickness, refer to MIL-STD-193.

f. Ammunition Racks, Boxes, and Feedways. The interior and exterior surfaces of
ferrous and aluminum racks, boxes, and feedways are painted as in (1) and (2) below, except that the top surfaces of any interior racks
or boxes upon which operating personnel are
expected to stand are painted in white non-skid
enamel conforming to MIL-F-18176 with a
film thickness of 1/32 to 1/16 inch.

(1) Ferroussurfaces.
(a) Interior. Interior surfaces of ammunition racks, boxes, and feedways which are in direct contact
with ammunition shall be cleaned
and treated in accordance with TTC-490 or MIL-C-15328. Then finish with varnish conforming to type
II of MIL-V-12276.
31

TM 9-213

(b) Exterior. Exterior surfaces of ammunition racks, boxes, and feedways which are not in, direct contact
with ammunition, shall be primed
and finished as shown in table II
(1) A and B. The olive-drab synthetic enamel finish is to be preceded by cleaning and treatment according to type I of TT-C-490 or
MIL-C-15328. Priming and finish
shall conform to table II, (1), A, 1,
system 21.3, except the choice of
finish should be TT-E-529. The
white synthetic enamel priming and
finish after proper cleaning should
be system 22.1, as shown in table
II, (1), A, 2. Hot-spray lacquer is
to be applied, if preferred, as olivedrab finish, system 21.11, table II,
(1), B, 1 and as white finish, sys-

tem 21.12 or 21.13, table II, (1),

tem
B, 2.21.12 or 21.13, table 1
(2) Aluminum surfaces.
(a) Interior. Interior surfaces of ammunition racks, boxes, and feedways which are in direct contact
with ammunition shall be treated
with chemical film conforming to
MIL-C-5541, or anodized in accordance with MIL-A-8625, and
left unpainted.
(b) Exterior. Exterior surfaces of
ammunition racks, boxes, and feedways which are not in direct contact
with ammunition shall be primed,
and finished in synthetic enamel,
system 21.3 and 22.2, table II, (2),
A, 1, and 2. As an alternative
prime, surface and finish in hotspray lacquer, system 21.12 or
21.13, table II, (2), B, 2, except
that color shall be as specified.
79. Ferrous Fuel Tanks (Tracked Combat
Vehicles)
a. Interior Surface. Interior surface of ferrous fuel tanks shall be slushed with alkaline
cleaner, rinsed with hot water, and checked for
cleanliness, before the application of phosphate
coating conforming to MIL-P-16232, type Z,
class 1, followed by a rinse with cold water.
32

Then rinse with a chromic acid solution (1

pound of chromic acid to each 25 gallons of
water) and dry thoroughly. Do not use rustinhibiting oil. As a finish coat, slush or spray
with aromatic fuel resistant lacquers conforming to MIL-L-6047. The refinishing of interior surface will require removal of tank and
the skill of a specialist at a 'field or depot
maintenance unit.
b. Exterior Surface. The exterior surface of
ferrous metal tank shall be cleaned in accordance with method II of TT-C-490 and thoroughly dried. It should then be coated according to MIL-C-15328, or to type Z of MIL-P16232, or to type I of TT-C-490. All holes,
threads, and machined or mating surfaces
shall be masked, before painting.
Apply
primer and finish in synthetic enamel, system
22.1, table II, (1), A, 2. Use white or color
as specified.
80. Fuel Servicing Tank Trucks, Semitrailers,
and Trailers
a. Ferrous Fuel Tanks. Ferrous fuel tanks
of fuel servicing, tank trucks, semitrailers, and
trailers, shall be prepared and finished as
stated below.
(1) Interiorsurface. Interior surface shall
be cleaned according to method I of
TT-C-490, before applying finish
coating conforming to MIL-C-4556.
(2) Exterior surface. Exterior surface
shall be cleaned in accordance with
MIL-M-10578. Primer pretreatment
coating applied shall conform
to
MIL-C-15328 or type I of TT-C490. Primer and finish coat shall be
in system 21.3, table II (1), A, 1,
with primer coat conforming to TTP-636, and finish with enamel conforming to TT-E-529. Color shall be
as specified.
b. Refinish of Ferrous Fuel Tanks. The refinishing of interior surface will require the
removal of the tank truck, semitrailer, or
trailer to a field or depot maintenance unit.
81. Aluminum Fuel Tank Assemblies
(Tracked Combat Vehicles)
a. Interior Surface. Treat in accordance with
MIL-M-10578, rinse with water and dry.

TM 9-213

b. Exterior Surface. Exterior surface of aluminum metal tanks shall be prepared and finished by either of the following systems:
(1) Synthetic enamel.
(a) Olive-drab. After the application
of chemical film conforming to
MIL-C-5541, apply primer and
finish coat, system 21.3, table II,
(2), A, 1.
(b) White. After the application of
chemical film conforming to MILC-5541 or a coating conforming to
MIL-C-15328, apply primer and
finish coat, system 22.2, table II,
(2), A, 2.
(2) Hot-spray lacquer (color as specified).
After the application of chemical film
conforming to MIL-C-5541, or a coating conforming to MIL-C-15328, apply primer, surfacer, and hot-spray
lacquers, systems 21.12 or 21.13, table II, (2), B, 2.
82. Special Painted Surfaces
a. Engine and Engine Accessories. Engine
assemblies are to be painted only when so authorized.
b. Interior of Van- and Panel-Type Bodies.
The interior surfaces of van- and panel-type
bodies of Ordnance wheeled transport vehicles
equipped with interior lighting, and in which
personnel are required to perform certain detailed operations, are painted in conformance
with the following color chips of Federal
Standard No. 595; walls, ceilings, doors, and
mounted equipment semigloss light-green No.
24533, floors lusterless ocean-gray No. 36118.
c. Surfaces Requiring Special Treatment.
(1) Ferrous metal parts bolted or riveted.
Contact surfaces of ferrous parts,
bolted or riveted together shall be
primed prior to assembly with a coat
of primer conforming to TT-P-636.
(2) Interior surfaces of ferrous castings.
The interior surfaces of ferrous castings shall be cleaned and prepared
in accordance with method I, II, and
III of TT-C-490, and then finished
with a primer lacquer conforming to
MIL-P-11414.

(3) Dissimilar metals. Contact surfaces

of dissimilar metals shall be coated
with unreduced zinc-chromate primer
conforming to TT-P-666, prior to assembly or shall be insulated, one from
the other, with insulating material
conforming to MIL-I-631, MIL-P2829, MIL-I-7798, or HHG-156.
Compatibility of coupled metal in the
vehicle shall be in accordance with
MIL-F-14072.
(4) Spot-weld priming. Ferrous sheet
metal surfaces up to 1.25 inch thick,
including mating surfaces (which cannot be primed after assembly) to be
joined by resistant welding shall be
cleaned in accordance with a specified
method of TT-C-490, and then
primed with a primer conforming to
MIL-P-13380 on each contact surface,
unless otherwise specified. Exceptions may be as follows:
(a) Weld and clinch nuts.
(b) Fuel tank and filler neck assemblies.
(c) Seat spring assemblies.
(d) Muffler, tail, and exhaust pipe assemblies.
(e) Plated surfaces.
83. Miscellaneous Finish Systems
These systems have been grouped in table X.
a. Battery Boxes. Use black, acid-proof paint
conforming to MIL-C-450, 1.50 mil thickness,
after the necessary surface preparation. Refer
to paragraph 62.
b. Underbody Coating. This is a mixture of
asphalt and asbestos that can be sprayed on
the underbody parts of automotive equipment
to form a protective coating and sound deadener. Refer to paragraph 64.
c. Filler, Graduation. This material is applied over the base finish of a graduated part.
Using a scriber or other painted instrument,
clean out the graduations, indices, numerals,
or lettering and proceed as indicated in paragraph 36.
d. Nonskid Coating. Flight deck compound,
nonslip, lightweight, abrasive filled, synthetic
binder type, conforming to MIL-F-18176, is
33

TM 9-213
used to provide a very coarse and rough surface. It is applied to foot pedals and inside
surfaces on which personnel have to walk as
well as outside when a nonslip surface is required. This paint or the equivalent can be
requisitioned in olive-drab, gray, red, and
white. Refer to paragraph 51.

and fungus-resistant varnish to circuit wiring

and related elements of electrical equipment.
Two coats of the same varnish are applied.
b. Pretreatment. When specified, assembled
equipment in hot and humid locations will be
preheated before the protective coating is applied. Such preheating will be required only
under one or more of the conditions indicated

84. Organic Oil-Resistant Finish System

in (1) through (4) below.

for Oil Housings

a. Finish for Metal Surfaces Except Aluminum and Magnesium. This is a two-coat, olivedrab baked finish that is applied as indicatede

in (1) and (2) below.

(1)First coat. Use olive-drab rust-in(1) First coat. Use olive-drab rust-in-

.ibitin
enamel
(par. 42film

(hi)biptilng enamel (par. 42). spraytrapped

(a) Application. Applyby spraying.

(b) Film thickness. Apply a thickness

(Oc
f 0.4 to 0.6
(c) Drying.
Bake for45mmlinuteas.
for 45 minutes att(3)
2500 F. After this bake, the film
will be sufficiently hard for recoat-

(1) Pretreat items when humidity condi-

tions are so severe that treated equip-

ment cannot meet the electrical performance requirements

given in the
e i
applicable specifications.

(2) Preheat items whenever appearance of

indicates that moisture has been

beneath it. This is evidenced

by a milky appearance of the film or

dark spots beneath it.
Preheating temperature should not'
exceed 180 F. The drying time must
e
be moisture.
sufficiently long for expulsion of
all
all moisture.

(2) Finish coat. Enamel, baking, phenolor urea-formaldehyde, type I, JAN-E480.

(a) Application. Apply
(a) Application.
Apply by
by spraying.
spraying.
(b) Film thickness. Apply a thickness
(b) Film thickness. Apply a thickness
of 0.6 to 0.8 mils.
(c) Drying. Bake for 45 minutes at
3750 F. After this bake, the film

will be sufficiently
hard
to permit
will be sufficiently
hard to
permit
handling.
It
will
attain
f.ull
handling. It will attain full hardhard-

ness in air 24 hours after baking.

b. Finish for Aluminum and Magnesium.
This is a two-coat olive-drab baked finish that
is applied as indicated in (1) and (2) below.
(1) First coat. Use zinc-yellow primer
(par. 47).
(a) Application. Apply by spraying.
(b) Film thickness. Apply a coating of
0.3 to 0.4 mils in thickness.
(c) Drying. Air-dry for 30 minutes
prior to top coating.
(2)Finish coat. Use phenol-formaldehyde
baking enamel if obtainable.

85. Finish System for Protection Against

Moisture and Fungi MIL-V-173
a. Description. This is a two-coat system
(par. 72) for the application of a moisture34

c. Masking. The following elements must

be masked or otherwise shielded when the
protective coating is applied:
(1) Movable electrical contact portions of
jacks, keys, plugs, receptacles, relays,
sockets,
sockets, and
and switches.
switches.
(2) Surfaces which rub together for electrical contact, such as bearings, contact fingers, contact rings, and varid. Varnish. Use moisture- and fungus-resstant varnsh (par. 72).
e. Application.
(1) By spraying. Preferable for overall
application.
(2) By brushing. To coat areas not
covered in spraying process.
(3) By dipping. Subassemblies may be
dipped if moving or sliding elements
are properly shielded.
Note. Preheated work must be cooled, to
room temperature (about 70F.), when varnish is applied.

f. Thinning Ration.
(1) First coat. Thin with one part of
thinner to two parts of varnish.

TM 9-213

(2) Finish coat. Thin with one part of

thinner to four parts of varnish.
g. Drying Time.
(1) First coat. Bake for 30 minutes at
160 to 180 F., or air-dry 5 hours.
(2) Finish coat. Bake for 1 hour at
1600 F to 1800 F.
h. Thinner. Use thinner recommended by
manufacturer.

(1) The oven should be provided with air

inlets and a dampered vent or vents,
to insure a uniform distribution of
circulating air and the elimination of
cold spots within the baking chamber.
(2) The rate of air replacement in the
baking chamber should be sufficient
to prevent undue fouling of the atmosphere in the baking chamber but
not so rapid as to make the maintenance of a uniform temperature diffi-

86. Touchup and Refinishing Procedure

a. When touching up damaged areas, the
cult.
procedure should be as similar to the original
b. Baking Temperature.
method of finishing as possible. A very clean
(1) Baking finishes mentioned in this secsurface is imperative. A spray gun will blend
tion require an oven temperature of
painted areas better than a brush. However,
250 F., and a bakig period of 45
touchup by brushing usually will be satisfactory on assemblies.
(2) Somewhat lower or higher temperab. If the undercoat has been damaged, caretures, with required adjustments of
baking time, may be used. although
fully wipe the area to be refinished with drybaking time, may be used, although
temperatures
than 250
are
cleaning solvent or mineral spirits paint thinnot normally higher
recommended
andF.,films
ner, apply primer, and allow to dry.
not normally recommended and films
nerapply
*n
primer,
not cure properly at temperatures
c. When an invisible
lap to
isdAy.will
required, the
substantially
below 250 F.
edges of the damaged area should be smooth
c. (1)
Loading
Oven.should not be baked imor "feathered in" with flint paper to remove
Wet offilms
(1)
Wet
films
should
not be baked
imall ridges and carefully wiped with solvent or
mediately after
application.
Sufficient
thinner before the primer and topcoat is apme should elapse between applicatime should elapse between applicaplied.
tion and baking for leveling of the
d. If the old finish is in generally good condition, carefully clean the surface with a cleanfilm and partial evaporation of the
solvent or thinner. The time will vary
ing solvent or thinner and apply the topcoat.
with the material used and the circume. Where general disintegration of the surstances
of the application. In most
face is evident or the under surface is corroded,
the film must be stripped clean from the part.
cases, 10 to 15 minutes should suffice.
_ase,
The
10(2)
oven should be loaded in a manCorrosion must be removed or neutralized by
uti.izner
that
will permit the unimpeded
mechanical or chemical treatment or by utilizcirculation
of air to all wet film suring both methods. If necessary, the surfaces
must be pretreated (anodized or phosphatized)
faces.
(3) Wire hooks for suspending work are
before the required finish is applied.
advantageous where other means of
Caution: Optical elements, bearings, rubber,
support would mar films.
or other components which might be damaged
(4) Trays or racks should be of open conby stripping materials or procedures must be
struction with narrow edges for supremoved from the instrument before stripping
porting the work.
the coatings.
87. Baking Ovens and Baking Procedures
a. Baking Ovens. When the oven is heated
by oil or gas, it should be of the indirect heating type in which the products of combustion
do not pass through the baking chamber.

(5) Where a quantity of small parts is arranged on a special rack or holder

ranged
onspraying,
a the
for
spraying,
the holderholder
with the
work intact should be placed in the
oven. This procedure will reduce
handling time and the possibility of
smearing wet films. A sufficient
35

TM 9--213

number of holders must be available

if continuous production is contemplated.

(6) Do not overload the oven.
(7) If work is placed in a cold oven, the
time requiring to bring the oven up

to baking temperature should be con-

88. Unpainted Surfaces

a. The interior surfaces of reinforced fiberglass ammunition boxes remain unfinished.
b. Items having special surface treatment remain unpainted, and should be cleaned for

sidered.
(8) When a change is made from one
another, the
the thermal
thermal
type of work to another,

c. Key slots, bearing surfaces, all machined

or moving parts, faces of instruments, gages,

controls should be reset if necessary

and vision devices, are to be left unpainted.

They are masked for protection. Tapped holes

after the effect of shape, mass, and

arrangement of new work on air circulation is determined,
(9) The films should be sufficiently hard
after baking and cooling to permit
handling or recoating.
(10) Work should be permitted to cool to
room temperature before any subsequent coat is applied.

are to be plugged.
d. Rubber surfaces are to be left unpainted
and are masked, except as otherwise ordered.
e. All areas of quick-disconnect fittings are
to be kept free from paint and are masked.
All cable or harness assemblies or other parts
used with radio or electric equipment shall be
protected from paint unless otherwise instructed by proper authority.

Section X. FINISH SYSTEMS FOR FIRE-CONTROL MATERIEL

89. General
This section covers the application of organic
coatings on fire-control instruments and components in accordance with MIL-STD-194
(ORD), systems for painting and finishing
fire-control materiel. Specific information on
cleaning and surface preparation is given in
paragraphs 92 and 93 for aluminum, magnesium, and wood. For other materials and general information, refer to TM 9-208-1.
90. Organic Coatings
The organic coatings are covered in this
manual according to the systems in MILSTDthicknesses according
171.
to this
this
according to
171. The
The dry
dry thicknesses
same standard are given in table I. The finish
systems have been grouped in tables V, VIII,
and IX according to the surface to be coated
and the purpose of the coating.
91. Finishes for Instrument Graduations
and Dials
Items such as sights, scales, lens cells, and
other parts with adjusting scales are generally
painted with lusterless, synthetic enamel. After the enamel is dry, the index lines are
36

opened up, and then filled with graduation

films
of desired color. Refer to paragraphs 36
and 83c. See table X.

92 Finish Systems for Aluminum and

Magnesium
a. Cleaning. Prior to carrying out any finishing, clean all surfaces from dirt and corrosive products such as grease, oil, solder flux,
sand, rust, scale, and all other foreign material
that might interfere with the intimate application of the finish. Such cleaning must be done
immediately before the finishing operation, or
adequate precautions must be taken to insure

that the surfaces remain clean for the finishing operation.

b. Pretreatment.
(1) Aluminum and aluminum alloys. Surfaces will be cleaned by vapor degreasing (finish No. 4.3 of MILSTD-171 (ORD)). using solvent cleaning (TT-C-490, method II) or as
otherwise specified. The surfaces
will then be anodically treated in accordance with finish No. 7.2 of MILSTD-171(ORD) which consists of

TM 9-213
Table V. Finish Systems-Fire-Control Materied-Steel and
Metal Surfaces other than Aluminum and Magnesium
Luster

or
type

Color

Primer

TT-E-485
Baked
(a) TT-P-636

1o
00

White
27875

Uo

.~

m~

Xone

P C

Exposure or use

System

Exterior

21.3

Severe exterior

21.3

or

or

(b) TT-E-485

(b) TT-E-485

Marine atmosphere

21.5

Baked
TT-P-636
Baked

Baked
TT-E-529
Baked or

Exterior

21.3

_________4~~~

o
ee
o
i

TT-E-485
Baked
(a) TT-E-529

or

M.

U2

Finish coat

~Air-dried

TT-P-636
Baked or
Air-dried
QQ-Z-325
Type II, Class 3
(a) TT-P-636
c
or
(b) TT-E-485
Baked

TT-E-529
Baked

Exterior

21.3

(a) TT-E-529
or
(b) TT-E-485
Baked

Severe extreme

Finish
1.9.3.3
plus21.3
or
21.5

TT-E-485
Baked

JAN-E-480
Baked

Steel surfaces
in oil housings

TT-P-636
Baked

2 coats
TT-E-527
Baked

Interior Metal Surface

(Optical Instruments)

20.8

One coat

Fast drying on

20.1

-_

- -

- - _-

anodic film, sulfuric acid

MIL-E-10687
Air-dried

(MIL-A-

8625, type II (nondyed or dyed as required)) prior to being finished with

organic coating. If the part to be
treated is too large for available anodizing tanks and power equipment, a
surface chemical treatment with
chemical film (MIL-C-5541) may be
applied if specifically approved. For
treatment and finishes of aluminum
surfaces, refer to table VI.
(2) Magnesium and magnesium alloys.
Surfaces will be cleaned as in a above.
After the cleaning operation, the surfaces must be protected from fingermarks, dirt, dust, and other foreign
matter. Neither primer coating, finishing coat, nor sealer will adhere to
bare magnesium metal which has not
been properly pretreated. This also

Marine atmosphere

21.7

interior metal
surfaces

pertains to the edges of magnesium

panels, that have been filed, sanded,

or touched up in any manner. Immediately following the cleaning operation, rigid parts, including interior
surfaces, where possible, will be
treated in accordance with finish No.
8.1 of MIL-STD-171(ORD) which
consists of anodic treatments (MILM-45202 (type I, light coatings, thin,
or type II, heavy coatings, thick, as required)) or as otherwise specified.
Parts subject to flexing will
be
cleaned and treated in accordance with
finish No. 8.5 of MIL-STD-171
(ORD), which consists of galvanic
anodizing (MILM3171, type IV).
Other systems may be used on permission from the procuring agency.
Treated surfaces which
become
37

TM 9-213

scratched in handling will be touched

seams, lap joints, spotwelds, or any means other
up in accordance with finish No. 8.2
than soldering, brazing, welding, or die formwhich consists of chrome pickle
ing, the finishing or passivating must be done
(MIL-M-3171, type I). Finish 8.6
prior to fabrication unless the design is such
of MIL-STD-171(ORD), Dow 19,
that the solutions involved will drain from the
chromic acid brush-on for touch-up
part. For example, aluminum sheet to be lapapplication on smaller surfaces, may
seamed or riveted must be anodized prior to
be brushed on, using the following
the joining operation.
solution:
d. Holes and Recesses. Alterations of holes
Chromic acid (Cr 03) .____1-1/3 oz.
and recesses may be made if practicable and apCalcium sulphate
proved by the appropriate authority.
(Ca S0 4 .2H 2 0) -_-_--1 oz.
e. Threaded Parts. Prior to assembly, all
Water to make __- ____-- 1 gal.
externally threaded parts for use in parts made
or finish 8.7 of same standard conof aluminum alloy or magnesium alloy must
forming to MIL-C-15328 with 25 to
be coated with antiseize compound or sealant.
50 percent of specified phosphoric
For aluminum alloy, the antiseize compound
acid for larger surfaces, may be apmust be in accordance with TT-A-580. For
plied either by spraying or brushing.
magnesium alloy, the antiseize compound must
Care must be exercised to confine the
consist of equal parts by weight of zinc dust
treatment to bare surfaces only. The
conforming to TT-P-460, type I, and petrolespecified paint coatings must be apum conforming to VV-P-236. Other sealing
plied immediately after the treated
compounds such as materials conforming to
parts are thoroughly dry. When preMIL-S-11030 and MIL-S-7502 may be used if
treatment according to MIL-C-15328
approved by the appropriate authority.
as indicated by MIL-C-8507 is apf. Compatibility of Dissimilar Metal Couplied to magnesium alloy, the phosplings.
phoric acid content of the pretreat(1) Permissible couple series. Permissible
ment solution will be reduced by 50
couple series are shown in MIL-STDto 75 percent (finish 8.7 of MIL171(ORD) for use in the design funcSTD-171(0RD)). For treatment and
tion. If bare metals intended for infinishes for magnesium surfaces, refer
termetallic contact form couples not
to table VII.
allowed by that standard, they must
(3) Impregnation. The process and imbe plated with metals which will repregnant
requiring
for all coatings
to
duce the electric potential difference,
pregnant for all coatings
requiring
to
be gas or moisture-vapor tight will be
or they must be insulated with vinyl
in conformance with MILI-1-3857
tape, zinc chromatic primer, or other
(ORD), type I.
suitable means. Where magnesium
is one of the metals of dissimilar met(a) Aluminum and aluminum alloy
al fraying surfaces, it must be sepacoatings. These will be impregnated
rated by vinyl barrier tape or sealing

after being anodically treated, with

compound such as that prescribed in

the exception that they may be impregnated prior to anodic treatment if approved by appropriate au-

MIpS-7502.
(2) Faying surfaces. Painting of metallic
faying surfaces is required because of
galvanic action between metals in direct contact. Aluminum and magneslum faying surfaces, whether of same
or different metals will be given at
least two coats of primer (TT-P666). Wood in contact with metal requires paint so that absorbed moisture
may be kept away from the metal.

(b) Magnesium alloy coatings. These

will be impregnated after cleaning
and prior to application of a suitable surface treatment.
c. Drainage of Processing Solutions from
Parts. Where parts processed as indicated in
tables VI and VII, are fabricated with lock
38

TM 9-213
Table VI. Treatments and Finishes for Aluminum
Surfaces of Fire-ConbrolMateriel
Table
item
No.

Finish No.

Use

Anodic coatings
Corrosion protection under
Basic finish No. 7.1 for chromic acid coatservere service conditions
ings (MIL-A-8625, type I !(nondyed and
or as a base for paint.
dyed)).
Basic finish No. 7.2 for sulfuric acid coatings (MIL-A-8625, type II)

How specified
(Specify only when
used alone and not
inherent in a specific
.system number.)

Finish No. 7.1.2* of MILSTD-171(ORD)

*Specify appropriate number plus
the word "dyed" and color where

(nondyed and

dyed)).
Note. For dyed, specify color.

'Reference:
2Reference:

MIL-STD-194(ORD).
MIL-STD-171(ORD).

Table VII. Treatments and Finishes for Magnesium.

Surfaces of Fire-ControlMateriel
Table
item
No. '

2
3
4
5

Finish No.

HAE Process
Basic finish No. 8.1
Refer to MIL-M-45202(ORD)
Type I, light coatings, thin
Type II, heavy coatings, thick, as
required.
Chrome pickle
Basic finish No. 8.2
Sealed chrome pickle
Basic finish No. 8.3
Dichromate (acid) treatment
Basic finish No. 8.4
Galvanic anodizing
Basic finish No. 8.5

Use

Corrosive, abrasion, and thermal resistance. Do not use

on parts subject to flexing.

How, specified
(Specify only awhen
used alone and not
inherent in a specific
system number.)

Finish No. 8.1, Type I or

Type II of MIL-STD-171(ORD)
(Refer
to
MIL-M-45202
(ORD)).
Type: MIL-M-3171,

Provides increased corrosion

resistance and a suitable
base for painting. Use on
parts subject to flexing.

type I.

Type: MIL-M-3171, type II.

Type: MIL-M-3171, type
III.
Type: MIL-M-3171, type
IV.

'Reference: MIL-STD-194(ORD.)
2 Reference: MIL-STD-171 (ORD).

g. Inner Surfaces. These will be

unpainted unless otherwise specified.
h. Color Code. For identification of lubricating points, water caps, plugs, and similar
points, colors of enamel will closely match the
designated colors of Federal Standard No. 595.
Gloss enamel will conform to TT-E-489. Adjacent areas of plugs and caps will have a 1/4inch wide band of the required color painted

around the neck or hole to avoid loss of identification when replacing lost plugs or caps.
i. Headless Screws. Visible headless screws,
except adjusting screws, will be covered with
sealing compound conforming to MIL-S11030, type I, class I, or MIL-S-11031(ORD),
whichever is applicable.
j. Phenolic Environment. Unpainted parts
of zinc-base alloy or unpainted parts of other
39

TM 9-213

metals plated with cadmium or zinc will not

be used in totally unventilated assemblies
where phenolic vapors emanating from phenolic insulating varnishes, phenolic encapsulating
compounds, or uncured phenolic material may
reach these unpainted parts.
k. Surfaces Not to be Painted.
(1) Surfaces, the painting of which
would interfere with their functioning.
(2) Machined surfaces that move with respect to each other, such as, threads,
slices, bearing contacts, and gear
teeth.
(3) Electrical parts such as contacts, relays, bearings, insulators, sockets,
plugs, connectors, and terminals.
(4) Plastic and rubber insulators, mounts,
spacers, and similar items, used with
electrical parts in (3) above.
(5) Fittings, cups, holes, and similar devices or locations, used for lubrication.
Note. Surfaces not to be painted should

be marked or otherwise protected during

painting of adjacent parts.

1. Dressing. Filing, sanding, or other dressing operations must not be done on a part or
assembly after it has been finished unless specifically permitted. If any of these operations
are permitted, the affected area will be refinished in accordance with the finish specified
for the part.
m. Use of Steel Wool. Steel wool will not
be used on aluminum or magnesium alloy except as follows:
(1) To clean surfaces prior to spot welding provided all particles resulting
from such use are completely removed.
(2) To debur aluminum alloy parts, provided that both the steel wool and
the parts to be deburred are free from
wax, oil, grease, or other material
that would retard removal of the
steel wool particles with nitric acid,
and provided that the parts after being deburred, are immersed for 3
minutes at room temperature in a solution consisting of equal volumes of
nitric acid (sp. gr. 1.42) and water,
followed by rinsing in clean water
and drying.
40

n. Welding, Soldering, and Brazing. These

operations will not be permitted on an assembly after it has been finished with an organic
coating except as specifically authorized. This
restriction does not apply if the finish is that
prescribed in MIL-P-13380(ORD), 0.5 mil
maximum dry film thickness, system No. 24.1
of MIL-STD-171(ORD) for ferrous metals.
o. OrganicFinishes.
(1) Cleaning. Painting will be done in
clean, dry, well-ventilated locations
with air temperatures between 600 F
and 90 F, and relative humidity not
over 65 percent. Prepainted surfaces
will be thoroughly cleaned before
adding additional coat(s). The best
method of cleaning is with oil-free
solvent. Remove old paint, if necessary, with solvent-type paint remover,
or by mechanical or abrasive cleaning (TT-C-490, method I), but this
method will be used only when contamination from the process will not
harm the surface being cleaned or adjacent parts. Remove all harmful residue from the surface.
(2) Priming. For priming aluminum and
aluminum alloy, zinc yellow primer
(TT-P-666) will be used. The
primer specified in MIL-P-11414
may be substituted for TT-P-666 if
approved by the appropriate authority. In priming magnesium and
magnesium alloy, either of the following may be used: zinc yellow
primer (TT-P-666), vinyl zinc chromated primer (MIL-P-15930), or
epoxy primer (MIL-P-27316).
(3) Selection of painting systems for aluminum and magnesium surfaces. Selection will be made from table VIII.
Good painting practice will be followed. Apply paint by any method
that will insure smooth, uniform,
continuous film free from dried overspray, runs, sags, blisters, "orange
peel," and the like. Baking of coats,
where required, will be done at 2500
F. for 45 minutes. Bake finishes will
not be selected for castings previously impregnated, as heating softens the
impregnating material.

TM 9-213
(4) Painting schedules. The first, or
priming, coat will be applied as soon as
possible (in no case later than 24
hours) after the surface has been prepared for painting. This applies particularly to metal parts that have received a surface treatment. Allow each
coat of paint to dry before applying
a second coat. Examples of drying
periods are: 24 hours for air-drying
paint such as that conforming to TTE-485; 15 minutes for lusterless enamel (MIL-E-10687); and 10 minutes
for lacquer (MIL-L-11195). In no
case allow drying time to be less than
that specified for the recoating or the
self-lifting test (if required) in these
specifications.
(5) Unassembled parts. When practicable, primers and intermediate coats
may be applied to unassembled parts
and the final coat applied after assemand the final coat applied after assemy

bly, making sure that the assembly is

thoroughly cleaned, if necessary with

a cleaner that will not change the intermediate coat of the primer.
(6) Film thickness. Required thicknesses
(in mils) of dry paint film with ap-

plicable specifications in accordance

plicable specifications in accordancbe

as*h
M In-STable (,Oexce when
be
as o
therwise
specified.
, except wen
(7) Color. When a paint is available in
more than one color, the color will be
specified by appropriate authority.
93. Pretreatment of Wood Surfaces
Unless otherwise specified, use finish No.
25.3 of MIL-STD-171(ORD) for pretreatment
of wood, as follows:
a. Dress the wood part, which must not have
a moisture content of more than 20 percent of
its oven-dry weight, to correct dimensions.
b. Apply one liberal coat of pentachlorophenol solution (TT-W-572). If practicable,
apply this solution by immersion for not less
than 3 minutes; otherwise, brushing or lowpressure spraying (not atomization) is satisfactory.

Caution: Pentachlorophenol produced in accordance with TT-W-572 may be used having

a flash point as low as (but not less than) 100
F., hence it should be used only in a relatively
cool well-ventilated place and kept away from
fire or sparks.
c. Allow the treated wood to air-dry or kilndry before it is painted.
94. Requirement for Finish 29.1 (table IX)
For this finish, stain-varnish wax, proceed as
follows: Apply olive-drab stain
(MIL-S13913) to bare wood. Let dry. Apply two coats
of varnish (TT-V-121). Let each coat dry
thoroughly. Apply wax (MIL-W-3688). Let
dry. Polish with a clean, dry cloth.
95. Requirement for Finish 29.2 (table IX)
For this finish, oil-shellac-varnish, proceed as
follows: Apply linseed oil (TT-0-369) to
bare wood. Let stand for 24 hours. Squeegee
off excess. Let dry for at least 16 hours. Ap(TT--91)
ply one coat of shellac varnish (TT-V-91),
type II, grade A). Let dry. Apply two coats
of varnish (TT-V-121). Let each coat dry

thoroughly.
96. Requirement for Finish 29.3 (table IX)
For this finish, oil-shellac-clear lacquer, proceed as follows: Apply linseed oil (TT-O369) to bare wood. Let stand for 24 hours.
Squeegee off excess. Let dry for at least 16
hours. Apply three coats of shellac varnish
(TT-V-91, type I, grade B). Let each coat dry
thoroughly and rub each coat lightly with
fine sandpaper. Apply two coats of clear lacquer (TT-L-58). Let dry between coats.
97. Requirements for Finish 29.4 (table IX)
For this finish, oil-shellac lacquer, proceed
as follows: Apply linseed oil (TT-0-369) to
bare wood. Let stand for 24 hours. Squeegee
off excess. Let dry for at least 16 hours. Apply three coats of shellac varnish (TT-V-91,
type I, grade B). Let each coat dry thoroughly
and rub each coat lightly with fine sandpaper.
Apply white lacquer (MIL-L-11195) to a
thickness of 2.5 to 3.0 mils: three coats if applied hot and six coats if applied cold.

41

TM 9-213

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TM 9-213

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TM 9-213

98. Selection of Painting System for Wood

Surfaces

100. Telescopes and Fire-Control Equipment

in Interior of Combat Tanks

Selections will be made from table IX.

Wood in contact with metal will be given a
coat of filler (TT-F-336), if needed, and a
coat of full gloss spar varnish (TT-V-121), or
two coats of the latter.

Parts of telescopes that are inside of tanks

and all other fire-control equipment in the interior of tanks will be painted white. The part
of the telescope or other fire-control equipment that extends outside of the tanks will be
painted olive-drab.

99. Graduation and Dial Finishes

Fill dial characters and graduations with

graduation filler (table X) of the appropriate
type and color thinned with turpentine to
proper consistency.

Allow the filler to dry

partially (from 5 to 30 minutes). Remove surplus filler from the surface with a clean
cloth. If necessary, moisten the cloth with turpentine or kerosene. Air dry for 12 hours. Apply one coat of clear flat lacquer over the entire surface on which the markings appear; add

one part of thinner to one part of lacquer to

reduce the lacquer to spraying consistency. Air
dry for 1 hour. If dials and graduations are
illuminated by argon lamps, fill the characters

and graduations with translucent white, instead

of white, graduation filler.

44

Table X. Miscellaneous Finish Systems

System
Description

or

finish
Acid resistant paint for battery boxes,
MIL-C-450 ______________.-__________
Coating, underbody, for motor vehicles,
1/16 in., TT-C-520 -------------------Filler, graduation-Frankford Arsenal Pur-

chase DescriptionFED-1633

a. Crayon type; color as specified-

see belowl ________________________

24.2
24.3
30.1
30.1.1

b. Paste type; color as specified-

see below 1 __-_________---___---___

Nonskid coating, 1/32 to 1/16 in.,
Specification MIL-F-18176 -----------I Black, deep red, white, translucent white.

30.1.2
30.2

TM 9-213

CHAPTER 3
APPLICATION TECHNIQUE
Section I. SPRAY GUNS AND PRESSURE CANS
the gun. This prevents building up
air pressure within the hose and
air pressure within the hose and
perm its use with small compress-

101. Spray Gun Application

a. Use. Spray gun equipment can be used
for any type of finish and on any surface. It
does not supplant the brush for certain operations, yet there are definite types of work it
can do more easily and better than the brush.
The spray gun in obviously a tremendous timesaver and its use is recommended when a large
volume of work is encountered. The spray gun
is particularly adaptable to "touchup" and
maintenance work when the ability to blend

automatic
pressure-controlling deautomatic pressure-controlling device. The trigger n a bleeder
-type gun controls the flow of fluid
-type gun controls the flow of fluid
o

(b) A "nonbleeder" -type gun is one

passage of both air and fluid. Some
passage of both air and fluid. Some

type of pressure-controlling device

old and new surfaces is important.

b. Training. The proper operation of spray
guns and auxiliary equipment is not difficult
to learn, but the necessity for training operators should be pointed out. Only through
such training (pars. 102-106) can the full flexibility of the gun be realized.

must be used with it.

(2) External and internal mis.

(a) An external-mix gun is one which

air cap.
(b) An internal-mix gun mixes air and
fluid within the air cap.

102. Selection of Spray Guns

a. Definition. A paint spray gun (fig. 11)
is a mechanical means of bringing compressed
air and paint together, atomizing or breaking
up the paint stream into a spray and ejecting
it for the purpose of applying a coating.
b. Types. Spray guns are of attached container or separate container types. These types
can be further subdivided into bleeder and
nonbleeder, external and internal mix, and
suction and pressure feed. The commercially
available pressure can belongs to the attached
container type. It has a limited use for patching where compressed air is inaccessible to job.
Airless spray equipment (portable), requiring
electric connection, belongs also to this type.
(1) "Bleeder" and "nonbleeder" guns.
(a) A "bleeder"-type gun is characterized by an intentional continuous
leakage of air from some part of

Note. The term external or internal

mix actually applies to the air cap alone.

(3) Suction and pressure feed.

(a) A suction-feed gun is designed to
feed the fluid into the air stream
through a vacuum created by raising the fluid tip above the air cap.
Generally, guns of this type are
used with quartersize containers or
smaller.
b

A pressure-type gun feeds fluid nto the air stream (air cap and fluid
tip flush) by means of air pressure
applied to force fluid from con-

(4) Aerosol paints and airless spray

equipment.
(a) The "aerosol paints" are issued in
pressure cans and extensively used
in spite of the limitations of such
45

TM 9-213

HOSE OR CUP

CUP IS PART

ATTACHES HERE

OF GUNl

SEPARATE CONTAINER TYPE

ATTACHED CONTAINER TYPE

AIR BLEEDS OUT

CONTINUALLY WHEN
TRIGGER IS RELEASED
BLEEDER TYPE

AIR

HORN HOLE

AIR

3FfI- I
FLUID MIX

AI

AIR
EXTERNAL MIX AIR CAP

'/

FLUID

AIR AND

INTERNAL MIX AIR CAP

AIR CURRENTS
CREATE A VACUUM
FLUID TIP IS FLUSH
FLUID TIP PROTRUDES
BEYOND AIR CAP
SUCTION FEED CAP

WITH AIR CAPPRESSURE FEED CAP

ORD A1393

46

Figure 11. Spray gun types.

TM 9-213
equipment. The pressure is produced by a vapor-producing compound such as (freon), and the
spray is controlled by a manually
operated nozzle attached to a tube
originating at the bottom of the
can. This type cannot be recharged
with paint.
(b) Airless spray equipment (portable)
uses an electrically operated vibration element which forces the paint
up through a tube from the bottom
of the container to a nozzle in the
cover. This type can be recharged
with paint. See manufacturer's in-

structions for type of current and

'

voltage.
103. Selection of Air Caps, Needles, and

Figure 12. Spry painting respirator.

Nozzles
(fig. 11)
The performance of an air gun with any
kind of material depends primarily on the selection of the proper air cap, fluid needle, and
fluid tip (or nozzle). Manufacturers identify
combinations of these parts intended to be

used together, and their

recommendations

should be followed in respect to the proper

combination for a particular material. Occasionally, changing the type of feed will necessitate a different combination of air cap, fluid
tip,and fluid needle.
104. Spray Gun Technique
Warning: Personnel must use a respirator
(fig. 12) at all times when operating a spray
gun. All personnel in the paint shop or booth,
when spray painting is being done, must be
similarly equipped.
a. Holding the Gun. The gun should be
held perpendicular to the work at all timesfrom 6 to 10 inches from the surface (A, fig.
13). An easy method of estimating the correct
distance is shown 'in B, figure 13.
b. Making the Proper Stroke (figs. 13 and
14). The stroke is made with a free-arm motion, keeping the face of the air cap parallel
with the surface at all points of the stroke. The
ends of the strokes are feathered out by
"triggering" the gun, that is, by beginning the

stroke before pulling the trigger and releasing

the trigger just before ending the stroke. Arcing the gun during the stroke results in uneven application and excessive overspray at the
end of the stroke.
Spray within
e.. Spraying
Spraying Corners
Corners (fig.
(fig. 14).
14). Spray
within
1 or 2 inches of corner. Then, holding gun
sideways, spray both sides of corner at once.
Spraying
any other
material
wastes material
manner wastes
other manner
in any
Spraying in
and causes overspray on the adjacent side.

d. Speed of Gun Travel. Most guns are

-capable of a speed of operation beyond the operator's skill in application. Adjust gun to operate at maximum speed consistent with material, rate of flow, surface, and individual
skill.
e. Dusting. "Bleeder" -type guns act as
dusters simply by allowing the continuously
escaping air to clean the surface. "Nonbleeding" -type guns emit air alone through the
first half of the trigger travel and so can be
used as dusters. The point at which the trigger
starts to release material can be readily felt.
For large-scale or continuous dusting, special
dusting guns handling air only are available.
f. Masking. When spraying, it is necessary
to cover or mask all parts such as windows,
gages, lubrication fittings, instruments, and
other parts which are not to be painted.
47

TM 9-213

"A"-HOLD SPRAY GUN

PERPENDICULAR TO SURFACE
6 TO 10 INCHES

"B"-MEASURING DISTANCE
TO HOLD GUN

/
6 TO 10 INCHES

WRONG POSITION

CORRECT
POSITION

ORD A1394
Figure 13. Spray gun painting technique.

(1) Small areas or irregular-shaped parts

are covered with crepe-backed masking tape. On larger areas, a sheet of
wrapping or other paper slightly
smaller than the part to be masked is
used, the paper being held in place by
a strip of masking tape. The tape
overlaps the edge of the paper, holds
the paper to the surface being
masked, and is a convenient material
with which to work to irregular outlines. The method of applying the
tape and cutting close to edges is
shown in figure 15.
(2) There are also on the market liquid or
paste-like materials which may be put
on areas where paint is not desired.
After the paint is dry, these areas may
be wiped clean.
When
(3) (3)
When spraying
spraying vehicle
vehicle engines,
engines, the
the
use of bandages and socks instead of
masking tape to protect rubber hose,
ignition wires, and flexible tubing
saves much time and material. The
bandages are pieces of cloth cut to
fit the object to be covered, the
length being determined by the
48

length of the object, allowing for

hose clamps, and the width being determined by the circumference of the
object, allowing the bandage to overlap about one-half the circumference.
Drawstrings at each end and a string
wrapped around the middle of the
bandage and tucked under prevent
overspray from striking the protected
object. The sock is a cloth bag which
fits over the ignition wires and distributor cap and has a drawstring
which is drawn and tied below the
distributor cap.
105. Leakage and Correction
a. Material Leakage From Fluid Needle
Packing Nut (figs. 16 and 17). This condition
is caused by a loose packing nut or dry fluid
needle packing. To remedy, remove and soften
packing with a few drops of light oil. Install
and tighten packing nut to prevent leakage,
but not so tight as to grip fluid needle.
b. Air Leakage From Front of Gun (fig.
16). This condition is caused by the air valve
not seating properly due to:

TM 9-213
ARCING CAUSES
UNEVEN APPLICATION

6 TO 10 INCHES

-2MOVE GUN IN
STRAIGHT LINE

,,

-1-

DO NOT
ARC STROKE

.1

-3-

IRELEASE

TRIGGER
BEFORE COMPLETING
STROKE

BEGIN STROKE
THEN PULL TRIGGER
CORRECT METHOD

WRONG METHOD

SHOWING PROPER METHOD OF MAKING SPRAY GUN STROKE

SURFACE

CORRECT METHOD

WRONG METHOD

SPRAY PAINTING CORNERS

Figure 14. Proper method of making spray gun strokes.

RA PD 77523

49

TM 9-213

STENCIL KNIFE

WRAPPING
o'A
t
MaraG
n(c)

Loose,

, or damaged fluid inlet28

and materials.
construction and
15. Paper
Paper ma.s
Figure
inaby
(figure 15.
fterials.
mask
construction

Foreign matter on valve or seat.

nseat.
Worn or damaged valve or
Broken air valve spring.
Sticking valve stem due to lack of
lubrication.
stem.
(5)
(5) Bent
Bent valve
valve stem.

(e) Loose fluid tip or damaged tip

seat.
(2) Conditions which apply to suction
feedaonly are:
(a) Material too heavy for suction
feed.
feed.

g
(6)d.
Jerky or Flutterin Sprayht.
pressage
LeaIn
From Front f Gun
c. Material
(fig. 17). This condition is caused by fluid

(b) Clogged air vent in container lid.

(c) Loosendirty or damaged fluid inlet
connection (fig. 18).

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

(1) Worn or damaged fluid tip or needle.

(2) Lumps of material or foreign matter
(3) Packing nut too tight.
(4)not
Broken
fluid
properlyline
needle spring.
dueto:
needle
seating
Improper
size
needle (par. 10).
(5)
d. JerkyTor FlutteringeSpray.
(1) In pressure or suction-feed type guns,
this condition is caused by air leakage
into material line due to:
(a) Lack of sufficient material in container.
(b) Tipping container at acute angle.
(c) Obstructed fluid passageway.
(d) Loose or cracked fluid tip in cap.
50

(d) Feed tube (fig. 18) resting on bottom of container.

(1) Heavy top pattern is due to:
(fig. 11)
is duepartially
to:
eavybottom
holes pattern
(2)(a)H Horn
plugged.
(b) Obstructions on top of fluide tip.
(c) Dirt on air cap seat (fig. 18) or
fluid tip seat.
(2) Heavy bottom pattern is due to:
(a) Horn holes (fig. 11) partially
plugged.
(b) Obstruction on bottom side of
fluid tip.
(c) Dirt on air cap seat or fluid tip seat.

TM 9-213

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TM 9-213

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TM 9-213
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TM 9-213

NORMAL SPRAY PATTERNS

HEAVY
TOP PATTERN

HEAVY
BOTTOM PATTERN

HEAVY RIGHT
SIDE PATTERN

HEAVY LEFT
SIDE PATTERN

SPLIT SPRAY
PATTERN

HEAVY CENTER
PATTERN
RA PD 77526

Figure 19. Defective spray patterns.

(3) Heavy right side pattern is due to:
(a) Right side of horn holes (fig. 11)
partially clogged.
(b) Dirt on right side of fluid tip.
(c) On twin-jet cap, right jet clogged.
(4) Heavy left side pattern is due to:
(a) Left side of horn holes (fig. 11)
partially clogged.
(b) Dirt on left side of fluid tip.
(c) On twin-jet cap, left jet clogged.
(5) Heavy center pattern is due to:
(a) Too low a setting of spray width
adjusting valve (fig. 16).
(b) With twin-jet cap, atmoizing pressure too low, or material of too
great viscosity.
(c) With pressure feed, too high fluid
pressure for cap's normal capacity.
(d) Nozzle too large for material being
used.
(6) Split spray pattern is due to air and

fluid pressure being out of balance.

(7) To remedy conditions described in
(1) through' (4) above, determine if
obstruction is on air cap or fluid tip.
Rotate cap one-half turn and spray a
test pattern. If defect is inverted, ob54

struction is on air cap; if not inverted,

obstruction is on fluid tip. Clean air
cap as instructed in paragraph 106.
(8) To remedy conditions in (5) and (6)
above readjust atomizing pressure,
fluid pressure (par. 134), and spray
width adjustment until desired spray
is obtained.
f. "Orange Peel" Finish (fig. 20). A common cause of this effect is the use of an improper or inferior thinner. With some thinners
and paints, this condition may be noticed at
certain times of the year due to atmospheric
changes. Other causes are:
(1) Insufficient atomization.
(2) Gun held too far from surface.
(3) Gun held too close to surface, allowing air to ripplesurface.
(4) Material not thoroughly dissolved or
agitated.
agitated.

(5) With synthetics and lacquers-drafts

in finishing room.
(6) With synthetics-too low humidity.
(7) Improper viscosity-usually too high.
Material should be reduced to specification requirements.

TM 9-213

pressor and not necessarily pressure

at which air is delivered.
(6) Air intake clogged.

106. Care of Spray Equipment

a. General. A spray gun is an instrument
has been very carefully designed and machined to very close tolerances. Obviously,
' '
,, - care must be exercised in handling such a piece
of equipment so that the balance between func'_
E'
An:r's-'>',
'or
tional parts is not destroyed. Spray guns and
related equipment require cleaning immediated
~?'~'~:"
''
RA PD 78474
ly after use. Paint that has hardened in gun or
hose is extremely difficult to remove, and in
practically every instance, causes malfunction
g. Streaks in Finish (fig. 21). Streaks are
of equipment for a considerable length of time.
caused by:
Be sure that the solvent used to clean equip(1) Tipping the gun, thereby causing one
ment is one in which the finishing material is
side of' pattern to deposit more masoluble. Be sure to read the instruction that
terial than the other.
comes with the pressure can for the preserva(2) Improper spraying pattern.
tion of the nozzle.
h. Runs and Sags in Finish (fig. 21). Sags
b. Suction Cup Type (fig. 22). Remove
and runs are caused by:
cup, keeping fluid stem inside cup, or con(1) Tipping the gun, resulting in uneven
tainer as shown; then hold cloth over air cap
deposit of material.
and pull trigger. This diverts air into fluid
(2) Too much material on surface due to
passageways, thus blowing back into the contoo much pressure or too slow an optainer any paint that may be in gun. After
erating speed.
cleaning out cup, clean gun by spraying a
(3) Improper viscosity (f(7) above).
small amount of clean solvent or thinner. Rei. Mist or Fog (fig. 21).
peat spraying two, three, or more times until
(1) This condition is caused by overatomsolvent or thinner draining back through maization due to:
terial feed tube (fig. 18) is clear. Remove air
(a) Atomizing pressure too high.
cap and fluid tip and wash off in solvent or
(b) Wrong air cap for material used.
thinner. Extreme care should be exercised in
(c) Wrong fluid tip for material used.
the removal of fluid tip so as not to split,
(d) With pressure feed, fluid pressure
mushroom, or otherwise injure tip or needle.
too low.
When loosening fluid tip, the trigger of gun
(2) It is also caused by improper use of
should'be compressed so that needle is not in
gun:
contact with tip, thus eliminating the possibility
(a) Incorrect stroking.
of splitting the tip due to friction or sticking
(b) Gun held too far from surface.
caused by dry paint. The entire spray gun
j. "Starving." This condition is caused by
should never be immersed in solvent or thinner,
insufficient air reaching the spray gun due to:
as this removes lubricants and dries out pack(1) Waste in air transformer packed too
ing. Under no circumstances should air or
tightly or clogged with rust or dirt.
fluid ports of gun or nozzle be reamed with
(2) Air cocks too small.
any substance harder than soft wood, as de(3) Air lines clogged.
formation of spray pattern may result and the
(4) Air line of improper diameter.
spray gun may be rendered useless. Working
(5) Inadequate air supply. This refers
parts of gun should be kept lubricated with
to volume of air delivered by comlight machine oil. This is especially true of the
'.

-that

55

TM 9-213

SAGS-TOO MUCH MATERIAL

IF GUN IS TIPPED AT
ANGLE,MORE MATERIAL
IS APPLIED HERE

RUNS-TOO THIN MATERIAL

EXCESSIVE
MIST AND FOG

'

STREAKS
OCCUR HERE

LESS MATERIAL
IS APPLIED HERE

RA PD 78452
Figure 21. Spray painting faults.

needle, to prevent wear. The needle packing

should also be kept pliant with an occasional
drop of light lubricating oil.
c. Pressure Feed Type. Shut off air supply
to pressure tank (fig. 42), release pressure in
tank, and blow back fluid as in suction cup
equipment (b above). Empty and clean pressure tank. Place a container of clean solvent
or thinner inside pressure tank and install lid,
making sure that fluid delivery tubes (fig. 42)
is immersed in container of solvent or thinner.
Apply pressure and operate spray gun to clean
hose and spray equipment. Disconnect fluid
hose from gun and from pressure tank and allow hose to dry thoroughly before reconnecting. Clean air cap and fluid tip as in suctioncup equipment (b above).
107. Touchup Painting
a. General. When 'material has spots from
which the protecting paint has disappeared and
the rest of the paint surface is in a satisfactory
condition, it is often advantageous to do a
touchup rather than a complete painting job.
56

The bare spots may have been caused by natural wear or abrasion, mechanical injury, rust
or corrosion of the surface under the original
paint, or other causes. In such cases, it is necessary to clean the material beneath the spots
and repaint, using a method as near as possible to that used on the original paint job.
b. Cleaning. The spots to be painted must
be thoroughly cleaned so that no decay, dirt,
rust, corrosion, etc., remains. The remaining
paint should also be worked down to a featheredge if it is desirable to hide the lap.
c. Painting. While touchup painting may be
done by the brush method, spraying is superior,
because the edges of the new paint can be
feathered out to blend with the old surface
and, if the old and new colors match, the areas
of new paint will not be noticeable. In touchup work, it is of course necessary to use such
fillers, undercoats, finish coats, etc., as are required by the material being painted and that
the composition of the paint coating be the
same. General instructions for painting given
in paragraphs 101 through 105 are also applica'ble to touchup work.

TM 9-213

CLOTH

CLEAN OUT CUP THEN SPRAY

SOLVENT THROUGH GUN

CLOSE HOLES TO FORCE

MATERIAL BACK
INTO CONTAINER

ORD A1395

Figure 22. Spray gun cleaning.

Section II. BRUSH OR ROLLER APPLICATION

108. When to Use Brush or Roller

c. For Paints. Flat brushes with long soft

bristles or hair are required to apply paint.

The width will vary with the area and nature
Brush or roller application is used when:
of the surface to be covered.
a. Volume of work does not justify setting
d. For Enamels. Brushes used for enamels
up
spray apparatus.
is not available or is inshould be relatively large with a chisel point.
bc Sprasytoequipment is not ava.lable or is iSkunk hair (fitch), rubber-set varnish brushes
accessible
job.
c ie t owith moderately soft and fine bristles are best.
o. The operation es that of priming wood or
This type of brush can be used to touch up a
other porous surfaces. king-outpartstoremai
surface by rebrushing the coat with the brush
d.
The task of masking-out parts to remain
slightly wet, providing the brushing is done
unpainted is extensive.
very soon after the enamel film has been apApplication

e. Mist from spray gun would damage sur-

plied

roundings or create fire hazard.

(1) The material to be applied.

(1)The matureri to be appliced on whic
(2) The nature of the surface the
on atr
which
te
3the material is to be
eapplied
(3) The area to be coveredushes
withrathand

e. Paint Rollers. Paint rollers are replacing

brushes more and more. They are of two
types: quench and fill. The quench roller requires a tray for quenching with paint. The
fill roller does not require a tray, but a funnel
is needed for filling. Both require buckets for
is needed for filling. Both require buckets for
easy handling. They are most practical on une broken large wall areas and floors, but are also
used for ceilings. The material to be applied
the nature of the surface to be treated

bristles, preferably rubber set, are used to apply stains on wood with open pores. The
stiffness of the bristles is essential to work the
,stain into the pores of the wood. A softer
brush is needed for close-grained wood.

a. General. Brushing is used where rolling

is impractical. A right-handed operator should

109. Selection of Brushes and Rollers

(fig. 23)
la. General. Factbuoras determciig the proper
selection of a brush for a specific task are:

b. For Stains. Brushes with rather stiff

limit their usefulness

57

TM 9-213

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mc
L

-6z

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\
Z IJ

>

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TM 9-213

start at the right edge of the surface and proceed toward the left. By this procedure the
full paint brush is applied to the uncoated surface by brushing back into the wet film. By
decreasing the pressure at the end of the stroke
in the wet paint, brush marking is minimized.
b. Stain. Apply freely, rapidly, and evenly
in the direction of the grain of the wood and
brush well into the pores. (Certain types of
stain must be wiped off with clean, lint-free
cloths to produce uniform effect.)
c. Paint (fig. 24). On exterior woodwork,
use long sweeping strraghtstrokes 25)

First

make short strokes in one direction until a

small area is covered. Then go back over the
area with strokes at right angles to the first, in

opaa smooth,
coat. (This
order to obtain
order
to
smooth,
obtain even
even coat.
(This op-

eration is called "laying-off" the finish.) Follow with an adjacent area of similar size before
the enamel in the first area sets.
e. Lacquer, Quick-Drying Enamel, and Shellac. These materials must be applied rapidly.
Each stroke of the brush must completely
cover the area traversed, and the brush must be
kept well charged with the material so that
no retouching of spots is required, otherwise a
rough finish will be obtained. This procedure
is sometimes referred to as "flowing on" a
coat.

f. Varnish (fig. 25). Use a well-charged

brush and, depending upon the speed with
which the varnish dries, quickly flow on. If
possible, cross-brush to give a smooth film.
g. Brushing Technique. See figures 26
through 28.
111. Cleaning of Brushes and Rollers
a. General. In order to keep paint brushes
soft
should be
soft and
and pliable,
pliable, they
they should
be cleaned
cleaned imimmediately after use. Once material has been

allowed to harden in a brush overnight, no

amount of subsequent cleaning will restore the
original pliability or remove the curd, granula-

tion, and skins from the heel of the brush.

Solvents of the paint material just used in the

brush are the best possible cleaners. Dry-cleaning solvent, mineral spirits paint thinner, kero-

sene, gasoline, alcohol, xylol, turpentine, and

synthetic enamel thinner are
the common
common solsolsynthetic enamel thinner are the
vents and brush-cleaning fluids.

,I~~~~P-

b. Steps in Cleaning

(1) Save cleaning material by pressing

rush firmly against rim or side of
materialcontainer, squeezing out as
(2) In the event paint has hardened in
brush, it should be softened and
worked out with a putty knife.

RA PD 77828

Figure 24. Correct, long, sweeping strokes for outside painting.

59

TM 9-213

SECOND I
STROKESj

-'-'

'

.'

ffi
I

SMALL AREA
OF SURFACE

fr
_i

FIRST STROKES

RA PD 77518

Figure 25. Brushing technique for varnish and enamel.

/
PATH OF
CROSS
STROKES

"

1i)

Il\

<

Figure 26. Technique for painting a ceiling.

60

RA PD 77512

TM 9-213
STROKE WITH GRAIN

I
CORRECT GRIP

RA PD 78472

Figure 27. Brush technique for flat surfaces.

SECOND STROKES

,.i

iRA

'

PD 78626

Figure 28. Brush technique for painting in corners.

61

TM 9-213

(3) Pour small amount of solvent into a

shallow, wide-mouthed container and
work it thoroughly into the brush,
making sure that solvent gets up to
base of bristles or hair in the setting.
(4) When this small amount of solvent is
"loaded" with paint from the brush,
discard the solvent. Take a somewhat
larger amount of fresh solvent, and
repeat operation as many times as
necessary. Continue this procedure

RIGHT

{.)

until all traces of pigment and paint

disappear from brush

are soft and pliable.

RA PD 87235

and bristles

Figure 29. Right and wrong method of charging a

(5) For rollers, proceed along similar

lines. Use a pan instead of a pail and
soften, following the instructions given
'by the roller manufacturer.

brush.
bristles will remain soft and pliable.
Segregate brushes according to the
type of paint material with which
used and keep in separate keepers.
Use linseed oil in the keeper for
brushes used for paints and varnishes;
dope and lacquer thinner for brushes
used with lacquers; synthetic-resin
enamel thinner for brushes used with
enamels; and alcohol for brushes used
with shellacs. Insure that cover of
keeper fits tightly to prevent evaporation of solvents and thinners. New
brushes coming to the shop should
have their handle pierced to proper
suspension in the keeper at the correct
level.
(2) Use sufficient oil, solvent, or thinner
in the keeper to cover the bristles of
all brushes. Brushes in the keeper
should not touch each other or the
bottom. Brushes kept in linseed oil
should be cleaned before use by pressing out oil and by washing in thinner
for paint or varnish to be used.

1 12. Care and Storage of Brushes or Rollers

a. General. Proper care of paint brushes
and rollers is simple, provided the following
rules for their care are applied:
(1) Never stand brushes, wet or dry, on
their bristles. This will cause the
bristles to "set" in a curve and ruin
the brush. No amount of effort will
restore it to its original condition.
(2) In charging a brush with paint, do
not rub bristles over edge of container to remove excess paint (fig.
29). This tends to wear off the
bristles. Tap them lightly against the
inside of the container above the paint
level. This means that the painter
cannot work from original paint container.
(3) Break in new brushes on first coats.
Their pliability and elasticity will increase if this rule is followed.
(4) Under no

circumstances

should

brush be left overnight without putbe overnight

left
without put-containing
ting it in a keeper.
(5) For care of rollers, follow the manufacturer's instructions.

b. Storage Overnight.
(1) All paint brushes in daily use should
be kept overnight in a brush keeper
(fig. 30). Immersion of the cleaned
brush bristles in the proper oil, solvent, or thinner will assure that
62

WRONG

Note. Brushes used for lacquer, synthetics,

or shellac should be placed in brush keepers

lacquer thinner, synthetic thinner,

or alcohol, respectively. Traces of linseed
oil will spoil such materials and the finish-

ing job performed with brushes so stored.

(3) For rollers, follow the manufacturer's

instructions.
c. Indefinite Storage. When brushes are not
to be used for some length of time, they may
be prepared for storage as follows:
(1) Clean thoroughly.

TM 9-213

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0~~~~~~~~~~

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Z

Ln~~

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or

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63

TM 9-213

(2) Immerse in raw linseed oil for a short

time. This can be done in the brush
keeper.

(3) Remove from keeper and press out

most of the raw linseed oil.
(4) Wrap brush in oiled paper or brown
wrapping paper as' indicated in figure
31. Brushes treated in this manner
should be stored flat. They will not

set if no weight is put on the bristies. While such treatment will allow
brushes to be stored for a reasonable
length of time, it is advisable to open

package
at
as above
above at
brush as
retreat brush
and retreat
package and
6
months.
every
least
least every 6 months.

(5) A procedure similar to this should be

followed for storage of rollers. Follow the instructions given by the
manufacturer for these items.

BROWN WRAPPING PAPER DIPPED IN LINSEED OL

RA PD 77829
RA P

77

Figure 31. Brush storage for indefinite period.

Section III. DIP APPLICATION

113. When to Use Dip Application
The dipping method of applying paint is
generally utilized for relatively small articles
and is especially suited to the coating of items
of irregular design and possessing surfaces difficult to reach by brush or spray, for instance,
the interior of a narrow tube. It is also more
economical and timesaving compared to the
other methods on articles of an open design
such as wide-mesh screens.
114. Dipping Technique
Care should be taken to insure that the
paint has been properly reduced to dip64

The consistency suitable

ing consistency.
ech and
.ip.
varie.
for
paint
for dipping varies with,stheach aita
It must of necessity
for each article.
be arrived at by the "cut and try" method.
The proper consistency will also vary with the
type of reducer used. The optimum is that
consistency which provides coverage at the
highest point and yet allows the paint to drain
off well from the lowest point of the article
being coated. Suspend the article to be dipped
with cord, wire, or any suitable means in a
manner providng the shortest drain without
developing pockets of paint. Immerse the article in the paint. Remove the article slowly and

TM 9-213

regularly, and allow to dry in a comparatively

draft-free location over the dipping tank or a
draining pan.

115. Dipping Limitations

Dipping is not economical except where a
large number of items are to be painted in a
production manner.
116. Equipment Required
A receptacle to hold the paint is required.
This can be a pail, pan, or specially constructed
tank. In general, the receptacle should be just

large enough to conveniently permit the insertion of the article to be coated. Large receptacles or tanks with large areas exposed to the
air result in wastage of paint, excessive evaporation of reducer, and rapid settling. The paint
supply in the dipping receptacles may be replenished as often as required. Paddles are
necessary in order to stir the paint at frequent
intervals. If the receptacle is large, a drain-off
~valve should be provided in order tha.t the
paint may be removed and placed in sealed containers when dipping operations are interrupted
for several hours.

Section IV. SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS

117. Hazards
a. Fumes.
(1) Thinners used with paints and enamels may have harmful effects. Continued of
ffumess during and
tinued breathing
ofbreathn
after painting operations should be
avoided, since the fumes may cause
sickness, or complete disability, or in
extreme cases even death as a result
Of suffocation.
(2)
in some
(2) Toxic
Toxic fumes
fumes will
will persist,
persist, in some

cases, for many days indoors after

painting operations. Inhaling benzene fumes is extremely injurious to
health.
b. Contact with Paint Materials.
(1) It must be kept in mind that very
poisonous compounds are sometimes
used in painting materials. Cuts and
wounds on the hands are dangerous
points from which poison may enter
the blood circulating system. Unwashed hands may convey poisonous
matter to food.
(2) Many painting materials contain lead
sulfide, lead carbonate, chromium
compounds, and other poisonous materials.
(3) Lead chromate is particularly dangerous, and like other lead paints, may
enter the system during eating or
handling.
(4) Many of the thinners are also poisonous and can enter the human system

through the skin, through inhalation,

or through carelessness in handling
food.
c. Fire.
c. Fre.

(1) Fire hazards due to flammability of

paint and paint materials may be seri-

ous. The mist that comes from a

spray gun is highly flammable. A
spark will cause it to flash.
spark iill
cause it to flash.
(2) Smoking is prohibitited in paint

shops. It may cause an explosion.

(3) Open cans containing paint removers,
thinners, paints, and paint materials
are a definite hazard. Empty drums
or other containers in which solvents,
thinners, and similar materials have
been shipped are potential hazards,
since they often contain enough vaporized material of a flammable nature to cause explosions.
(4) Aside from the fact that illness or
possible death can result from working in confined spaces filled with
fumes from solvents, paint thinner,
and other volatile materials, there is
the serious danger of explosion due
to the properties of such fumes when
mixed with air.
(5) Accumulated spray in booths and in
cracks and corners of the paint shop
is particularly dangerous, for it easily
flares up in spontaneous combustion.
and many fires have started in that
way. Oily or solvent-soaked cloths, if
65

TM 9-213

not promptly disposed of, may cause

fire by spontaneous combustion.
(6) Fires which occur in spray booths result from six principal causes: broken
electric lamps and other electrical defects; cleaning interior of booths,
fans, and motors with highly flammable solvents; accumulation of deposits
in the booths, tubes, and vent pipes;
defective fans and motors used for
ventilating the booths; poorly designed vent tubes; or static electricity.
118. Safety Precautions
a. Safe Air.
(1) If it is at all practicable, painting of
materiel should be accomplished in
the open air. Adequate forced draft
ventilation for indoor work should be
provided always to carry off fumes.
(2) Respirators should be worn during all
spray-painting operations.
b. Safe Practices.
(1) Preparations
containing
benzene
should not be used for spraying.
Never use flammable solvents to clean
the walls of spray booths.
(2) Only vaporproof lamps (fig. 53)
should be used where spraying is being done.
(3) The precautions outlined for the handling of gasoline in TM 743-200
must be followed also for paint thinners and paint removers, and solvents.

66

(4) If it is at all practicable, paints should

be stored in a steel cabinet in a small
building away from the work building. Once opened, cans containing
paint removers, thinners, paints, and
paint materials should be covered
tightly before being stored or put
away overnight.
(5) Do not apply heat or flame such as in
welding or soldering operations, to
drums or cans or other containers that
have contained solvents, thinners, and
similar material unless they are first
thoroughly steamed out, then filled
with water, and inspected to make
sure that all traces of the odor of solvent or thinner is removed.
(6) Oily or solvent-soaked cloths should
be promptly disposed of after use or
proof container (fig. 55).
(7) Keep the paint shop clean. Scrape all
spray mist off walls, beams and
trusses, and out of spray booths, corners, or any other place, in which it
accumulates. Special
nonsparking
bronze scrapers are desirable for this
purpose. Before throwing the scrapings away, wet them with water. Clean
frequently.
(8) Refrain from eating with paintcovered hands. Wash them before
eating. Clean paint or paint material
from wounds immediately. Protect
your health.

TM 9-213

CHAPTER 4
SPECIAL TECHNIQUES
Section I. STENCILING
119. Purpose
Stencils enable personnel untrained in hand
lettering and design to apply lettering and designs to materiel quickly and efficiently. A
stencil is a metal or paper pattern which has
the letters or design cut out, so that when the
stencil is held in position over a surface and
paint applied to the cutout portions, the desired lettering or design will be accurately reproduced. When a large number of signs, identification marks, or designs are to be
reproduced, time is saved by using a stencil.
120. Stenciling Methods
a. Stencil Sets. Stencil sets ready-cut from
sheet brass (par. 138) are sometimes used.
These are applied with masking tape and used
over again. The letters and numerals are removable and can be assembled to form any required identification marking (fig. 48). More
satisfactory results are usually obtained, however, with ready-cut paper stencils (par. 138)
which can be used once and thrown away.
b. Stencil Alphabet. Typical stencil alphabet
is shown in figure 32.
121f.Stencil
33)Applicatpaint
a. Attach Stencil to Surface. After the surface is thoroughly dry (if it had recently been
painted), make sure it is free of dust and dirt.
Use masking tape to hold the stencil securely
in position in the spot where the lettering or
design is to be placed. Be sure the stencil lies
perfectly flat and close to the surface, without
wrinkles or buckling.

b. Apply Paint. Spray paint it possible with

the paint required for the surface; otherwise,

use a brush and stencil paint or paste paint

(TT-P-98). Apply white lusterless stenciling
synthetic enamel over olive-drab finishes on
combat and transport vehicles and upon artillery, unless otherwise specified. After the
marking has thoroughly dried, any gum
smudges can be removed with drycleaning solvent or mineral spirits paint thinner and a
cloth. Avoid getting solvent or thinner on
marking.
c. Specific Materiel. For instructions pertaining to stenciling markings on specific materiel not discussed in this manual, refer to AR

746-10 and AR 746-2300-1 an marking of

clothing, equipment, vehicles, and property.

d. Registration Markings on Vehicles. The
markings will be located on the vehicle as prescribed in AR 746-2300-1. They are applied
as follows:
(1) Remove the crepe paper backing-protector from the gummed-back paper
stencil as shown in A, figure 49.
(2) Apply the gummed back paper stencils to vehicle as shown in B, figure
49.
(3) Mask between and around stencils as
shown in C, figure 49. Apply stencil
by spraying (C, fig. 49) or
brushing. Spraying is the preferred
method.
(4) After stencil paint has been applied,
remove masking tape and gummedback stencils.
(5) After stencil has been removed, the
web portion must be painted in using a small brush as shown in D, figure 49.
67

TM 9-213

A 13 C I:
JIK

I'G I
5 ) P;

7 89
!) ()
RA PD 112527

Figure 32. Stencil alphabet.

68

TM 9-213

STENCIL

WRAPPING PAPER

RA PD 108390

Figure 33. Applying a stencil.

Section II. DECALCOMANIA TRANSFERS

122. Description

124. Application

Decalcomanias (transfers) are designs or

patterns prepared in paint films which are
temporarily deposited on a paper background
for storage, support, and convenience in handling. When needed, this paint film is removed from the paper backing and fixed on
the item of materiel through the use of one of
several types of adhesives.

(fig. 34)
a. Replacing Decalcomanias. Decalcomanias
which need replacing must be installed in the
same locations as placed originally. In painting areas upon which decalcomanias have been
placed, the decalcomania should be masked,
unless it has been obliterated, in which case, a
new decalcomania should be applied.
b. Surface Preparation. All dirt and grease
must be removed from the surface to which
the decalcomania is to be applied. Wash the
surface thoroughly with drycleaning solvent,
mineral spirits paint thinner, or any approved
cleaning solution. Allow sufficient time for

123. Types
There are three general types of decalcomanias:
a. Varnish-applied (varnish adhesive).
b. Water- (slide-off) applied (water-soluble

~~~~~~adhesive).~c.

c. Solvent-applied (lacquer-type adhesive).

the cleaning solvent to evaporate.

c.

l
.
Direct Application. It is imperative that
the specific instructions for application issued
by the manufacturer of a specific decalcomania
69

TM 9-213
k ;07

CLEAN CLOTH

DRY-CLEANING
SOLVENT
PAPER

PAINTED METAL
SURFACE
DECALCOMANIA

WATER
DECALCOMAN IA

DECALCOMANIA
PAPER

PAINTED METAL
SURFACE
DECALCOMAN IA

CLEAN CLOTH

PAINTED METAL
SURFACE

Figure 34. Application of decalcomania.

70

RA PD 77823

TM 9-213

be followed explicitly. The instructions are

usually printed on the paper backing of each
transfer. For this reason, no other instructions
are given in this section.
d. Coating of the Decalcomania. In some in-

stances, the manufacturer prescribes that a

clear coating be applied over the decalcomania,
in order to improve resistance to the elements.
The clear coating is designated by the manufacturer.

71

TM 9-213

CHAPTER 5
SPRAY EQUIPMENT
Section I. COMPRESSORS (GASOLINE AND ELECTRIC DRIVE)
125. Description of Types
a. General. An air compressor is a mechanism designed to supply compressed air continuously at a predetermined pressure and volume. Compressors for paint spray gun use are
of two general types-single-stage and twostage. These can be further divided into many
types, some of which are portable or stationary, unloader or pressure switch controlled,
horizontally, or vertically mounted tanks, airor water-cooled compressor, and gasoline engine or electric motor drive. Technical manuals
on air compressors are listed in DA Pam 310-4.
Supply manuals on air compressors are listed
in DA Pam 310-25.
(1) Single-stage compressors (fig. 35). A
single-stage compressor is one having
one or two cylinders in which air is
drawn from the atmosphere, compressed to its final pressure, and delivered through an aftercooler to the
,air receiver. Compressors of this type
are intended for use where maximum
pressures do not exceed 100 pounds
per square inch. Their use is not
limited to this maximum pressure, but
beyond it, their efficiency and economy fall off rapidly.
(2) Two-stage compressors (fig. 35). A
two-stage compressor is one in which
a relatively large cylinder first compresses the air to an intermediate
pressure considerably lower than the
final pressure. Air compressed to this
point is delivered through an intercooler to a small cylinder where it is
compressed to the final pressure. It
is then delivered through an aftercooler to the air receiver. An outfit

of this type is intended for use where

pressure exceeds 100 pounds per
square inch. Such pressure will be
encountered infrequently in everyday
painting.
(3) Gasoline engine drive (fig. 36). Gasoline engines of small horsepower
are used with compressors under the
following conditions:
(a) Where electric current is not available.
(b) Where spray-painting outfits must
be used in localities served with
different types of current.
(c) In localities where insufficient current is supplied.
(d) For all other uses, electric motor
drive is obviously much more desirable.
(4) Electric motor drive (fig. 37). A majority of paint spray-gun compressors
are powered by electric motors of 1/4
to 5 horsepower. Naturally, the use
of an outfit of this type is confined
to locations in which proper current
is available. Electric motor-drive is
generally chosen for more or less permanent installations while gasoline
drive is to be preferred where portability is the prime consideration.
(5) Unloader and pressure switch control.
(a) Gasoline engine-driven compressors
(fig. 38) have unloaders which automatically open the intake valve
when a predetermined pressure has
been reached and allow the compressor to run idle. Simultaneous
to the opening of the intake valve,
the unloader also partially closes
the throttle and allows the engine
73

TM 9-213
TWO STAGE

SINGLE STAGE

LOW PRESSURE
OR
FIRST STAGE

HIGH PRESSURE
OR
SECOND STAGE

O
OAAIR
RECEIVER

AFTER COOLER

TO AIR
RECEIVER

INTERCOOLER

AFTER COOLER
RA PD 78621

Figure 35. Single- and two-stage compressors.

and compressor to operate at a reduced speed. When the pressure

falls to a predetermined point, the
unloader closes the intake valve,
opens the engine throttle, and
causes the pressure to be built up
again.

exterior surfaces of cylinders, aftercoolers, and intercoolers are greatly

increased in area by the use of fins.
Increased surface area allows heat to
be radiated more rapidly.
Larger
compressors, when used continuously,
cannot be adequately cooled by air.

(b) Electric motor-driven compressors

have a pressure switch (fig. 37)
which shuts off the motor when a
predetermined pressure has been
established and restarts it when the
pressure has fallen to a predetermined point,

Such outfits make use of a water

cooling system consisting of radiator,
pump, fan, and water jackets built
around the cylinders-similar to that
of an automobile engine.
b. Truck Outfits (figs. 36 and 38). Air
compressors (usually with gasoline engines for
power) are available mounted on light, easily
moved trucks. These units are ideal where
portability is a factor with painting to be done
at varied locations.

mally, compressor tanks are mounted

in a horizontal position, serving as a
base for the compressing unit. Where
space must be held to a minimum or

where ground

clearance or

126. Inspection and Lubrication

corner

installation is important, tanks can be

a. Gasoline Engine (figs. 36 and 38).

(1) Gasoline-driven air compressors are
mountedin a vertical position.
furnished with engines manufactured
(7) Air-or water-cooled compressor (fig.
by many industrial concerns. Gener39). The physical process of compresally speaking, they are of low horsesion produces heat and for that reapower and of simple construction.
son it is particularly important that
For instructions with respect to their
air compressors be adequately cooled.
proper inspection, lubrication, and adMost compressors intended for use
justment, refer to pertinent technical
with paint spray-gun equipment are
manuals or other appropriate instrucair-cooled. To accomplish this, the
tions.
74

TM 9-213

HOSE
CONNECTIONS

CRANK_

AIR CLEANER

FUEL TANK

Jj

__

_AIR CLEANER

iM

AIR TANK

TRUCK

RA PD 77517
Figure 36. Gasoline powered air compressor.
75

TM 9-213
INTERCOOLER

AR

AIR STRAINER

AFTERCOOLER
SN
PRESSURE SWITCH

COMPRESSOR

ELECTRIC
CHECK
VALVE

,(~",,~ j

SAFETY VALVE '

OUTLETi
VALVE

PRESSURE GAGE.

STORAGE TANK
RA PD 108395

Figure 37. Air compressor-electric drive.

GASOLINE ENGINE

FUEL TANK
FAN

UNLOADER VALVES
FINS

\r-

AIR CLEANER
AIR TANK

AIR

CLEANER

TRUCK

RA PD 108396

Figure 38. Heavy-duty air compressing truck outfit.

76

TM 9-213

aL*

m_

burn out and break down. The use of fuses and

circuit breakers is intended to prevent this,
and the operator should familiarize himself
with them. In, no event should fuzes be shorted
or circuit breakers tied down.
c. Compressor. For care and preservation
of compressors, refer to pertinent technical
manuals or other appropriate instructions.

127. Operation

a. Installation. Proper operation of a compressor outfit depends to a great extent on correct initial installation of the equipment. The
-following points are important to proper in-

stallations:
(1) Electrical wiring, whether for a permanent or portable
installation,
should be installed and inspected by
a competent electrician.
Electrical

RA PD 78636

Figure 39. Air-cooled air compressor for use as

separate unit.

(2) Adjustments of carburetor, gasoline

wiring presents a fire hazard at all

times. Fire in a paint shop is devastating and almost impossible to con-

trol.
(2) Overload protection should be fur-

lines, and ignition systems should not

be made in or near the paint shop.

While the maintenance and repair of
gasoline engines is not the responsibility of the painter, he should be
sufficiently familiar with them to correct minor stoppages caused by improper adjustment. Gasoline engines
used on compressors are adjusted at
the factory to run at a constant speed
and no throttle adjustments should be
necessary.
(3) Do not attempt to make adjustments
or repairs unless qualified to do so.
b. Electric Motor (fig. 37). For lubrication
of electrical motors, refer to pertinent technical manuals or other -appropriate instructions.

nished for the electrical circuit.

(3) Compressors should preferably be located in a room adjacent to the paint

shop. This reduces the fire hazard
considerably, improves the performance of the compressor, and reduces
operator fatigue caused by noise.
(4) Permanent installations should be at
least 1 foot from adjacent walls, to allow free air circulation over the cooling fins.
(5) Air intakes should be piped to the
outside of the building, where they
can pick up clean, cool air.
(6) Air pipe lines should be of sufficient
size. The following should be used
as a guide:

The adjustment of electric motors, even of

a minor nature, is not the responsibility of the

For'

Pipe size (min.)

painter and should be undertaken only by quali-

1-1/2- and 2-horsepower

outfits.

1/2 in., up to 50 ft; over

50 ft, 3/4 in.

fied personnel. It is, however, the responsibility

3- and 5-horsepower

3/4 in., up to 200 ft; over

of the operator to see .that the electric motor

on his compressor is not damaged through

improper use. All electric motors when overloaded heat up, usually very rapidly. If this
condition is allowed to persist even for a brief
interval, the insulation on the windings may

outfits.

200 ft, 1 in.

(7) An air compressor should be mounted

on a solid foundation, with all four
feet resting firmly on the floor or
foundation. Unless the weight is
equally distributed on all four feet,
77

TM 9-213

excessive vibrations are set up, which

may break one of the feet loose from
the tank or contribute to noisy operation. It should be installed so that
it is both level and plumb. This is
important to assure the proper function of the compressor oiling system.

(1) Operational efficiency has decreased

through wear and mechanical adjustments fail to restore it.
(2) Insufficient air output is supplied.
(3) The time interval from cut in to cutout is prolonged to'the point of wasting power. The following will serve
as a guide for normal cut in and cutout interval (50-percent
deviation
should be reason for replacing or rebuilding outfit):

b. Replacement. Like all mechanical devices, air compressors eventually wear out and
should be replaced or rebuilt when:

Outfit

HP

Single-stage ---------------------------------------1/2
Single-stage ________________________________________
1
Single-stage ________________________________________
3
Single-stage ______________________.---- ------------5
Two-stage ________________________________________-3/4
Two-stage _____________.___________________________
1
Two-stage ________________________________________--3
Two-stage _________________________________-_______
5

Tank dimensions
dia. x length
(in.)

16
16
20
20
20
20
20
20

x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

40
40
48
48
48
48
48
60

Cut-in
pressure
(psi)

120
120
120
120
160
160
160
160

Cutout Time interval

pressure pump cutin to
(psi)
cutout (min.)

150
150
150
150
200
200
200
200

5.76
3.27
1.92
1.17
9.66
6.57
2.42
1.74

128. Precautions-Draining

129. Servicing

The operation of compressing air (which always contains some moisture) induces condensation. Water condensed in this manner collects in the air receiver of the compressing outfit be
andremoved
it must each
fit and it must
be
removed
each day
day by
by draindraining through the air receiver petcock. Proper
location of the air intake will cut down the
amount of water condensed in this manner.

Mechanical servicing of air compressors by

personnel using air compressors should be confined to the instructions given in paragraph

126. For further servicing by maintenance personnel, reference should be made to technical
manuals on specific compressors or other appropriate instructions.

Section II. TANK (PAINT CONTAINER)

130. Description of Types
Material containers for paint spray guns are
metal or glass vessels connected to the spray
gun which serve as supply reservoirs for the
material to be sprayed. They are of two general types, cup and tank. Tank types have an
insert container.
a. Cup Containers (fig. 40). Containers of
this type are generally used where a variety of
colors in rather small quantities are to be
sprayed. They are available for suction or
pressure feed. Pressure-feed cups are recommended for small quantities of enamels, plastics, and other materials too heavy for suction
feed and where fine adjustment and speed of
application are desired. The commercial preloaded and precharged pressure spray cans
(par. 102b(4)(a)) are unrechargeable.

78

b. Tanks (figs. 40 and 41). Paint spray gun

tanks are material containers for pressure feed
that provide a constant flow of material at
uniform pressure. They range in size from 2to 55-gallon capacity. Essentially, they consist
of a shell, clamp-on lid, fluid tube, outlet
valves, fluid header, and safety valve (fig. 42).
They are furnished with either top or bottom
outlet and various accessories. They are of
two distinct types:
(1) Regulator type (fig. 43). Regulatortype tanks offer the advantage of supplying large quantities of material to
the gun under accurate control of
fluid pressure. Regulator-type tanks
are frequently further subdivided into
single and double regulator types,
depending on whether the control is

TM 9-213

INSERT CONTAINER
FOR PRESSURE TANK
I-QT METAL
CUP CONTAINER
CLAMP TYPE
ATTACHMENT

j r 0_
PRESSURE TANK

Jftl

1-PT GLASS CUP CONTAINER

SCREW TYPE ATTACHMENT
RA PD 112529

Figure 40. Spray gun material containers.

applied to the material pressure alone

or to both the material and gun presare
tanks
sures. Regulator-type
equipped with a pressure regulator,
safety valve, release valve, etc., and
are operated with different pressures
on the air line and material.
(2) Equalized-pressure type. Equalizingpressure tanks, on the other hand, are
equipped only with a safety and release valve and operate with the same
pressure on the air line and material.
c. Insert Containers (fig. 40). Insert containers are pail-like metal vessels, designed to
set inside the tank. This eliminates cleaning
out the tank and is convenient in changing
from one color or one material to another.
Their use permits several batches of material to
be mixed ahead of time. This construction also
permits feeding directly from small cans of
paint instead of from the full-sized container
inside of the tank.
131. Agitators
(fig.
42)
Certain materials require constant or frequent agitation while in the tank, and to meet
this requirement, tanks are frequently supplied
with mechanical agitators which can be activated by an air motor or by electric drive.

Some tanks are provided with handles for manual operation of agitators.
132. Operation
Material containers of all types are rugged,
substantially built, and should present few, if
any, operating difficulties. Provided regulatortype tanks are properly adjusted, air vents kept
free, and agitators used when needed, little
thought need be given to their proper operation beyond thorough and adequate cleaning.
The use of a dolly (fig. 41) greatly extends the
working area of a tank when used for multiple-gun operation. Tanks are available which
provide for two-gun operation at one time (fig.
43).
133. Precautions
Observation of the following will insure the
proper operation of material containers at all
times:
a. Clean thoroughly after use. Many spray
gun malfunctions (par. 105) can be traced to
improper cleaning of the material container.
b. Never attempt to remove a cover from a
material container of the pressure-feed type unless it is certain that pressure in the container
has been released.
c. Be sure fluid and air valve connections on
container are proper size for hoze being used.
79

TM 9-213

-iTANKS

O; ADO
RA PD 78630

Figure 41. Dollies for material container tanks.

SAFETY VALVE
COVER LUGS

-'tA

AGITATOR DRIVE SHAFT

AIR INTAKE VALVE
TANK PRESSURE REGULATOR

PRESSURE

MAUAL

GAGE

MATER
OUTLET VALVE

AL
AGITATOR
HANDLE

HL
FROM 2 TO 60

TUBE

AGITATOR

AIR MOTOR

PROPELLER

AGITATOR

UTER SHELL

INSERT PAIL

Figure 42. Pressure feed paint tank.

80

RA PD 78637

TM 9-213

|VAPOR-PROOF
LAM_s

SPRAY GUN.

TANK

RA PD 78631

Figure 43. Two-man operation from portable tank.

TM 9-213
d. Test tank safety valve regularly.
e. Keep material containers full. They do
not function efficiently when nearly empty.
f. Use agitator regularly. Where paint is

being applied very rapidly, agitators are seldom

needed, yet failure to agitate certain materials
promptly, results in the formation of surface
"skin" which rapidly clogs filters and hose.

Section III. MISCELLANEOUS ACCESSORIES

134. Hose

60 pounds per square inch. For example, with

a. Construction. Two types of hose are used

with
paint spray
guns--air and
and fluid.
fluid. Air
Air
with paint
spray guns-air
hose has a red rubber or orange braid cover
while fluid hose is black. The inner tube of
fluid hose is constructed of a solvent-resisting
material practically impervious to the action of
any of the common solvents used in paint.
b. Size. Hose of adequate inside diameter
must be used with all paint spray gun outfits.
Too often a spray gun is blamed for functioning improperly, or a material is considered of
inferior quality when the real cause of the
trouble is an inadequate supply of compressed
air at the gun. Usually, this condition is
caused by improper size hose. As will be
seen from table XI, there is a natural pressure
drop wherever compressed air is transmitted,
and the amount of this pressure drop increases
in inverse ratio to the inside diameter of the
hose.
c. Pressure Drop. Table XI shows the air
pressure drop expected from various lengths
of 1/4- and 5/16-inch air hose when used with
spray gun equipped with air cap consuming approximately 12 cubic feet of air per minute at

70 pounds air pressure at the transformer

only
will existhose
at thes
spray47-1/2
wgun pounds
hen 25 pressure
feet of 1/4-inch
used
to
wnterconnect the two units.
used to interconnect the two units
d. Cleaning. The fluid hose should be
cleaned immediately after using. Delay in
cleaning will make the operation much more
difficult. In no event should fluid hose be left
uncleaned overnight. Clean hose as instructed
in paragraph 107c.
e. Storage (fig. 44). When not in use, all
hose must be coiled and hung up where it will
be out of the way and free from possible damage.

Valves and gages used on paint spray gun

equipment are of rugged construction and normally will need little attention to insure their
correct operation. The following suggestions,
however, may be helpful in maintaining this
equipment in good condition:
a. Keep valves free from paint. Paint impairs their operation and can be removed
quickly by a cloth dipped in solvent or

Table XI. Drop In Air Pressure

Air pressure
Air pressure

Air pressure drop at spray gun (psi)

at

transformer
(psi)

40a
50a
60a
70a
80a
90a
40b
50b
60b
70b
-Bob
90b

5-foot
length

6
7-1/2
9
10-3/4
12-1/4
14
2-1/4
3
3-3/4
4-1/2
5-1/2
6-1/2

'Air hose. 1/4-inch.

b Air hose, 5/16-inch.

82

10-foot
length

8
10
12-1/2
14-1/2
16-1/2
18-3/4
2-3/4
3-1/2
4-1/2
5-1/4
6-1/4
7-1/2

15-foot
length

20-foot
length

25-foot
length

50-foot
length

9-1/2
12
14-1/2
17
19-1/2
22
3-1/4
4
5
6
7
8-1/2

11
14
16-3/4
19-1/2
22-1/2
25-1/4
3-1/2
4-1/2
5-1/2
6-3/4
8
9-1/2

12-3/4
16
19
22-1/2
25-1/2
29
4
5
6
7-1/4
8-3/4
9-1/2

24
28
3.1
34
37
39-1/2
8-1/2
10
11-1/2
13
14-1/2
16

TM 9-213

d. Air line gages record pressures only at

the point at which they are installed. Do not
assume that the air gages on the air transformer in any way indicate the pressure at
the fluid tip of the gun.

136. Air Transformer

a. General. (figs. 45 and 46). An air trans(or separator) is a device which conl\ );fdenses
oil and moisture; regulates, filters, and
strains the air; indicates, by gages, main line
and regulated pressures; and provides outlets
through which spray guns and dusters, can be

l.PRESSURE
former
t1'j

IknAIRHOSE

connected.
b. Operation (fig. 47).

7-l'

'1\\llllclean,
,

I!

~~E~1\\\ hthe
IraYICQ/ Rlill~l~l/~W

(1) Oil and moisture are collected by the

baffles and filter pack, allowing only

dry air to reach the spray gun.

Further drying may be accomplished

by the use of cartridges filled with
silica gel installed in the outlets.
(2) Moisture collecting at the bottom of
air separator or transformer
should be removed daily.
RES c. Installation (fig. 45). Proper installation
of the air transformer is essential to maintain
correct operation. The following points will be
observed:
(1) Install transformer at least 15 feet
from the compressor.
(2) Air takeoff from the compressor line

i
<MIIIMtfW

RAPD

7,7522

should be from the top of the line.

(3) Compressor air line to which

Figure 44. Hose coiled and hung up when not in rise.

thinner. Do not immerse valves in solvent or

thinner, as this will dry out the packing.
b. Be sure that valve nipples are of the correct size for the inside diameter of the hose
being used. Incorrect mating of hose and nipple. is a common cause of spray gun malfunction and is often overlooked.
c. No attempt should be made to repair air
gages in the field. Their mechanisms, while
not delicate, require special tools and skills for
proper adjustment.

air

transformer takeoff is attached

should slant toward a permanently installed drain leg, which should be

drained daily. In localities where regulated air is available and only cleaning and filtering are needed, an air
condenser (fig. 46) can be used to
supplant the air transformer. Size of
air lines necessary is given in paragraph 127a(6) and figure 45.
d. Filter replacement. The filter pack in an
air transformer should be removed and replaced whenever it shows signs of becoming
clogged by dirt or oil.

83

TM 9-213

TK-F

PIPE RECOMMENDATIONSEREO
SLOPE TOWARDS

1.1/2 AND 2 H. P. OUTFITS

MIN. 1/2 -IN. UP TO 50-FT.
OVER 50-FT. 3/4-IN.
3 AND 5 H.P. OUTFITS
MIN. 3/4-iN. UP TO 200-FT.
OVER 200-FT. 1-IN.
--

DRAIN LEG

FRO
OF

TRANSFORMER

TAKE-OFF

DRAIN LEG

MAIN AIR LfNE

AIR TRANSFORMER

AIR COMPRESSO

DRAIN HERE
DAILY

DRAIN HERE
DAILY

RA PD 78493

DRAIN HERE DAILY

Figure 45. Air transformerinstallationwith other equipment.

CONDENSER
AIR
TRANSFORMER

ORD A774

Figure 46. Air transformer (separator) and condenser.

84

TM 9-213
GAGE
PRESSURE
PRESSURE
INDICATES
AIR ENTERS
HERE
VALVEASSEMBLY
AIR INLET
ADJUSTING SCREW
REGULATES
PRESSURE

CAP
REGULATOR
t

DIAPHRAGM
REGULATOR

AIRREGULATED
HERE

AIR IS FILTERED
AND CLEANED
THROUGH FILTER
AS IT PASSES

THROUGH BAFFLESAIR PASSES

OIL AND MOISTUREDROP TO BOTTOM

RA PD 78487

Figure 47. Operation of air transformer (or separator).

85

TM 9-213

CHAPTER 6
MISCELLANEOUS EQUIPMENT
Section I. PAINTING TOOLS AND MATERIALS
137. Scrapers

guidelines can be made by snapping chalked

string against the surface.
Scrapers made of bronze, which do not prob. Hydraulic Jack. A good hydraulic jack is
b. Hydraulic Jack.
A good hydraulic jack is
duce sparks when rubbed on metal or concrete
required,
duce
sparks
when
rubbed
onmetal
orsince
concrete
the wheels of a vehicle are ususurface, are used for cleaning paint residue out
of spray booths and off the floor. Metal
iron horses are also needed to support the vescrapers in various sizes are used to scrape
hice for painting while the wheels are off.
paint from metal and wood surfaces. Flexible
c. Supplies for Preparing Surfaces. Paintcarbon scrapers should be used on aluminum
removing,
cleaning, and rust-removing soluand magnesium, since metal scrapers may leave
t
an
tions and sanding materials are required for
deposits of metal, thereby promoting galvanic
preparing surfaces.
corrosion and in some instances, metal particles
d. Masking Tape. Masking tape is recould cause the shortening of electrical circuits.
quired to cover all body parts that are to be
protected from the spray. Tape alone is used
138. Stencil Key Set
to mask small areas. For larger areas such as
Note. Refer to paragraph 119 through 121.
windows, the tape is used to fasten paper over
a. Brass Stencils (fig. 48). Brass stencils in
the area to be protected.
1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-inch sizes are sometimes used
e. Sanding Disks. Sanding disks are availfor stenciling.
able for the motor sander, as well as polishb. PaperStencils.
ing pads and solutions for the electric buffer.
(1)
areStarinsignia
ardboard
stenils
A different
solution -is used for hand polishing.
available in various diameters.
f. Other Tools. Other tools required in the
paint shop are paint brushes, wire brushes for
(2) Paper stencil sets of all numbers, 0 to
9, are avail
vi .
.
cleaning off loose paint and rust, and putty
knives and scrapers for removing old paint.
c. Gummed-Back Paper Stencils. GummedRazor blade scrapers are useful for removing
back paper stencils are available to aid in appaint from glass. A 16-ounce graduated glass
plying the registration number (fig. 49).
is needed for mixing paint and thinners in the
required proportions.
139. Availability of stencil key sets
g. Cloths. An abundance of wiping cloths
Stencil key sets indicated in paragraph 138
is required at all times for wiping off paint
may be requisitioned under stock numbers
spilled or applied by mistake, for cleaning
listed in Department of the Army Supply Manspray guns, and related equipment.
ual 10-1-7500 (Class 7510) (Office Supplies).
141. Electric Sander
140. Miscellaneous Tools and Supplies
a. Layout Tools. Straightedges, a yardstick,
steel square, and dividers are used for laying
out lines to guide the location of letters and
insignia when they are stenciled. Otherwise,

Portable, motor-driven, flexible disk sanders

are occasionally required for smoothing the
body or fender metal before it is painted, although this is not usually the work of the paint
shop. This should not be used within the
spray-painting area.
87

TM 9-213

Figure 48. Stencil key set.

142. Electric Buffer

Ordinarily, the same tool is not used both
forsanding and buffing, beca
use
t
sander
he
rotates much faster than the buffer. Combina-

88

tion sand-buffers, however, which operate at

two speeds controlled by gearshift are available.

TM 9-213

A-REMOVAL OF
PROTECTOR
B-GUMMED-BACK PAPER STENCILS
APPLIED TO VEHICLE

'1zj

NOTE:
IN CASE OF SPACES
BETWEEN NUMERALS,
MASK WITH NARROW
STRIPS OF TAPE.

C-APPLYING STENCIL PAINT BY MEANS OF SPRAYING

WEB

D-PAINTING IN STENCIL WEBS

RA PD 252726A
Figure 49. Application of registration markings.

89

TM 9-213

Section II. SHOP EQUIPMENT

143. Booths and Hoods
a. Description
(figs.
a. Description
(figs. 50
50 and
and 51).
51). A
A paint
paint
spray booth is designed to collect and exhaust
the fumes arising from use of the spray gun
indoors. The nearly

perfect atomization of

material and air provided by the spray gun increases the volume of flammable and toxic

fumes over the amount produced by any other

type of painting. These must be removed from
the atmosphere continuously. A permanent
spray-painting shop requires well-ventilated
and well-illuminated booths or hoods. The
booth is simply a room or compartment open
at one end to accommodate the materiel to be
painted. The items to be painted are brought
in through the open end. The hood is a large
sheet-metal structure hung over the location
of painting. Both the booth and the hood are
provided with exhaust fans and ducts to carry
off the fumes. They are usually made of sections of sheet metal, so any desired length or
capacity can be obtained.
b. Cleaning. The floor and walls of spray
booths accumulate excess material very rapidly
and should be cleaned at least once a week.
Cleaning is facilitated by covering the interior

of the booth with wrapping paper and masking tape before painting is begun. When it is
necessary to clean, nonmetallic scrapers can be
used to remove the masking tape and wrapping
used to remove the masking tape and wrapping

paper very quickly. It is particularly important

that all electrical wiring and equipment used
in or near a paint spray booth be installed, inspected, and repaired, keeping in mind the very

great fire hazard.

144. Exhaust Fans
a. General. The purpose of exhaust fans
used in connection with paint spray booths or
shops is to continuously remove the flammable
and toxic fumes generated within the booth.
b. Installation (fig. 52). Where fans are installed in homemade booths or shops, the following will be a guide to their suitability:
(1) With fan operating, very little atomized material should be visible in
the booth while gun is operating.
(2) Such material as is visible should disappear almost at once when gun is
shut off.
(3) Baffle boards (fig. 50) should be installed in booths to assure absence of
"dead spots" in air circulation. Such
boards break up the air stream gotaking air only at its point of installation.
(4) Exhaust piping used with fans should
meet the following requirements:
(a) It should be the same diameter as
the fan.
(b) Pipe
sections

l
:~~
i

ii \

!bsenti,

BAFFLE BOARDS

should be joined

smoothly and in a manner to prea minimum obstruction to the

passage of air.
(c) The smallest possible number of

elbows should be used.

.(d) Clean-out doors should be installed at least every 10 feet.

RA PD 78469

Figure 50. Small paint spray booth.

90

145. Portable Floodlights

Portable floodlights provide good illumination directly on the area to be painted. Their
use will avoid many places being skipped or
slighted. All lights used should be of the vaporproof type.

TM 9-213

1/ I

LAMP

,I

.7'

DEFLECTOR PLATE
COVERING EXHAUST

OPENING

\.
,
RA PD 78624

Figure 51. Auto spray booth.

146. Vaporproof Lamps
When a special room is used as a paint shop
instead of a paint booth, it should be equipped
with vaporproof lamps (fig. 53) which are
not affected by flammable vapor circulating in
the air when spray painting is done. Likewise,
when portable floodlights (par. 145) are not

used, the paint booth or hood should

equipped with vaporproof lamps.
147 C
Shaker

be

A motor-driven can shaker is a valuable

piece of paint shop equipment. It save considerable time in mixing paint which would
otherwise have to be stirred by hand with a
paddle.

91

TM 9-213

E~~~~~~~~~~~~~

SWITCH Bo

OX
.,

a_;.

1-'- I keins x
wi

Ado~~~~~~~~~~~~"
1;; \^
X

HIV~~~~~~~~~~ENT'SOTO
.~

~~~~~~~Fi.ur
9

~'

5 . Insa.l ezars . -w

-F2<fBy<A..

Figure 52. Installed exhaust fan.

92

-- FAN

rows _l.I

ADE
,.

TM 9-213

REFLECTOR

IN

LAMP GLOBE

<

2=6~

1~1-

LAMP

Figure 53. Vaporproof lamps for paint shop.

93

TM 9-213

CHAPTER 7
PAINTING DATA
Section I. OPACITY AND COVERING DATA
148. Oil Paints

Table XII. Oil Paint Coverage

Table XII indicates the approximate area (in

square feet) which normally can be covered per

gallon of oil paint. This information can be
used as a guide in estimating the amount of
paint required for a specific job.

149. Enamels, Varnishes, Stains, and

Bituminous Paints
In general, the approximate area (in square
feet) which can be covered per gallon depending on surface and consistency of paint is as
follows:
a. Enamels, 400-600.
b. Varnishes, 500-700.

Prime coat

Material

Steel
Sheet --------.

Second coat Third coat

400-600 .500-600

600-700

400-550

450-600

550-650

Medium ------- 350-500

Light ___--__-- 300-500

450-550
400-550

500-600
450-550

Heavy
construction.

Wood:

New __________. 500-600

Weathered ___ 300-400
Repainted_____ 400-500
Concrete and brick - 1!50-300
Plaster, etc. -------. 250-350

500-600

500-600

400-500

400-500

500-600 b

500-600

300-400 d 350-450

300-400 d 400-500

, To each gallon of paint is added approximately 2 quarts of

raw linseed oil and 1 pint of thinner.
raw To each gallon of paint is added approximately 1 pint of

c. Stains, 500-600.

raw linseed oil and 1/2 pint of thinner.

c Special primer or reducer added.

d. Bituminous paints, 75-200.

paint.

d Approximately

1 pint of reducer is added to each gallon of

Section II. TIPS ON PAINTING

150. Painting "Don'ts"
Certain basic precautions in the application
of paint, varnish, enamel, and lacquer are generally applicable. The following should be observed at all times:
a. Don't paint over an unclean surface. Be
sure all dirt, rust, scale, etc., are removed.
b. Don't fail to stir paint thoroughly.
c. Don't mix one paint with another unless
instructed to do so.
d. Don't fail to follow instructions which
may appear on containers, particularly with respect to the addition of thinner and application
instructions.
e. Don't apply paint or varnish unless the
drying conditions are satisfactory.
f. Don't paint in wet or extremely cold
weather (below 500 F.).

g. Don't apply abnormally heavy coats.

h. Don't add too much thinner.
i. Don't use paint buckets, cans, paint rollers, spray guns, or brushes which are not
clean.
j. Don't apply cold paints on varnishes.
k. Don't leave old paint- and old-soaked
clothes lying around in the paint shop. They
are a fire hazard (figs. 54 and 55).
1. Don't fail to clean brushes, paint rollers,
and spray guns immediately after using.
n. Don't release the tops of pressure-feed
material containers before releasing the air
pressure.
o. Don't use electrical connections that show
any inclination to become loose or to arc.
95

TM 9-213
152. Engines, Engine Accessories and
Engine Compartments
a. General Instructions.
(1) Engines and engine accessories should
be painted in accordance with manufacturer's standard practice, except
the finish coat should be an olive
?~i-~

"bl~OLD

DIRTY

:METAL
WITH COVER

I P t>.

:i

-;

~>
P

i'A:

i'

SS==--'RA

PO 108399

Figure 54. Proper method of old cloth, disposal.

p. Don't pour paint out of a container in a

manner that obscures the label.

q. Don't fail to strain paint before using.
r. Don't fail to remove all traces of wax
from surfaces where paint or varnish is to be
used.
s. Don't paint without proper ventilation.
t. Don't waste paint by spraying beyond
the item being coated.
u. Don't paint over a moist or wet surface.
v. Make sure paint does not come between

drab conforming to Specification TT-

E-485. Engines :received in -an unpainted condition should remain in

that condition. Paint will frequently
impair the heat conductivity of metal
and should not be applied to engines,
unless it is the manufacturer's policy
to do so.
(2) Engines should ordinarily be painted
or repainted only when removed from
vehicles for remanufacture or rebuild,

and not when they are in the vehicle.

(3) Engine assemblies should be painted
only after all operations concerning
manufacture or rebuild have been
completed, and cylinder head or heads
and crankcase or oil pan are assembled to cylinder block, and only when
so
so authorized.
authorized.
b. Removal of Old Paint. Proceed as indicated in TM 9-208-1. Do not use alkali-type
remover on aluminum.

c. Cleaning and Rust Removal. Follow procedure indicated in TM 9-208-1.

ground strap and hull of tanks.groundstrap and hull ofCaution:
tanks.
Mask intake and exhaust ports,
w. Avoid paint on
operator-instruction
breathers, etc.,carefully,to prevent dust, soluplates.
tion, water, or metal conditioner from entering
engine.
151. Target Materiel
d. Combat Vehicle Air-Cooled Engines. On
Target materiel generally is governed by the
combat vehicle air-cooled engines, ferrous metpolicy that wooden parts usually destroyed by
al parts are painted with olive-drab, semigloss,
bullets will not be painted. Timber frame suprust-inhibiting enamel conforming to TT-Eports of siding targets are, however, given one
485. Aluminum portions, including the cylincoat of commercial red paint. The pulleys, sash
der fins are left unpainted. The base of the
cord and sash cord clamps, roller brackets,
cylinders is coated with varnish, waterproofing,
rollers, slide racks, slide irons, and hook bolts
electrical, ignition, conforming to MIL-Vof sliding targets are not painted. All parts
13811.
of the car and track of rolling targets for mae. Engine Compartments. All exterior surchineguns and all parts of sled targets, except
faces of combat vehicles not exposed to outside
snatch blocks, ropes, staves, and pasteboard
view are painted white for better reflection of
targets, receive one coat of commercial red
light in accordance with paragraph 79, except
paint.
as otherwise required.
96

TM 9-213

ON*

OLD DIRTY CLOTHS ARE A FIRE HAZARD

RA PD 108400

Figure 55. Dirty cloths should never be left in the open.

97

TM 9-213

GLOSSARY
The following terms, many of which are
used in this manual, are defined as they are
used with respect to painting and related operations. Become familiar with them and refer
to this list whenever in doubt about a definition.
Abrasive resistance-Thisproperty is comparable to toughness rather than hardness. It is
that property exhibited by the surface of a
paint, enamel, or varnish which will resist
being worn away by rubbing or friction.
Adhesion-As usually used in reference to
paint films, adhesion is the tendency of the
film when dry to adhere to the surface upon
which it has been applied.
Alligatoring (fig. 4)-Rupturing of the top
paint coat which causes the surface to break
up into irregular areas separated by wide
cracks in an "alligator hide" fashion is
known as alligatoring. It is checking in an
aggravated form.
Binder-The nonvolatile portion of a paint vehide is known as the binder.
Bleeding-When the color of a pigment in a
previous coat comes through the topcoat, the
condition is called bleeding. This usually occurs when a pigment already applied is soluble in the medium of the newly applied topcoat. Asphalt and colored resins may also
bleed.
Blistering (fig. 5)-Blistering refers to a condition in which the paint coat is detached
and raised from the surface upon which it is
applied, as the result of gases or liquid (usually water) forming beneath the coating.
Blushing-The precipitation of ingredients of
a paint film when it dries, which may be
caused by condensation of moisture on the
film or by improper composition of the paint,
is described as "blushing."
Body (oil)-An oil is said to have "body" or
to be "bodied" when it is thickened above

its normal condition. Thus the "body" of

an oil is its relative thickness, the degree of
"body" being in proportion to its viscosity.
Boxing-Boxing is the process of mixing paint
by pouring it back and forth from one container to another.
Brightness-The brightness of a paint film is
measured by the percentage of incident
light reflected from the film.
Brushing property-The brushing property of
a paint is the quality it displays when it is
brushed onto a surface, as affected by its
viscosity, mobility, consistency, composition,
etc.
Catalyst-A substance used in the manufacture of paint.
Chalking-When loose powder, which can be
removed by gentle rubbing appears on the
paint film or just beneath the surface, the
condition is described as chalking. A good
quality paint applied correctly should chalk
very slowly. Chalking should be a gradual
process over a period of years, so that when
repainting becomes necessary, the surface is
in good condition to receive the new coat,
with little if any preparatory work required.
Checking-A paint film condition with slight
breaks in the film surface, causing the underneath coats, but not the unpainted surface,
to be visible, is referred to as checking.
Coat Coating-A protective film of paint, varnish, primer, lacquer, etc., is known as a
coat or coating.
Cracking-Crackingdescribes breaks in a paint
film which extend through the film to underlying material.
Crawling-Creeping (fig. 6)-Collection of
paint into little drops or islands on the applied surface is referred to as crawling or
creeping.
Drying oil-An oil which, when exposed in a
thin film to the air, possesses to a marked
99

TM 9-213

degree the property of readily absorbing

oxygen from the air and changing to a relatively hard, tough, and elastic substance.
Dulling.-The loss of gloss which develops in
a varnish film after drying out is described
as dulling.
Enamel-A paint which has the ability to form
an especially smooth film is known as an
examel. An examel always contains pigment
and has moderate hiding power and color.
Some enamels dry to a flat or eggshell finish instead of a gloss finish.
Feather-This is to thin coating between a bare
and a painted surface by sanding to a fine
edge when preparing "touchup" spots for
painting and an invisible lap is required
(par. 93c).
Filler-A special paint used for filling pores
or other breaks in a surface to, make it smooth
for further painting. When applied and exposed to the air, 'a filler should dry to a relatively hard, permanent solid, capable of
supporting subsequent coats.
Flaking-When small pieces of the paint coat
fall away, the condition is described as flaking.
Gloss-The degree of mirror-like reflection
of a painted surface is known as gloss.
Hiding power-The power of a paint or paint
material to cover up a surface painted with
it so the surface cannot be seen is termed
hiding power.
Leveling-The ability of a paint to flow, leaving a smooth film when brushed onto a surface.
Mildew-Mildew is a fungus frequently noted
on surfaces exposed in damp, warm climates.
This is usually found on surfaces covered
with paint of a soft nature. Such paints act
like flypaper and afford lodging for windblown matter from decayed and dried vegetation. Sometimes the oil with which the
paint is made or mixed is infected and offers

Peeling-A more aggravated form of scaling,

usually due to the presence of moisture
when the paint was applied or to faulty application of the priming coat, is known as
peeling.
Pigment-The fine solid particles used in the
preparation of paint, substancially insoluble in the vehicle, are known as the pigment.
Polymerization-The reaction, usually at elevated temperatures, in which two or more
components of the substance combine to
form a more complex molecular structure,
which has the property of curing or solidifying with or without the absorption of oxygen.
Primer-A paint which is intended for use as
the initial covering for a surface and usually
to be followed by other coats, often of a different type of paint, is known as a primer.
Runs-Sags (fig. 8)-Runs or sags are irregularities of the paint film due to uneven
flow of the paint.
Scaling-Flakingof the paint film in an aggravated form, in which the paint coating falls
off in larged sections, is known as scaling.
Solvent-A solvent is usually a volatile
thinner, particularly for varnishes and lacquers.
Spotting-The appearance of discolored spots
on a painted or varnished surface is known
asspotting.
Stripper-Any solution used for paint removal
is known as a stripper.
Stripping-The process of removing paint from
a painted surface by means of a stripper is
known as stripping.
Sweating-Sweating is a term used to describe
the reappearance of luster on a varnished
surface which has been rubbed to a dull
finish.
Thinner-volatile-The liquid portion of a
paint, which evaporates, is known as volatile
thinner.

a breeding place for mildew spores.a breeding

paint or other product is said to 'be
spores.
Toxic-A
for mildew
place
Opacity-The degree of obstruction to the
transmission of visible light offered by a
paint film is known as opacity.
Oxidation-The combination of a drying oil
with oxygen from the air to form a 'solid
film is known as oxidation.
100

toxic when it has poisonous qualities. While

some paints and related materials have toxic
qualities with respect to the using personnel,
products which are named "toxic paints" are
developed for their poisonous qualities
against fungi, teredo, barnacles, and the like.

TM 9-213

Vehicle-The liquid portion of a paint-that

portion which carries the pigments. Anything that is dissolved in the liquid portion
of a paint becomes a part of the vehicle.
Washing-Paint films sometimes allow the
pigment to "wash" out under action of the
elements, and when rubbed, a wet, soapy

emulsion will be formed. This is termed

"washing."
Wrinkling-Wrinkling, sometimes referred to
as "crinkling," "puckering," or "crimping,"
condition in
in*which
describes
which the
the paint
paint
describes aa condition
film gathers in wrinkles. It frequently occurs when paint or varnish is applied at low
temperatures.

101

TM 9-213

APPENDIX
REFERENCES
Publication Indexes
The following indexes should be consulted frequently for latest changes or revisions or references given in this appendix and for new publications relating to material covered in this technical manual.
Index of Army Motion Pictures, Film Strips, Slides, and Phono-Record- DA Pam 108-1
ings.
Military Publications:
Index of Administrative Publications ------------------------------ DA Pam 310-1
DA Pam 310-2
Index of Blank Forms -------------------------------------Index of Graphic Training Aids and Devices ---------------------- DA Pam 310-5
Index of Supply Manuals, Engineer ------------------------------ DA Pam310-25
Index of Supply Manuals; Ordnance Corps -----------.------------ DA Pam 310-29
Index of Tables of Organization and Equipment, Tables of Organiza- DA Pam 310-7
tion, Type Tables of Distribution, and Tables of Allowances.
Index of Technical Manuals, Technical Bulletins, Supply Bulletins, DA Pam 310-4
Lubrication Orders, and Modification Work Orders.
Index of Training Publications ---------------------------------- DA Pam 310-3
Ordnance Major Items and Major Combinations and Pertinent Publica- SB 9-1
tions.
2. Supply Manuals
The following Department of the Army supply manuals pertain to this
a. General.
--------------------------------Introduction
-----------------------------------Office Supplies
b. Maintenance and Repair.
Brushes, Paints, Sealers and Adhesives, FSC group 80 ----------------

material:
ORD 1
SM 10-1-7500
SM 5-1-C5-1-SL,
Vol 2

3. Other Publications
The following explanatory publications pertain to this material:
a. Camouflage.
Camouflage, Basic Principles and Field Camouflage -----------------Camouflage of Fixed Installations ---------------------------------Camouflage Materials -------------------------------------b. General.
Ammunition, General ----------------------------------------

FM 5-20
FM 5-21
FM 5-22

TM 9-1900/
TO 11A-1-20
Logistics (General): Unsatisfactory Equipment Report ---------------- AR 750-5

103

TM 9-213
Military Symbols
__-__-_____--__.____
_ -__
-____
FM._____
21-30
Military Terms, Abbreviations, and Symbols:
Authorized Abbreviations and Brevity Codes
__----_
__
_____ AR
.....320-50
Dictionary of United States Army Terms -__- -- ___-__-__
-____
-__ AR 320-5
Military Training
__-___ --_
____
-- -____
____
--_______.FM 21-5
Safty: Accident Reporting and Records __- ____
-- ___
___-___-- -_____
AR 385-40
Techniques of Military Instruction ___----.........
._.___
_____
_
... 21-6
FM
c. Maintenance and Repair.
7 Cubic-Feet-Per-Minute Hand-Operated Nonbleeder-Type Paint Spray TB ORD 597-47
Gun (Master Mfg. Co. Model "Ace" Size 31-50) (4940-261-8413) and
4-1/2 Cubic-Feet-Per-Minute Hand-Operated Nonbleeder-Type Paint
Spray Gun (Master Mfg. Co. Model "Ace" Size 43-65) (4940-261-8414)
and 7-8 Cubic-Feet-Per-Minute Hand-Operated Nonbleeder-Type Paint
Spray Gun (Master Mfg. Co. Model "Ace" Size 31-30) (4940-261-8415).
Ammunition Color Coding ___- ____
.____
__.......________
MIL-STD-709
._____
Chassis Coating Compound (Underbody Coating Compound); Description, TB ORD 401
Method of Application, and Equipment Used.
Cleaning of Ordnance Material ______-_-__.______ __-___-__-__---__ TM 9-208-1
Colors: (for) (Ready Mixed Paints) _-_-____--____ --____----_______ FED-STD 595
Enamel, Semi-Gloss, Rust-Inhibiting __- __--___-___
- -_______
---_
TT-E-485
Finishing of Metal and Wood Surfaces __-__-____--___......____ _
MIL-STD-171(ORD)
._
Heavy-Duty Air-Operated Undercoating Spray Gun Outfit (Gray Model TB ORD 597-49
250-459) (40-G-535); Rebuild Standards.
Materials Used for Cleaning, Preserving, Abrading, and Cementing Ord- 'TM 9-247
nance Materiel, and Related Materials Including Chemicals.
Paint, Primer, Zinc, Yellow for Aluminum and Magnesium Surfaces. TT-P-666
Paint Spray Gun (The Binks Mfg. Co. Model 18) (4940-261-8413, 4940- TB ORD 597-39
261-8414, and 4940-261-8415); Rebuild Standards.
Paint Spray Guns (The Black Mfg. Co. Model B-8800-AR-1) (4940-261- TB ORD 597-26
8413); (Model B-5500-AR-1) (4940-261-8414); (Models B-8900-AR1 and B1900) (4940-261-8415); Rebuild Standards.
Paint Spray Guns (The DeVilbiss Co. Model PMBC-510 No. 58-FX) TB ORD 597-30
(4940-261-8413); (Model PMBC-510 No. 45-E) (4940-261-8414);
(Model PMBC-510 No. 58-E) (4940-261-8415); Rebuild Standards.
Paint Spray Gun (The Electric Sprayit Co. Model GG-501) (4940-261- TB ORD 597-27
8414); and (GG-593) (4940-261-8415); Rebuild Standards.
Painting and Finishing Systems for Artillery Materiel _ ____.--__-- _ MIL-STD 173(ORD)
Painting and Finishing Systems for Fire Control Instruments. _____-_ MIL-STD 194(ORD)
Painting Instructions for Field Use ___-________-____.__________- ___ TM 9-2851
Painting Procedures, Tactical Vehicles (Tracked and Wheeled) _-_----_ MIL-STD-193(ORD)
Primer, Coating, Synthetic, Rust Inhibiting, Lacquer-Resisting. ____-___ TT-P-664
Rigging
___.-----_________--____--____
___--____
TM 5-725
Thinner; Dope and Lacquer (Celluose-Nitrole) _-__-____
------__
__ TT-T-266
Thinner; Synthetic-Enamel
_.----------_____ _
_
-_-___
- _ __
-- ___ TT-T-306
Toluol (For Use in Organic Coatings)
_.-....__...___.
__.._ TT-T-548
Xylene (For Use in Organic Coatings) _.---______
--- ________-----_ TT-X-916
d. Storage and Shipment.
Marking and Packing of Supplies and Equipment:
Color Marking of Vehicles and Equipment ___-_-_-- ____.__
____ ...
AR 746-2300-1
Marking of Personal Clothing and Orgnizational Clothing and Equip- AR 746-10
ment.
104

TM 9-213

Marking of Supplies for Shipment -----_____-__-_-_______________

Marking for Shipment and Storage -___---_---_--_-- __--___----Moisture and Fungus Proofing Treatment of Antiaircraft Artillery "OnCarriage" Fire Control Equipment and Associated Cable Systems.
Storage of Supplies and Equipment: Storage and Materials Handling.

AR 725-50
MIL-STD-129
TB ORD 350
TM 743-200
TM 743-200-1

105

TM 9-213

INDEX
Paragraph

Accessories, compressor _____-_______---___________________-------------------134

Accessories, miscellaneous:
Air transformer ______-_________-__________---_-_____------_
136
Engine
__________________________________--_____________
_
---152
Hose
_______________--_
..
________________________
.
.............134
Valves and gages __________________________--_-_-____________________-----135
Accidents, field report of -____________________-----_______--_______ _____.__
_3c
Air, safe
_____ _________________________-___________________________________-li118a
Air caps ______----- --________--______________________________________________
103
Air leakage from front of gun _______________________________________ _________
105b
Air transformers -__________________-_______________-____________
136
Alcohol, denatured -________-_______--______________________________________----32e(1)
Alligatoring and checking ________________________________________-____________
13
Aluminum, finish systems for -________---____-_________________
_________________
92
Aluminum fuel tank assemblies (tracked combat vehicles) __--______________-----81
Ammunition ______________-_______________________-______________________-----_
77
Application (See also specific item) ----_---------_--------------------------____
29
Apply paint to stencil -_-----___--_______----___-_____ ____
121
Artillery materiel ____________.-----------------__________
75
Authorized forms -_____________________________________________
3a
Baking ovens ____-_---_-----______
_____________.....__ ...
___________________
.. 87
Baking temperatures _____________________-___________________________________-_
87
Binders
__________________________-------------------------------------------9d(1)
Bituminous paints, coverage _________________________________________________
149
Bleeding -_--_ ___--__----______--_____________________________
-_____________
14
Blushing -_--_____________--___________________________________________________
16
Booths and- hoods ______________________________________________________
143
Brass stencils ________________-__________________ ____________
120a, 138a
Brush and roller:
Care and storage ____-_____________________________________________________
112
Cleaning _____.._____..__________________________________ .................
111
Methods of brushing various materials ________-_____________________________
110
Selection of ________________________________________-_____
109
When to use, application _____-____--________________________________________
108
Brushing and rolling paint ________i______.__________________________________
11d, 108-112
Buffer, electric _____________________ __________-_____________________--142

Page

82
83
96
82
82
3
66
47
48
83
16
7
36
32
29
15
67
29
3
35
35
5
95
7
8
90
67, 87
62
59
57
57
'57
7, 57
S8

Camouflage -____
_______--____--____________________________________________
-7
4
Can shaker __________________________________________________
147
91
Care and storage of brushes or rollers _____________ __________________________
112
62
Care of spray equipment --___________________________________________________
106
55
Chalking __.-------------------------______-----17
9
Cleaning brushes and rollers -________________________________________________
_111
59
Cloths
-...
___________.__________._-_-_______________
.....................
140g
87
Coating, underbody (for motor vehicles) ____________________________________- _
64
26
Coating, of decalcomania
_______________________-_____________ _______________
124d
71
Coatings, organic
________________________________________-___________________
90
36
Color
___________----------------------------10
5
Composition, paint
________________________________________-___________________
9
5

107

TM 9-213

Compressors:
Description of types
-----------------------------------------------------Inspection and lubrication -------------------------------------------------Installation
---------------------------------------Operation
--------- ______________---------------------------------------__
Precautions - draining
-____- ___---------------_________________________
Replacement
---------------------------__-_----------______
Servicing
______________________________________
Contact with paint materials ______________-___________________________________
Container, insert
----------------_-_-____-------------------------------__
Corners, spraying
---_._------______
______-----__---______--______________-___
Corrective measures (See specific item)
Cranking
________________________________________-_______________
Crawling ________________________________________-_____________________________
Creeping ________________________________________-_____________________________
Cup containers
____________________________________________________________
-Data, opacity and covering -___-_______________________________________________
Decalcomania transfers:
Application _----_________---_______________________
Description ______--________________________________________________________
Types
______________________-----------------Defective spray patterns -____________-_______________________________________
Definitions:
Color ---------------------------------------Paint
______-__-----------------------------------------------------Spray gun
----------- -- - - -- - - -- - - -- - - -- - - -- - - -- - - Denatured alcohol
---------------------------------------------------------Dip application:
Equipment required
________________________________________-_____________
Limitations
_____________________________________________________________
Techniques ________________________________________-_____________
When to use
____________________________________________________
------Dipping
________________________________________-___________________________
Disks, sanding
________________________________________-___________________
Draining precautions, compressors
________________________________________-___
Drying, slow
________________________________________-______________________
Dulling
________________________________________-_____________________________
Dusting, spray gun ________________________________________-___________________

Paragraph

Page

125
126
127a
127
128
127b
129
117a
130l
1 4
0 c

73
74
77
77
78
78
78
65
79
47

18
19
19
130a

9
9
9
78

148, 149

95

124
122
123
105e

69
69
69
50

10a
9
102a
32e(1)

5
5
45
16

116
115
114
113
lie, 114
140e
128
24
20
104e

65
65
64
64
7, 64
87
78
11
10
47

Electric buffer
________________________________________
142
Electric-motor drive:
Description __________-_--------------------------------------------------125
Inspection and lubrication ________________________________________-_________
126
Electric sander
_______________________________________________________
--141
Enamel:
Baking, phenol- or urea-formaldehyde __________________________-___________-_
55
Coverage ________________________________________-_________________________
149
General
________________________________________-_________________________
9b(1),49
Lusterless, quick-drying (for ammo) -______________________________-------__
50
Method of brushing (quick-drying) ________________________________________
110e
Method of brushing (slow-drying) ________________________________________
110d
Nonskid, lusterless _______.------------ ________________________________
----51
Rust-inhibiting, olive-drab ________________________________________
-42
___
Synthetic:
Gloss
_______________________________________
52
Lusterless ________________________________________
53
Semigloss ________________________________________54

88

108

73
74
87
24
95
5,22
22
59
59
22
19
22
23
23

TM 9-213
Paragraph

Page

Engine compartments ----- ___--- ___-----___----------------------------------_

78a
Engines, engine accessories, and engine compartments ---_-----------------------152
Engraving filler
-_____----_________________-_________________________________
36
Equipment, miscellaneous:
Electric buffer ___-________________________________________________
_______
142
Electric sander ------------__---_-----------.....
141
Scrapers ----______--___________________
_________________________________
137
Stencil key sets ---___________
_____--_______________________
_________----1138, 139
Tools and supplies ---_______________________
___-___________________________
141
Equipment, shop (See Shop equipment)
Exhaust fans __-______________________________________________________________
144

29
96
17
88
87
87
87
87
90

Failures in spray painting ____-________------- __________------28

13
Fans, exhaust --____---- ____-____--_________---_
____________________________-144
90
Ferrous fuel tanks (tracked combat vehicles) __---____-___---____--__---_-----80
32
Field report of accidents --__----___---__-----__----------------------------3c
3
Fire making ----_-------____--_----_________________________________________
117c
65
Fillers:
General
____----___---_--------______ _________________________________
-33
17
Graduation or engraving -_-___--_____-----_----______---_----__________
_
36
17
Sealing compound:
Curing ---___--- ___.________________
______________---__
._________----_
34
17
Noncuring
___----------------_________________________-----_____
35
17
Finish systems:
29.1, requirement for -_----__---_____.
- ___-_
__----____--__________________
94
41
29.2, requirement for -----------._------__-------------------------------_
95
41
29.3, requirement for ________________________________________
96
41
29.4, requirement for -___---___--___---___---_______________________________
97
41
Ammunition -____--_______________________________________________________
77
29
Artillery materiel -______________________________________________________
75
29
General
________________________________________
74
28
Graduation and dial ---- -- --- -- --- -- --- -- -- --- -- --- -- --- -- -99
44
Instrument graduations and dials -___---_-- ______---___-_____---_-----_-----_
91
36
"Orange peel" -_________________________
.........
..
105f
54
Rocket and guided missile materiel ________--_________________________._____
76
29
System for protection against moisture and fungi ---------------------------85
34
Systems ______________________--_
...
......................................
31-32
15
Tactical vehicles (tracked and wheeled) -___---___--_____________________--__
78
29
Fire-control materiel:
Aluminum and magnesium ___________________________-__-----------------92
36
Finish 29.1, requirement for ------------------_-______--------____ _______
-94
41
Finish 29.2, requirement for ----------------------------- _-----------95
41
Finish 29.3, requirement for -----___________________________________________
96
41
Finish 29.4, requirement for ---------___________________
____--_---__--_---97
41
General
__-_____________________________________
89
36
Graduation and dial finishes ---_________________________---------------------99
44
Instrument graduations and dials _________________----------------------91
36
Organic coatings __-________________________________________________________
90
36
Selection of painting system for wood surfaces __--_______________________-- 98
44
Telescopes and fire-control equipment in interior of combat tanks ___---__---- __
100
44
Wood surfaces, pretreatment of ----________________________--------____----93
41
Flaking _______________________.--_________________
--________________________
18
9
Floodlights, portable ---________________________________________________________
145
90
Forms, authorized
__-_________________________________________________________
3b
3
Forms, records, and reports _______________________________-_-----____-_-------3
3
Fumes __________________________
117a
65
Fungi and moisture, finish system for protection against ___--__---__---- ___--_
__
85
34
Gasoline engine:
_______________________________________________________________
Description
Inspection and lubrication ________________________________________-_____----

125
126

73
74

109

TM 9-213
Paragraph

Graduation and dial finishes ---------------------------------------Graduation filler ---_----------------------_------------------------------------

99
36

---------

Page

44
17

Handling, method of tSee specific item)

Holding spray gun -_-________---__-______________________--------------------104a
Hoods and booths ---_--__-----_-------------------------143
Hose, cleaning -_______________________---______________________________------134d
Hose. compressor --__--__--___------________________________------------------ 121
Hydraulic jacks ---------------------------------------------------------------140b

47
90
82
67
87

Identification ___-_____________________________________________________-------6
Illumination and visibility -----_-____-----__________________-----------------8
Importance in painting, color --_______-----_---_
_________--------------------10
Indefinite storage, brushes, or rollers __--__________--------------_
-_-_
______
-_
112
Insert containers ________________________________________________________
130c
Installation of compressors -_____________________________________--------------127a
Instructions, brushing ---_---------__--------_----------------------------___ - ld, 108-112
Instrument graduations and dials, finishes for -----------------------------------91

4
4
5
62
79
77
7, 57
36

Jacks, hydraulic -__________-____________________________________________________

Jerky or fluttering spray _______--___--------- _________-----________________----

140b
105d

87
50

Lacquer, method of brushing -_----____---________________________________----_

110e
Lacquers:
Automotive, hot spray -------_----- _______
---------_____
59
General
__..
_____________________________________.
.
........... 9b(2),56
Lusterless, hot spray -____________________________________________________
58
Semigloss, cellulose-nitrate
-_____------_____---__________________________
60
Spraying, general use ---------____________ ------_-_-_----__________
--_
__
57
Lamps, vaporpoof ---_-_._---___
___________________--____-______________
146
Layout tools ____--____________________________________________________________
140a
Leakage:
Material from fluid needle packing nut -----------------_----------_______
_
lO5a
Material from.front of spray gun ---------...------___________-___________
105c
Linseed oil ________________________________________-______________-___------32e(2), 38
Lumping
________________________________________-____________________________
22

59
24
5,24
24
25
24
91
87
48
50
16, 18
10

Magnesium, finish systems for ----______________---_________

__________________
Making proper stroke, spray gun _____-----________________________-___________
Masking, spray gun -_______________________________________
Masking tape __--______________________________________________________________
Material leakage from fluid needle packing nut -___--____________________________
Material leakage from front of gun ------------- ____
_____---_--------_-____-----Materiel, target ----______________________________________________________
Mildew
________________________________________
Miscellaneous paint systems -___-_______________________________________________
Mist or fog __-----_
_______________________________________________________-Moisture and fungi, finish system for protection against __________________________

92
104a
104f
140d
105a
105c
151
21
83
105i
85

36
47
47
87
48
50
96
10
33
55
34

Nozzles _______________________________________________________________________
Nut, packing, fluid needle -----_____
________________________________ ___

103
92a

47
36

Oil, linseed, raw

-----------------------___________________
-------------------Oil paints
________________________________________-________________________
Opacity and covering data -_-----____________________________________
"Orange peel" finish __________________________________________________
Organic coatings -________________________________________
-_
Organic oil-resistant finish system for oil housings ______________________________

32e(2),38
148
148-152
105f
90
84

16, 18
95
95
54
36
34

Paint:
Acid-proof, black ________________________________________
Coating, underbody (for motor vehicles) ____________________________________
General _____________________________________________-____

62
64
9b(4), 61

25
26
5,25

110

TM 9-213
Paragraph

Page

Paint-Continued
Heat-resisting (silicone, aluminum) -------------------------------------65
26
Method of brushing --------__--------------_------------------------------110c
59
Oil -_---_------__-__-__--------__
__________________________----------148
95
Primer, weld through ------------------------------------------------------63
26
Red fuming nitric acid-resistant coating __---__-__--_--- _-----------------66
27
Stencil, block _----_---_--- ________--__--____________________-----------68
27
Stencil, flat
_--------______________________-----------------------------67
27
Straining -------------_______._--___--------------------------------------11b(2)
6
Water, paste, camouflage __-------------------------------------------------69
27
Painting:
Data
---_---_---_------------_------------------------------_--------148-152
95
Discussion of terms:
Color ----------------------------------------------------------------10
5
Definition
--_--------_---_---_---------------_-----------------------9
5
Purpose of:
Camouflage -- __---_--_-----------_-----------------------------------7
4
Functions
-__--_______---_------------------------------------------'5
4
Identification
______-____----________________________----------------6
4
Visibility ---_---_----------____----_______________-------------8
4
Techniques of mixing __-____________------------------------------------_
11
6
Tips on _______-__.__________________________-____________
150-152
95
Tools and equipment:
Electric buffer --__--------___-_ _-_-_______.______________-----------142
88
Electric sander --__-----------_--------_------------------------------141
87
Miscellaneous tools and supplies ---_---------------------.-----------_-140
87
Scrapers
---_---_---____-----_----_____--_----_-------------------137
87
Stencil key sets -_---_--------------_
--- - ---__-_.__
------------__
138, 139
87
Peeling __--___--_-__________________________________
________________________
18
9
Pigments --_------____--_____________ _______________________________________
-9c
5
Portable floodlights -_________________-_____________________________-145
90
Practice, safe
-_----------------------------.----- -118b
66
Precautions, safety --__------__--------_______--_______________-_- ___-------4
4
Pressure-feed-type spray gun ---_---------------------------------_---------___
__
106c
56
Primer, weld through __--__--______________-____________
____-__________________
63
26
Primers:
Coating, synthetic, rust-inhibiting, lacquer-resisting -- __--__--__--___--____ ___
45
20
Coating, synthetic, wood, and ferrous metal -------------- _____------------_-44
20
Coating, zinc yellow, for aluminum and magnesium surfaces -----------------47
21
Enamel, rust-inhibiting, olive-drab -_--_---_ ______---__--______________---__ _
42
19
General
________ .----____________________________________
------ - --32b, 41
16, 18
Lacquer, rust-inhibiting -__--______________________________________________
46
21
Surfaces, sanding, lacquer type _______________-______________________________
47
21
Surfaces, synthetic ---____________________ ...
...........................
43
19
Purpose of manual -----_---__------____-______________--____________________
1
3
Red fuming nitric acid-resistant coating --_---__________--__--________________
Resistration markings ---_---______-- ___________________--______________
______
Replacing decalcomania -__---__-- __--____________________ ______.__ ____________
Replacement, compressors ________________________________________-_____
Rocket and guided missile materiel --- ___--__---_--- __________--__-________
______
Roller and brush (See Brush and roller)
Running, paint
____--__-_________________
---________________
________________
Runs and sags in finish -_----__-______________________________________________

66
122d
12 5a
127b
77

27
69
73
78
29

23
105h

11
55

Safe air _-______________________________________

Safe practice ---- ____--- _______________________________________________________
Safety:
_____________________________________
Hazards
Precautions _____________:____
_______________________________________
Sagging
________-_______-----------------------

118a
118b

66
66

117
4,118
23

65
4,66
11
111

TM 9-213
Paragraph

Page

141
87
Sander, electric -------___________________________-----------------------------Sanding disks
____--___-----------------------------------------------------140e
87
18
9
Scaling _________________________--_______________________________________----__
Scope of manual -___-- ___-_-----_--------------------------------------------2
3
87
137
-_____-_______----_______________________________-------------------Scrapers
Sealers:
General __--_____-_______-----__----____________________________---------32c,17
16,17
38
18
Oil, linseed, raw __-______--__-----__________________----------------------39
18
Stain, wood, olive-drab -----------------------------------------------------Varnish, shellac, bleached, type I, medium body, and orange, type II,
40
18
medium body ---------------------------------------34
17
Sealing compound, curing __--__--__------------------------------------------35
17
Sealing compound, noncuring -_-----------------------------------------------Servicing, compressors
_________________-------------------------------------129
78
Shellac, method of brushing -___---------_-------------------------110e
59
Shaker, can
_______-_____.___---------_________________________-------------147
91
Shop equipment:
Booths and hoods ----------------------------------. _-------------------143
90
Can shaker
---- __------________________________-------------------------147
91
Exhaust fans __---__---_
____---_--___--______________________------------- 144
91
Portable floodlights
--------------------------------------146
91
Vaporproof lamps ---_-----------------------------------------------------146
91
Slow drying
__------------------______________________________________
24
11
Solvent, dry-cleaning -------__ __--_-----_----------------_--------- -----------32e(3)
16
Special painted surfaces -_____-_--_________---___--__-______-------82
.33
Speed of gun travel __---_----__---_---_
_____--_____
--.
_
104d
47
Spotting -________________________________---_________________________-25
12
Spray equipment, compressors:
Description of types
-----------------------------------------------------125
73
Inspection and lubrication ---___------_---------__-----------------------_
126
74
Installation
-__-----------------________-_________________________________
127
77
Operation
______________________________________________________________
-127
77
Precautions-draining
______________________________________________________
128
78
Replacement
____-__________________________________________
127b
78
Servicing _________________________________________________________________
128
78
Spray guns:
Air leakage from front of gun -_-___________----------____-____--________
__
105
48
Application
________________________________________-______________________
101
45
Care of -_--______________________________________________________________
106
55
Defective spray patterns ---__----_--_______________________________________
105e
50
Dusting
_________________________________________________________________
104e
47
Holding -__--______________________________________________________________
104a
47
Jerky or fluttering spray --_----_---- ______________________________________
105d
50
Leakage and correction -___________________________________________________
105
48
Making proper stroke -----------.---------------__________________________
104b
47
Masking
________________________________________-_________________________
104f
47
Material leakage from front of gun __ ._--l____O_____________________________
105c
50
Mist or fog ________________________________________-____________________
105i
54
"Orange peel" finish _______________________________________________________
105f
54
Pressure feed type ---_---___--___________________________ __________
_
106c
56
Runs and sags in finish ____________________-l---_______________________
_
105h
55
Selection of:
Air caps, needles, and nozzles -------------_______________----------------------103
47
Definitions _____ _____________________________________________ ____..__
102a
45
Types:
Aerosol paints and airless equipment spray _--_______________________
102b(4)
45
"Bleeder" and "nonbleeder" guns -_________________________________
102b(1)
45
External and internal mix ------l_______________________________
102b(2)
45
Suction and pressure feed _______________________________________
102b(3)
45

112

TM 9-213
Paragraph

Spray guns-Continued
Types-Continued
Speed of travel -------_________________-______
-_________________________104d
Spraying corners --_---__________________ ________________
104c
"Starving" ________________________________________
105j
Streaks in finish __---_______.____________________________________________
1059
Suction cup type --------------_-------------------_______-__-__________
__
106b
Technique -________________________________________________________________
104
Touchup painting ------- __-- ____________________-------------------------107
Spray painting, failures in --------__________________________--__--__---.____
__
28
Spraying corners --_--________________________________________________________
104c
Spraying paint __---_______________________________________________________
llc, 104
Stain:
Coverage ________________________________________-_________--______________
149
Methods of brushing -___________________________________ _______________
110b
Selection of brush and roller ----___________________________________________
109b
Wood, olive-drab -_________________
________________________________________
98
"Starving" --_ _______________________________________________________________
105i
Stencil key sets __----_-- _________________-________________
-138, 139
Stenciling:
Application __________________________-------------------______________
--121
Methods
-____________________________________________--___________________
120
Purpose
____________________-------------------____________________
119
Storage:
Brushes on rollers ---__________________________________-----------------------112
General __________________________________________________30
Streaking ________________________________________-____________________________
22
Streaks in finish ------______________________
105g
Suction-cup-type spray gun ______________________-___________________---------106b
Supplies for preparing surfaces _____________________________---------------140c
Surface, sanding, lacquer type ------ ___________________
_______---------------48
Sweating --____________________________________ ________________________________
26

Page

47
47
55
55
55
47
56
13
47
7, 47
95
59
57
44
55
78
67
67
67

62
15
10
5.______
55
55
87
21
12

Tables:
Drop in air pressure (table XI)

__________-_______________________--------Finish systems for aluminum and magnesium surfaces of fire-control materiel

,(table VIII) ________________________________------------------_________

82
__

42

Finish systems for wood surfaces of fire-control and related materiel (table IX).
__
Finish systems-fire-control materiel-steel and metal surfaces other than
aluminum and magnesium '(table V) -----_______________-----------------Finish systems-metals-tactical vehicles (tracked and wheeled) luster is semigloss as noted (table II) --________________________----------------------Finish systems-wood-tactical vehicles (tracked and wheeled) (table IV) -----_
Miscellaneous finish systems (table X) __________________---------------------Oil paint coverage (table XII) _______________________-----------------------Paint films on metal and wood surfaces (table I) ------------_---------------Reinforced fiberglass parts--surfaces (table III) ____________________________-Treatments and finishes for aluminum surfaces of fire-control materiel (table

43

VI)' _-______________________________________________________________

37
30

31
44
95

28
31

__

39

__-

39

78

29

131
130
132
133
140d
151
11
100

79
78
79
79
87
96
6
44

Treatments and finishes for magnesium surfaces of fire-control materiel (table

VII) ________________________________________-_________________________

Tactical vehicles (tracked and wheeled) __________.-___________----------------Tank (Paint container):

Agitators __________________________________________________________________
Description _________________________________________________________________
Operation __________________________________________________________________
Precautions ________________________________________________________________
Tape, masking ________________________________________-_______________________
Target materiel ___ ___________________________________________________________
Techniques of mixing ___________________________------------------------------Telescopes and fire-control eqiupment in interior of combat tanks ------------------

113

TM 9-213

Thinners:
Alcohhol, denatured _________________------------------------------------------------Enamel, synthetic -______________-------------------------------------------------General __________________________________________
_---Lacquer, cellulose nitrate, dope and lacquer, blush retarding -----------------Lacquer, clear -------------____--------------------------------------Oil, linseed, raw --------_____---_______---------------------------Paint, mineral spirits ---____---------------------------------------Solvent, dry-cleaning ---________-___________________- _____---------------Turpentine, gum spine ____________________________-----------------------------Tips on painting ___________________-------------------------------------------Tools, other ___________________________________________
________________________
Topcoat ------------------------------------------------------------------Touchup and refinishing procedures ----_----__--------------------------Touchup painting, spray gun --__-----------___-----------------------------Transfers, decalcomania (See Decalcomania transfers)
Transformer, air ________-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - Turpentine, gum spirits --____----_____----------------------------------------

Paragraph

Page

32e(1)
32e(4)
9d(2)
32e(5)
32e(5)
32e(2)
32e(6)
32e(3)
32e(7)
150-152
140f
32d
87
108

16
16
5
16
16
16
16
16
16
95
87
16
35
57

137
32e(7)

87
16

Unpainted surfaces __-_________________________________--______________________

89
Unsatisfactory equipment report ___----__
________-----___--------_------------3d
Useful painting data ------________-_________________________________-------149-152

36
3
85

Vaporproof lamps __-___________________________------------------------------Varnishes:

Asphalt __________________________________________--_______________________
Coverage of ____----__________________________________---_
General ___________________________________________________________________
Method of brushing
Moisture- and fungus-resistant for the treatment of communications,
electronic, and associated electrical equipment -----------------------------Shellac, bleached, type I, medium body, and orange, type II, medium body __---Spar, water-resisting _________--________________________________---------Vehicles:
Binders -------------------------------------------------------------------Thinners ------------------------------------------------------------------

91

146

71
27
149
95
9b(3),70
5,27
59
1---_-____--_--________
i10f
72
40
73

28
18
28

9d(1)
9d(2)

5
5

Visibility ______________________________________________________________________
8
Wood surfaces:
Pretreatment of ___________________________________________________________
93
Selection of painting system _____________________________________.--------- 98
Wrinkling ----_____________--_--____________
_____--27

114

41
44
13

TM 9-213
BY ORDER OF THE SECRETARY OF THE ARMY:

G. H. DECKER,
General, United States Army,
Chief of Staff.

Official:
J. C. LAMBERT,
Major General, United States Army,
The Adjutant General.
Distribution:
Active Army:
DCSLOG (1)
CNGB (1)
Tech Stf, DA (5) except
CofOrd (9)
CofT (none)
Ord Bd (1)
USCONARC (3)
ARADCOM (2)
ARADCOM Rgn (2)
OS Maj Comd (2) except
USARE'UR (5)
USARCARIB (5)
USARJ (5)
USARPAC (5)
LOGCOMD (2)
MDW (1)
Armies (3) except
Seventh USA (8)
EUSA (8)
Corps (2)
Div (2)
Regt/Gp/Bg (2)
Bn (2)
Co/Btry (2) except
Ord Co (15) except
TOE 9-17, 9-47, 9-377 (none)
Ft Belvoir (5)
Ft Bliss (5)
Ft Bragg (5)
Ft Hood (5)
Ft Knox (25)
Ft Sam Houston (5)

Ft Sill (5)
Ord Comd (3) except
Ord Tk-Autmv Comd (20)
OWC (2)
GENDEP (4)
Ord Sec, GENDEP (4)
Ord Dep (10)
Svc Colleges (20)
Br Svc Sch (20)
OSA (2)
POE (2)
Ord PG (10)
Ord Arsenals (5)except
Frankford Arsenal (10)
Raritan Arsenal (10)
Ord Plants (2)
Springfield Armory (3)
Centers (2)
MISMA (3)
Def Surplus Bidders Control Ofc (2)
Def Surplus Sales Ofc (2)
Ord Dist (1) except
Cleveland Ord Dist (2)
New York Ord Dist (5)
USA Corps (2)
Mil Msn (2)
MAAG (1)
JBUSMC (2)
JUISM;AGG (2)
Units org under fol TOE:
29-55 ' (2)

NG: State AG (3); units-same as Active Army except allowance is one copy to each unit.
USAR: None.
For explanation of abbreviations used, see AR 320-50.

115