Chinese Journal of Electronics

Vol.19, No.1, Jan. 2010

Inter-carrier Interference Analysis and Mitigation

for OFDM System over Fast Fading Channels
PENG Yuexing, ZHAO Hui and WANG Wenbo
(Key Lab of Universal Wireless Communications, Ministry of Education, Wireless Signal Processing and Network Lab, School
of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China)
Abstract Inter-carrier interference (ICI) due to
Doppler spread is analyzed for OFDM system in highly
mobile applications, and then an iterative ICI mitigation
method is developed. With the Jakes model for the
Doppler power spectrum and linear model in one OFDM
symbol interval for time-varying channel, the analytical
closed-form expression of Signal-to-interference ratio (SIR)
and Signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) are developed with neither assumption on the statistical characteristic of ICI nor constraint on the statistical model for
the fading channels. Then, a joint detection algorithm is
proposed to iteratively mitigate ICI and estimate channel
and detect symbols, where the ICI from a few neighboring interfering subcarriers which contribute the majority
of ICI power is regenerates and partially subtracted from
the received signal in order to mitigate decision error accumulation. The number of concerned interfering subcarriers
and the optimal partial ICI cancellation factor are investigated for the tradeoff of complexity reduction and Mean
square error (MSE) minimization. Simulation results verify the proposed method can mitigate ICI effectively.
Key words Inter-carrier interference, Orthogonal
frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), Iterative interference cancellation, Doppler shift.

I. Introduction
OFDM features high data rate transmission capability and
robustness to frequency-selective fading. However, OFDM systems are much vulnerable to time-selective fading which is inherent in mobile applications due to the Doppler effect. The
channel variations within one OFDM symbol interval will destroy subcarriers orthogonality and generate power leakage,
which is known as Inter-carrier interference (ICI) and entails
substantial performance degradation[1] .
Numerous studies have been done on the Doppler-induced
ICI effect analysis and ICI mitigation methods in OFDM[26] .
Based on the Gaussian random process model for ICI, the expression of SIR is given[25] . However, the Gaussian assumption of ICI is invalid when the subcarrier number is not large.
Wang et al.[6] assumed the fading processes in all subchannels
are jointly stationary and jointly Gaussian and the first-order

derivative process of the channel is Gaussian process, and then

derived the bivariate probability density of the ICI. In this paper, with linear model for time-varying fading channel[7] and
Jakes model[8] for Doppler effects, the analytical closed-form
expressions of SIR and SINR are developed with neither assumption on the characteristics of ICI nor constraint on the
statistical models for the fading channels.
In order to mitigate the ICI, two kinds of methods are
widely used, one is the linear method including Minimum
mean squared error (MMSE) and Zero-forcing (ZF) equalizer
with complexity of O(N 3 ) where N is the number of subcarriers, the other is the iterative Interference cancellation (IC)
method. Two-stage decision feedback scheme is proposed in
Ref.[9], MMSE with successive detection method is developed
in Ref.[10], recursive algorithm by combining Refs.[7] and [10]
is proposed in Ref.[11], and SINR-optimal linear preprocessing and iterative symbol estimation schemes are proposed in
Ref.[12]. The equalizers in Refs.[912] feed back the estimated
symbols to regenerate and then delete ICI completely and require O(N 2 ) complexity. However, the symbol estimation
is unreliable when Doppler frequency is not ignorable, and the
complete ICI cancellation may result in decision error accumulation and consequently severe error floor. It is reasonable
to partially subtract the regenerated ICI from the received
signals. In Ref.[13], iterative Decision feedback equalization
(DFE) method is proposed, which partially deletes the ICI
but processes all interfering subcarriers and requires O(N 2 )
complexity. Considering a few neighboring subcarriers contribute the majority of ICI power[5,11] , an iterative LMMSE
equalization and ordering successive IC method with complexity of O(N log2 N ) is proposed in Ref.[14]. In this paper, the
number of concerned interfering subcarriers related to the error
performance is analyzed, and then an iterative ICI mitigation
method is proposed which iteratively implements partial ICI
cancellation, channel estimation and symbol detection. Only
2K neighboring interfering subcarriers are counted in for ICI
regeneration and mitigation, which results in asymptotic complexity of O(4N log2 N ).
The rest of the paper is organized as followed. Section II
introduces the OFDM signal and channel model, and Section

Manuscript Received Nov. 2008; Accepted July 2009. This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
(No.60802082) and Key Project of National Science and Technology Pillar Program (No.2008BAH30B11).

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Chinese Journal of Electronics

III presents the analytical closed-form expression of SIR and

SINR. An iterative ICI mitigation method is proposed in Section IV, and its performance is evaluated in Section V. At last
the concluding remarks are given in Section VI.
Notations: superscripts , T , and H denote complex conjugate, transpose, and conjugate transpose, respectively.

II. OFDM System

Without loss of generality, the Cyclic prefix (CP) is assumed longer than the maximum delay spread of the channel,
and perfect synchronization is implemented. In this paper,
the transmission of a single OFDM symbol is focused, and
the baseband-equivalent discrete-time complex-valued model
of the OFDM signal is
yn =

L1
X

hn,l xnl + zn ,

n = 0, 1, , N 1

(1)

l=0

where xn is the normalized transmit signal, zn is zero mean

AWGN noise with double-sided power-spectral density of
N0 /2, hn,l denotes the sampled Channel impulse response
(CIR) of the l-th path, and L is the number of multipath of the
channels. The channel is assumed to be Wide-sense stationary
with Uncorrelated scattering (WSS-US). The sample vector of
the CIR at time n is hn = [hn,0 hn,1 hn,L1 ]T . With
Jakes model for the Doppler power spectrum, the normalized
cross-correlation function of channel is

where Y = [Y0 YN 1 ]T , X = [X0 XN 1 ]T , Z =

[Z0 ZN 1 ]T , and the channel matrix H is

N +1
H00
H11
H22 HN
1
1
N +2
1
0
H0
H1
H2
HN 1

H= .

..
..
..
..

..
.
.
.
.
N 1
N 2
N 3
0
HN 1
H0
H1
H2

1
H00
H1N 1 H2N 2 HN
1
2
H01
H10
H2N 1 HN
1

= .
(6)

.
.
.
..
..
..
..
..
.
0
H0N 1 H1N 2 H2N 3 HN
1
PN 1 ni
Since
W
=
0,
with
the
linear
time-varying
channel
N
n=0
model in Eq.(3), can be written as
N 1

L1
1 X 0 X ni
i
kl
Hk =
hl
WN WN
N
n=0
l=0

L1
N
1
X
X
N
1
ni
kl
l n
+
+ 1 WN
WN
N
2
n=0
l=0

where h0l and l are the mean and slope of the path gain of
the l-th multipath component, respectively.

III. Closed-form Expression for ICI

Power, SIR and SINR
After OFDM demodulation via FFT and CP removal, the
received signal is
Ym =

N
1
X
n=0

nm
yn WN

0
Hm
Xm

| {z }
Desired

X
k6=m

Hkmk Xk
{z

(4)

+ Zm
|{z}
AWGN

l
kl
WN
i
1 WN

(7)

Put Eq.(7) into Eq.(6), H can be expressed as

0
T
H = diag{[H00 H10 HN
1 ] }

N
1
X

T
i
E j diag{[H0i H1i HN
1 ] }

i=1

+ Ediag{Q}
= diag{Qh}

(8)

where, diag{x} denotes the diagonal matrix with diagonal vector of x; Q is N point DFT matrix
is
whose (l, k)-th element
0(N i)i
I N i
j2lk/N
lk
, Im
; Ei =
(Q)l,k = WN = e
Ii
0i(N i)
is the m-dimensional unit matrix, 0mn is the m-by-n zero
PN 1
Ei
00 h
01 h
0N 1 ]T and
matrix; E =
; h = [h
i=1
i
1 WN
= [
0
1
N1 ]T are respectively
the mean and slope
h0 , i = round l , l = 0, , L 1
i
0l =
ts
vector with h

0,
otherwise

i , i = round l , l = 0, , L 1
ts
, where
and
i =

0,
otherwise
round is the round function and l is the l-th path delay of the
channel.
Put Eq.(8) into Eq.(5), we arrive at
+ Ediag{X}Q + Z
Y = diag{X}Qh
+ E X Q + Z
= X Qh

2 2
X Qh)
H ]} = X
s2 = E{tr [X Qh(
h

P
1 PN 1
lm
nm
0
where WN
= ej2nm/N , Hm
= L1
n=0 hn,l WN ,
l=0
N

P
1 PN 1
n(mk)
lk
h
W
WN
Hkmk = L1
. Rewrite Eq.(4)
n
n,l
l=0
N n=0
in matrix form
Y = HX + Z
(5)

(9)

where X = diag(X). From Eq.(9), the power of the desired

signal is

ICI

L1
X
l=0

rh (m, l) = E{hn,l hnm,l } = l2 J0 (2fd mts ),

l = 0, , L1
(2)
where l2 is the average power of the l-th path, ts is the sampling duration, J0 (x) is the zeroth-order Bessel function of the
first kind, fd is the Doppler frequency.
When OFDM symbol duration is less than 10% of channel coherence time, the CIR can be assumed to vary linearly
over one OFDM symbol interval[7] , and then the CIR can be
denoted as

N
+1
(3)
hn,l = h0l + l n
2

2010

2
where X
is the mean power of the transmitted
PL1 2

is
the mean power of the channel. The
l
l=0

(10)

signal, h2 =
power of ICI

is
2
ICI
= E{tr [E X Q(E X Q)H ]}
H
H
H
= tr [E{H
X E E X }QE{ }Q ]

(11)

Inter-carrier Interference Analysis and Mitigation for OFDM System over Fast Fading Channels
where
E{H } = E{(hn hn1 )(hn hn1 )H }
= 2[1 J0 (2fd Ts )]diag([h2 0 h2 1 h2 N 1 ])
and
H
2
E{H
X E E X } = X

N
1
X

i 2
|1 WN
| IN

i=1

and then we have

2
2 2
ICI
= X
h [1 J0 (2fd ts )]

N
1
X

i 2
|1 WN
|

(12)

i=1
2
The power of noise is Noise
= E{Z H Z} = N0 , then the average SIR and SINR are respectively

s2
=
2
ICI

183

P K1
i 2
where K = (2[1 J0 (2fd ts )] N
+ N0 )1 .
i=K+1 |1 WN |
The BEP performance versus K is depicted in Fig.2 for
OFDM system with N = 1024 under different normalized
Doppler bandwidth Fd = fd N ts = fd Ts when the Signalto-noise ratio (SNR) is 30dB. From the BEP curves in Fig.2
we can see that ICI cancellation even from a few neighboring interfering subcarriers can greatly enhance the BEP performance when the Doppler frequency is not ignorable. For
example, the BEP decreases from 1.26 102 to 7.07 103 or
5.04 103 for Fd = 0.04 when only one or three neighboring
interfering subcarriers are concerned in the ICI cancellation.
Moreover, more interfering subcarriers should be concerned in
ICI mitigation with the increasing of Doppler bandwidth.

1
N
1
X
i 2
2[1 J0 (2fd ts )]
|1 WN
|
i=1

(13)

s2

2
2
+ Noise
ICI

1
N
1
X
i 2
= 2[1 J0 (2fd ts )]
|1 WN
| + N0
i=1

(14)

Now we depict the SIR under Doppler frequency fd and

subcarrier number N in Fig.1, where the same simulated
OFDM system is employed as in Ref.[6] with subcarrier spacing f = 1/N ts = 7.81 kHz and carrier frequency 2GHz. The
ICI can be modeled as zero-mean additive Gaussian noise when
N is large due to the central limit theorem, and the SIR curves
given in Ref.[6] match very well with the results from Eq.(13).
When N is small, the central limit theorem will fail and the
Gaussian approximation of ICI is not valid, which is verified
by the SIR gap between the two analysis methods becoming
larger with the decrease of N as shown in Fig.1. This result shows the SIR analysis in Ref.[6] is valid only for OFDM
systems with large number of subcarriers while our proposed
method can be employed in more widely scenarios.
Since ICI can be safely modeled as additive Gaussian noise
when N is large enough, say, N > 256, the Symbol error ratio
(SER) of OFDM system with 16QAM can be developed from
Eq.(49) of Ref.[15] as
r

SER =
1
2
+ 10
r
r

9 4

+ 10
+
tan1
1
16 + 10

(15)
Since Bit error ratio (BER) is related to SER for 16QAM
8
SER, the Bit error probability (BEP) is
as BER =
15
r
r

1
2

+ 10
3
BEP =
2 tan1
(16)
2
5 + 10

When the ICI coming from the 2K neighboring interfering

subcarriers is ideally deleted, the BEP performance is
r
r

1
2
K
K + 10
3
BEP (K) =
2 tan1
2
5 K + 10

K
(17)

Fig. 1. SIR vs. Doppler frequency

Fig. 2. BEP vs. K at SN R = 30dB

IV. Iterative Partial ICI Cancellation

Detector
As analyzed above, the ICI from 2K neighboring subcarriers should be regenerated and then partially subtracted from
the received signal to mitigate the decision error accumulation
and to decrease the complexity as well. We propose an iterative partial ICI cancellation detector for OFDM over practical
fading channels, whose structure consisting of partial ICI cancellation, channel estimation and symbol detection is depicted
in Fig.3.
After OFDM demodulation via FFT, the signal is fed into

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Chinese Journal of Electronics

V. Numerical Results and Complexity

Analysis

partial ICI cancellation module and outputs

(i)
Ym
= Ym (i)

N
1
X

(i1)
kmk )(i1) X
m
(H

(18)

k=0
k6=m

(i) is the renewed eswhere (i) denotes the i-th iteration, X

k
(i)
timate of Xk , and is the optimal weight. At the first

, where is the esiteration, the optimal weight (1) =

1 +
timated SINR, is derived in detail in Appendix, while at the
second iteration, the refined estimated channel and symbol are
reliable, and then the regenerated ICI is cancelled completely,
namely (2) = 1. The SINR is estimated by use of preamble
which is always employed in wireless systems for both SINR
estimation and initial channel estimation. Compared to timevarying channel, SINR varies slowly and is assumed to be a
constant in a frame, and it is estimated by
=

(pre) 2

kdiag(H)X
k
s2
=
2
(pre) 2

total
s2
kY
k kdiag(H)X (pre) k2

(19)

is the diagonal
where kk denotes the Frobenius norm, diag(H)
X (pre) is the preamble vector.
matrix of estimated H,

Fig. 3. Structure of iterative ICI mitigation method

For channel estimation, DFT-based noise-reduced

method[17] is used. Firstly the Channel frequency response
(CFR) is estimated by Least square (LS) method aided by
pilots, then time-domain noise-reduction processing is implemented after CFR is transferred to time domain, and finally
(i)
p

h
(i) =
and CFR are obtained,
the channel slope
N
p

is the mean estimate of CIR in the previous symbol

where h
interval.
With CFR information, the symbol is estimated by onetap equalization and minimum Euclidean distance decision.

Fig. 4. BER performance comparison for

WiBro system with 16QAM

2010

The parameters of the simulated OFDM system are listed

in Table 1. According to the analysis results depicted in Fig.3,
K is chosen as 2, 10 and 20 for normalized Doppler frequency
of 0.01, 0.04 and 0.08, respectively.
Table 1. Parameters for the simulated OFDM system
Item
Value
Item
Value
Bandwidth: BW 10MHz OFDM symbol: Ts
100s
Carrier freq.: fc
2GHz Modulation
16QAM
Normalized Doppler
Sampling freq.: fs 10MHz
0.01, 0.04, 0.08
freq.: Fd = fd Ts
No. counted
2, 10, 20 for
FFT size: N
1024 interfering
Fd = 0.01, 0.04, 0.08,
carriers: K
respectively
Channel model:
Relative delay (ns): 0, 310, 710, 1090, 1730, 2510
3GPP Veh. A[16] Average power (dB): 0, 1, 9, 10, 15, 20

We evaluate the proposed iterative partial IC method

(marked with p-IC in Fig.4), and compare with a reference
iterative complete IC method (marked with c-IC) which completely delete the regenerated ICI from the 2K interfering subcarriers with ideal channel estimation. The analytical BEP
curves from Eq.(17) are also presented which denote the ideal
partial ICI cancellation (marked with i-IC) as the performance
bound. The BER performances are shown in Fig.4. From
the BER curves in Fig.4, the proposed method outperforms
the iterative completely ICI cancellation method with ideal
channel estimation, which verifies the proposed method can
effectively mitigate both ICI and decision error accumulation.
However, there exists BER performance gap between the proposed method and the ideal partial ICI cancellation due to
channel estimation error and residual decision error accumulation. When more interfering subcarriers are considered in
the IC, better BER performance is anticipated at cost of computation complexity.
To clarify the ICI mitigation effect of the proposed method,
we present the estimated SINR before ICI cancellation and the
MSE of channel estimation after ICI cancellation. The estimated SINR versus SNR before ICI cancellation is depicted
in Fig.5, which shows SINR reaches saturation quickly as the
normalized Doppler frequency grows. The MSE of the channel

Fig. 5. Estimated SINR before partial IC

Fig. 6. MSE of channel estimation

Inter-carrier Interference Analysis and Mitigation for OFDM System over Fast Fading Channels
estimation after ICI cancellation is depicted in Fig.6, which
shows the channel estimation is reliable after iterative partial
IC and verifies the proposed method can mitigate ICI effectively.
Now we analyze the complexity of the proposed detection
method. The computational cost of FFT/IFFT is N log2 N .
For the partial ICI cancellation, the computation complexity
of optimal weight calculation consisting of SINR estimation as
shown in Eq.(19) is 2N , and the partial IC shown in Eq.(18)
holds the complexity of 2KN . The channel estimation requires two IFFT/FFT operations and holds the complexity of
2N log2 N + 2N , and the data estimation by one-tap equalization requires N + M complexity. As a result, the asymptotic
complexity of the proposed method is O(2N log2 N + 2KN ),
where K is much smaller than N , say, K
= log2 N . Then
the asymptotic complexity of the proposed method is about
O(4N log2 N ).

The symbol estimation error is

(1)

m
em = Xm X

Appendix Derivation of the optimal partial

interference cancellation factor

=
=

k6=m

The received symbol after partial ICI cancellation is

N
1
X

(0)
m
Hkmk X

k=0
k6=m

0
Xm
= Hm

N
1
X

Hkmk (1 )Xm

k=0
k6=m

N
1
X

Hlk1

l=0
l6=k

Hk0

Xl

Z
k + Zm
Hk0

The renewed symbol estimate after partial IC is

(1)

(1)

Xm =

Ym

(0)

Hm

= Xm +

N
1
X
k=0
k6=m

Hkmk
0
Hm

E{eH
m em }
HX }
E{Xm
m

2
0 2
2
2 h kHk k
(1

)
+

0 k2
kHm
kHk0 k2

2
0
2
kHm k
N0
+ 1 + 2 h
2 kH 0 k2
0 k2
kHm
X
m

2 kH k2
h
m

N
1
X
Hlk1
(1 )Xk
X
l
Hk0
l=0
l6=k

(A5)

To minimize the normalized MSE, let the first-order derivative

of with respect to be zero,
0 k2
2 kH 0 k2
2 kHm
h

k
= h

1
+

0 k2

kHm
kHk0 k2
2 kH 0 k2
h
N0
m
2 kH 0 k2
0 k2
X
kHm
m

=0

(A6)

Then we get

1
2 kHk0 k2
N0
= 1+ h
+
0
2
0 k2
kHk k2
X kHm
1

+ N0
= 1 + ICI 2
s

=
1+

where

(A7)

s2
+ N0

2
ICI

is the SINR.

It is assumed that CFR is independent of transmitted data and

noise, and the CFRs in different carrier are independent.
The tentative estimated symbol by Least square (LS) method
is
N
1
X
Hkmk
Ym
Zm
(0)
m
X
= 0 = Xm +
Xk + 0
(A1)
0
Hm
H
H
m
m
k=0

(1)

(A4)

Define the normalized MSE of symbol estimation as

With the consideration of OFDM for highly mobile applications, Doppler-induced ICI is analyzed thoroughly and the
closed-form expressions of ICI power, SIR and SINR are given
with linear time-varying channel model within one OFDM
symbol period and Jakes model for Doppler power spectrum.
The ICI power distribution is analyzed, and the number of concerned interfering subcarrier related to bit error probability is
developed. Then an iterative ICI mitigation method with low
complexity is proposed which implements partial ICI cancellation, channel estimation and one-tap equalization. Simulation
results show the proposed method can effectively mitigate both
ICI and decision error accumulation.

(A3)

k6=m

VI. Conclusion

Ym = Ym

N
1
X
Hkmk Zk
Zm

0
0
Hm
Hm
Hk0
k=0

185

(A2)

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PENG Yuexing received Ph.D. degree in information and
communication engineering from Southeast University, Nanjing,
China, in 2004. From July 2004 to Dec. 2005 he was with oversea
market department, CDMA division, ZTE Corporation as a senior
engineer. From Jan. 2006 to April 2008 he was a Postdoctoral Fe-

2010

llow at the School of Information and Communication Engineering (SICE), Beijing

University of Posts and Telecommunications (BUPT). Since May 2008 he has been
with the Wireless Signal Processing and
Network (WSPN) Lab, SICE, BUPT, Beijing, China. His current research interests
include interference mitigation and joint
detection, relaying and cooperation, channel coding and network coding, MIMOOFDM systems. (E-mail: yxpeng@bupt.edu.cn)
ZHAO Hui received B.S. and M.S.
degrees from Tianjin University in 2000
and 2003, respectively, and received Ph.D.
degree from BUPT in 2006. Since July
2006 she has been with the WSPN Lab,
SICE, BUPT, and now she is an associate
professor. She has published more than
20 papers as well as patent applications,
and has taken part in a large number of research projects including National Hi-Tech
863 projects and NNSF projects. Her current research interests
include MIMO detection, space-time coding design, and adaptive
link transmission technology in wireless communication systems.
(Email: hzhao@bupt.edu.cn)
WANG Wenbo received B.S., M.S.
and Ph.D. degrees from Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China, in 1986, 1989 and 1992,
respectively, all in electrical engineering.
Currently he is a professor and deputy
dean of Graduate School at BUPT. Prof.
Wang has directed WSPN Lab to research the key technologies of 3G, 3G-LTE,
IMT-Advanced, WPAN/WLAN/WMAN,
WSN, and wireless ad hoc networks systems. His currently research
interests include signal processing, mobile communications, and cognitive radio. (Email: wbwang@bupt.edu.cn)