48

C h n g 4

H MU NTSC
4.1 i cng
NTSC vit tt ca ch NATIONAL TELEVISION SYSTEM COMMITEE. H mu
ny ra i ti M, pht sng vo nm 1954, da theo chun FCC (4,5MHz).

4.2 Cc tiu chun ca h mu NTSC

4.2.1 Chn li bng tn VHF (12 knh) v UHF (69 knh) ca FCC en trng
Chn

f RF
f IF

VID

VID

, f RF , f 0
S

, f IF

f RF f RF
S

4,5MHz do : f IF

VID

VID

f IF 4,5MHz
S

Kh rng bng thng 6MHz

525 dng 1 nh, 30 nh/giy
fH = 15750Hz, fv = 60Hz
4.2.2 nh khu vc mu v Y trong di tn
Av

fsc = 3,58 MHz

3,08 4,08
Luma

f(MHz)

Y: 0 3MHz
Mu: 3,08MHz 4,08MHz
Tn s sng mang ph:
fsc = 3,58MHz

Chrominance

4.2.3 iu ch mu
Mu c iu ch bng phng php iu ch bin cn bng trit sng mang cn
gi l iu bin
nn SAM (Suppressed AM.)

Ti mc m tn hiu = 0 th khng cn sng mang ph na

Tn s sng mang ph mang tn hiu vn l 3,58MHz
Bin nh - nh = chnh bin nh - nh ca tn hiu

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Mi khi in p i chiu t dng sang m hay ngc li th sng mang ph
li o pha 180o

4.3 Mch to tn hiu Video NTSC tng hp ti i pht

4.3.1 Bc th nht
To ra tn hiu (B - Y), (R - Y) v tn hiu chi Y t camera mu.
4.3.2 Bc th hai
To ra hai tn hiu sc I v Q t tn hiu (B - Y) v (R - Y) nh sau:
I = 0,74 (R - Y) - 0,27 (B - Y)
Q = 0,48 (R - Y) + 0,41 (B -Y)
(B Y)

I (0 1,2 MHz)

MATRIX

(R Y)

Q (0 0,5 MHz)

Ta mu ca (B Y), (R - Y) v I, Q nh sau:
(R Y)
I

I: Inphase
Q: Quadrature

Q
123o

(B Y)

33o

H NTSC xoay h trc to mu i 33o v xc nh to bng I, Q. iu

ny gip ta gim c bng thng ca hai tn hiu sc I ch cn 1,2MHz v Q ch cn
0,5MHz m mu sc vn khng b gim cht lng.
Ch : l trong php xoay h trc i 33o ni trn, cc v tr im mu khng
thay i (R, G, B chng hn) m ch thay i to m((R - Y) , (B - Y)) bng to
(I ,Q).
I
Q

Mu bt k:
4.3.3 Bc th ba
I

(B Y)
(R Y)

3,58
0o

C1

SAM

MATRIX

+
Q

+33o

C2

SAM
+90o

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To ra 2 sng mang ph 3,58 (33o) cho tn hiu sc Q v 3,58 (123o) cho I.
I v Q c iu ch bin theo phng php iu ch cn bng trit sng mang
(cn gi l iu bin nn SAM).

C C1 + C 2

C1

C2

I
C = C1 + C 2 v = arctg
Q

Hai sng iu bin nn ca I v Q ( C1 v C 2 ) sau c nhp chung c 1

sng C = C1 + C 2 duy nht ri li nhp chung tn hiu chi Y. V Y i thng cn C

trong qu trnh to ra li c ng i di hn nn trc khi gp C Y qua dy tr 0,7us

Y v C n ng thi, trnh c hin tng sai pha.

4.3.4 Bc th t
To ra tn hiu xung ng b ngang v dc, xung xo hi ngang, ng thi
thm 8 12 chu k sng sin 3,58MHz c pha 180 o nm gn ti thm sau ca xung
ng b ngang gi l lc mu (color burst). Tn hiu ny c tch ra my thu
iu khin qu trnh gii m mu.
4.3.5 Bc th nm
H+V
SYNCHRO

HORIZONTAL
BLANKING
DELAY

Y: 03M

0,7 s

I
SAM
01,2M

R
G

MATRIX

Y
+

+33

COMPOSITE
VIDEO

Q
SAM
00,5M
3,58
0o

+90

fH

BURST
GATE

+180o

Hnh 4.1 S khi phn to tn hiu Video tng hp ca h NTSC

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C

Cmax 133%
Ymax 100%

Synchro

B:20%
Cmin -33%

Ymin 0%(BLKG)
SYNC -40%

Hnh 4.2 Cc tn hiu v mc bin trong video tng hp h NTSC

u ra ta c tn hiu video tng hp ca NTSC cha cc thnh phn sau y:

Ba tn hiu u dnh cho truyn hnh trng en l: tn hiu v sng ti: Y,
ng b dc v ng b ngang.
Y nm trn mc zero (mc xo xung BLKG) bin ti a l 100%.
Hai tn hiu ng b nm di mc zero c bin -40%.
Hai tn hiu v mu I v Q nm trong 2 sng iu bin nn vung gc tn s
3,58MHz. Khi nhp chung vi tn hiu chi bin n c th ln ti a +133% v ti
thiu l -33%.
Tn hiu cui cng l lo mu (color burst) l tn hiu cn thit tch sng
iu bin nn trong qu trnh gii m mu my thu. N c bin 20% nm gn
trong thm sau ca xung ng b ngang, c lp vi cc tn hiu trn.

4.4 Phn truyn hnh mu ca i pht

CAMERA
MU

COMPOSITE Y+C+B
VIDEO

f RF

MICRO

AM

187,25MHz
VID

AM FM
DIPLEXER

FM

AUDIO
AMP

f RF 191,75MHz
S

Hnh 4.3 Phn truyn hnh mu ca i pht h NTSC, tng ng vi knh 9

Tn hiu hnh c iu ch AM vi tn s sng mang hnh fRF/VID, cn ting
c iu ch FM vi fRF/S. Hai phn ny c ghp bi b AM FM phi ghp
DIPLEXER v khuch i cao tn a ra anten ( trn l v d vi knh 9FCC).

52

4.5 S khi phn TUNER

f RF

MIXER

RFAMP

f RF

VID

OSCI

Tn hiu i pht n anten my thu mc qui nh 50uv ( cch i pht 10

km). V phn tuner v trung tn trn phng din tn s th khng c g thay i do
vn tng hp gia trng en v mu.
Linh kin s dng trong phn tuner thay i t loi transistor lng cc nh
2SC929, 2SC535 n mosfet nh 35K452 v t trng xoay (turret) cho n hin ti l
bin tr thay i in mt chiu thay i pha v fo gi l loi nt bm rle "voltage
synthesizer". Sau cng l loi nt bm Auto search (Tm i t ng) bng in th 1
chiu np vo t ri ly in th y phn cc cho diode bin dung Cv tm i.
CV
+25V
82PF

C4

68P
42PF
10P
(-V)

V1

C3
C2
C1
V2 V3 V4 0

+
_

4.6 S khi phn VIDIFAMP V VIDEO DETECTOR

4,5MHz

39,75 41,25

VIDEO
DETECTOR

VIDEO
DAMPER

MHz
SIF

SOUND
VIDEO

Y+C+B

IFAGC

RFAGC

45,75 47,75

AGC

V cu trc mch, ch c IC khc tn, cn cc tng khng c g thay i so vi

TV trng en. Tng tin khuch i video u tin khuch i cho m thanh v lm
tng m cho tn hiu video (tn hiu video cc tnh m khong 5,1Vpp).

53

4.7 Giai on x l tn hiu VIDEO NTSC 3,58 (hoc N3)

4.7.1 Tch Y ra khi B v C
Tch tn hiu Y ra khi C + Burst. iu ny rt d v ch cn 2 b lc: Lc thng
thp 0 3MHz cho Y v lc bng thng 3,08 4,08MHz cho C + B.
LCTHNG
THP

DELAY
0,7 s

Y+C+B
C+B

L
3,08

4,08 MHz

i pht Y qua t mch hn nn n i mau hn mu 0,7s 0,79s. Do phi

cho en trng qua dy tr 0,7s b li cho 2 phn n vi nhau cng mt thi im.
4.7.2 Tch B v mu C
Vic tch B v mu C kh hn v c 2 u l sng 3,58MHz. Tuy nhin chng li 2
thi im khc nhau:
B vng xo ng hi
C vng tin ca xung qut ngang
Vy ta dng 2 BJT phn cc chy hai thi im khc nhau l tch c B ra khi C.
B
C

56 s

BURST SEP
T1

CHROMA AMP
T2

C+B

8 s
FlyBack

Ta dng 2 Transistor T1 v T2 dn in 2 thi gian khc nhau nh phn cc bng

xung FlyBack v tn hiu o ca n.
4.7.3 Mch gi bin tn hiu mu
Mch gi bin tn hiu mu khng yu i v sa pha ca hai sng ti ph:

54
Ta cn gi bin tn hiu mu C t thay i. Vy phi dng mch tng t nh mch
AGC cho mu. Khi C mnh th AGC phn cc yu v i li khi C yu th AGC cho
php phn cc mnh. Vi mu AGC c tn l ACC (Automatic Color Control).
cos
2 nd
CHROMA
AMP

SUB COLOR

R
Z

COLOR
RC
B+

TINT

ACC
DET.

VR
10K

ACC

Khi qua nhiu mch, sng ti ph i pha nn sc ca mu b sai, ta sa pha li bng

cch cho qua mch RC. Chnh R sa pha li cho ng. R l in tr ng ca 1 BJT
do vCE ca n to ra: R

v CE
IE

Thay i in p cung cp Vcc l vCE thay i v R i nn pha thay i v:

cos

R
Z

Vi Z R 2 Z C2
Ta c th dng bin tr TINT hay HUE thay i Vcc
* Ch thm
1. Mch tch phn
VV

Vra

VR

Vra
C

VV

Vra

Vra chm pha hn Vv mt gc

cos
Zc

1
c

IZ c
V V
2
ra

2
R

Zc
R Z c2
2

vi Cte ( 2 3,58 chng hn)

C >> Zc 0 cos 0 90o
C << Zc >> cos 1 0o ng pha

2. Mch vi phn
VV

Vra
C

VC
VR

Vra nhanh pha hn Vv:

Vra = VR
VV

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cos

R
R Z c2
2

R 0 cos 0 90o
R cos 1 0o
v
Nh vy khi thay i R ( CE R ) th tn hiu ly ra s thay i pha so vi tn hiu
IE

vo.
4.7.4 Tch ng b (Gii m mu NTSC)
TCH SNG .B
Q

LC
3,58

Q
L

Z=0
C
TCH SNG .B
I

LC
3,58

I
L

Z=0
C
3,58
(0o)

+33o

+90o

S dng cch biu din trc quan:

Trong mch tch sng Q:
{3,58 (33o) + Q} + {3,58 (123o ) + I} 3,58 (33o) Q + {3,58 (123o) + I}
Qua mch lc 3,58 ch cn Q
Trong mch tch sng I:
{3,58 (33o) + Q} + {3,58 (123o ) + I} 3,58 (123o) I + {3,58 (33o) + Q}
Qua mch lc 3,58 ch cn I
Nh vy trc ht phi ng b sng 3,58MHz my thu vi B.
C
XTAL

3,58(0o)
P

VPC

3,58MHz

+180o

Dch pha

3,58(180o)

LPF

3,58(0o)
so pha

Sau khi c Q v I dng mch MATRIX to li (B - Y) v (R - Y)

(B Y)

MATRIX
I

(R Y)

56

T (B - Y) v (R - Y) dng mch MATRIX to (G - Y)

(B Y)

(B Y)
R1

100K

R2

20K
(G Y)

(R Y)

100K
R3

56K

R4

56K
(R Y)

1
1
(G Y ) ( B Y ) ( R Y )
6
2

(Chung cho mi h)
Cui cng ta a ra tn hiu mu vo n hnh:
Tn hiu vo li: VGK = VG - VK
Ngi ta a thm 3 BJT mu c:
-(B - Y) Y = -B
-(G - Y) Y = -G
-(R - Y) Y = -R

(BY)
(GY)
(RY)

BJT (BY)
(GY)
BJT
(RY)
BJT

Screen
+500V

5KV
Focus
24KV

57

58

4.8 S TNG QUT MY THU NTSC 3,58

B+
CONSTRAST

TUNE
R

IF

B+

BRIGHTNESS

BRIGHT

3 MHz

LPF

DELAY
0,7 s

LUMA
AMP1

Q
DEMOD
+33o

LUMA
AMP2

VIDEO
DET

Q
(BY)

3,58(33 )

TRAP

3 MHz

MATRIX

+90o
BURST
SEP.
AMP
4,08
B+C

(RY)
3,58

3,58(0 )

fH

I
DEMOD

LPF

BPF

fH

I
C
L

3,58(00)

ACC
DET
CHROM
A
I

(GY)

AMP

+180o
0

3,08

AMP

ACC
SUB COLOR COLOR

CHROM
A
II

COLOR
KILLER

TINT
+B
TINT

TRAP

AMP

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