58

Chng 5

H M U P A L
5.1 I CNG
H PAL vit tt ca ch PHASE ALTERNATIVE LINE tc l o pha theo
tng dng mt. Nm 1962 gio s tin s ngi c-Walter Bruch v cc ng s
ca ng hng TELEFUNKEN (c) nu cc khuyt im ca h NTSC v
ngh mt h ci tin PAL. Nm 1966 h PAL c chnh thc pht sng trn knh
CCIR (5,5MHz) Ty c.

5.2 KHUYT IM CA NTSC

1. Tn hiu sng ti ph b lch pha qua cc tng khuch i (chng hn mch c
R, L, C). Ch cn sai 5o th mu b lc sc thi ri cn phi chnh TINT.
2. Trn thc t cho d hai sng ti ph vung gc nhng vn c s tng tc nh
gia hai mu i chung nn mu km nguyn cht.
3. Sng ti ph trnh c ho tn fH nhng khng k n fv

5.3 CI TIN H PAL

1. Sng ti ph vn cng tn s nhng khc pha: 0o v 90o nh NTSC nhng qua
hng sau th xanh vn gi 0o, th o pha 180o (so vi hng trn).
u

u
v

v
u

Pht i

Do s lch pha cng chiu nn my thu, nu o pha 1 tn hiu cng

vi tn hiu hng th sai pha t kh nhau.
2. Mc d hai mu vn i chung trong h PAL nhng ngi ta gim mu xanh ch
cn 0,493 v mu cn 0,877. PAL nh li hai tn hiu mu:
u(xanh) = 0,493 (B - Y)
v() = 0,877 (R - Y)
3. Chn sng ti ph trnh cc hi tn ca fH v fv
3MHz f s (n m)f H f v 5MHz

1
f sc (284 )f H 25Hz 283,75f H 25Hz 283,75 : 15625 25 4,433618MHz
4
f sc 4,43MHz

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Vi

n = 284: n nguyn dng

fv = 25Hz

1
4

m=

fv: c s ca fv

0<m<1

4. Chn fv = 50Hz v fH = 15625Hz

5.4 M HA PAL
DELAY
0,7 s

Y
(R-Y)

R
G

v SAM

0,877

MATRIX

C1

(B-Y)

C +
+

C2

u SAM

0,493
fH
S1
4,43(0)o

4,43(0)o

+90o

PAL
VIDEO

BURST
GATE

S2

-90o

-135o

+135o

H
Cc nhn xt
H PAL vn s dng phng php iu bin nn vung gc nh NTSC.
Gc pha 0o c dng iu bin nn tn hiu sc u (thay v 33o nh
NTSC).
Pha +90o v -90o ln lt tng dng mt iu bin nn tn hiu sc v
(thay v ln lt l 33o + 90o = 123o nh NTSC).
Pha ca Burst l +135o v -135o ln lt cho tng dng mt ty theo
dng ang truyn c pha l -90o hay +90o.

v
Burst
+135o

C1

v(+90o) ng vi B(-135o)
v(-90o) ng vi B(+135o)

C
2
+90
o

-90o
Burst
-135o

Vy

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Tn hiu video tng hp ca PAL cng ging ca NTSC.

5.5 MCH GII M PAL

Gi s tch sng hnh my thu PAL, ly ra tn hiu video tng hp.
1. Vic u tin: l tch Y ra khi mu C
0

3,9MHz

Y+B+C

DELAY
0,7 s

LPF

4,43MHz
C+B

BPF
3,93MHz

4,93MHz

2. Vic th hai: l tch Burst ra khi mu C:

Hon ton ging nh trng hp h NTSC
3. Vic th ba: x l trit sai pha cho sng mu:
(PHASE COMPENSATOR CIRCUIT)
Mch gm 3 mch gi l b chnh 3D
Hng (n+1)

Direct
Tn hiu C
hng (n+1)

+
Delay line

Hng n
+

Delay phase

2u

2v

o pha
hng (n+1)
v

v
+90

-90o

Delay line
v

Tn hiu C hng n

Delay phase

Tn hiu C hng (n+1)

C khi o pha hng (n+1)

Delayline ca hng (n + 1) l hng n

Delay pha ca hng (n + 1) l o pha hng (n + 1)
Ti mch cng
v

Delay line
Direct
v

u
u

= 2u (xanh)

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Ti mch cng
Delay pha

Delay line

= 2v ()
u

Ta ly c mch cng : 2{4,43(0o) + u}

Ta ly c mch cng : 2{4,43( 90o) + v}
Sau khi ly ra tng b chnh pha 2 tn hiu 2u v 2v ta phi hon li h
s c c li (B - Y) v (R - Y)

2(fSC + u)

K 2,1

fsc(0o) + (B-Y)
2

1,2 1 0,877

2(fSC + v)

K 1,2

C={4,43(0o) + (B Y)}
+{4,43( 90o) + (R Y)}

fsc(90o) + (R Y)

2,1 1 0,493

Nguyn l lm vic ca mch

Trng hp mch cng cho ra tn hiu v c pha +90o th ng vi Burst

c pha (-135o). B(135o) ny kch mch dao ng thch anh 4,43 lm u ra ca b
dao ng ny c tn hiu sin 4,43 v pha l (-135o). Lc c 2 v ca chuyn
mch phi ng xung II v pha ca ng tch sng u s l: (-135o) + (+135o) =
0o, cn pha ca ng tch sng v s l
(-135o) + (-135o) = -270o = 90o. Ngha l cng pha vi tn hiu v(+90o) nn vic
tch sng ng b mi tin hnh c.
Trng hp mch cng cho ra tn hiu v(-90o) ng vi B(+135o)
dao ng thch anh (4,43(+135o)) (do Burst iu khin).
Lc c hai v ca chuyn mch phi ng ln pha trn (v tr I). Pha ca ng
tch sng u l: (+135o) + (-135o) = 0o.
Cn pha ca ng tch sng v: (+135o) + (+135o) = 270o = 90o
Ngha l cng pha vi v(-90o) nn vic tch sng ng b mi tin hnh c.
chuyn mch Switching ng m ng nh v tr va ni trn th ngi ta
em so pha B (hay fsc ra t thch anh - cng pha vi B) vi pha ca ng tch
sng v sau khi lm chm pha mt gc (-135o).

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Nu chuyn mch ng m ng, pha chm li (-135o) ca ng tch sng v
s trng vi pha ca Burst, in p ra mch so pha = 0 v khng tc ng sa
sai cho mch Switching.
Ngc li nu c sai s lch pha gia hai ng vo ca mch so pha s lm xut
hin in p kch vo b chuyn mch lm b ny lt trng thi sa li cho
ng.
T ta c mch gii m PAL video:
0

3,9MHz
(0,7 0,79)s

PAL VIDEO

LPF
180o
DELAY
PHA

COLOR
IF

DELAY
LINE
64 s
DIRECT

Y
B-Y

fsc( 90 ) + 2v

MATRIX

DET v

G-Y

90
o

fsc(0 ) + 2u

DET u
0o
I

+135o

OSC
fH

BURST
GATE

4,43

A
-135o

II
I

II
fH

PHASE
COMPA-RATOR

SWICH-CHING

135O

R-Y