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Introduction
It is vital to the planning of drilling wells to have an
estimate of the expected pressure regime to be encountered
in the subsurface. Direct concerns are the safety of the
personnel and equipment, in particular minimizing the
associated risks. Furthermore,
it
facilitates
more
effective planning and ordering of the required
material. With respect to the reservoir, the right drilling
mud weight is important. If it is too low, a blow out might
occur and conversely, if it is too high, the formation might
be damaged by invasion of the drilling fluid.
In recent years the prediction of pore pressure has
undergone various developments. Geoscientists, such as
reservoir and processing geophysicists, are more involved
in the application of processes to do predictions based on
seismic in 3-D. Historically, it was only done on site in 1-D.
The advancement of seismic processing allows a more and
more accurate estimation of the velocities. The
combination of the knowledge of engineers and
geoscientists is extremely valuable in trying to predict the
(1)
(2)
b = f + (1- ) g
(4)
(5)
2. Methodologies Used
There are number of methods which are available for the
pore pressure prediction over a single well or even in the
case of seismic data. But we are focusing on only those
methods which are currently running or the methods
used in oil industry for the pore pressure prediction. We
use the methods like Eatons Resistivity, Bowers Sonic for
the pore pressure gradient analysis and also using Eatons
approach for the Fracture gradient analysis. All the methods
are listed below.
S=+p
it is obvious that if S is increased and the fluid is allowed to
escape, sigma must increase while p remains as hydrostatic
pressure. However, if the fluid cannot escape, p must also
increase as S is increased. overpressured zones are often
called "abnormal" pressure zones or "geopressure" zones.
Eaton uses the following formula for the calculation of pore
pressure gradient through resistivity.
PP = OBG (OBG - PPN) (Ro// RN) x
(6)
(7)
Analysis of Wells
Where, FG = Fracture Gradient (ppg), PP = Pore
Pressure Gradient (ppg), OBG = Overburden Gradient
(ppg), = Poisson's Ratio (dimensionless).
4. Conclusion
Acknowledgement
5. Limitations
It is important to point out the limitations of the present
analysis. In general, a different velocity-OBG-NCT-to
pore- pressure transform should be used for layers of
different lithology or geological age. Usually, however, a
single velocity-OBG-NCT-to-pore pressure transform is
used which is the approach followed in this paper. The
present study was carried out using conventionally available
well data and 3-D PSTM seismic data over producing
field. Accuracy of the result depends on accuracy of
interval velocity used. Effect of fluid saturation and other
structural features are reflected in P wave velocity at the
time of acquisition of input data. Subsequent drop/rise in
pressure due to production or fluid injection at reservoir
level is not accounted for. Also centroid effect due to
structural relief of reservoir bed and basin modeling for
pressure taking structural framework was not addressed.
Above study was mainly used for arriving at proper mud
weight and casing policy for pre drill location over non
producing field. Also we should predict the pore pressure to
minimize the cost and risk which is associated with drilling
rigs and also we could prevent drilling hazard such as rig
blowouts.
References
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data: Accounting for overpressure mechanisms besides
undercompaction: SPE Drilling and Completions, June, 1
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Covering, N., Al-Dabagh, H. H., Hoe, L. M., and Jolly, T.,
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Dutta, N. C2002, Geopressure prediction using seismic
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Eaton, B. A., 1968, Fracture gradient-prediction and its
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Hottman, C. E., and Johnson, R. K., 1965, Estimation of
formation
pressures
from
log-derived
shale
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Miller, T.W., 2002, A velocity/effective stress methodology
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Terzaghi, K., 1943, Theoretical soil mechanics: John Wiley
and Sons, Inc.
(b) 0-20000Psi
Fig.4. Pore pressure gradient analysis of three wells together by using interval velocity and also results from wells is superimposed.
Fig. 5. Analysis of Pore pressure along a 2-D section generated from pore pressure cube