Power Control Application in Smart Grid Using IOT

Power control application in smart grid using IOT
ABSTRACT
The IOT is defined as the Internet of things where many physical objects are given by the
specific identifiers, where it has the capability that it automatically going to transfer the
data over the network, without using the humanto-human or even human-to-computer
interaction.
Smart grids are going to getting connect with the smart home and even with the smart
building systems, but it has a disadvantage that it is a allotter-centric rather than usercentric and it is poorly scalable. So, overcome from this problem alast- meter concept is
used. Last meter can generally defined as it is the teeny part on the grid and it is placed on
either side of the user side and it is embedded in IOT deck.
IOT provides a virtual view, via the Internet Protocol. This IOT operation applied to the
smart grid power control application via four operations
1.With in the same infrastructure it going to integrate continuously the smart grid with the
home.
2. Sensors communication protocols which are collect the data.
3. Customized and undaunted data access.
4. Sensor and actuator data mapping to IOT based GUI using VB.
Mtech, DECS, AIT CHICKMAGLORE
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
The term Internet of Things was first introduced by Kevin Ashton in the year 1999. This
IOT defines the network where physical objects are connected to the network using sensors.,
Where it is embedded with the software, it uses many types of sensors, electronics and
network connectivity, which makes these physical objects to collect the datas and it going
to exchange the datas. IoT senses the objects and it remotely controls across existing
network. In earlier days Radio-frequency identification (RFID) was necessary in order to
connect the Internet of Things, and identifiers are given to all the objects, and they were
managed and inventoried by the computers. Later, the new technologies are used in order
to
provide the identifiers to the objects they are QR codes, bar codes and digital
watermarking. IOT it is a type of the network where any physical objects are any items
connects to the internet using the protocols used from the sensors. Internet of things is
divided by three layers they are physical layer, network layer and the application layer. IOT
having different types of sensors and consisting of protocol this forms IOT network as the
heterogeneous network. In the iron and steel metal industries continuous monitoring the
equipments are essential and it is widely used in such industries. So by using in such
industries efficiency of the products are going to increase, waste caused by the materials are
decreased and it reduce the waste of the material, So in order to achieve the continuous
monitoring the materials MRO (Maintenance, Repair and Overhaul) is used.
In order to
know the fault in the material and fault material must be repaired and maintenance the
equipment, so to perform all these function online monitoring system is necessary. The two
technologies are introduced they are IOT sensing technology and communication technology.
This technologies are used for the monitoring the materials. However, this system having
many kinds of sensors. Many problems are going to exit. when the amount of data it consist
is large ,due to it consists large number of sensors it consists multiple-transport protocols.
These problems can be overcome from data processing frame works. This framework is
introduced in the online monitoring system, this monitoring system acts as bridge in
between the physical layer and the application layer. Framework help from the problems
like data filtering, handling multiple data protocols, data integration, and data integration in
the system.
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IoT Definitions: The term Internet of Things refers to IOT, where many objects are
connected to the internet through the sensor, and provides to these to objects to send or
exchange the data.
Enabling Technologies: Combining the computers, sensors, and networks in order to
monitor and control devices this has existed for decades. In the recent years combination of
several technologies makes the Internet of Things closer to widespread reality.These includes
Connectivity, IP-based Networking, Computing Economics, Miniaturization, Advances in
Data Analytics, and the Rise of Cloud Computing.
Connectivity Models: There are four common communications models are there, and this
is described by the Internet Architecture Board they are Device-to-Device, Device-to-Cloud,
Device-to-Gateway, and Back-End Data-Sharing. All these models have flexibility to connect
the IOT devices and resulting the performance of the IOT devices to the user.
1.2 OBJECTIVE
The aim of this project is about monitoring the power voltage and current consumption by
the 3-phase loads using sensors, where it going to calculate the voltage and current. These
data are sends to iot server through wifi gateway using ip address. So it continuously monitor
power of the 3- phase loads, so user can known their voltage and current consumption of the
respective 3-phase loads.
1.3 METHODOLOGY :
In this project the both hardware and software are implemented.
The hardware used are:
Cortex M3 Lpc2148
4 Type Loads
3-Phase Motor
Single phase Motor
Single Phase blub
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Current Sensor
SSR Relay
ESP8266 IOT Module

Buffer and Driver circuit
The Software Requirements are

Keil uv4
Flash Magic
VB10
Embedded C
1.5 PROBLEM DEFINITION:

The problem that may exits in this project may consists of three main points, that the Internet
of Things are about the privacy, when anything is put on the internet it will always be
there. Of course there are security measures that are taken to protect information, but there is
always the possibility of hackers breaking into the system and stealing the data. And another
one when it comes to the hardware part obviously there will be high cost. So this also treated
as the one of the problem.
1.6 LITERATURE SURVEY:

The standards and interoperable technologies: The number of vendors, and technologies and
protocols are used by each class of smart devices inhibits interoperability. The lack of
consensus about how to apply the newly emerging standards and protocols and making smart
objects to connect, and it causes collaboration thus it makes difficult for organizations to
integrate these applications [1] and [2] , so devices must use different network technologies
and it operates on different networks. Further, organizations need to ensure the smart devices
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that can interact and work with multiple services in [1] it is given about the smart grid
projects in the European countries, and in the [2] it gives the idea about the new standards
and the protcols used by the organization.
In order to manage the energy system in most of the complex and in complex technical
creation, there are many ways for optimize the energy i.e, its generation and its distribution
[3] there is a another method where energy distribution and managing can be done in the
efficient way i.e, DSM, it is very promising one where portfolio means it going to measure
about the managing and distribution, in order to improve the efficiency of the energy system
at consumption side and it also uses new energy tarffis which makes energy efficient. In this
paper it is given about the taxonomy and the overview of the DSM, and different types of
DSM and the latest demonstration are also done. So exchanging from the old incandescent
bulb to the new compact incandescent light installs the sophisticated one. DSM early it was
utility driven and in future it may be customer driven and in this paper the advantages of the
dsm is known it is for due to the less expensive.
In this paper consumer-oriented concept is taken, integrating the smart devices at the
customer premises using the smart grid concepts by using multicast home gateways. The
Smart Home devices are connected to Smart Grid by using the home Gateways. The home
gateways are used here are wlan, for multicast home gateway is HMcast it is enabled. By
using the advanced metering infrastructure, demand side management and virtual power
plants. By
using
the standard consumer hardware which provides feasibility and the
performance[4]. These multicast gateway are depends on the availability of internet. P2P
concept is used here for a group communication purpose. In order to implement multicast
home gateways hybrid multicast technology are used, multicast provides certain amount of
data security and the integrity. Further enhancement regarding security features can be done
on network layer or by smart gird applications
In this paper it is given energy @home. In which it uses electronic meter which is used for
the meters the data where power consumption takes by the smart appliances[5]. Here smart
plugs are used in order to get the data from the metering, there is a home gateways in which
it used as coordinator to the whole house. In this paper a further step is taken towards the
smart grid. In the future development in this paper is smart grid technology , where it
provides real-time bi-directional information exchange between the utilities and the house
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appliances. This makes customer to self manage their power. Here home area network is used
is wan, and smart info is used it is the element which is given by the distribution system
operator. The remotely controlling capability is also implemented in further enhancing.
1.7 Outcome of the literature of survey

Proposed System: It requires both hardware and software to know the voltage and current
consumption. Here ZigBee network is used, this Zigbee network is connected to the IoT
server through the ZigBee IP gateway. Sensors are nothing but the smart plugs, these plugs
are placed in between the house hold appliances. These sensors provides to collect the
data from the respective loads. So users can see their voltage and current of the loads. This
requires mainly smart plugs, gateways, message dispatcher and the data storage.
A. Smart Plug
The smart plug are nothing but the sensors, these are placed in between the loads, sensors
are going to collect information from the loads. The information it going to collects are
voltage value, current value and power consumption data.
B. Gateway
Generally gateway can be defined it is a element where it makes the entrance to the another
network, here another network is the
sensor network. The gateway uses bi-directional
communication. Gateway can be developed using both hardware and a software. Here using
the hardware gateway is implemented by Ethernet interface. a microcontroller.
C. Message Dispatcher
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The main function of the message dispatcher is that it is as a multiprocess application

which is going to run on the virtual basic. The main task
is that it going to check
continuously for any new connections is established from gateways or any other IP nodes.
If their is any new connection is established then new connection took place., and this new
process will be active until connection is closed by the gateway.
D. Data Collection and Storage
The data collection unit is implemented using the VB platform software .
1.7 BLOCK DIAGRAM
Fig1.1 : block diagram of 3-phase inverter voltage and current measurement
System working
The voltage transformer used is voltage step-down transformer. The secondary voltage is
rectified, the rectifier used is bridge rectifier and passed through the filter capacitor to get a
dc voltage. That output is given to the three phase inverter. Three phase inverter used for
higher power applications, three phase output can be obtained by Mosfet driver circuit, this is
given to solid state relays, that in turn provide to relay and to the respective loads. The relay
used here is Solid state relay. The use of solid state relay is to provide turn-on and turn-off
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the single phase loads. Voltage can be measured by the voltage divider circuit this act as a
sensor that going to read the voltage consumed by the loads. current sensor used is ACS712
the current and voltage sensed output is given to IOT module, through Wi-Fi gateways.
Through the internet power consumed by the loads are visually seen by the costumer.
1.8 ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
ADVANsTAGES
It help to provide the better fault prediction and timely repair.
Framework provides to integrate with the many applications in the application layer
Provide remote based monitoring
Provides real-time accurate environmental parameters
DISADVANTAGES:
Internet connection required
Sensors must work in real-time bases
1.9 APPLICATIONS
Smart home: It supports Smart home concepts where it is a new emerging one. This
involves many projects like Internet-supported
appliances, home automation
component, and energy management devices, this results in smart home concept.,
where it has more security and energy efficiency.
Medical field: This technology is beneficial for diabetic patients using IOT devices.
And other iot devices like wearable fitness device , health monitoring devices and
network enabled medical devices are used for transforming the informations, which
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provides the information about the patients as the way healthcare services are
delivered. These devices are attached to the human body it monitors health, wellness
of the human body.
Smart cities: IoT involves in intelligent and smart traffic systems, networked devices,
and sensors are embedded in the roads and in the s bridges. Which help minimize
congestion and energy consumption.
Fig 1: Application of IOT
Management: Management field applications include data management, waste

management, and urban planning and production management.
Logistics: Warehouse management, inventory control, port management etc are

mainly concentrated in logistic areas.
Retails: Intelligent shopping, barcodes in retails and electronic tags in equipment

make shopping more clear, easier and perfect.
Pharmaceuticals: Pharmaceutical applications of IoTs include intelligent treatment

tags for drugs, drug usage tracking, providing pharmaceutical websites and help in
providing emergency treatment as fast as possible.
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Food: Food production management and nutrition calculation can be done with the
help of IoTs. It also prevent overproduction and hence shortage of food and control
food quality, health and safety.
School administration: Attendance management, voting systems during school

election and automatic feedback system on classes can be implemented using IoT
principles.
Instructional technologies: In the field of media, information management and

foreign language learning also IoTs have various applications. IoT technology is also
applied in agricultural field, industries, and energy production and distribution fields
using networked sensors.
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Chapter 2
IOT PLATFORM
The architecture of IOT is divided in to three parts they are sensor and this which is for
visualizing and managing purpose. In the fig 2 architecture of IOT is shown.
Fig 2: Architecture of IOT

Sensors and actuator networks uses two- way communication in order to communicate
with the IOT server. For this bi-directional communication between sensor and actuator
network, and IOT server it follows TCP/IP client server model.
TCP/IP stands for
Transmission control protocol/ Internet Protocol

The sensed outputs from the sensors are converted in to digital and send to the server. The
message from the sensor to the IOT server will be in its own format. The communication
between these two takes place via, gateway. Then iot server converts these information
contain in the spayload from the different nodes are converted in to a standard format, which
results in type of object, its graphical position , measurement units etc, so, without using
communication protocol of the sources, data can
be
represented,
aggregated and
manipulated. The main components required for IOT are,

2.1 Sensor and Actuator Nodes: It can be treated as a part of the network, it can be
implemented with wired without wired i.e, wireless network protocols. Examples for wired
network are controller area network (CAN), PLC, the examples wireless network are ZigBee,
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Wi-Fi, Bluetooth. This architecture contains different types of sensor and actuator networks.
It has having data management unit and it is the main unit where its function is to translating
the information from one format to another format as per it required by the sensors database.
The information required by the sensor database system, that information is provided by data
management unit , the function of data management unit is it translates the information in
which format sensors data base required. There will be a bidirectional channels in order to
communicate with to/from with the sensors and actuator nodes. Which enables the iot server
to configure them, and interrogate it and programmed them.
Configuration messages contains the some peculiar informations like threshold,alarm
settings or any updates regarding the software etc, of a respective sensor and actuator nodes.
The IOT architecture has advantage of add or remove any network components to the system
and it is possible to add a new network component to the network without any changes in the
network implementation. So it automatically identifies from the network administration for
the registration purpose sand even for configuration purpose. Joining the node, dis joining
the node adding or removing the node is done from the IOT server. The user interface
between the sensors network and IOT server communicates using a protocol, the protocol
is used in between the gateway and the IOT server is based on API where API stands for
Application Programming Interface, and it is defined as a set of protocols or tools for
building the software and the applications. API is for web-based systems or data base
systems used for the developing the application for programming. Nodes in the network
sends message to the IOT server. Gateways are used for translating its unique identifier into
network address, and same procedure repeats from server to the nodes.
2.2 IP Gateway: Generally the gateways can be referred as it acts as an entrance to the
another network, in which it provides communication between node and the networks. For
example gateway are required to provide communication between computer and the internet
i.e, modem, it can be treated as a gateway element which connects computer and the world
web wide. Through this gateways sensor/actuator network are connected. The gateway
communicates bidirectionally in both uplink and downlink. In uplink it going to collect the
data which are received from the different network nodes, and received data are encapsulated
these encapsulated data are sends over a secure TCP/IP link
and finally to message
dispatcher. In downlink communication, receiver node may be sensors nodes, the IoT server
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sends the commands to these nodes. The gateway sends packets over TCP/IP link in the
original formats. It has mainly three advantages.
.
1) Without modifying the gateway any new functions or any other different applications can
be added.
2) It is possible to communicate the user directly with application layer with networking
nodes
3)Less hardware requirements and less computational complexity in computation
2.3 IoT Server: IOT server mainly consists of four parts message dispatcher, data collection
and storage, configurator unit and database and secure access manager.
1) Message Dispatcher: This woks bidirectionally. It communicates between the gateways. In
fig 2.2 it is given TCP/IP protocol between the message dispatcher and the gateway .
Fig. 3 : Structure of the protocol between the message dispatcher and gateway .
The main function of this deals with any new connections appear from the node networks it
going to add this to the existing system. It perform only low-level communication from the
sensor nodes ,through the gateways. For every connection exits, the incoming data of packets
are decrypted, it means decoding the datas and this decrypted datas are send to the
management unit for storing purpose. In fig 3, the structure of the protocol where ach packet
contains 64-bit gateway address.
Opcode : it is a four bit, where it holds the each packets functions These packets are
classified into two they are administration packets and data relay packets. Administration
packets it is only used only for the configuration and maintenance of the gateways.
Addition to this sensors and actuators networks need only two opcodes.
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Timestamp: it is of four bits, it is used to give protection against random sequence numbers.
Data Management Unit and the Database Storage: It consists of many software modules, and
every of the modules having capability to storing the messages which is come from the
different sensor network, then these received packets will be in their original format.
Depending upon the payload the messages are going to be stored by using two different
mechanisms
Payload contains the messages of a sensor or actuators, these data are stored in the
unique format with sensor database.
Payload consists the message of a network like configuration message, address of a

node etc, these messages are stored in their native format in configurator database.
Information about the sensors and information about their configuration are going to
stored in the remote databases, so system can easily scalable and does not having any
limitations over the data volume that node can send to server.
Configurator Unit and the database unit: It is the collection of only the software
components. Every software components are dedicated to the particular type of sensor
network. Suppose if any newly added sensor network protocol, then this newly added
software modules are must be added to this configurator unit. This configurator unit
configures networks to the nodes according the input provided by the users.
Secure Access Manager: The main function is this is used for security purpose. It
provides data protection while communication takes place between the users and the
IOT server. Only authorized users or thirdparty can access stored information. By
default, only the network owners will provides administrator rights on their network
2.4 User Interfaces : In this interface only the users, and the service providers, even
application developers can be able to interact with the available platform through the user
interface. This interface has mainly two functions, and there are two client profile are there
i.e, user profile and administrators profile. The users profile function is that it access the
sensors data and it control the actuators, similarly the function of administrator profile is
that users can also able to see
the status of sensor nodes and also able to configure
dynamically such nodes.

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Fig 4: state machine of user interface

In the fig 4, it is shown the finite state machine, which shows the interaction between
the
users and the available platform (iot) through the user interface. For the non authorized,
registered users, just they can view only the data in the sensor network but it is impossible to
send the commands even they cannot configure the nodes and the networks. Only the
registered , authorized users only having the rights to gets the user home page.
The web interface is divided into three they are visualization interface, administration
interface, and web service API interface.
1) Visualisation Interface: The function of this is that it displays current and previous
information about the sensors and actuators. This also provides the authorizer to send the
commands to actuators not only this, this also provides the user can see the data and pages
and can also user can send the commands alarm notifications can also they can set. .
2) Administrating Interface: In this it provides gives the user to control, even manage and
even they can configure their network form distant place, and the user can configure to newly
networked connections. In order to assign new connection the gateways must know IP
address.
3) Web Service API: The function of this is, if there is any new applications offers by client
then
APIs can easily retrieve the information that collected from the different sources or
sensors. for example: weather related data, alarms etc. It also protects information, only the
registered client can only access the sensors data.
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CHAPTER 3
HARDWARE REQUIRMENTS
3.1 LPC2148 microcontroller
The LPC2148 microcontrollers are manufactured by Philips. This is a 16-bit/32-bit. This
LPC2148 consists ARM7TDMI-S CPU that combines with the LPC2148 microcontroller
having high-speed flash memory ranges from 32 kB to 512 kB.
The below figure shows the pin diagram
Fig 5: pin diagram of lpc2148
The features of microcontrollers are
16-bit/32-bit ARM7TDMI-S microcontroller LPC2148 package.
It is having on-chip static RAM of 8 KB to 40 KB and having on-chip flash memory

32 kB to 512 kB .
This consisting of two 32-bit timers/counters , PWM unit and watchdog.
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It is having multiple of serial interfaces it includes two UARTs, two fast I2C-bus.
There is a single 10-bit D/A converter which going to provide variable analog output.
It consists of vectored interrupt with the configurable priorities and vector address.
128-bit wide interface/accelerator enables high-speed 60 MHz operation.
There are nine edge or level sensitive external interrupts pin are available.
It consisting of low powered real-time clock, having 32Khz clock input.
There are 2 types of power savings mode i.e, ideal mode and power down mode.
3.2 ARM 7TDMI-s processor

The ARM7TDMI-S processor can termed as Advanced Risc Machine, and it is one of the
member of this ARM family. It is a general-purpose 32-bit microprocessors. ARM&TDMIS can be abbreviated as
T: thumb architecture
D : stands for debugger where it supports on-chip Debug
M: stands for Multiplier. Where it has enhanced Multiplier with the high performance
I: Embedded in ICE hardware
S : Synthesizables
It operates in following modes,
User: unprivileged mode under most tasks run
FIQ: it is fast priority interrupt it exists when highest priority is raised.
IRQ : it is low priority interrupt it exists when low priority is raised.
Supervisor : it exists to the
reset
mode when software interrupted
instructions are executes.
Abort : when they access the same memory it used
Undef : these are undefined instructions
System :privileged mode using the same registers as user mode
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The ARM processor is a kind of Von Neumann architecture, its performance is very high
and power consumption is also very low and the number of gate count is also less It is
having only one data bus which is of 32-bit , where it going to carry both instructions and
data. It uses 3 stage pipeline the advantage of this is t going to increase the speed of the
processor, it means it going to increase flow of instruction to the processor. This provides
multiple of operation run simultaneously. In the three-stage pipeline the instructions are
going to execute in three stages.
Fig 6: three stage pipelined architecture of processor

3.2.1 Features of arm processors
The ARM processor is a RISC type architecture and it has minimum instruction set, and
power consumption is very low.
It performs three basic instruction sets
32- bit ARM instruction set
16 bit Thumb instruction set and
8-bit Java Byte code used in Jazelle state
3.2.2 Architecture of the arm processors:

The ARM 7 processor is type of Von Neman, where it consists only one bus for both data and
instructions. Pipe line concept is used in this processor in order to speed up the processor.
Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture (AMBA) type of architecture used by processor.
This processor consisting of two types buses: the AMBA High-Speed Bus (AHB) or the
Advanced System Bus (ASB), and the Advanced Peripheral Bus (APB). This processor
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consisting Program status register which is of 32 bits, additionally it also consists others
registers like the instruction register, memory data read register and write register , memory
address registe, and it consists one Priority encoder is used for the multiple of load and
store instructions.
Fig 7:ARM architecture
Thumb architecture: Thumb instruction set treated as the subset ARM instructions. It
operates with standard ARM register configurations, and it enables the interoperability
between ARM and Thumb states. It uses 65% of arm code and it provides 160% of arm
whichworks with 8- bit java code
3.2.3 Arm registers

ARM
processor consisting 37 registers, out of 37 register 31 register are used for
general-purpose registers each of 32-bits, and it consists 6 status registers. There are two
state processor state and operating mode. Which are going to provide programmer wich
registers are avaiable at any moment. Out of tht 31 general purpose registers , 16 registers
are only provided to the user purpose. The remaining 15 registers are used for the purpose of
speed up the process.
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Processor contains two program status registers namely: CPSR and SPSR(the current and
saved program status registers. In ARM registers r0 to r13 are orthogonal it means that if any
instruction applied to register r0, then it is possible to apply equally to any other register.
Their is a user mode, where it is different from other modes, because these register are
unprivileged
Fig 8 :ARM register

The register r13 is a stack pointer register, register r14 is a link register, register r15 is a
program counter register. Register r13 is the stack point register ,and this register used for
the storing the address of the stack top ,and it used for the PUSH and POP instructions..
r14 is the Link Register(LR). The function of this is holds the address of next instruction
after Branch and Link (BL or BLX) instruction R14 is a general-purpose register.
r15 is the Program Counter (PC). It used as a pointer to the instruction or the instruction
pointer. The remaining 13 registers have no special hardware purpose.
CPSR : CPSR stands for current program status register, the function of this is that it going
to monitor the register and control the internal operation. The CPSR is a 32-bit register, The
This register is divided into following fields, each fields are 8 bits wide, namely flags
register, status register, extension fields, and control fields. The extension fields and status
fields are reserved used for the future purpose. Control field havingthe processor mode, state
mode, and interrupt masking bits. Flags field having the condition flags. CPSR register is
shown below.
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Fig 9: CPSR register

3.2.4 ARM INSTRUCTION SET
Data Processing Instructions :
Data processing instructions means moves the data within the registers. These instructions are
move instructions, Arithmetic instructions, logical instructions, comparison instructions, and
multiply instructions.
Using the barrel shifter data processing instructions can be processed on the operands. These
instructions are going to be processed in the arithmetic logic unit (ALU). It shifts the data
from source to the destination. It shifts the datas from source register left or right by specific
number of shifts before it going to enters the ALU. The main feature of processor is it going
to shift the data of 32- bit. This increases the flexibility of data processing operations. There
are many other instructions that do not require the barrel shift. These instructions are MUL
(multiply), CLZ (count leading zeros), and QADD (signed saturated 32-bit add) instructions.
Move Instructions : These instruction do copy the content in the source register R to a the
destination register Rn, where the content in register R immediate value.
Ex 1 :
r2 =4
r3= 7
MOV r3, r2 ;
POST r4 = 4
This instruction copy the content of register r2 and then copies that into the r7
register .
Ex 2:
MOVS r1, r2, LSL #2
This instruction going to shifts the content register left by two bit
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Arithmetic Instructions :These instructions having addition and subtraction of the 32-bit
signed and unsigned values.
Ex 1: SUB r1, r2, r3 ;

In the subtraction instruction the content subtracts a value stored in register r3 from the
content in register r2, and the result is stored in register r0.
Ex 2: RSB r1, r2, #0 ;
This reverse subtract instruction (RSB) subtracts r2 from the value of 0, and the result is
stored in register r1.
Table 1:arithmetic instruction table

Logical Instructions : These instructions involves AND, OR, NOT etc, and it performs
bitwise logical operations on two source registers.
Table 2:logical instruction table

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Comparison Instructions :This instructions are used to compare or test a register with a 32bit value. This instruction affects only CPSR register flags.
Table 3:comparision instruction table
Branch Instructions:
This instruction is used to change the usual flow of the main program , it can be used to
call subroutine. This instruction makes to have subroutine in the programs allows programs,
this consists of if function, then and else structures, and the loops. Due to the changing in the
main program it makes program counter pc to point to the new address. Branch instruction
consists Branch Exchange (BX) and Branch Exchange with Link (BLX). The Branch
exchange instructions are used to store the address of the register Rn. It can also used for
branching to and from the Thumb code.
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Table 4: branch instructions table

Load-Store Instructions :This typr of instruction set used to move the contents between
the memory and the registers. load-store instruction
having three types namely Single-
register transfer, Multiple-register transfer, and Swap.
Table 5: table of single register transfer
Multiple-Register Transfer :
This instruction set is used to Load-store multiple of
registers between the memory and the processor in only one instruction. This transfer occurs
from the base register address Rm. This instructions set is highly efficient than singleregister transfers , hence it transfers many registers in single instruction.
Ex 1: LDMIA r1!, {r2-r4} ;
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The base register is r1. Rm register is followed by the negation symbol !, this symbol is
indicates that the register is going to updated after the instruction is executed. The register
r1to r3 defines the range..
Stack Operations :
The stack operation includes push and pop instruction. The pop
instruction means it removes the data from the stack it uses load multiple instruction. For
push instruction it going to place the data on the stack, it uses store multiple instruction. The
stack may be ascending one or descending. In ascending order stack go towards the higher
memory addresses, in descending order stacks go towards the lower memory addresses.
When the stack is full , the stack pointer points to the address that it points to the last item
on the stack. if the stack is empty, the stack pointer points to the address the empty location.
Ex : it push the registers to the stack by updating the stack pointer.
STMFD sp! , {r2,r3}; it Stores the multiple Full Descending Stacks
Swap Instruction: This instruction is special type of load-store instruction. Swapping means
exchanging. the data in the memory is going to exchange with the data of the register.
Instruction. It atomically reads and writes from the location using the same bus. It prevents
other instruction from reading and writing until it going to completed. This instruction
cannot be interrupted by other instruction. It having holds the bus where transaction is
complete.
Ex 1:SWP : exchange the word between memory and a register tmp = mem31[Rm]
mem31[Rm] =Rn
Rd = tmp
Thumb instruction set: This instruction set is a subset of 32-bit instruction into 16-bit
instruction space. This instruction having greater performance than that of the ARM
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processor on 16-bit, but it has lower performance than that of ARM processor on 32-bit data.
It is suitable for only for memory related systems. It is having greater code density. Memory
related systems can be defined as mobile phones and PDAs.
3.3 BUFFER AMPLIFIER

BUFFER AMPLIFIER CD4050: Buffer fabricated with silicon gate c2mos technology.
Buffer amplifier it is only suitable for the driving high capacity loads. If the input voltage is
very high also the buffers supply voltage is permitted, This circuit enables high noise
immunity and a stable output. It simply called as buffers, which provides electrical
impedance from one circuit to another circuit. There are CD4049UB and CD4050B two types
of buffer amplifiers IC and are inverting and non inverting respectively. It is used only when
the supply voltage is exceed from the input signal then these types of devices are used for
the logic-level conversions. The below figure shows the schematic representation of
CD4050B.
Fig 10: schematic representation buffer
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Fig 11 :pin diagram of buffer cd4050
3.3.1 Features of CD4050:
CD4049UB is a inverting
CD4050B is a Non inverting
The Quiescent Current at 20V
The parametric ratings 5V,10V,15V
There is high-low level logic conversion
There is high current sink for driving TTL loads
3.3.2 Applications
It used as a current sink.
It is used to convert high logic level to low level.
It is used as a Hex converter
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Fig 12: buffer IC
3.4 IGBT & MOSFET DRIVER: Mosfet driver consists of led and a photo detector.
TLP250 is used as a IGBT & MOSFET driver. It is used for driving the circuit gate which is
used to drive the IGBT and MOSFET. TLP250 is suitable for gate driving circuit of IGBT or
power MOSFET. For switching the signals to the transistors are provided by the by the
micro controllers or logic circuits , output of these signals will be a few milli amperes, since
it has only few milli amps of current switching rate of this is very less. Due to this it cause
very high power loss, During switching the gate capacitor of the transistor it going to draw
the current quickly, due to this large current it going to draw ,in turn it causes overheating
which leads the complete or permanent damage, so in order to prevent this gate driver circuit
is used.
TLP250 has input pin, output pin and power supply pin. The another advantage of TLP250 is
it provides optical isolation. The figure shows the pin configuration of TLP250. The pin 1
and 4 are not connected, pin 8 is vcc which is connected to power supply, pin 2 and 3 are the
inputs. The propagation delay time is 0.15ms and 0.5 ms. The operating frequency is 25KHz.
Fig 13: pin configuration TLP2050

When the vin=1, the Q1 transistor Q1 is going to on and it is drive from the Vcc, gate
voltage is going increase up to the supply voltage. Q1 turns on and current flows to the load.
When the vin=0, vss and current the transistor Q1 driven low, the gate voltage is pulled
down . Hence Q1 turns off. Below table shows the truth table
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Table 6: truth table of tlp2050

3.4.1 Parameters:
It has following the parameters
The maximum threshold current is 5mA
The maximum supply is 11mA
The supply voltage varies from 10v35V
The maximum output current is 1.5A
The maximum switching time is 1.5s
The minimum isolation voltage is 2500v
Maximum operating insulation voltage is 630VPK,
Highest permissible over voltage is 4000VPK
Fig 14: buffer amplifier and driver
3.5 : Three phase inverter

Generally an inverter is only used for the high power application, and it is generally used in
motors, ac etc. Inverter usually used for the variable frequency and for the higher power
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application. so in order to control the sequence of frequency of motors using 3-phase dc-ac
inverter controller. 3 phase is also formed by 3 single phase inverter which connected in
parallel, as shown in fig.
The 3- phase inverter can be constructed by using the 3- single phase inverters and each are
connected in parallel way. The inverter gating signal are advanced or by the 1200. If output
voltage of the three phase inverter are not balanced with phase and magnitude then the
output voltage of three phase inverter are unbalanced. The three phase output can be obtained
by configuring six mosfet and six diodes. These mosfets are controlled by gate drive. So gate
drive makes mosfet to operate smoothly and it applied in between controller circuit and
mosfet. One gate drive requires one mosfet to drive, so it requires 6 gate drivers to inverter.
Fig 15 :circuit diagram of 3-phase inveter
3.5.1 Three phase multilevel inverter :

This multi level three phase inverters are used to increase the operating voltage above the
voltage limits. There are many ways to construct the multilevel inverters. The general
topology are neutral clamped inverters, cascaded invertors and capacitor inverters. These
topologies are also called as asymmetric or hybrid multilevel inverter. In multi level inverter
signal distortion is less, this can also achieved at low switching frequency. This also reduces
the harmonic produced in inverter. A multi level structure with more than three level can
significantly reduce harmonics.
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Fig 16: practical view of 3- phase inverter
3.6 BRIDGE RECTIFIER:

Generally the word rectifier refers to that converts the Alternating current to Direct current
only in one direction is called rectification. This is constructed by using the four diodes in the
bridge way. It provides full wave rectification. There are many types of rectifier are there and
they are categorized by max. reverse voltage, max. rectified current, max. peak voltage, and
max. reverse current.
The most common average rectified current are 1A,4A,25A and 35A. The forward voltage
ranges from 450 mV -1.1kV. bridge rectifier semiconductor chip as the forward voltage 1V
or 1.1 V. The below diagram shows the circuit diagram of the bridge rectifier.
Fig 17:bridge rectifier

3.6.1 Applications:
The main thing for using bridge rectifier is to convert AC to DC
Detecting of modulated radio signal amplitude.
It supplies polarized voltage for welding applications.
In some circuits it required to control the output current, this can achieved by
replacing diodes with the thyristor.
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3.6.2 Ratings are:
Maximum peak current are 12A,50A, 200A,300A
Forward Voltage -450mV-1.1kv
Maximum Average Rectified current 0.15A,1A,1.5A,25A,35A..
3.7 Solid state relays

A solid-state relay are nothing but it is the switch like the normal relays, that going to make
turn on and turn off. It going to turn on and turn off the load by applying the small voltage
across the terminal of the load. It going to control the device where load current is conducted
from one semiconductor or more semiconductors. This SSR also requires very low control
energy in order to switch from on to off state or off to on state.
3.7.1 working
It operates on single MOSFET, or multiple MOSFET are connected in parallel. MOSFET
that inherently have diode that going to conduct in reverse bias. Single MOSFET it cannot
going to block the currents. In AC the MOSFETS are connected back to back and both the
source pins are connected together, drain pins are connected to output. The diodes are going
to alternatively reverse bias in order to block the current this makes the relay off. When the
relay is on the gates are forward biased.
Fig 18: solid state relay
A solid-state relay is generally defined as it is a switch where it going to control the devices
when current of the load is conducted either by one semiconductor or more semiconductors
they may be transistor, SCR or TRIAC. The combination of SCR and the TRIAC are
Page 32
generally known as thyristors, due to control energy is very less than that of the output,
their will be "power gain". Generally SSR the output rating is higher than EMR relay.
3.7: Current sensor

Current sensor can be defined as it is a device where it going to detects the alternating current
or Direct Current, through the wire and it going to generate the signals which are
proportional to it. These generated signal may be it is analog voltage or a current or even
digital output. These outputs are used to display the current measured from the load. And
even for the further analysis it is going to use for the purpose of controlling
The ACS712 is a type of current sensor which going to sense the current AC even DC,
These current sensors are mostly used in industries, commercially, and communications
systems. The common type of applications are in order to control the motor, the load
detecting and managing it, protecting if in the case of over current. Usually these devices
are not used for automotive applications.
3.8.1 working
This device is consisting of following parameters like it has precise, having very less-offset,
and lineared Hall circuit using copper conducting path, where this is very near to surface of
the die. When the current is applied, then current flows through the copper conducted path.
Then it going to generate the magnetic field. The IC it having called Hall IC, this converts
this voltage to the proportional voltage by this accuracy of the device can
get in to know.
The proportioned voltage are given in order to get after the packaging purpose. The output of
this is positive slope, as the current is going to increase , then current is going to flow
through copper conducting paths i.e, from the pins number and 2, to the pins number 3 and
pin number 4. And this path which is used for the sampling the current. This path having 1.2
m internal resistance having very less loss of the power. The conductor provides the stand
by to survive from the device which are having 5 max. current which is due to the reason of
thickness. The pns of the conductive path are isolated from signal pins i.e, from pin number
5 through the pin number 8 . These used in only in such a application where it requires the
electrical isolation, instead of opto-isolators or any other techniques.
Page 33
The ACS712 this is a very small ic, where it is mounted with SOIC8 lead package. These
leads frame are plated with the100% tin, and it is very easy to place in pcb.
3.8.2 Features of current sensor

The signal path it consider is having very small noise
The bandwidth of the device is going to set through the filter pin
The response time is 5 s
Having the bandwidth of 80 kHz
The amount of total error output is 1.5% C
The internal resistance of the conductor is 1.2 m
The minimum isolation it has 2.1 kV
The single supply operates at 5.0 V
The output sensitivity ranges fro
Extremely stable output voltage
3.9 : Voltage sensor:

Voltage sensor are used to sense the voltages. There are many types of voltage sensors are
provided. Voltage divider are used as a voltage sensor, it going to measure the voltage. This
is a very simple circuit it consists of two resistors that are going to connect in series. Resistive
devices are treated as voltage sensors. A photocell is a type of variable resistors in which
resistance are propotional to the amount of the light it going to sense.
Fig 19: current and voltage sensor
3.8 WI-FI MODULE ESP8266

Page 34
ESP8266 is a WiFi module. It is very much low cost, so that it is suitable for adding the
functionality of WiFi to the microcontroller through UART serial connection. This module
had advantage that it can be reprogrammed in order to act as a standalone WiFi.
The main components of module are 802.11
protocol,
Wi-Fi Direct (P2P), soft-AP,
Integrated TCP/IP protocol stack. This module requires 3.3V power.
Fig 20: block diagram ESP266

3.10.1 :Working
ESP8266 is a self-contained and it is the complete Wi-Fi network solution. it is used for the
purpose of hosting the application or even it can also to give the Wi-Fi network functions to
any application oriented processors.
These modules are going to host the application, it going to boots up the applications directly
from the external flash memory. It consists of integrated cache memory so for improving the
performance of system, the Wi-Fi adapter is used due to this internet can be accessed and it
can be added be to
any of the
microcontroller based design. Its having very easy
connectivity i.e, SPI/SDIO or I2C/UART interface.

It is the most integrated Wi-Fi chip, it has many parameters such as antenna
switches, power amplifiers, RF balun, amplifier which receive very low noise, filters, power
manage modules, and it also consists minimum circuits.
3.10.2 :advantages
Having low power MCU which is of 32- bit
Having Integrated ADC of 10- bit
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consisting of TCP/IP protocol stack which is integrated
It consists of many Integrated elements namely TR switch, balun, LNA, power amplifier
and matching network
Having PLL, power management and regulators all are integrated
It supports the antenna diversity
It supports WiFi upto 2.4 GHz
It also support many operating modes STA/AP/STA+AP .
It also supports function for the both Android and even for the iOS devices
It has UART, PWM, I2S, IR Remote Control, GPIO , UART
It has having 2types of MIMO they are, 1x1 MIMO, 2x1 MIMO
It also consists deep sleeping power is less than 10uA
The timings for wake up and to transmit packets in less than 2ms
Having less than 1.0mW Standby power consumption capability.
The range of the operating temperature is -40C ~ 125C
3.10.3 Applications of ESP8266

The major applications are,
It is used in the House hold Appliances.
It is used in the Home Automation concept.
It is used in the Industries , where it requires Control the loads remotely.
It used in hospitals for the purpose of Monitoring the babies.
This is used in the IP based Cameras or even in the IP based tvs.
It is also used in the Sensor Networks.
It also used as Wearable Electronics, to known the BP levl, glucose level etc.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
Micro keil version : This is the software is used here, this tool is used for the arm processors for
programming purpose. it has having following tools like complier where codes can be complied,
simulator and debugger where the codes can be tested and it is verified the code. Here many codes
like uart, timer, lcd these types of codes can be written.
Page 36
Hercules version 3.2.6 : It software which is used for the programming to the iot module. This
versions is also called as the Hercules utility.
Chapter 4
SIMULATION RESULTS
Page 37
Fig 21 : output of controller
Fig 22 : output of buffer
a) 1st o/p of mosfet & driver
c) 3rd o/p of mosfet & driver
b) 2nd o/p of mosfet & driver
d) 4th
o/p of mosfet & driver
Page 38
e) 5th o/p of mosfet & driver
f) 6th o/p of mosfet & driver
Fig 23 : 6 Driver outputs
Fig 24: 3-PHASE INVERTER output
Current and voltage reading through internet
Page 39
Fig 25 :current & voltage when 3-phase motor connected
Fig 26 :current & voltage when no loads are connected
4.3 Flow Chart
Page 40
Page 41
Page 42

ISSUES AND CHALLANGES 0F IOT
It has the following issues and challenges,

It has lack of the standards and interoperable technology: Due to the lack of knowledge
about the applying the newly emerging standards and their protocols in order to make the
smart objects to connect and due to collaboration many problems take place, these
difficulties makes the organizations to integrate many applications and the devices, so all the
devices use different technologies and these devices also uses different network for their
operation So, in the further improvement the organizations must be provide that smart
devices to and provide the multiple of services to work with.
Data management and information management : As the more devices are going to enter
to the market, then more data are going to formed and then it generates very complex
network ,. Due to lack of the universal standards and even the protocols it makes further
more complex to the organization in order to remove the data silos.
Privacy and security : Data must be Secured from the unauthorized user, Similarly Due to
all most all the devices requires the human interference, so that organization must be aware
of this they have to know regarding the hackers and other many users are not aware of this.
In the future it provides enhancement in the security breach or a malfunctioning of the
devices that provides failures in the IoT system.
Inability to manage the complexities of IOT by the organization:. Organizations wants to

develop the knowledge about the component failures and the replacement of the failure
component, by using the most promising service like preventive servicing and maintenance
practice which makes the systems operate effectively and efficiently.
Page 43
FUTURE SCOPE
In the future wireless technologies and Internet will going to connect to the different sources
of the informations namely sensors, phones and cars. The devices which are connecting to
the internet are increasing exponentially, and There will be billions of components are
connects to internet. For example smart home concepts are already in process and challenge
is that remotely managing the power, this is the future development in the case of smart home
concept. And next is in future may be this field further it get broadened in many other ways
also it may be in the industrial purpose
in order to maintain the many loads, in medical
fields also like baby monitoring, in wearable electronics in order to know the BP and glucose
levels etc,. And also in the transport field in order to maintain the traffic i.e, smart traffic etc.
Likewise in future it has plenty of scope in all the respective fields the below figure shows
the future scope picture.
Fig 4.8: IOT in future
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CONCLUSION
In this project it is presented that using the smart grid technology and by using the Internet of
things concept the 3-phase loads voltage and current can be measured by using the current
sensors and voltage sensors. By using this it has many advantages to the customers. This
concept gives the advantage to the customers in such a way that they can known their voltage
and current consumption of their respective loads. This concept can be further developed for
industrial purpose even where the places utilizes the higher power consumption and remotely
it also possible to turn off the loads which are not required so due to this power consumption
is reduced. In coming years it may be spread all over the world to use smart home concept
using smart grid technology with IOT.
Page 45

Power Control Application in Smart Grid Using IOT

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Power control application in smart grid using IOT

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