(Embryology) Chapter 5: approaches to development: cell and

molecular biology technique

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1.

Birefringence

When components alter the plane of

polarization

2.

Charged coupled
devices (CCDs)

Cameras that contain array of pixels

each of which can be filled with
electrons, 24 bit color image, 8 bit for
each color - red, green and blue

3.

4.

5.

Chromatin
immunoprecipitation

19.

Fluorochrome

Fluorescent substance

20.

Fusion protein

Polypeptide fused to other proteins

21.

Histological
sections

Thin slices of the specimens that can

be stained for viewing of structure

22.

Hybridomas

Hybrid cells
Capable of both antibody production
and also growth without limit in vitro

23.

Immunoprecipitation

Method of isolating the protein

recognized by a specific antibody

24.

In situ hybridization

Reveals the region of a specimen

where a specific mRNA is present

25.

MicroArrays

Enables examination of large numbers

of gene products

26.

Microtome

For Sectioning of wax and specimens

27.

Multiphoton
microscopy

Provide better optical sectioning of

fluorescent specimen than the
confocal,light source is less than the
required to excite the fluorochrome, two
or more photons strike one fluorochro e
simultaneously

28.

Northern blotting

1Oldest and least sensitive technique

Number and size of mRNA
Total mRNA through gel electrophoresis

29.

Perdurance

Persistance of a gene activity after the

gene expression has stopped

30.

Phase contrast
microscope

Technique that converts small

differences of refractive index within
the specimen into large differences of
light intensity, favored for living cells,
isolated gametes, and transparent
embryos

31.

Polarization
microscopry

Place specimens across polaroid filters

32.

Proteomics

Analysis of proteins

33.

Real time PCR

Particular parts of an antigen molecule

that are recognized by the antibody

More quantitative measurement of

specific mRNA levels

34.

Reporter genes

Showing how the intensity of

fluorescence varies with the excitation
wavelength

Encode some easily detectable

products, to monitor some particular
aspects of event in the organism

35.

reverse
transcription
polymerase chain
reaction

Standard method for detecting and

measuring mRNA

36.

RNA-Seq

Refers to the ability to measure the

compowition of the entire transciptome

37.

Time-lapse imaging

For viewing morphogenic movemnt of

cells

38.

Transmitted light

Light for viewing whole mounts

39.

Vital dyes

Extracellular labels

Shearing chromatin to fragments of

about 500 nucleotides in length, the
immunkprecipitating with antibody

Compound
microscope

For viewing series sections, or small

whole mounts, x40 to x1000, invert
image because of extra lens

Confocal scanning
microscope

Viewing fluorescence wih thicker

wholemounts, uses a laser for
illumination so excitation is achieved
with just the single wavelength
charactheristics of the laser

6.

Cryostat

Microtome in a cooled chambers

7.

Dark-field
microscopy

Depends on illumination from a very

oblique angle that only points within the
specimen that scatter light extensively
are visible

8.

Dehydration

In order to infiltate the cells with wax

Ethanol

9.

Differential
interference
contrast

Also known as nomarski optics,

converts small differences of refractive
index into an apparent difference in
height, provides sharp resolution

10.

Disscting
microscope

3d image, binocular microscope, aids in

microsurgery or microinjection, x10 to
x50

11.

Electron
microscopy

More magnification, 3 dimensional

Emission spectrum

Shows how intensity of emitted

fluorescence is distributed across the
wavelength spectrum

12.

13.

14.

Epitopes
Excitation spectrum

15.

Fiberoptic light

Cold but illuminating light

16.

Fixation

Killing of specimens for slide

preparation
Formalin
Glutaraldehyde

17.

Fluorescence
microscopy

Includes fluorescent antibody staining,

fluorescentin situ hybridization(FISH),
and visualization of fluorochromes

18.

Fluorescent dxtrans

Common intracellular labels

40.

Western blot

Shows the content of a specific proteins