PHYSICS

INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
TOPIC: TO CONSTRUCT AN
AMPLIFIER USING A
TRANSISTOR
MADE BY:

Chinmay Shah

Physics Investigatory Project

Chinmay Shah

CLASS - XII-B
GUIDED BY Mrs. Soma
Bandyopadhyay
BOARD ROLL NO.

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Chinmay
Shah, student of class XII-B has
successfully
completed
the
Physics
Project
under
the
guidance of Mrs. Soma
Bandyopadhyay. This project is
genuine and is not plagiarism of
any kind. The references used in
making this project file are
declared at the end of the file.

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Externals
Internals Sign:

Chinmay Shah

Sign:

______________
_____________

Principals signature
School stamp

ACKNOWLEDGEM
ENT
I wish to express my deep gratitude
and sincere thanks to the Principal,
Mrs Murial Fernandez, Ryan
International School, Sanpada for
her encouragement and for all the
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Chinmay Shah

facilities she has provided for this

project work.
I extend my hearty thanks to my
subject teacher Mrs. Soma
Bandyopadhyay and Lab Assistant
Devesh Sir who guided me to the
successful completion of this
project. I take this opportunity to
express my deep sense of gratitude
for their invaluable guidance,
constant encouragement and
immense motivation which has
sustained my efforts at all stages of
this project work. I cant forget to
offer my sincere thanks to my
classmates who helped me to carry
out this project work successfully
and for their valuable advice and
support which I received for them
time to time.

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Physics Investigatory Project

INDEX
Sr
Contents
No.
1 Aim of the Experiment
2
Introduction
3 Apparatus Required
4
Circuit Diagram
5
Theory
6
Procedure
7
Observations
8
Graph
9
Result
10
Conclusion
11
Precautions
13
Bibliography
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Page
No.
5
6
9
10
11
13
14
16
17
18
19
20
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Physics Investigatory Project

AIM
To construct amplifier
using n-p-n transistor and
study its current gain and
identify its active region

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Chinmay Shah

INTRODUCTION

An Amplifier is a device which is used

for multiplying the Amplitude of variation of
alternating voltage or current or power.
Heres a
diagram
how an
amplifier
works:

of

A transistor is a semiconductor device

used to amplify or switch electronic signals

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Physics Investigatory Project

and
power. It is
material
terminals for
an external

Chinmay Shah

electrical
composed of
semiconductor
with three
connection to
circuit.

Emitter (E): It is the left hand side thick layer of

the transistor which is heavily doped;
Base (B): It is a central thin layer of transistor
which is lightly doped;
Collector (C): It is the right hand side thick
layer of the transistor which is moderately
doped;
A p-n-p junction transistor is obtained by
growing a thin
layer of thin
layer of ntype semiconductor
in between
two
relatively
thick
layers of ptype
semiconductor.

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A n-p-n junction transistor is obtained by

growing a thin layer p-type semi-conductor in
between
two relatively
thick
layers of ntype
semiconductor.

In this experiment, we will use a n-p-n

transistor.
The common-emitter amplifier is designed so
that a small change in voltage (Vin) changes the
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Chinmay Shah

small current through the base of the

transistor; the transistor's current amplification
combined with the properties of the circuit
mean that small swings in Vin produce large
changes in Vout.
Various configurations of single transistor
amplifier are possible, with some providing
current gain, some voltage gain, and some
both.
From mobile phones to televisions, vast
numbers of products include amplifiers for
sound reproduction, radio transmission, and
signal processing. The first discrete-transistor
audio amplifiers barely supplied a few hundred
milliwatts, but power and audio fidelity
gradually increased
as better transistors became available and
amplifier architecture evolved.
Modern transistor audio amplifiers of up to a
few hundred watts are common and relatively
inexpensive.

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Chinmay Shah

APPARATUS REQUIRED
1.

A n-p-n transistor;

2.

Two battery eliminators;

3.

Two High resistance Rheostats;

4. Connecting
Wires;
5. Two One Way
keys;
6. Two
Ammeters;
7.

Two Voltmeters;

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Chinmay Shah

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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Physics Investigatory Project

THEORY
The circuit details using an n-p-n transistor as a
common emitter amplifier are shown in the
circuit diagram
The emitter is common to both the input and
the output circuits.
The input (Emitter Base) circuit is forward
biased by using a low voltage battery Vbb.

The output (collector emitter) circuit is

reverse biased by using a high voltage
battery Vcc.

Let Ie, Ib and Ic be the emitter current, base

current and collector current respectively.
Then, according to Kirchhoffs first law:

Ie = Ib + Ic
Current Gain ()=

Output Current
Input Current

Ic
Ib

( is defined as AMPLIFICATION and generally has a

large value of)

Voltage gain =
Transistor as Amplifier

Output Voltage
Input Voltage

Vo
Vi

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Physics Investigatory Project

=
=

I c. R L
I B. Ri
RL
Ri

In the output circuit,

Vcc = Vce + VL
Vce = Vcc - VL
Vce = Vcc - Ic.RL

(1)

Transistor output is Vce

When Input signal forward biases the (B - E)

section, Ic section is large:
ICRL > Vcc
and Vce is negative from eqn.
(1)
When input section is reverse biased, by signal,
Ic.RL 0
So, Vce = Vcc
(approx.)
Output is therefore 180 out of phase w.r.t
input and hence, a second stage of
amplification is required.

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Physics Investigatory Project

PROCEDURE

Connect the apparatus accordingly as shown

in the circuit diagram.
Determine the least count and the zero errors
of voltmeters and ammeters.
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Chinmay Shah

Keep the potential of the battery Vb at a low

voltage
Make all the connections neat, clean and
tight.
Note the Least count
Increase the voltage from input battery Vb
from 0 to 0.6 V.

Note the input current at this point.

Now increase the input current by changing
the resistance of rheostat and record the
corresponding output current.
Ensure that the input voltage does not exceed
1 V (input and output voltage will change
correspondingly).
Plot the readings of the current taken in the
graph of Current (inp) vs Current (out).

OBSERVATIONS
VOLTMETER
1. Least count of Voltmeter (Vi)= 0.2
V
2. Range of Voltmeter (Vi)= 10 V
3. Zero Error of voltmeter (Vi)= 0 V
4. Least count of Voltmeter (Vo)= 0.2
V
5. Range of Voltmeter (Vo)= 10 V
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Chinmay Shah

6. Zero Error of Voltmeter (Vo)= 0 V

AMMETER
1. Least count of Milliammeter (inp)=
2 mA
2. Range of Milliammeter (inp)= 100
mA
3. Zero error of Milliammeter (inp)= 0
mA
4. Least count of Milliammeter (out)=
10 mA
5. Range of Milliammeter (out)= 500
mA
6. Zero error of Milliammeter (out)= 0
mA

OBSERVATION TABLE:
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Chinmay Shah

Current(Input) Current(Output)
(mA)
(mA)
0.09
1.13
0.14
1.36
0.25
2.1
0.31
2.24
0.41
2.9
0.47
3.15
1.1
11
1.2
12.9
1.3
13.7
2.1
16.7
2.5
19
4.2
21.1

Current (inp) vs. Current

(out):
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Physics Investigatory Project

20

15

Current (out)

10

0
0.09

0.14

0.25

0.31

0.41

0.47

1.1

1.2

1.3

2.1

Current (inp)

RESULT
1. As seen from the graph, the
active region with maximum
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Physics Investigatory Project

current amplification is from

0.41A to 2.0A.
2. Current gain(amplification)() =
Output Current
Input Cuurent

= 8.48

3. A minimum of 0.6V needs to be

provided as activation voltage to
input part of circuit, i.e., baseemitter (BE) section.

CONCLUSION
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With the experiments carried out

in the laboratory to study the
characteristics of the NPN
transistor proved the aim defined
in the report. The NPN transistor
has got current amplification in
the tune of 8.5 in the region of
0.4 to 2 ma.

PRECAUTIONS
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All the instruments for current and

voltage should be of proper range
and least count.

There should be a proper forward

and reverse biasing to the transistor

input and output section by
connecting the batteries with proper
polarities.

The readings in voltmeters Vi and

Vo should be zero before switching

on the batteries.

Never exceed the ratings for the

current given
in the
transistor
manual.

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A n-p-n transistor which broke due to the passage of

excessive current.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
colorado.edu/physics/phys3330/PDF/Expe
riment7.pdf
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor#Transisto
r_as_an_amplifier
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_emitter
230nsc1.phyastr.gsu.edu/hbase/electronic/npnce.html
tedpavlic.com/teaching/osu/ece327/lab1_
bjt/lab1_bjt_transistor_basics.pdf
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Chinmay Shah

hyperphysics.phyastr.gsu.edu/hbase/solids/trans.html

BOOKS Comprehensive Lab manual PHYSICS

Class 12;
Pradeep Reference Guide for PhysicsClass 12;
NCERT Physics Part -II Class 12;

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