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------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Self-Controlled & Remotely Actuated Automatic Water Channeling for
Farmland Irrigation A PROJECT REPORT Submitted by 130230109014 Golakiya Dushyant S. 130230109029 - Munjani Kuldeep R.
130230109030 - Nandasana Shubham H. 130230109057 - Vaghasiya
Sagar R. In fulfillment for the award of the degree of BACHELOR OF
ENGINEERING in Electrical Engineering / Dr. S. & S.S.
Ghandhy Government Engineering College, Surat Gujarat Technological
University, Ahmedabad October, 2016 Table of Contents List of
figures..04
Chapter:1
Introduction.05
Introduction..05
What is automatic
irrigation?...............................................................................06 What
are the main disadvantages of automatic irrigation
system?......................06 Reduced labor
work..06 Improved
lifestyle.07 More timely
irrigation...07 Assists in the
management of increased flow rates......07 More
precise cut-off.07 Reduced
run-off of nutrients & water..07 Reduced
cost of vehicle used for irrigation..07 What are
the disadvantages of automated irrigation
system?.............................08
Cost..08
Reliability.08

Increased channel maintenance08

What automatic irrigation systems are
available?...............................................08 Pneumatic
system.08 Portable timer
system...08 Timer/sensor
hybrid..09
SCADA.09 How can
an irrigation layout be
automated?.......................................................09 Which system is
best?..........................................................................................10
Chapter:2 - Literature Review..
..11 Chapter:3 - Necessity of system proposed in
this project..17 Chapter:4 - System block
diagram.18 4.1
Components of block
diagram18 4.2 Block
description19 4.2.1
Microcontroller.19
4.2.2 GSM Module
19 4.2.3 Display Module..
..19 4.2.4 Relay
Module...20 4.2.5
Solenoidal Valve..20
4.2.6 Contactor.
.20 4.2.7 Submersible
Pump21 4.2.8 Power
Sensing Unit..21 4.3
System
description..22
Chapter:5 - GSM
Module...24 5.1
Introduction.24
5.2
Features25
5.3
Specifications..25
5.4 Circuit Diagram...
26 5.5 Operation.
....26 5.5.1 How to boot up the GSM
Module?......................................................................27 5.5.2
Connection of GSM Module to Microcontroller.
.27 5.6
Programming...28
Chapter:6
Microcontroller....30 6.1

Features....30
6.2 Circuit
diagram........30 6.3
Input/output diagram.
..30 6.4
Logic & operation
31 6.5 Programming.
..34 Chapter:7 - Result and
Discussion..35 Chapter:8
Conclusion...43
Chapter:9 References.
..44 List of figures Figure No. Description Page No. 1
System block diagram..18 2 Basic
view of system....22 3 Basic
operation of system.23 4 Basic
working of GSM Module....24 5 Circuit
diagram of GSM Module..26 6 Connection
diagram of GSM & Microcontroller..27 7 Circuit diagram
of microcontroller....30 8 Input/output
diagram of microcontroller...31 9 Circuit diagram
of microcontroller interfacing with relay....33 Introduction: India
is an agricultural country.
Agriculture plays very much important part in the development of the
countrys economy. In the Indian economy, industrialization and
economic development are called the backbone. Irrigation is heart of
agriculture because it assists to grow crops, during inadequate rainfall.
For fertilization and growth of crop fresh water is require, Because of
population increment and increased food demand we must increase
agriculture production. Higher the labor costs, inadequate water
resources and higher competition for water resources from urban areas
provide strong motivation for an efficient Irrigation system. In our
country farmers are not able to cultivate seasonal crops at their
suitable seasons as desired.
Traditionally in dry regions, having less or no rainfall water so that on
that time, the second way to supply water to the land through canal,
tube wells. But this method had many of the problems such as higher
workload, leaching of soil, lower yield of crop. Hence there, soil
condition test is needed before giving water to the farms.
So, automatic Irrigation would keep lower the workload of labour and
helps to keep the proper soil conditions with improved and better crop
production. Nowadays, the farmers of India are facing very big

problems in farms of watering their crops. It is because they do not

have proper idea about the presence of the power and farmer need
continuous checking of power availability at farmland.
Even if it is available, they need to pump water and wait until the field
is properly watered so, manual interaction is required. Which compels
them to stop doing other important activities, and thus they loss their
valuable time and efforts. But, there is one solution an Automatic
Plant Irrigation System not only helps users. but also others for
irrigating their gardens as well.
An automated irrigation system is proposed as, so the manual
interaction of farmer and operation of the system with no or just
minimum effort is possible. Almost every system (surface, drip and
sprinkler) can became automatic with help of Controller, Sensors and
Solenoid valves. It makes the irrigation process more efficient and so
that the workers can ideally concentrate on other necessary farming
tasks.
On the other hand, this type of system can be very expensive but its
cost can be reducing by proper manage of system. Freshwater
resources have a determinant importance in agricultural irrigation.
Because of optimal use of water sources and very highly increasing
demand for freshwater, has been provided with major extent by
automation technology and its apparatus.
like solar power, sensors, drip irrigation and remote control. 1.2 What is
automatic irrigation? Automatic irrigation is the process to irrigate the
channels by means of a device, so the change of flow of water from
one channel, or set of channels, to another can occur if the irrigator is
not present Automation can be used in a many ways: to start and stop
the irrigation process through supply channel outcomes, to start and
stop the pumps, to stop the flow of water from one irrigation area
either a channel or a section of channel and directing the water to
another area.
These changes occur automatically without any direct manual effort,
but the irrigator may need to spend time preparing the system at the
start of the irrigation and maintaining the components so it works
properly. What are the main benefits of the automatic irrigation
system? Reduced labor work: As the user is not required all the time to
continuously keep eyes on the progress of irrigation, the farmer is free
to perform other tasks - uninterrupted. 1.3.2
Improved lifestyle: The user is not necessary to constantly monitor the
progress of water down the bays are being watered. The farmer is able

to be away from the property, relax with the family and sleep through
the night. 1.3.3 More timely irrigation: Farmers with automation are
more inclined to irrigate when the plants need water, not when it suits
the irrigator. 1.3.4
Assists in the management of increased flow rates: Many irrigators are
trying to increase the watering flow rates they receive through
installing larger channels and bay outcomes. Some flow rates generally
require a higher in labor as the time taken to irrigate a bay is reduced
thus requiring more frequent change over. Automation lets these
higher flows to be managed without an increment in the amount of
labor. 1.3.5
More precise cut-off: Automation in irrigation system allows cut-off of
water at the specific point in the channel. This is usually more accurate
than manual checking because mistakes can occur, if the operator is
too late or too early in making a change of water flow. 1.3.6 Reduced
runoff of nutrients and water: Automation can help to keep fertilizer on
farm by effectively reducing run off from the property.
Retaining fertilizer on farm has both economic and environmental
benefits. 1.3.7 Reduced costs of vehicles used for irrigation: As the
farmer is not required to continuously check process of irrigation,
motor bikes, cars and other vehicles are used lower. This reduces the
running costs of these vehicles and they require less frequent
replacement. 1.4
What are the disadvantages of automatic irrigation? 1.4.1 Cost: There
are higher costs for purchasing, maintaining and installing automatic
equipments. 1.4.2 Reliability: Can the farmer trust an automated
system to work correctly every time? Sometimes failures will occur.
Often these failures are because of human error in setting and
maintaining the systems.
A re-use system is good insurance to collect any excess runoff when
failures occur. 1.4.3 Increased channel maintenance: There is a
necessity to increase maintenance of channels and equipment to
ensure that the system works correctly. Channels should be fenced to
protect the automatic units from stock damage. 1.5 What automatic
irrigation systems are available? 1.5.1
Pneumatic System: This is a permanent system activated by a channel
sensor located at the cut-off point. When water enters the sensor, it
pressurizes the air, which is piped to a mechanism that activates the
closing and opening of irrigation structures. 1.5.2 Portable timer
system: A portable timer system is a temporary system which uses

electronic clocks to activate the opening and closing of the irrigation

structures.
Because of its portable nature, farmers usually buy 4 or 5 units to
move around the whole property. 1.5.3 Timer/Sensor hybrid: As the
name suggests that, this system is a hybridization of sensor systems
and portable timer. Like a portable timer, it uses an electronic device to
activate the opening and closing of the irrigation structures.
However, this system has an extra function of the farmer being able to
place a moveable sensor down the channel, which when comes in
contact with water, transmits radio signals to the timer devices at the
outcomes to open or close the structures and sends a radio message to
a receiver to let the farmer know water has reached the cut-off points
down the bay. 1.5.4
SCADA: Automation systems that uses Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA) consist of a personal computer and software pack
to control and schedule the irrigation via a radio link. The computer
sends the signal to control module in the paddock to close and open
irrigation structures with linear actuators. Channels are closed and
opened on a time basis, some systems are capable of automatically
alter the time a channel outlet is open if the channel supply is
inconsistent.
SCADA based systems have the extra benefit of being able to stop and
start irrigation pumps and motors. 1.6 How can an irrigation layout be
automated? The irrigation process can be automated at one of two
places; in sections of channel or at individual channel outlets.
1.6.1Automatic of channel section: In this system the channel
structures are automated allowing the channel level to be changed.
The bay outcomes do not have closing or opening structures rather
each set of outlets is set at a specific level eg a set of sills. This method
of automation, requires a larger amount of fall to be avail in the
channel system in between different areas to allow for a change in
water level. This change of water level is required to prevent water
flowing onto bays previously irrigated, when another section is to be
irrigated.
On many of farms this fall isnt available, so this method of automation
in many cases is not suitable. 1.6.2 Automation of individual bay
outlet: This method of automation contains control of the channels
outlets to change the flow of water onto the channels are being
irrigated. This automation system is the most frequently used in areas
where there is insufficient fall to automate channel sections.

The same type of automatic devices available can be set up to operate

either automation of channel sections or automation of bay outlets. 1.7
Which system is best? All systems of automation have advantages and
disadvantages that need to be considered when deciding which system
will suit the irrigation layout for a particular property. There is no
system that will be the "best" system for all properties.
The methods of irrigation used by the irrigator need to be considered.
If a system that can be moved around the property and suppose used
on other properties is required, then the irrigator needs to consider
those systems that are portable. If the farmer wants a system, where
the components are fixed and can follow the same irrigation sequence
each irrigation, then a fixed system would be more appropriate.
In finding the best system for a property, the farmer will need to
consider the cost of the system, irrigation layout, which system will
best suit the property and back up servicing of the system. Literature
Review: Paper 1: Authors: Vidadala Srija, P.Bala Murali Krishna,
Implementation of agricultural automation system using web & GSM
technologies, Published at International Journal of Research in
Engineering and Technology-IJRET | September-2015, Page No: 385389, Volume: 04 This paper uses the implementation of automatic
farmland irrigation system using Controller, Sensors and GSM
technologies. Main aim of this proposed system is to design and
develop a low cost system which is based on embedded platform for
agricultural automation.
Optimum use of water is main objective of this system. Temperature
sensor and soil moisture sensor are provided to detect the water
quantity present in farmland and water level sensor is used for
measuring water level in tank. This system monitor status of the
sensors through WEB and GSM technologies.
Here soil moisture, water level and temperature can be displayed on
web page through microcontroller and information is sent by SMS. This
SMS contains all the information about the status of the sensors. This
information will be viewed at remote location by using GPRS
technology. Paper 2: Authors: Vimal.P, Priyanka.V, Rajyasree.M, et al.,
A Novel Approach for Automatic Irrigation and Fertigation Using
Embedded System, Published at International Journal of VLSI and
Embedded Systems-IJVES | March-2014, Page No: 855-859, Volume: 05
The proposed system monitors the solenoidal valves for specified
location of drips automatically according to the point of sensors set.
This system monitors solenoidal valves for specific location of same

drips manually according to the field condition.

It can also sense the level of the water tank, when the level of water is
too low or overflows, the system instantly provides an alarm and
automatically start and stop the motor respectively. ARM 7 processor is
used for the system implementation. Keil C vision software is used for
simulation of the system which is applied for different mode of
operations.
Communication is done by Zigbee transmitter and receiver for
transmitting the sensing data and receive the sensor data. with the
help of drip irrigation system, fertilization also done with irrigation. So,
no any labor work is required. Paper 3: Authors: Mrs. A.D. Kadage,
Mrs. J.D. Gawade, Wireless Control System for Agricultural Motor,
Published at Second International Conference on Emerging Trends in
Engineering and Technology-ICETET|2009, Page No: 722-725. In the
proposed system for remote control GSM is used, which enables the
user to control switching ON/OFF of agricultural equipments remotely.
Just by calling remote telephone, from where you are calling you can
perform ON / OFF operation of the appliances. Wireless Control System
for agricultural irrigation motors incorporate the GSM technology which
was developed with the goal for providing economical and very easy
control solutions using a cell phone. A motor may be switched off/on by
calling the cellular number assigned to the device.
The system works by sending and receiving SMS. Apart from this, itll
prevent the motors from single phasing, dry run, overload etc. If the
said problems are existing, the remote farmer will be getting message
regarding problem details and automatically it will make the motor OFF.
It will also indicate the water level of the reservoir and the temperature
of the motor.
A potential user only need to use his cell phone in order to monitor and
control agricultural field motors. Paper 4: Authors: Chimata Suhasini,
Diwakar R. Marur, GSM and Wireless Sensor Network based Smart
Automated Irrigation System, Published at International Journal of
Innovative Research in Electrical, Electronics, Instrumentation and
Control Engineering | April-2015, Page No: 50-53, Volume: 03 The
farmland needs manual intervention by the farmers is required to turn
the pump ON/OFF when needed. Therefore, using GSM which helps the
irrigator to ON/OFF the motor without his physical presence in the field.
This system has real time control and sensing of the irrigation system.
When the abnormal condition of water is occur in the agricultural farm,
then automatically the system turns OFF. Based on the soil moisture,

through relay the pumping motor will be automatically switch on or off

which saves the water and on the other hand the plant can get most
appropriate water level which increases the productivity of the crop.
By means of using GSM technology we can aware the farmer about the
exact condition of the farmland. This information is passed onto the
user request in the form of SMS. This automated irrigation system is
based on ARM 7 controller, sensor, and GSM. In this system humidity
sensor, temperature sensor are the eyes of whole system. This sensor
data is given to the microcontroller and based on its program, is
operated.
GSM is used for see the status of whole system and remote actuation.
Paper 5: Authors: Quanxing Zhang, Chwan-Hwa John Wu, Application
of Fuzzy Logic in an Irrigation Control System, Published at The IEEE
International Conference on Industrial Technology|1996, Page No: 593597.
The soil moisture sensors have a significant time delay and nonlinear
response, so that it may take a higher amount of man power to get
satisfactory results using traditional feedback control method. On the
other hand, an experienced operator can manage the irrigation system
proficiently by simply by deciding the timing for irrigation.
Fuzzy is the best alternative of traditional flow control methods. Fuzzy
control rules are either synthesized through automatically generated
during the control process or specific analysis of the nature of the
irrigation system. They can determine when and for how long the
plants must be watered.
Two sensing mechanisms are used in the system to monitor soil
moisture and detect water drainage, respectively. The attractiveness of
the fuzzy control, system has been verified through experiments both
in laboratory and greenhouse. Paper 6: Authors: Joaqun Gutirrez,
Juan Francisco Villa-Medina, et al.,
Automated Irrigation System Using a Wireless Sensor Network and
GPRS Module, Published at IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and
Measurement| 2013, Page No: 1-11. The system has a wireless
network (distributed) of temperature and soil-moisture sensors placed
at the root of the plants. In addition, one unit handles triggers
actuators, sensor information, and transmits data to a web application.
By means of the threshold values of soil moisture and temperature, an
algorithm is developed, that was programmed into a microcontroller to
limit water quantity. The system is having a duplex communication link

based on a Cellular-Internet interface and powered by photovoltaic

panels, it has that allowed for irrigation scheduling and data inspection
to be programmed through a web page.
This automated irrigation system, consisted of two components, a
wireless information unit (WIU) and wireless sensor units (WSUs),
linked by radio transceivers that allowed the transfer of temperature
data and soil moisture, implementing a WSN that uses ZigBee
technology. This WIU has also a GPRS module to send the data to a
web server via the mobile network.
The information can be monitored online through a graphical
application through Internet access devices remotely. Paper 7:
Authors: Ms. Deweshvree Rane, Prof. P. R. Indurkar, et al., Review
Paper Based on Automatic Irrigation System Based on RF Module,
Published at IJAICT | 9th January 2015, Page No: 736-738. Volume: 01
In India, agriculture plays an important role for development in food
production.
In India, agriculture is depending on the monsoon season, which is not
fully sufficient source of water for irrigation. In Irrigation system, water
is provided to plant depending upon the type of soil. In this paper,
automatic irrigation system based on RF module and ARMs. All the
system will be setup using RF module and ARM. Most important factor
of the system is RF module, which is used to send and receiving the
message to the controller.
This paper designs a model of automatic irrigation system, based on
microcontroller. For source of power supply, solar power is used.
Various sensors are placed in farmland. Sensors sense water level
constantly and give the information to irrigator through cell phone.
Irrigator controls the motor using cell phone without going in farmland.
The motor will be automatically switched off without conformation of
irrigator if the water level is more than specific level. The automatic
irrigation system based on the ARM processor and the GSM technology
is used for communication. The automatic irrigation system provides
foe adequate irrigation in real time specific area.
Soil moisture sensor placed at root of plants in farmland, it senses level
of water. The system was set up using GSM and ARM7TDMI core.
System communicates using GSM. So that the GSM is very important
part of these this system. It operate through SMS and is a link between
centralized unit and ARM processor. This system detects climate
condition and field condition in real time.

The information sent to farmer is in the form of SMS. GSM module is

controlled with help of the standard set of AT commands. The most of
the functions of GSM Module are controlled with this commands.
Paper 8: Authors: Genghuang Yang, Yuliang Liu, et al., Automatic
Irrigation System Based on Wireless Network, Published at 8th IEEE
International Conference on Control and Automation Xiamen, China |
June 2010, Page No: 2120-2125. Proposed system uses controller,
GSM, and sensor. Radio communication work between the controller
and action unit.
Here GSM send the status of temperature, soil moisture for the remote
communication and the information of sensor is given to the
microcontroller and it will give command to the final control element
based on the written program. The first level includes the PC control
platform and cell phone. The controllers are in the second level. The
microprocessor runs in the controller as a core.
The bottom level is made up of the action units when this order is
received by the controller, decodes the orders from cell phone or the
PC control platform by GSM message and encodes again to send to the
action units by radio communication. The status of valves, open or
close, will be transmitted to cell phone or PC, when this order is
received by the controller, the values of parameters sampled by
sensors will be transmitted to cell phone or PC.
Paper 9: Authors: Chandan kumar sahu, Pramitee Behera, A Low Cost
Smart Irrigation Control System, Published at IEEE Sponsored 2nd
International Conference on Electronics and Communication SystemICECS |2015, Page No: 1146-1152. This paper focuses on a smart
farmland irrigation system which is economic so that the middle class
user can access it and use it at his farm field.
Automation in system allows to control appliances automatic control. It
not only reduces energy but also provides comfort, time saving and
efficiency. Today industries are use automation and control machine
which is high in cost and not suitable for using in a farm field. This
proposed system also designs a smart irrigation technology in low cost
which is usable by Indian farmers.
This paper is subjected to control the water pump automatically and
select the flow direction of water, with the help of soil moisture sensor
in the pipe. Finally send the information (operation of the motor and
direction of water) of the farm field to the mobile message to the user.
This all thing happens only with using Arduino UNO, RaspberryPi
Modem, Display and wireless sensor network. Paper 10: Authors: Nilesh
S. Bhaltadak, Hemant T.

Ingale, GSM based Remote Sensing and Control of an Irrigation

System using WSN, Published at International Journal of Innovative
Research in Science, Engineering and Technology-IJIRSET | June 2015,
Page No: 4268-4273 Volume: 04. Traditionally in dry regions, which
are having a little or not any rainfall water, so at that time the second
way to supply water to the land through canal, hand pumps, tube
wells. But these methods had lots of problems such as leaching of soil
lesser yield of crop and higher workload of farm labor.
Hence there was a necessity of testing of the soil condition before
supplying water to the farm. So proposed system would low-rise
workload of labor and maintains the proper soil conditions for improved
and better crop production. Hence in the advance technology, it was
possible to design systems that can eliminate the direct involvement of
irrigator with respect to irrigation of their fields.
These systems automated the entire irrigation system by controlling
the motors that irrigated the fields. Two major technologies are used in
a GSM based irrigation system, primary is the GSM Module and
secondary is the microcontroller. The controlling of irrigation and
sending the information via SMS to the farmer, these two tasks are
done by the GSM facility.
The microcontroller is working as a central unit and functioned to do
the process automatically, after the process has been started by the
GSM based device, finally it presents the output to the device.
Necessity of System proposed in this project: There are many problems
associated with irrigation such as status of electricity and availability of
electricity at night, agricultural land is very far from the farmers
residence.
Major problem is that whenever crops need water we must supply, but
due to time problem, labor availability, large farmland we cannot able
to supply all the above things. So, we conclude that with the help of
automation we get requirement. Hence in the advance technology, it is
possible to design such systems that can eliminate the direct
involvement of user with respect to irrigation of their farm.
These systems automated the entire irrigation system by controlling
the valve by main controller. Automatic irrigation is popular but cost of
such systems is too high but our proposed system is cheap, reliable
and smart. Less cost and simple operation. Our principle to develop
new automation system for common farmer in India.
In our system we used GSM module for remote automation and to

know the status of electricity at farm. Global system for mobile

communication is easy to access and use. The control of system is
done by microcontroller. A GSM based irrigation system has two major
technologies, primary is the GSM and secondary is the microcontroller.
GSM is a standard set used to describe protocols for digital cellular
networks. The controlling of irrigation and sending the information to a
mobile, which indirectly controls the field irrigation via SMS to the
farmer, these two tasks are done by the GSM facility, The
microcontroller acts as a central unit and it is functioned is to automate
the process.
After it has been initiated by the GSM based device, finally the
microcontroller presents the output to the device. System block
diagram: Fig. 1 - (Block diagram of system) 4.1 Components of block
diagram: Microcontroller, GSM module, 16x2 display module, Relay
module, Solenoidal valve, Contactor, Submersible pump, Power
sensing unit, Water sensing unit, and AC to DC converter is used.
Amongst them microcontroller is heart of our system.
When power is available at farm, is sensed by using of the sensor via
CT, PT etc. 4.2 Block Description: 4.2.1 Microcontroller:
A microcontroller is a small computer on a single integrated circuit
containing programmable input/output peripherals, a processor core,
and a memory. Program memory is in the form of Ferroelectric
RAM, NOR flash or OTP ROM is also many time included on chip, and
typically small amount of RAM.
Microcontrollers are designed for the embedded applications, in
contrast to the microprocessors used in personal computers or other
general purpose applications consisting of various discrete chips. A
microcontroller is considered as a self-contained system, with a
memory, peripherals and processor, and can be used as an embedded
system. Most of the microcontrollers are embedded in other
machinery, using today, such as appliances, automobiles, peripherals
and telephones, for computer systems. 4.2.2
GSM Module: GSM/GPRS module is used for making communication
between GSM-GPRS system and a computer. Global System for Mobile
communication (GSM) is an architecture used for mobile
communication. Global Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is an extension of
GSM that enables higher data transmission rate. GSM/GPRS module
contains a GSM/GPRS modem assembled together with communication
interfaces (like RS-232, USB, etc.) and power supply circuit for
computer.

The MODEM is the soul of such modules. 4.2.3 Display Module: LCD
(Liquid Crystal Display) is an electronic display module it has a very
vast range of applications. Very basic module is a 16x2 LCD display
and very commonly used in various circuits and devices. These
modules are preferred over seven segments and other multi
segment LEDs. The reasons of being LCDs are economical are have no
limitation of displaying special & even custom characters (unlike in
seven segments), easily programmable, animations and so on. A 16x2
LCD means it is able display 16 characters per line. There are 2 such
lines. In this LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix.
This LCD has two registers, which is called Command and Data. 4.2.4
Relay Module: A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many of relays
uses an electromagnet to mechanically operate the switch to provide
electrical isolation between the two circuits. For actuate relay
Microcontroller Port current cannot sink the relay because it is hardly
16mA which cannot able to operate relay so here we use relay driver
circuit using IC ULN2803. The relay is kept in between irrigation pump
and microcontroller. ULN2003 IC is used for driving a relay.
The ULN2803 is a monolithic high current and high voltage Darlington
transistor arrays. It consists of seven NPN Darlington pairs. And that
have high-voltage output by common-cathode clamp diode, for
switching inductive loads. 500mA is the collector current rating of a
single Darlington pair. 4.2.5 Solenoidal Valve: The electromagnetic part
of a valve is solenoid, it is comprised of a core tube, core, coil and
enclosure.
The selection is designed to handle the most demanding fluid control
applications of 2- way, 3-way and 4-way solenoid valves. 3-Way
Electromagnetic Valves have three pipe connections and two orifices.
When one orifice is close, the other is open and vice versa. Which is
automatically controlled by the requirement water by sensor. 4.2.6
Contactor: A contactor is a switch which is an electrically controlled
and used for switching an electrical power circuit. It is similar to
a relay. Exception with higher current ratings. A circuit which has a
much lower power level than the switched circuit controls the
contactor. Contactors are available with varying capacities, features
and in many forms. Unlike a circuit breaker, a short circuit current is
not interrupted by the contactor.
Contactors range from 24 V DC to many of kilovolts and those having a
breaking current of several amperes to many thousands of amperes.
The size of contactors is from, a small device to pick up with one hand,
to large devices a meter on a side approximately. 4.2.7 Submersible

Pump: A submersible pump is a device, which has a hermetically

sealed motor close-coupled to the pump body.
The whole assembly is sunk in the fluid, which is to be pumped. The
main advantage of this type of pump is that, the pump cavitation is
prevented by this, a problem associated with a high elevation
difference between pump and the fluid surface. Submersible pumps
push the fluid to the surface as opposed to jet pumps having to pull
fluids.
Submersible pumps are more efficient than the jet pumps. 4.2.8 Power
Sensing Unit: Most of the irrigation motors are 3 phase motors. For
normal operation this motor requires 3 phase power supply. If any one
phase fails during its normal operation, then motor gets heated up,
which can damage the winding.
Hence, the three phase detector circuit is required for irrigation motors.
This circuit comprises of three step down transformers for reducing
phase voltage, voltage regulators are for regulating voltage in between
3.5v to 5v (High logic level). These regulated signals are then given to
3 input AND logic gate. This AND gate is a CMOS gate operating at 5v
power supply.
The acceptable input voltage range for this CMOS AND gate is from 0v
- 1.5v for LOW logic state and 3.5v to 5v for HIGH logic state. The
block diagram and truth table for this sensor is as shown below figure.
4.3 System Description: / Fig. 2 - (Basic View of System) In this system,
microcontroller, GSM module, 16x2 display module, relay module,
solenoidal valve, contactor, submersible pump, power sensing unit,
water sensing unit, and AC power supply is used. Amongst them
microcontroller is heart of our system.
When power is available at farm, is sensed by using of the sensor via
CT, PT etc. It will send signal to relay and relay will actuate.
Microcontroller and GSM get power now microcontroller give signal to
GSM by using communication pin Rx, Tx. Now further GSM module
sends message to the number which is stored on its memory, and
display also shows the message about power is available.
Now farmer receives the message that power is available! Are you
want to turn on the system? If the farmer wants to irrigate he will
send the message as YES and GSM receives Yes signal. This signal is
decoded by 8051 and gives signal to ULN2803/2003 which is relay
drive IC. Here, we use relay driver IC because microcontroller usually
cannot provide enough current to drive relays.

Microcontrollers pins usually provide maximum current of 1-2 mA per

pin which is not enough to operate relay. The circuits which are used to
derive relays are called relay driver circuits. Therefore, Relay driver
circuits using ULN2003 is used to drive relays. Fig. 3 - (Basic operation
of system) Output of relay driver IC is given to actuator of pump and
valve through that the first solenoidal valve is open in first channeling.
So water flows in that channel. Humidity sensor continuously sense the
humidity of soil at the end of channel and also one electrode is placed
at start of channel and end of each channel. Now when the sensor (at
the end of the channel) senses humidity above the predefined value or
both start and end placed electrode get shorted due to water
conducting property.
Output of sensor or electrode given to the controller and controller
send signal first channel solenoidal valve to close and at a same time
second channel solenoidal valve will be open, and for that process will
so on. Solenoidal valves are actuated with the help of relay module
which also communicates with microcontroller as shown in the figure.
Now above scheme is used with remote controlling and automation.
With this it also be operated manually by using simple push button
when farmer is on the field. For power to the whole system there are
12-volt DC power supply unit. That starts relay module, GSM as well as
controller and solenoidal valve which require 24 volts. AC supply unit
gives supply to the submersible pump and at a same time it converting
into 12-volt and 24-volt DC power. GSM Module: 5.1
Introduction: In our system we used GSM module for remote
automation and to know the status of electricity at farmland. Global
system for mobile communication system is easy to access and use.
This GSM facility plays very much important role for controlling the
irrigation and also sending the signal to the farmer via SMS, to a
mobile device which indirectly controls the farmland irrigation
system. / Fig. 4 - (Basic Working of GSM Module) 5.2 Feature: It uses
the SIM300 GSM module.
It provides the RS232 interface, which is used for easy connection to
PC and other devices. It has the serial TTL interface, which is used for
easy and direct interface to microcontrollers. It has the 3V lithium
battery holder with specific circuitry for backup of the modules
internal RTC. Power, Network LEDs, and RING for easy debugging.
It is used for voice communications, SMS, GPRS, Data/Fax, and TCP/IP
stack. It can be controlled by using standard AT commands. It has wire
antenna, which is for better reception. The board provides option for

adding an extra external antenna, through an SMA connector. The

SIM300 allows an adjustable serial baud rate from 1200 to 115200 bps
(9600 default). Operating Voltage: 7 15V AC or DC (board has
onboard rectifier). 5.3
Specifications: Interface: RS 232 Voltage: 50 V 5.4 Circuit Diagram: Fig.
5 - (Circuit diagram of GSM Module) 5.5 Operation: In our system we
are using GSM Module SIM300. GSM Module is connected with
microcontroller and communicate with Rx, Tx pins with the
microcontroller and GSM Module. RS232 pin is available in the GSM
Module.
It is used for communicate directly with the computer. The GSM Module
board has a mic and a speaker and also a 5V supply pin available on it.
Our project of connecting GSM Module to 8051 and hence, send and
receive SMS using 8051 microcontrollers. GSM Module have RS232
data to TTL using MAX232 to interface with the microcontroller 8051.
5.5.1
How to Boot up the GSM Module? First of all, switch off the power
supply of GSM Module. Then insert the SIM Card into the SIM socket,
which is available on the GSM Module board, properly. Now give the
12V supply to the GSM Module using DC power adapter. Turn ON the
GSM Module. Now wait for about 1 minute and note down the rate of
blinking of the LED (Status LED or Network LED).
It requires about 1 minute to establish the connection between GSM
Module and network. If the connection is established properly, then the
LED will continuously blink at the time period. (if it is not happening so,
there would be some error in connection) Now we can make a call to
GSM Module, it will ring, if it is so, then the network connection is
established successfully. 5.5.2 Connection of GSM Module to
Microcontroller 8051. We can connect the GSM Module with
microcontroller 8051 in two different ways.
In our system we used serial connection between microcontroller and
GSM Module. So, for this connection serial pins of microcontroller 8051,
Rx, Tx are used. Now connect Tx pin of microcontroller to the Rx pin of
GSM Module and Rx pin of microcontroller to Tx pin of GSM Module.
Now common the ground pins of microcontroller and GSM Module and
ground it. Fig.
6 - (Connection Diagram of GSM and Microcontroller) So that, now we
can feed the program to GSM Module with the help of microcontroller
8051. When power is ON then sensing element senses the power send
sign to controller and then to GSM. Now GSM send message to farmer

weather he want to irrigate the farm or not.

If farmer wish to irrigate and sends yes signal to GSM, and GSM sends
yes signal to the microcontroller and controller send signal to relay
pump and solenoidal valve respectively. Now when water channeling is
done then moisture sensor sense it and through op-amp and controller
is send signal to GSM that first channeling is done. Now GSM alerts the
farmer that first water channeling is done and when complete irrigation
is done.
So, this sequential process is done and then finally GSM sends signal to
farmer to switch off the system. 5.6 GSM Programming: char inchar; int
l1 = 8; void setup() { pinMode(l1, OUTPUT); digitalWrite(l1, LOW);
Serial.begin(9600); Serial.print("pin state low\n"); delay(3500);
Serial.println("AT+CMGF=1"); delay(250);
Serial.println("AT+CNMI=2,2,0,0,0"); delay(250); } void loop()
{ if(Serial.available() >0) { inchar=Serial.read(); if (inchar=='#')
{ delay(15); inchar=Serial.read(); if (inchar=='a') { delay(10);
inchar=Serial.read(); if (inchar=='0') { digitalWrite(l1, LOW);
delay(1200); Serial.println("AT+CMGD=1,4"); delay(450);
Serial.println("AT+CMGF=1"); delay(450);
Serial.println("AT+CMGS=\"8460156761\""); delay(450);
Serial.print("LED OFF"); delay(450); Serial.write(26); delay(450); } else
if (inchar=='1') { digitalWrite(l1, HIGH); delay(1500);
Serial.println("AT+CMGD=1,4"); delay(550);
Serial.println("AT+CMGF=1"); delay(550);
Serial.println("AT+CMGS=\"8460156761\""); delay(550);
Serial.print("LED ON"); delay(550); Serial.write(26); delay(550); }
delay(15); } Serial.println("AT+CMGD=1,4"); } } } 6. Microcontroller:
The NXP89V51RD2 microcontroller works as brain of this system.
The P89V51RD2 is 80C51 microcontroller with 1024 B of data RAM and
64 kB flash. Features 80C51 CPU It has an operating voltage of 5 V
from 0 MHz to 40 MHz. It has the 64 kB of on-chip flash user code
memory It also has the four 8-bit I/O ports, with three high-current port
1 pins (16 mA each) It contains 3 16-bit timers. It has 8 interrupt
sources, with 4 priority levels. 6.2 Circuit Diagram: Fig. 7 - (Circuit
diagram of Microcontroller) 6.3 Input/output Diagram: / Fig.
8 - (Input/output diagram of Microcontroller) 6.4 Logic & Operation:
Microcontroller is the main control element of this system. Which take
data from sensor and GSM and according to the program written on it
execute and give action to the Relays, Solenoid valves, and
Submersible Pump. In our system we connect GSM, relays, sensors
with the Microcontroller.

With microcontroller it provides full duplex communication between

actual field and user with the help of GSM. All these above thing are
done with programming in microcontroller with providing of message
that user can easily handle. Microcontroller with using GSM
communicate with user for remote automation.
Microcontroller input/output port are connected with sensor, relay
module, LCD display, and Rx, Tx pin of it to GSM. Field sensor is
connected with port 2 of Microcontroller. Here, sensor is developed
based on LM 358 op-amp. Soil moisture sensor sense the water content
of soil in the field it required two probe which is inserted in the soil.
LM358 op-amp which use as a non-inverting comparator. Whenever
there is any humidity available at the two port of the sensor green
indicating LED is blink and this signal is send to the Microcontroller.
Port 2 of Microcontroller is connected with relay module with
intermediate relay driver IC.
Herein his system we use relay driver IC because Microcontroller is not
able to provide sufficient current to operate relay. Microcontroller pin
normally provide maximum 1-2 ma current at each pin which is not
sufficient to operate the relay. ULN 2003 driver IC is two pair of NPN
Darlington transistor so it provides sufficient current to operate relay.
Collector current supplied by each Darlington pair is 500mA so ULN
2003 is widely use in relay driving. Now, relay will operate through
relay driving IC and it actuate contactor and turn on the submersible
pump. Based on the programming controller operate relay and finally
solenoid valve for water channeling. Fig.
9 - (Circuit diagram of Microcontroller interfacing with Relay) 6.5
Microcontroller Programming: #include<reg51.h> sbit start=P1^1; sbit
stop=P1^2; sbit enable=P0^1; void main() { enable=0; while(1)
{ if((start==0)&&(stop==1)) { enable=1; } else
if((start==1)&&(stop==0)) { enable=0; } } } 6. Results and
Discussion: Sensor Simulation of Sensor GSM: / / .
GSM in Normal Condition GSM LED Blinking / PC interfacing with
Arduino UNO Arduino UNO Uploading program into Arduino UNO for
ON/OFF Test Upload Completed GSM Testing Mobile Message
Screenshot #a1b1 LED 1 - ON, LED 2 - ON #a1b0 LED 1 - ON, LED 2
- OFF #a0b1 LED 1 - OFF, LED 2 - ON #a0b0 LED 1 - OFF, LED 2
OFF Condition 1 Both LEDs are ON. (#a1b1) Condition 2 LED 1 ON,
LED 2 OFF. (#a1b0) Condition 3 LED 1 OFF, LED 2 ON. (#a0b1)
Condition 4 Both LEDs are OFF.

(#a0b0) Microcontroller flashing Flashing of Microcontroller 8051 7.6

Soil moisture sensor Soil is Dry, Sensor shows Red LED is ON. And
Relay is not Actuated. Soil is Wet, Sensor shows Green LED is ON. And
Relay is Actuated. These are the result we have got from the practicals
we had performed. 8. Conclusion: Automated irrigation system has a
enormous advantages.
Nowadays farmer are facing lots of problem in watering their crops
because they have availability of power at night, so at night he must
go for watering their crops, if there power is available then he must go
for turn on the motor manually and wait until the field is properly
watered, lots of manual interaction etc. which jobs them to remain to
doing other important activities and thus, they loss their valuable time
and effort but there is accurate solution- An automated self-controlled
and automatic water channelling for farm irrigation, not only use for
farmer but also others for watering their gardens as well.
This automation system can reduce work load of labour, farmer and
helps to irrigate their farms. Automatic irrigation system is popular but
cost of such system is too high but our proposed system is cheap,
reliable and smart. Less cost and simple operation. Our principle to
develop new automated system for common farmer in India. Global
system for mobile communication is use for wireless automation.
The application of sensor and valve based on auto water channelling
reduce work load and maintain accurate humidity at crops. Developed
system can provide accurate, precise and reliable irrigation.
Microcontroller, humidity sensor, solenoidal valve are involved in
proposed irrigation. In future work it can be featurised based on
Internet base remote control. 9.
References: The 8051 microcontroller and embedded systems: Using
assembly and C by Mohammed Ali Majidi. Softwares: KeilMicro Vision 5,
PCB Creator, MultiSIM, ProTS, ArduinoUNO, Flash Magic
www.wikipedia.com www.microcontrollerslab.com Authors: Vidadala
Srija, P.Bala Murali Krishna, Implementation of agricultural automation
system using web & GSM technologies, Published at International
Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology-IJRET | September2015, Page No: 385-389, Volume: 04 Authors: Vimal.P, Priyanka.V,
Rajyasree.M, et al.,
A Novel Approach for Automatic Irrigation and Fertigation Using
Embedded System, Published at International Journal of VLSI and
Embedded Systems-IJVES | March-2014, Page No: 855-859, Volume: 05
Authors: Mrs. A.D. Kadage, Mrs. J.D. Gawade, Wireless Control System
for Agricultural Motor, Published at Second International Conference

on Emerging Trends in Engineering and Technology-ICETET|2009, Page

No: 722-725. Authors: Chimata Suhasini, Diwakar R.
Marur, GSM and Wireless Sensor Network based Smart Automated
Irrigation System, Published at International Journal of Innovative
Research in Electrical, Electronics, Instrumentation and Control
Engineering | April-2015, Page No: 50-53, Volume: 03 Authors:
Quanxing Zhang, Chwan-Hwa John Wu, Application of Fuzzy Logic in
an Irrigation Control System, Published at The IEEE International
Conference on Industrial Technology|1996, Page No: 593-597.
Authors: Joaqun Gutirrez, Juan Francisco Villa-Medina, et al.,
Automated Irrigation System Using a Wireless Sensor Network and
GPRS Module, Published at IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and
Measurement| 2013, Page No: 1-11. Authors: Ms. Deweshvree Rane,
Prof. P. R. Indurkar, et al.,
Review Paper Based on Automatic Irrigation System Based on RF
Module, Published at IJAICT | 9th January 2015, Page No: 736-738.
Volume: 01 Authors: Genghuang Yang, Yuliang Liu, et al., Automatic
Irrigation System Based on Wireless Network, Published at 8th IEEE
International Conference on Control and Automation Xiamen, China |
June 2010, Page No: 2120-2125.
Authors: Chandan kumar sahu, Pramitee Behera, A Low Cost Smart
Irrigation Control System, Published at IEEE Sponsored 2nd
International Conference on Electronics and Communication SystemICECS |2015, Page No: 1146-1152. Authors: Nilesh S. Bhaltadak,
Hemant T. Ingale, GSM based Remote Sensing and Control of an
Irrigation System using WSN, Published at International Journal of
Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology-IJIRSET |
June 2015, Page No: 4268-4273 Volume: 04.

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