INTRODUCTION

Sentence: rangkaian kata yang bermakna dan berpola S+V.

Phrase: rangkaian kata yang bermakna dan berpola H+M bukan S+V.
Phrases
Macam-macam phrase berdasarkan headnya:
1. Noun Phrase: adj+noun; rainy days
2. Adj Phrase:
- adv+adj; so/ too/ very cheap
- adj+adv; good enough
3. Adv Phrase: adv+adv; too slowly
4. Verb Phrase:
- aux+ord; can do
- verb+object; drink water
- verb+adv; study diligently
5. Prepositional Phrase: prep+object; in the class, proud of you, different from me.
6. To infinitive Phrase: to inf+object/adv; to study english-to study diligently
7. Exclamation Phrase:
- how+adj/adv; how beautiful-how slowly
- what+noun phrase; what a beautiful girl
8. Gerund Phrase; Ving+object/adv; reading a novel-studying diligently
9. Participle Phrase:
- present part:
- past part:
* perbedaan fungsi gerund dan present part:
Gerund berfungsi sebagai:
- Subject
- object of verb
- object of preposition
- CS (complement subjective)
- modifier of NP (yg memiliki arti alat): swimming pool
- head of NP
Present part berfungsi sebagai:
- noun modifier (adj): boring class
- as sentence modifier (adv)

WORD ORDER OF NOUN PHRASE

D.O.E.C (pre modifier), H, PP. Adj clause (post modifier)
*H: Head
A. Posisi:
1. Jika tidak ada preposition, maka Head disimpan dibelakang; the difficult problem
2. Jika ada 1 preposition, maka posisi Head sebelum preposition; the new students in the class
3. Jika ada lebih 1 preposition, maka posisi Head sebelum preposition pertama; the new students in the class at Elfast
B. Fungsi:

1. Untuk memulai mentranslate

2. Untuk subject-verb agreement
- many english books on the table are interesting
- the man with his friends is eating
- the man and his friends are eating
* Modifier
A. Pre modifier: harus urut
B. Post modifier: boleh dibalik disesuaikan dengan meaning
C. Character of modifier:
1. Single, menjelaskan Head
- my (D), very smart (O), old (E), friend (H)
2. Compound, menjelaskan yg terdekat
- english (C), grammar (C), book (H)
- a (D),very complete (O), english (C), grammar (C), book (H)
* D: Determiner
1. Article: a, an, the
2. Possessive: my, andi's
3. Demonstrative: that, this, those, these
4. Quantitative: many, some, several, a lot of
Note:
- 1, 2, dan 3 tidak bisa muncul bersamaan:
Bukuku ini: my this book (wrong), this my book (wrong), this book of mine (right)
- 1, 2, dan 3 bisa ketemu 4
Beberapa kota ini: the several countries
- Pre determiner
Ada 3 kata yang bisa mendahului determiner:
1. All; all my friend, all of my friend, all friends of mine
2. Both
3. Half
Khusus untuk All tidak bisa digunakan all of friends tetapi harus all friends
* O: Ordinative
1. Numeral:
- cardinal: one, two ...
- ordinal: first, second, last ...
Partition: ordinal+cardinal; the last two questions
Fraction: cardinal+ordinal; two thirds (2/3)
2. Adj tidak murni: very smart, smart enough
- comparison degree:
Lebih: more/ ...er
Paling: the most/ the ...est
- adv of degree+adj: very, too, enough.

Note: Jika ada dua jenis ordinative, dahulukan angka

* E: Ephitet
Adj murni: smart
1. Antara O dan E tidak boleh diberi 'and' meski dalam teks bahasa indonesianya ada kata 'dan'
- seorang (D) wanita (H) yang cantik (E) dan sangat ramah (O); a very friendly beautiful woman
2. Ephitet punya urutan sebagai berikut (single)
Quality/character (E1), size (E2), age/temperature (E3), participle (E4), shape (E5), colour (E6)
3. Antar ephitet bisa diberi 'and'
- seorang (D) cewek (H) cantik (E) kaya (E) dan menarik (E); a beautiful rich and interesting girl, or; a rich beautiful and interesting girl
4. Ephitet ada juga yg bermakna sama dengan noun-nya (compound)
- education (C) = educational (E)
* C: Classifier
Kata benda: english book
1. Modifier yang berupa noun
2. Classifier tidak boleh berbentuk plural
3. Head dalam bahasa indonesia, disusun urut dari belakang:
- sistem (H) pengajaran (M/C); teaching system
- sistem (H) pengajaran (M/C) bahasa inggris (M/C); english teaching system
- beberapa (D/M) sistem (H) pengajaran (M/C) bahasa inggris (M/C); some english teaching systems
* Pre Modifier berupa Ving
1. Present participle (adj/E) yang berarti menunjukkan karakter; swimming girl
2. Gerund (noun/C) yang berarti menunjukkan alat; swimming pool

Latihan:
1. Seorang laki2 tampan yang sangat baik hati
2. Dua pengirim pertama
3. Sebuah misi yang sangat penting dan sangat melelahkan
4. Seekor kucing hitam yang sangat jinak
5. Sebuah metode baru yang sangat efektif
6. Asisten baru pamanku
7. Dua soal terakhir yang sangat rumit
8. Seorang komandan yang jujur dan sangat disegani
9. Sebuah langkah sigap penanganan banjir
10. Kemajuan sistem komunikasi yang pesat dan sangat mengagumkan
11. Penebangan hutan yang tidak terkontrol bisa menyebabkan bencana yang begitu mengerikan
12. Pembangunan di negara kita kadang mengabaikan perbaikan dan kelestarian lingkungan
* Exception of DOEC
A. Pre-Determiner
Ada 3 kata yang bisa mendahului determiner:
1. All; all my friend, all of my friend, all friends of mine
2. Both

3. Half
Khusus untuk All tidak bisa digunakan all of friends tetapi harus all friends
B. Posisi ephitet diletakkan di belakang indefinite pronoun, tidak diletakkan di depan noun sebagaimana biasanya.
1. Indefinite pronoun:
- someone, somebody, something
- anyone, anybody, anything
- no one, no body, nothing
2. Example:
- someone interesting
- anybody attractive
- no one beautiful
C. Cardinal number diletakkan di belakang head jika berarti urutan:
- chapter two = the second chapter
- floor two = the second floor
D. Julukan diletakkan di belakang head:
- kull the conquere
- alexandre the great
* Prepositional Phrase
Setelah preposition bisa muncul susunan DOECH lagi, karena salah satu dari object of preposition adalah Noun Phrase.
- the (D) boy (H) in (pre) the (D) big (E) room (H)
- kondisi (H) yang sangat memprihatinkan (O), karena (Pre) harga (H) kebutuhan (C) yang tinggi (E); the (D) very serious (O) condition (H) because of (Pre) high (E) necessity (C) cost (H)
A. Jenis Prepositional phrase:
1. Single; the man <-- in blue uniform in front of me
2. Compound; the book <-- on the table <-- in the room
3. Double; the students demonstration <-- at the USA embassy on israel attack <-- to Lebanon
B. Fungsi:
1. As adjective, menjelaskan noun:
- S Pp V O; the students in the class have just done a discussion
- S V O Pp; we studied grammar of modern english
2. As adverb menjelaskan verb
- Pp S V O; in the class we studied grammar
- S V Pp O; we bought in the store something which will be given to you
- S V O Pp; we studied grammar in the class
CONJUNCTION
A. Compound:
1. Coordinative: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so (FANBOYS)
2. Correlative:
- not only ... But also
- both ... And ...
- neither ... Nor ...
- either ... Or ...
3. Conjunctive adverb

B. Complex:
1. Adj clause
2. Noun clause
3. Adv clause

Clauses
* Adjective Clause
Adalah clause yang menjelaskan noun. Noun yang dijelaskan disebut antecedent.
A. Sifat adj clause:
1. Single; the girl in the room who is studying english
2. Compound; the girl in the room which has just been swept
B. Conjunction of adj clause:
1. Relative Pronoun Subject (RPS): who (antecedent person), which (antecedent non person), that (person/non person)
RPS menggantikan I, You, We, They, He, She, It.
2. Relative Pronoun Object (RPO): whom (person), which (non person), that (person/non person)
- RPO menggantikan me, you, us, them, him, her, it.
- RPO bisa menjadi:
a. Object of verb.
- the man whom you hate is reading a newspaper.
the man is reading a newspaper; you hate the man
b. Object of prep.
- the man with whom I went to your house is my neighbour/ the man whom I went with to your house is my neighbour.
the man is my new neighbour; I went with the man to your house.
Note: bila prep ada sebelum conj, maka that tidak bisa menggantikan.
3. Relative possessive (RP): whose (person/non person), of wich (non person)
- I live in the dormitory the resident of which come from many regions/ I live in the dormitory which residents come from many regions.
I live in the dormitory; its residents come from many regions.
4. Relative adverb (RA): when, where (in/on/at which)
5. Relative statement (RS): why
C. Fungsi
1. Subject modifier
- the reason why he often comes here is so obvious
- the room where we study english is large
- the girl whom he loves so much has just come here
2. Object modifier
- I will meet someone who has hit my son
- she told me the day when she will marry
- she knows the carpenter whose son always help me
3. Adverb modifier
- I always go everywhere with my husband whom I love
- we are studying in the room which you cleaned
- I live in the house where my parents live

D. Reducing
Reducing menghasilkan present participle, past participle and to infinitive.
Reducing hanya bisa pada RPS, dan verbnya tidak boleh ada modalnya.
Reducing form:
a. Verbal active
1. Simple present, simple past, present continous dan past continues bentuk reducingnya adalah present participle.
2. Present perfect and past perfect bentuk reducing adalah having+past participle.
3. Present perfect continous dan past perfect continous bentuk reducingnya adalah having been+present participle.
b. Verbal passive
1. Simple present, simple past, dan present continous bentuk reducingnya adalah past participle.
2. Past continous bentuk reducingnya adalah being+past participle.
3. Present perfect, past perfect, present perfect continous dan past perfect continous bentuk reducingnya adalah having been+past participle.
c. Nominal
Present perfect, past perfect, present perfect continous dan past perfect continous bentuk reducingnya adalah having been+past participle.
E. Omitting
a. RPS
Omitting pada RPS hanya ada pada simple present, present continous, simple past dan past continous dalam nominal sentence dan tidak boleh ada ada modal dalam verbnya. Yang diomit adalah conj dan benya.
- my sister (who is) similar to me will be here.
- I know mr. Fais (who is) one of elfast's teacher.
b. RPO/ RA/ RS
Omitting pada RPO, RA dan RS ada pada semua bentuk tenses dan boleh ada modal dalam verbnya. Yang diomit adalah conj-nya.
- my friend (whom) your brother loves is sick.
F. Penggunaan apositive pada adj clause.
Penggunaannya dibedakan menjadi:
1. Defining/ restrictive atau menjelaskan, maka tanpa apositive.
- a girl who is standing there is my classmate.
2. Non-defining/ non-restrictive atau menegaskan/ memperkuat, maka menggunakan apositive.
- ani, who is standing there, is my classmate.
- ir Soekarno, who was the firts indonesian president, is megawati's father.
- the first indonesian president, Ir. Soekarno is megawati's father.
3. Apositive bisa diletakkan:
- sebelum subject: _____,
- di tengah, maka berpasangan: ,_____,
- di akhir berpasangan dengan titik: ,_____.

* Noun Clause
Adalah clause yang berfungsi sebagai noun. Semua conjunction tidak memiliki antecedent kecuali that yang bisa memiliki antecedent atau tidak.
A. Conjunction.
1. RPS: who, which, what, how much, how many.
2. RPO: whom, which, what, how much, how many.
3. RP: whose.

4. RS: why, if/ whether, how, that.

5. RA: when, where.
Note: untuk who, whom, which, what, how, when and where boleh ditambah dengan kata ever.
B. Jenis conjunction.
1. Statements: that/ the fact that:
a. As subject
- that/ the fact that poetry is difficult for some readers is true.
b. As subject after anticipatory it
- it is true that he is kind. (Tdk bs menggunakan the fact that).
c. As subjective complement.
- my understanding is that mastering english is easy. (Tdk bs menggunakan the fact that).
d. As object of verb.
- verbs yang cenderung diikuti the fact that: accept, conceal, discuss, disregard, hide, overlook; we must accept the fact that we fail.
- that maupun the fact that keduanya bisa menjadi object dari verb of mental activity: forget, believe, remember, want, wish etc; I believe that/ the fact that he can be trusted.
e. As object of preposition.
- he is boasting about the fact that his son is an excellent student. (Tdk bs menggunakan that).
f. As modifier of certain noun.
- certain noun adalah noun yang tertentu yang bisa diikuti that clause milik noun clause antara lain: information, belief, theory, principle, news, idea, hope, etc; I get information that the area is very dangerous.
(Tdk bs menggunakan the fact that).
Note: anticipatory it (it is+adj+NCl/gerund/to inf.) memiliki arti sama dengan (NCl/gerund/to inf.+is adj).

2. Question:
a. Yes/no question: if/ whether
1) As subject; whether or not he will come tomorrow is still uncertain
2) As subjective complement; my question is whether he will get much money
3) As object of verb; do you know whether (if) they have come?
4) As object of prep; we were concerned about whether he would get money
Summary:
- as subject: whether
- as subjective complement: whether
- as object of verb: whether/if
- as object of prep: whether
Note: penggunaan kata or not:
- whether: I don't know whether or not he can do it
- whether: I don't know whether he can do it or not
- if: I don't know if he can do it or not

b. Question word: who, which, what, how many/ much, when, where, why, how, whose, whom.
1) As subject; what he did surprised me
2) As subjective complement; my question is how he can get the good job quickly
3) As object of verb; I know where they work
4) As object of prep; he is talking with who has helped me

Note: whio, whom, what, which, when, where, dan how boleh ditambahkan kata "ever"
- you can watch whichever programme you prefer

3. Exclamation: how, what.

1) As object of verb
- I have just realized what a nice day today is
- I have just realized how nice a day today is
2) As object of prep
- I am amazed at how beautiful his wife is
- I am amazed at how diligently he works
3) As subject
- what a delicious food your mother cooked made me hungry
Note: perbedaan pola how dan what dalam exclamation
- what+NP+S+VT
- how+adj+S+V (dalam linking verb)
- how+adv of manner+S+V+(O) (dalam non linking verb)

4. Request: that.
Mirip dengan statement, request juga menggunakan conjunction "that" yang mencerminkan nasihat, keinginan dan suatu hal yang penting, yang seringkali dalam hal ini disebut subjunctive.
Subjunctive adalah simple form (bare infinitive) yang digunakan ketika seseorang menginginkan orang lain untuk melakukan suatu aktifitas.
Pada request, conjunction "that" akan terletak setelah adj/V tertentu.
a. Certain verb:
1) Advise, ask, beg, command, demand, desire, forbid, insist, move, propose, recommend, request, require, stipulate, suggest, urge
2) Formula: S+Vt+that+S+Vbi (object of certain verbs)
3) Eg: the doctor recommended that he take a vacation; asalnya; the doctor recommended him to take a vacation
b. Certain adjective:
1) Advisable, essential, good, imperative, important, urgent, preferable, necessary, etc
2) Formula: It is+Adj+that+S+Vbi (as anticipatory it)
3) Eg; it is good that she speak english
c. Wish or hope juga termasuk subjunctive
- I hope (that) he will come
- I wish that he come (now)
- I wish that he had come (yesterday)

C. Fungsi Noun Clause.

1. As subject. Semua noun clause yang berfungsi sebagai subject dianggap singular kecuali if.
- what you have bought is delicious.
2. As subjective complement kecuali if.
- my question is how we can operate the machine.
3. As object of verb.
- I know where he lives.

4. As object of prepostion.
- I am amazed at how beautiful his wife is.
5. As modifier. Dalam hal ini, hanya that yang bisa digunakan. Ada 5 jenis head u/ that yang digunakan as modifier:
a. Subjunctive adj.
- it (S) is (V) important (H) that he speak english (M).
b. Noun subjunctive adj.
- it (S) is (V) that he speaks english everyday (M).
c. Certain noun
- the (D) news (H) that many mountains will explode (M) is (MV) still uncertain (CS)
d. Passive form
- it is believed (H) that there are many good english courses in Pare (M)
e. Adv of time and adv of place
- it (S) was (V) in 1945 (H) that our country was proclaimed (M)
- it (S) is (MV) in Pare (H) that many people from many regions are studying english (M)

D. Omitting dan Abridgement

1. Omitting
Hanya dilakukan oleh "that" saat berfungsi sebagai objek.
- I believe (that) I can fly
2. Abridgement
Polanya adalah Conj+to inf
- I know what to do; asalnya; I know what I should do

* Adverbial Clause
Adalah clause yang berfungsi sebagai adverb.
Semua conjunction AVC berlaku rumus:
- conj+S+Vt+O
- conj+S+Vi
- conj+S+Vpassive
A. Posisi AVC
1. AVC, SVO; after her mother cooked fried rice, he had breakfast
2. S, AVC, VO; he, after her mother cooked fried rice, had breakfast
3. S, Vi AVC; he sleeps after he does all his homework
4. SVO AVC; he had breakfast after her mother cooked fried rice

B. Macam-macam AVC
1. AVC of time [berlaku seven summaries]
2. AVC of place
3. AVC of contrast
4. AVC of manner
5. AVC of purpose

6. AVC of result
7. AVC of cause in effect
8. AVC of condition [berkaitan dengan conditional sentence]
9. AVC of comparison [as/so ... As ... Than]

C. Reducing
Dalam Reducing AVC subject MC dan SC harus sama dan verb of AVC tidak boleh ada modal
1. Present participle: AVC of time dan AVC of cause and effect
2. Past participle: AVC of cause and effect dan AVC of condition
3. To infinitive: AVC of result dan AVC of purpose
4. Contoh:
a. Berpotongan:
1) Cont-simple:
- when I was taking a walk, I found a ring --> taking a walk, I found a ring
- I found a ring when I was taking a walk --> I found a ring taking a walk
2) Perfect-simple:
- when I had studied in Pare for 5 days, I felt dizzy --> having studied in Pare for 5 days, I felt dizzy
- I felt dizzy when I had studied in Pare for 5 days -->I felt dizzy, having studied in Pare for 5 days
b. Berurutan:
1) Simple-simple:
- when he finished his work, he went home atau he went home when he finished his work --> finishing his work, he went home
- he finished his work then he went home atau before he went home, he finished his work --> he finished his work, going home
- when she was a girl, she often went to the lake every week --> a girl / being a girl (lebih sering pake being), she often went to the lake every week
2) Perfect-simple:
- when he had finished his work, he went home --> having finished his work, he went home
- he went home when he had finished his work --> he went home, having finished his work
c. Bersamaan:
- while I was eating, I was watching TV --> eating, I was watching TV
- I was watching TV, eating
Artinya:
- Ving ... SVO. Present participle disini berarti: ketika, setelah, karena atau sambil
- SV(O) , Ving. Present participle disini berarti: ketika, sambil, atau kemudian/sebelum
- having V3 ... , SV(O) dan SV(O) , having V3. Having V3 disini berarti setelah, karena atau ketika
- V3 ... , SV. Past participle disini berarti karena atau seandainya (dalam conditional sentence).
Karena; (because he was) given money, he felt happy.
Seandainya; (if he were) given money, he would feel happy.

D. Abridgement
Berlaku untuk semua jenis AVC kecuali AVC of result and purpose. Rumusnya: conj+Ving/V3 atau conj+complement
Conto:
- when she was a girl, she often went to the lake every week --> when a girl, she often went to the lake every week

- wherever he was positioned by his commander, he was always ready --> whereever positioned by his commander, he was always ready
- although (he was) in a hurry, he stopped to help me
- while (I was) eating, I was watching TV
- After he finished his work, he went home --> after finishing his work, he went home
ADDITIONAL MATERIAL:
1. Past participle
Past particple sebagai adjective masuk dalam Ephitet jika terletak sebelum Noun dalam NP; the (D) confused (E) man (H)
Past participle sebagai adjective masuk dalam Reducing adj clause jika terletak setelah Noun pada NP; the subject explained by my teacher
Past participle dalam adverb clause; explained by my teacher, the subject becomes easy
2. Present participle
Present particple sebagai adjective masuk dalam Ephitet jika terletak sebelum Noun dalam NP; the (D) attracting (E) man (H)
Present participle sebagai adjective masuk dalam Reducing adj clause jika terletak setelah Noun pada NP; the man explaining the lesson is my teacher
Present participle dalam adverb clause; while eating, I was watching TV
3. Comma
a. Koma dalam adverb dihasilkan oleh apapun yg berfungsi sebagai adverb:
- when I studied, I went to bed
- in the room, I study english
b. Appositive dihasilkan oleh apapun yang berfungsi untuk mempertegas noun dan dalam hal ini harus berpasangan:
,_______, atau ,_____.
c. Parallel untuk menghubungkan hal yang setara (pengganti compound conjunction):
- I go to Pare to study english, meet my old friend, and visit my grandmother
4. Summary of reducing, omitting and abridgement.
a. Reducing: adj clause dan adv clause
b. Omitting: adj clause dan noun clause
c. Abridgement: noun clause dan adv clause
5. Summary tambahan tentang verbs.
a. Finite (sesuai 16 tenses). Main verb adalah finite.
Categorized as verb (C=verb); and
Functioned as verb (F=verb)
b. Infinite (tidak terpengaruh tenses).
Categorized as verb (C=verb); and
Functioned as non-verb (F=non-verb)
c. Verb forms:
1) Vbi (bare inf): stay
2) Vai (additional inf): stays
3) Past form (V2): stayed
4) Past participle (V3): stayed
5) Present participle: staying
6) To infinitive: to stay

Gerund

A. Fungsi:
1. As subject [menghasilkan singular verb]:
- swimming (S) makes (V) us (O) healthy (CO)
2. As subjective complement:
- my favorite sport (S) is (V) swimming (SC)
3. As object of certain verb:
a. CV + gerund
b. CV + gerund or to inf with the same meaning.
- prefer, like, hate, love, continue, begin, start, can't, can't stand, bear
- I like reading; or I like to read
c. CV + gerund or to inf with different meaning.
- try, stop, quit, remember, regret, forget
- you should stop smoking (berhenti merokok);
- you should stop to smoke (berhenti dong, lu kan mau ngerokok)
d. CV + gerund with passive meaning:
- deserve, need, want, require
- the room requires painting (kamar perlu dicat nih)
4. As object of preposition
- she often dreams about having much money
5. As modifier ketika berarti alat:
- swimming pool (a pool to swim)
- cutting knife (a knife to cut)
6. As head
- negative thinking
7. Terletak setelah kata No dalam larangan singkat tanpa objek/adv
- no smoking
- no parking
8. Terletak setelah kata Go (mencerminkan rekreasi) berupa idiom expression:
- I have gone camping
- she went fishing
- they go swimming

To Infinitive
A. 10 fungsi to infinitive dalam kalimat:
1. As verb.
To inf sebagai verb karena melibatkan modal dan similar expression.
a. Modal.
- ought to
- used to
b. Similar.
- be able to --> can
- be allowed to --> can/may

- have to/ be to --> must

- be supposed to --> should
- be going to/ be willing to --> will
2. As complement (object of complement verb)
- I want to meet you
3. As predication after N of complement objective
- I (S) asked (V) the boy (O) to come early (CO)
- I (s) bought (V) much sand (O) to renovate my house (bukan CO)
4. As adverb for adj
- terletak setelah adj tertentu (yg berkaitan feeling)
- posisi to inf sesuai dengan adj di depannya
- I am happy to meet you; he is confident to speak in the class
5. As noun modifier
- post modifier
- passive meaning
- hasil peringkasan adj clause yg mengandung modal (can, must, should)
- I have money which I can spend --> I have money to spend
6. As sentence modifier of result
a. As adverb (peringkasan adv clause of result)
- active meaning; he is so smart that he can do the best --> he is smart enough to do the best
- he is so young that he can't understand my problem --> he is too young to understand my problem
- passive meaning
- english is so easy that I can master it --> english is easy enough to master
- this food is so hot that I can't eat it --> this food is too hot to eat
7. Sentence modifier of purpose (as adverb hasil peringkasan adv of purpose)
- I saved my salary iin ordert that I could buy a house --> I saved my salary to buy a house atau to buy a house, I saved my salary
8. Abridgement of Noun Clause
- conj milik noun clause
- ada modal (can, must, should)
- I know what we should do --> I know what to do
9. Noun modifier
- post modifier
- hasil peringkasan adj clause (RPS)
Noun yg dijelaskan mendapat keterangan kata : the next, the only, ordinal number dan superlative form
- the first question which was given was difficult --> the first question to be given was difficult
Note: sebenarnya bisa direducing V3 namun berhubung ada kata "the first" lebih diutamakan to inf
10. As gerund
- as subject; to master (mastering) english needs more patience
- as subjective complement; your obligation is to study hard (studying hard)
Note:
Bedakan antara to infinitive as verb (fungsi no. 1) dan to infinitive as complement subjective (fungsi no 10).

- as verb: my daughter is to study hard (artinya must study hard)

- your obligation is to study hard