Professional Documents
Culture Documents
MineHaulRoadDesign
RogerThompson
WesternAustralianSchoolofMines
CurtinUniversity
www.mining.curtin.edu.au
AimofPresentation
GSFM fourcomponentsof
mineroaddesign
GSFMandrollingresistance
interactions
Whatdoesroaddesignand
constructioninvolve?
Geometric
Structural
Functional
Maintenance.Design
components
www.mining.curtin.edu.au
Introduction
Poorroaddesignimpacts
safety,trafficmanagement,&
costpertonne hauled.
Ideally,SHMS/SOP
specificationsshouldincludea
formalapproachtoroaddesign.
Butwhatshoulddesign
considerand;
Howisitspecified?
Howisconformance
monitored?
www.mining.curtin.edu.au
Engineering &Mining Journal, vol 210,n5 June 2009. Mining Media Ltd.
RollingResistance
Primarymeasureofmine
roadperformance isoften
basedonrollingresistance
Frequentlythebasisofa
costbenefitevaluation,
but
whatisrollingresistance
andhowisitgenerated?
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RollingResistance
Rollingresistanceisthe
resistancetotruckmotion
duemostlyto:
Roaddeformationunder
thetyre,
Tyre penetrationintothe
road,
Tyre deformationeffects
ontheroadsurface.
www.mining.curtin.edu.au
Roaddeformationundertyre pressure
Tyre penetrationintotheroadsurface
Tyre deformationeffectsontheroadsurface
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RollingResistance
RR
RR%
Totalresistance%=RR% GR%
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PracticalApplication
Ramps
1%RR
10%KPH
Surfaceroads
1%RR
www.mining.curtin.edu.au
26%KPH
PracticalApplication
RR
Effect of rolling resistance on truck speed
Base case rolling resistance (RR) = 2%
Ramps
1%RR
10%KPH
25
Percent reduction in speed
per 1% RR increase (%)
Surfaceroads
1%RR
26%KPH
GR%
20
15
10
5
0
0 1 2
3 4
Performance Chart
Grade (%)
of ro
Full truck
(GVM = 592 tonnes)
Empty truck
(EVM = 229 tonnes)
8
ad
9 10 11
12
1400
1300
20
Retard
1200
Propulsion (trolley)
18
1000
16
Rimpull (kN)
14
800
12
700
600
10
500
400
300
200
2
1
100
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Speed (km/h)
90
3% to 4% RR
Effective Grade (%)
1100
900
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2% to 3% RR
Propulsion
4% to 5% RR
HaulRoadDesign
Howdowedeveloparoad
designwhich;
Maximises safety
Maximises utilityof
environment(materialsand
equipment),and
Minimises rollingresistance
andtotalroaduserscosts?
www.mining.curtin.edu.au
HaulRoadDesign
Fromasafetyperspective;
Geometricdesign
Excessiveshearforcesand
truckinstability.
StructuralDesign Damage
totyre andchassis,truck
instability,missalignment.
FunctionalDesign wet
slipperiness,tractionand
skidresistance,dust.
MaintenanceDesign
runningsurface.
www.mining.curtin.edu.au
HaulRoadDesign
Fromarollingresistance
perspective,minimise;
deformationundertyre
StructuralDesign
penetrationandtyre
deformation Functional
Design
roaddeteriorationrate
MaintenanceDesign
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ImprovingMineHaulRoads
15
0.6
10
0.5
0.4
0.3
-5
0.2
-10
0.1
-15
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
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Acceleration (m/s 2)
ImprovingMineHaulRoads
First,youneedtoknowwhat
iswrongbeforeyoucan
decidedtofixit.
0 0 0 0 .0 0
0 0 0 .0 0
0 0 0 .0 0
Truck path
start
Defect 0.05 to 0.10m
Realtimemonitoringcanbe
usedtorecordthetruckand
tyreresponsetotheroad,
andwhenlinkedwithGPS,
givesthefirstindicationof
WHEREandWHATthehaul
roadproblemsare.
www.mining.curtin.edu.au
ImprovingMineHaulRoads
Thecureisnotnecessarily
justmorefrequent
maintenance.
Noamountofmaintenance
willfixapoorlydesigned
road.Eachcomponentofthe
roadinfrastructuremustbe
correctlyaddressedatthe
designstage.
www.mining.curtin.edu.au
ImprovingMineHaulRoads
Investigatetherootcauseof
theunder performance
before decidingona
remediationstrategy.
Followanintegrated
approachtoroaddesign,
examineeachdesign
component.
www.mining.curtin.edu.au
GEOMETRIC DESIGN
GUIDELINES
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
GUIDELINES
MAINTENANCE
MANAGEMENT
GUIDELINES
IS PERFORMANCE
OPTIMUM
AND
DELIVERING
MINIMUM TOTAL
ROAD-USER
COSTS?
CHEMICAL
PALLIATION OR
WATER-BASED
SPRAYING
MODIFY WEARING
COURSE MATERIAL
FUNCTIONAL DESIGN
GUIDELINES
www.mining.curtin.edu.au
IntegratedRoadHaulDesign
BASIC HAUL ROAD
DESIGN DATA
GEOMETRIC DESIGN
GUIDELINES
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
GUIDELINES
MAINTENANCE
MANAGEMENT
GUIDELINES
IS PERFORMANCE
OPTIMUM
AND
DELIVERING
MINIMUM TOTAL
ROAD-USER
COSTS?
CHEMICAL
PALLIATION OR
WATER-BASED
SPRAYING
MODIFY WEARING
COURSE MATERIAL
MATERIAL
FUNCTIONAL DESIGN
GUIDELINES
www.mining.curtin.edu.au
GeometricDesign
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IntegratedHaulRoadDesign
BASIC HAUL ROAD
DESIGN DATA
GEOMETRIC DESIGN
GUIDELINES
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
GUIDELINES
MAINTENANCE
MANAGEMENT
GUIDELINES
IS PERFORMANCE
OPTIMUM
AND
DELIVERING
MINIMUM TOTAL
ROAD-USER
COSTS?
CHEMICAL
PALLIATION OR
WATER-BASED
SPRAYING
MODIFY WEARING
COURSE MATERIAL
MATERIAL
FUNCTIONAL DESIGN
GUIDELINES
www.mining.curtin.edu.au
StructuralDesign
www.mining.curtin.edu.au
IntegratedRoadHaulDesign
BASIC HAUL ROAD
DESIGN DATA
GEOMETRIC DESIGN
GUIDELINES
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
GUIDELINES
MAINTENANCE
MANAGEMENT
GUIDELINES
IS PERFORMANCE
OPTIMUM
AND
DELIVERING
MINIMUM TOTAL
ROAD-USER
COSTS?
CHEMICAL
PALLIATION OR
WATER-BASED
SPRAYING
MODIFY WEARING
COURSE MATERIAL
MATERIAL
FUNCTIONAL DESIGN
DESIGN
GUIDELINES
www.mining.curtin.edu.au
FunctionalDesign
www.mining.curtin.edu.au
IntegratedHaulRoadDesign
BASIC HAUL ROAD
DESIGN DATA
GEOMETRIC DESIGN
GUIDELINES
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
GUIDELINES
MAINTENANCE
MANAGEMENT
GUIDELINES
IS PERFORMANCE
OPTIMUM
AND
DELIVERING
MINIMUM TOTAL
ROAD-USER
COSTS?
CHEMICAL
PALLIATION OR
WATER-BASED
SPRAYING
MODIFY WEARING
COURSE MATERIAL
MATERIAL
FUNCTIONAL DESIGN
GUIDELINES
www.mining.curtin.edu.au
Costs
Minimum total
cost solution
Max
Min
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Maintenance frequency
Rolling resistance
Min
Max
GeometricDesign
Geometricdesign;
Determinestheroadlayout
oralignment,both
horizontallyandvertically.
Practically,weoftenneed
tocompromisebetweenan
ideallayoutandwhatmine
geometryandhauling
economicswillallow.
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GeometricDesignVertical
Alignment
Alignmentoftheroadin;
Stoppingandsight
distances(howreliably
canwedeterminethese
values??),
Optimumrampgradients
andverticalcurve
transitions.
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GeometricDesignVertical
Alignment
Stoppingdistances;
Truckmanufacturersand
sitetestingshouldconfirm
thedistancesrequiredto
bringatrucktoastop
undervariousconditionsof
load(NBempty),speed,
gradeandtraction wet,
dry,wearingcourse(s).
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GeometricDesignVertical
Alignment
Sightdistances;precautions
shouldbeappliedwhensight
distancefallsbelowstopping
distance;
Benchedgeobstructionsrequire
laybacksorbatter,
Verticalcurves crestsoften
requireflatteningtoimprove
sightdistances,
Useaminimumverticalcurve
lengthof150mandradiusof
1500mfordesignwork.
Applyspeedlimits.
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GeometricDesignVertical
Alignment
Sightdistancesandmachine
factors;
Inadditiontosightdistances
alsoconsiderdriverblind
spots wherethedriverhas
limitedornosightofpartsof
theroad.
Final Report Blind Area Study Large Mining Equipment, Contract Report
200-2005-M-12695, CDC/NIOSH, USA, 2006.
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GeometricDesignHorizontal
Alignment
Alignmentoftheroadinthe
horizontalplane herewe
designforsafeandefficient;
Roadwidth,
Curvatureandsuper
elevations,
Crownorcrossfall.
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GeometricDesignHorizontalAlignment
Ramp
5
RampW
W5
Ramp
RampW
W44
50
m
m
50
Ramp
Ramp W3
W3
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GeometricDesignHorizontalAlignment
Ramp
1 (W)
Ramp W
W1
(W)
Ramp
Ramp W1
W 1 (E)
(E)
50m
50m
Main
Main haul
haul road
road
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GeometricDesignHorizontal
Alignment
Widthofroad;
Sufficientfortherequired
numberoflanes
(pavementwidth),and
shoulders(carriageway
width)andallthe
associatedsafetyand
drainagefeatures
(formationwidth).
3.5W why?Effectof
largervehicles.
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GeometricDesignHorizontalAlignment
Thewidestvehicles
proposeddeterminethe
pavementwidth.
TheTablesummarizesthese
designroadwaywidths.
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GeometricDesignHorizontal
Alignment
Curvesandswitchbacks;
Designedwiththe
maximumradiuspossible
andbekeptsmoothand
consistent.
Changesincurveradii
(compoundcurves)should
beavoided.Alargercurve
radiusallowsahighersafe
roadspeedandincreased
truckstability >200m
minimumradiusideal.
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GeometricDesignHorizontalAlignment
Superelevation;
Bankingappliedonthe
outsideofacurvetoallow
thetrucktomaintain
stabilityinthecurveat
speed.
Shouldnotexceed5%7%,
unlesshighspeedhaulageis
maintainedandthe
possibilityofsliding
minimizedbyusingmedian
berms tosplitsuper
elevations.ReferTable.
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GeometricDesignHorizontal
Alignment
Crossfall(usewithextreme
caution),crownorcamber;
Critical tothedesignand
successfuloperationof
mineroads.
Ensureswaterdoesnot
gatheronandpenetrate
intotheroadsurface.
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GeometricDesignHorizontal
Alignment
Crossslopeshouldbeused
withcaution,possibilityof
collisionincreasesorrunoff
benchedge.
Largedeflectionberms
shouldbeplacedattheroad
centerandedge.
Crossslopeeasierto
maintain.
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Camber
(crown)
example
Center-line
2-3%
2-3%
Drain
Drain
Cross-slope
example
2-3%
Drain
GeometricDesign
Safetyberms;
A'crest'orroadedgeberm
willnoteffectivelystop
trucks(especiallyhigh
speedladenorunladen
trucks)fromleavingthe
road.
Atbest,theywillprovide
limiteddeflectionand
warningtothedriverthat
thetruckpathneeds
correcting.
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GeometricDesign
Berm slopeshouldbeassteep
aspossible(1.5V:1Hideally),
butensurestabilityand
maintenanceofheight.
Section A-A
Outslope
Conventional berm
Median berm
Forlargehaultrucks,theberm
heightshouldbeatleast50%
66%ofthetruckwheel
diameter.
Steepberm sideaidsdeflection.
Flatterberms allowthetruckto
climb andoverturn.
Medianberms considertraffic
managementimplications.
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Bench face
Section on A-A
Median berm
Downgrade unladen
Conventional berm
Height
Outslope
GeometricDesign
Alsoincludedinthe
geometricdesignisdrainage;
Nomatterhowgoodthe
design,waterwillalways
damageamineroad. Keep
waterOFFtheroads orat
theveryleastleadwater
offtheroadassoonas
possible.
Investigategeometry AND
localtopographicdrainage
patterns.
www.mining.curtin.edu.au
IntegratedHaulRoadDesign
BASIC HAUL ROAD
DESIGN DATA
GEOMETRIC DESIGN
GUIDELINES
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
GUIDELINES
MAINTENANCE
MANAGEMENT
GUIDELINES
IS PERFORMANCE
OPTIMUM
AND
DELIVERING
MINIMUM TOTAL
ROAD-USER
COSTS?
CHEMICAL
PALLIATION OR
WATER-BASED
SPRAYING
MODIFY WEARING
COURSE MATERIAL
MATERIAL
FUNCTIONAL DESIGN
GUIDELINES
www.mining.curtin.edu.au
StructuralDesign
Structuraldesignrefersto
theloadcarryingcapacityof
theroad;
Betterpavementresponse
toappliedloads,
Reduceddeflectionon
surface,betterwearing
courseperformance
Eliminatedeformationin
subgradeorinsitu.
www.mining.curtin.edu.au
StructuralDesign
Twoapproaches;
Mechanisticdesign
approachusingpavement
layerlimitingverticalstrain
criteria&
CBRcovercurveapproach
usingpavementlayerCBR
values.
www.mining.curtin.edu.au
StructuralDesign Mechanistic
Mechanisticdesignapproach
usingpavementlayer
limitingverticalstrain
criteria;
Limitingstraincriteria
tailoredtotrafficvolumes,
typeandlifeofmineroad
(ramp,pitormainhaul).
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StructuralDesign Mechanistic
Wearing course
Selected blasted
waste rock
(structural) layer
In-situ
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StructuralDesign Mechanistic
Limiting pavement layer vertical compressive strain
values for mine haul road structural design
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Limiting microstrains
10000
Category III Haul Road
Category II Haul Road
Category I Haul Road
1000
100
0
40
80
120
160
200
240
280
320
StructuralDesign Mechanistic
Whenabaselayerofselected
blastedwasterockisusedin
thestructure,amechanistic
approachismoreappropriate.
Theselectedwasterocklayeris
locatedunderthewearing
course,
Roadperformanceis
significantlyimproved,
primarilyduetotheload
carryingcapacityofthe
wasterocklayer.
www.mining.curtin.edu.au
PracticalApplication
Mechanistic
Designchart(examples)are
basedonafullyladenhaul
truck,atmaximumGVM,(tons)
withstandardradialtyres,
inflatedto800kPa.
Theroaddesignincorporates
200mmofsheetingwith
CBR=80%,aselectedblasted
wasterockbaselayer,builton
3mofinsitumaterialwiththe
indicatedEmodulusshownon
thecharts.
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Thickness (mm)
1000
Wearingcourse
200mm
E=350MPa
800
Baselayer
thickness
E=3000MPa
600
400
Insitu
Thickness
3000mm
200
0
10
100
Eeff Modulus
of In-situ(MPa)
material (MPa)
E Modulus
Category I
Category II
Category III
1000
Thickness (mm)
1200
1000
Wearingcourse
200mm
E=350MPa
800
Baselayer
thickness
E=3000MPa
600
400
Insitu
Thickness
3000mm
200
0
10
Eeff
100
Modulus
of In-situ(MPa)
material (MPa)
E Modulus
Category I
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Category II
Category III
1000
StructuralDesign
CBRCoverCurve
CBRcovercurvedesign
approachusespavement
layerCBRvalues;
Thicknessofsuccessive
layersbasedonCBR
(strength)ofunderlying
layerandtruckwheelload
(tonnes).
CaliforniaBearingRatioCBR(%)
1
55
10
CoverThickness(mm)
40
25
15
500.0
1000.0
TruckTruckwheel
GVM(t)load(t)
1500.0
9015
150 25
240 40
320 55
390 65
450 75
510 85
570 95
630 105
2000.0
2500.0
3000.0
3500.0
4000.0
4500.0
CBR (%)
Modulus (Eeff)(MPa) . 10
14
21
.
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100
0.0
28
35
41
55
8 . 10
69
20
104
40 60 80 100
138
207
276 345
.
414
In-situ CBR 7%
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IntegratedRoadHaulDesign
BASIC HAUL ROAD
DESIGN DATA
GEOMETRIC DESIGN
GUIDELINES
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
GUIDELINES
MAINTENANCE
MANAGEMENT
GUIDELINES
IS PERFORMANCE
OPTIMUM
AND
DELIVERING
MINIMUM TOTAL
ROAD-USER
COSTS?
CHEMICAL
PALLIATION OR
WATER-BASED
SPRAYING
MODIFY WEARING
COURSE MATERIAL
MATERIAL
FUNCTIONAL DESIGN
DESIGN
GUIDELINES
www.mining.curtin.edu.au
FunctionalDesign
Wearingcoursematerial
selection.Designfor;
Improvedtraction,skid
resistance,reduceddust,
Reducedrollingresistance
throughreducedwearing
coursedefects,
Reduceddeterioration
ratesandmaintenance
frequency.
www.mining.curtin.edu.au
Inthiscase thewearing
coursehastoomuchfine
materialanditformsa
slipperysoftlayeronthe
road.Carryover?
Here,thestonesinthemix or
aggregate istoobig thiscant
easilybegradedandifitis,the
largestoneswillcomeloose
seeding potholesanddamaging
trucktyres.
www.mining.curtin.edu.au
FunctionalDesign
Thisisprobablyagoodmixof
crushedrocktouse,everything
smallerthan40mminsizeand
nottoomuchfinematerial
(<20%smallerthan2mm).
Watchoutforsmoothround
alluvialaggregateinthemix.
Thiswillnoteasilyinterlock
andwillraveloutofthe
wearingcourse.
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FunctionalDesign
Asmalljawcrushercanbeused
toprepareblastedrockasa
wearingcourseaggregate,
ofteninamixofoneormore
othermaterialstoformthe
finalproduct.
Itisalsousefulforcreatinga
fineaggregatefromwasterock
tobeplacedasadressingin
loadingareas toreducetyre
damageintheseareas.
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FunctionalDesign
Reduceroadrolling
resistance through
reducedwearingcourse
defects &
Reduceroaddeterioration
ratesandmaintenance
frequency.
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400
Shrinkage Product .
Correctwearingcourse
materialselectionwill;
350
300
Dustiness
250
Slippery w hen w et
200
150
100
Loose stones
Tyre damage
50
Loose material
Corrugates
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Grading Coefficient
Recommended (1)
Recommended (2)
FunctionalDesign
Wearing Course Selection
Shrinkage Product .
400
350
300
Dustiness
250
Slippery w hen w et
200
150
100
Loose stones
Tyre damage
50
Corrugates
Loose material
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Grading Coefficient
Recommended (1)
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Recommended (2)
PracticalApplication
550
500
450
400
S h r in k a g e p ro d u c t
Dustiness
350
300
250
200
150
100
Loose
stoniness
50
0
0
10
Loose material
2
1
Corrugations
20
30
Grading coefficient
www.mining.curtin.edu.au
50
PracticalApplication
550
500
S h r in k a g e p ro d u c t
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0
10
20
30
Grading coefficient
www.mining.curtin.edu.au
40
50
DustPalliatives
Dustiscausedthroughloss
offines,soconsider
specifically;
Wearingcoursematerial
selection;
Sizedistribution,clay
content,
Restraintoffines,
Trafficvolumes,
Climaticconditions.
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DustPalliatives
Allsuppressionsystemsaim
tominimise erosivity ofthe
wearingcourse.Options
include;
Improvedwearingcourse
material,
Regularwatering,
Useofchemical
suppressants.
www.mining.curtin.edu.au
DustPalliatives
Chemicalpalliativesavailable
include;
Water/wettingagents,
Hygroscopicsalts,
Lignosulphonates,
Modifiedwaxes,
Polymers,
Tar/bitumenproducts,
Sulphonated oils,
Enzymes.
www.mining.curtin.edu.au
DustPalliatives
Useofchemicaldust
suppressants;
Shouldbeconsideredonlyas
anadjuncttoother
methods,
Chemicaldustsuppressants
havealimitedlifeandwill
requireregularapplications,
Variousgenerictypesto
choosefrom,basedmainly
onclimaticconditionsand
wearingsurfacematerial.
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DustPalliatives
Trialachemicaldust
suppressantfirstbefore
makingafirm
commitment,
Carefulattentionshouldbe
giventowholeoflife
costingbeforeusinga
chemicaldustsuppressant.
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DustPalliatives
Locality Data
Themostappropriate
selectionandmanagement
strategyshouldconsider;
Safetyandhealthbenefits,
Roadmanagement
philosophy,
Improvedcostefficiency.
Equipment Data
Productivity and operating costs of road (re)-construction, maintenance and (spraying) equipment
Palliative Data
Water Data
Method selection
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Locality Data
Road, Climate, Wearing course parameters
Hours per day of dust control required
Equipment Data
Productivity and operating costs of road (re)-construction, maintenance and (spraying) equipment
Palliative Data
Water Data
Method selection
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IntegratedHaulRoadDesign
BASIC HAUL ROAD
DESIGN DATA
GEOMETRIC DESIGN
GUIDELINES
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
GUIDELINES
MAINTENANCE
MANAGEMENT
GUIDELINES
IS PERFORMANCE
OPTIMUM
AND
DELIVERING
MINIMUM TOTAL
ROAD-USER
COSTS?
CHEMICAL
PALLIATION OR
WATER-BASED
SPRAYING
MODIFY WEARING
COURSE MATERIAL
MATERIAL
FUNCTIONAL DESIGN
GUIDELINES
www.mining.curtin.edu.au
MaintenanceManagement
Maintenancedesignand
management;
Routineroadmaintenance
asaresultofprogressive
wearingcourse
deterioration.
www.mining.curtin.edu.au
Asatisfactoryroaddesign
willrequireminimum
maintenance.
Toofrequent
maintenance?Review
designdatatofindrootof
problem.
MaintenanceManagement
Costs
Minimum total
cost solution
LOW VOLUME
SURFACE
ROADS
Costs
Minimum total
cost solution
Max
Min
Maintenance frequency
Rolling resistance
Min
Max
Minimum
total
cost solution
- RAMPS
Costs
Max
Min
Maintenance frequency
Rolling resistance
Min
Max
Max
Min
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Maintenance frequency
Rolling resistance
Min
Max
MaintenanceManagement
Percent change
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B02
B03
B05
S Ramp
B04
10
PracticalApplications
Whyisthesegment
maintenanceintensive?
Poordesignand/orbuild
specs;
Geometrics,
Structure(layerworks
andmaterials),
Functional(wearing
course surfacing
materials).
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BenchmarkingRolling
Resistance
Roadperformance
evaluation,
Usedefectdegreeand
extenttodetermineRR%.
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Defect extent
% road area
effected
Extent
score
<5
Intermittent
6-15
Regular
16-30
Frequent
31-60
Extensive
>60
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PracticalApplication
Defect
Potholes
Corrugations
Rutting
Loose material
Stones - fixed
www.mining.curtin.edu.au
1
3
5
2
2
Total score
5
9
15
10
10
49
PracticalApplication
3,25%
49
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Percent change
www.mining.curtin.edu.au
B02
B03
B05
S Ramp
B04
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www.mining.curtin.edu.au
Resources
www.mining.curtin.edu.au
Formoreinformationonissuedraisedtoday;
http://mining.curtin.edu.au/people clickonRJTfor
furtherlinkstohaulroadpublications
www.edumine.com searchforhaulroaddesignand
construction Uni BritishColumbiaandABET/ISO/IACET
accreditedselfstudycourse.
www.smartmines.com/mhroad/guidelines.pdf haul
roaddesignguidelines(2000)forOilSandsMines
(AlbertaCanada).
Resources
www.mining.curtin.edu.au
www.cdc.gov/niosh/mining/pubs searchfor
IC8758.pdf 1977USBMhaulroaddesignguidelines
www.mhsa.gov/readroom/handbook searchforph99I
4.pdfdesignandauditguidelinesformineroads
SMEMiningEngineering
www.smenet.org
Handbook,ThirdEdition,2011,Ch10MineHaulRoads
Copyofpresentationandfullsupportingnotesavailable
throughDEEDIMinesSafetyandHealthwebsite.