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PowerLaunchingand
Coupling
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PowerLaunchingConsiderations
y NumericalAperture
y CoreSize
y RefractiveIndexProfile
y CoreCladdingindexdifferenceofthefiber
y Radiance
y AngularPowerDistributionoftheopticalsource
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Coupling Efficiency
PF
power coupled into the fiber
=
=
power emitted from the sourse Ps
Ps
PF
Source
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Optical Fiber
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LambertianSource
Lambert's cosine law in optics says that
the radiant intensity observed from a
"Lambertian" surface is directly
proportional to the cosine of the angle
between the observer's line of sight and the
surface normal.
The law is also known as the cosine
emission law or Lambert's emission law.
It is named after Johann Heinrich Lambert,
from his Photometria, published in 1760
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SourcetoFiberPowerLaunching
y Radiance (orbrightness)B atagivendiodedrivecurrent istheoptical
powerradiatedintoaunitsolidangleperunitemittingsurface area
andisgenerallyspecifiedintermsofW/cm2.sr.
y ConsiderFig.whichshowsasphericalcoordinatesystemcharacterized
byR,,and,withthenormaltotheemittingsurfacebeingthepolar
axis.
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SourcetoFiberPowerLaunching
y Theradiancemaybeafunctionofboth and,andcanalsovaryfrom
pointtopointontheemittingsurface.
y SurfaceemittingLEDsarecharacterizedbytheirLambertianoutput
pattern.Thepowerdeliveredatanangle,measuredrelativetoa
normaltotheemittingsurface,variesascos becausetheprojected
areaoftheemittingsurfacevariesascos withviewingdirection.
y TheemissionpatternforaLambertiansourcefollowstherelationship
B(,)=Bocos
whereBo istheradiancealongthenormaltotheradiatingsurface.The
radiancepatternforthissourceisshowninFig.
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SourcetoFiberPowerLaunching
y EdgeemittingLEDsandlaserdiodeshavedifferentradiancesB(,0o)
andB(,90o)intheplanesparallelandnormal,respectively,tothe
emittingjunctionplaneofthedevice.
y Theradiancescanbeapproximatedby
1
sin 2
cos 2
=
+
T
B( , ) B0 cos B0 cos L
y TheintegersT andL arethetransverseandlateralpowerdistribution
coefficients,respectively.
y Foredgeemitters,L=1(aLambertiandistributionwitha120o half
powerbeamwidth)andT issignificantlylarger.
y Forlaserdiodes,L cantakeonvaluesover100.
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SourcetoFiberPowerLaunching
y Example:
Alambertianpatternwithalaserdiodehasalateral( =0o)half
powerbeamwidthof2 =10o.
y wehave
B(=5o, =0o)=Bo(cos5o)L=(1/2)Bo
SolvingforL,wehave
L =[log0.5/log(cos5o)]
=[log0.5/log0.9962]=182
y Thenarroweroutputbeamfromalaserdiodeallowsmorelight
tobecoupledintoanopticalfiber
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PowerCouplingCalculation
y ConsiderthecaseshowninFig.forasymmetricsourceofbrightness
y Thecoupledpowercanbefoundusingtherelationship
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PowerCouplingCalculation
y Thetotalcoupledpowerisdeterminedbysummingupthecontributions
fromeachindividualemittingpointsourceofincrementalarea dsrdr;
thatis,integratingovertheemittingarea.
y Ifthesourceradiusrs islessthanthefibercoreradiusa,thentheupper
y AssumeasurfaceemittingLEDofrs <a.ThisisaLambertianemitter,
PLED,step =(rs)2B0(NA)2
=2(rs)2B0n12
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PowerCouplingCalculation
y AssumeTotalopticalpowerPs emittedfromthesourceareaAs intoa
hemisphere(2 sr)isgivenby
fibercorearea,Therefore
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PowerCouplingCalculation
y Example:
ConsideranLEDthathasacircularemittingareaofradius35mmanda
Lambertianemissionpatternwith150W/(cm2.sr)axialradiance.
y Letuscomparetheopticalpowerscoupledintotwostepindexfibers,one
ofwhichhasacoreradiusof25mmwithNA =0.20andtheotherhasa
coreradiusof50mmwithNA =0.20.
y Forthelargercorefiber,weget
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PowerCouplingCalculation
y ThepowercoupledfromasurfaceemittingLEDintoagradedindexfiber
becomes(forrs <a)
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PowerCouplingCalculation
y Iftherefractiveindexn ofthemediumisdifferentfromn1,thenthe
powercoupledintothefiberreducesbythefactor
R =(n1n)2/(n1+n)2
y whereR istheFresnelreflectionorthereflectivityatthefibercoreend
face.
y Thereflectioncoefficient r=(n1n)/(n1+n) relatestheamplitudesofthe
reflectedandtheincidentwave.
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PowerCouplingCalculation
y Example :
AGaAsopticalsourcewitharefractiveindexof3.6iscoupledtoasilica
fiberthathasarefractiveindexof1.48.
y Ifthefiberendandthesourceareinclosephysicalcontact,thenthe
Fresnelreflectionattheinterfaceis
R =[(n1n)/(n1+n)]2
=[(3.601.48)/(3.60+1.48)]2
=0.174
y ThisvalueofR correspondstoareflectionof17.4%oftheemitted
opticalpowerbackintothesource.
from
L =10.log[Pcoupled/Pemitted]
=10.log(1R)=10log(0.826)=0.83dB
y Thisnumbercanbereducedbyhavinganindexmatchingmaterial
betweenthesourceandthefiberend.
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PowerLaunchingversusWavelength
y Thenumberofmodesthatcanpropagateinagradedindexfiberofcore
sizea andindexprofile is
M =[/(+2)].[2an1/]2
y Twiceasmanymodespropagateinagivenfiberat900nmthanat1300
nm.
y Theradiatedpowerpermode,Ps/M,fromasourceataparticular
wavelengthisgivenbytheradiancemultipliedbythesquareofthe
nominalsourcewavelength,
Ps/M =Bo2
y Twiceasmuchpowerislaunchedintoagivenmodeat1300nmthanat
900nm.
y Twoidenticallysizedsourcesoperatingatdifferentwavelengths but
havingidenticalradianceswilllaunchequalamountsofopticalpower
intothesamefiber.
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EquilibriumNumericalAperture
y AnexampleoftheexcesspowerlossisshowninFig.intermsof the
fiberNA.Attheinputendofthefiber,thelightacceptanceisdescribed
intermsofthelaunchnumericalapertureNAin.
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EquilibriumNumericalAperture
y IfthelightemittingareaoftheLEDislessthanthecrosssectionalarea
ofthefibercore,thenthepowercoupledintothefiberisgivenby
PLED =Ps(NAin)2
y Inlongfiberlengthsafterthelaunchedmodeshavecometo
equilibrium(whichisoftentakentooccurat50m),theeffectofthe
equilibriumnumericalapertureNAeq becomesapparent.
y Theopticalpowerinthefiberscalesas
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LENSINGFORCOUPLINGIMPROVEMENT
y PossibleLensingSchemesareshown
inFig.:
y Aroundedendfiber;
y Asmallglasssphere(nonimaging
microsphere)incontactwithboth
thefiberandthesource;
y Alargersphericallensusedto
imagethesourceonthecorearea
ofthefiberend:
y Acylindricallensgenerallyformed
fromashortsectionoffiber;
y Asystemconsistingofaspherical
surfacedLEDandaspherical
endedfiber;and
y Ataperendedfiber.
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FIBERTOFIBERJOINTS
y Foragradedindexfiberwithacoreradiusa andacladdingindexr2,
andwithk=2/,thetotalnumberofmodesis
wheren(r)definestherefractiveindexvariationofthecore.
y Thetotalnumberofmodescanrelatetoalocalnumericalaperture
NA(r)through
y Thefractionofenergycoupledfromonefibertoanotheris
proportionaltothecommonmodevolumeMcomm.
y Thefibertofibercouplingefficiencyisgivenby
F =(Mcomm/ME)
whereME isthenumberofmodesintheemittingfiber.
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FIBERTOFIBERJOINTS
y ThefibertofibercouplinglossLF isgivenintermsofF as
LF =10logF
y Considerallfibermodesbeing
equallyexcited,thentheoutputbeam
fillstheentireoutputNA;asshownin
Fig.(a)
y Ifsteadystatemodalequilibriumhas
beenestablishedintheemittingfiber,
theopticalpowerisconcentrated
nearthecenterofthefibercore,as
showninFig.(b).Theopticalpower
emergingfromthefiberthenfills
onlytheequilibriumNA.
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FiberCableanFiberJoints
y Jointsinfiberareneededforanumberofreasons:
Fiberisavailableandcanonlybeinstalledinlengthsuptoabout
2km,forlongerspansajointisneeded
y Fortherepairofdamagedfiber
y Fortestpurposesatterminalequipment
y
y Therearethreebasictypesofjoint:
Opticalfiberconnector,demountableconnection
y Fusionsplice,permanentconnection
y Mechanicalsplice
y
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FiberCableanFiberJoints
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LossinFiberJoints
y Thereareseveralsourcesoflossinafiberjoint:
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FresnelLossatanInterface
y Lossisassociatedwithinterfacesbetweentwomediawherethere isa
stepchangeintherefractiveindex
y Lossoccursbecauseofreflectionattheinterface.
y FractionoflightreflectedattheinterfacegivenbyFresnelFormula,
n nb
r = a
na + nb
y ThelossindecibelduetoFresnelreflectionisgivenby
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FresnelLossatanInterface
y TypicallyFresnellossorreflectionoccursatjointswithanairgap
y Forafiberjointlossoccurstwice,onceateachfiberairinterface.
y HencetotallossindecibelduetoFresnelreflectionisgivenby
n n 2
0
Loss Fres = 20 log 10 1 1
n1 + n0
y Problem:
Showthatforafiberwithann1 =1.5asmallairgapresultsinatotal
Fresnellossof.36dB
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FIBERTOFIBERJOINTS
y Mechanical misalignment losses
y Lateral(axial)misalignmentlossisadominant
Mechanicalloss.
F ,step
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Acomm 2
d
d d
=
= arccos 1
2
a
2a a 2a
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FIBERTOFIBERJOINTS
y Longitudinal offset effect
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FiberOpticConnectors
y Invariablyusedtoconnectfibertoterminalequipment,suchaslasers
orphotodiodes.
y Eachfibercladdingislocatedexactlywithinaprecisionferrule,using
adhesive.
y Jointisformedbypreciselyaligningbothferruleswithinanadaptor.
y Widevarietyofconnectorshaveevolved,tosuitdifferentapplications,
Mostlybasedonferruledesign
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OpticalFiberConnectors
y Some of the principal requirements of a good connector
design are as follows:
1- low coupling losses
2- Interchangeability
3- Ease of assembly
4- Low environmental sensitivity
5- Low-cost and reliable construction
6- Ease of connection
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Connectorloss
y Connectorlossisrandom,notonlybetweendifferent
connectorsofthesame typebutalsobetweeneachmating
(repeatability).
y Attenuation(InsertionLoss):
y ReturnLoss:
Reflectionsaretheopticalpowerdirectedbacktowardthesource.
Mostcommonsourceofreflectionisafiberjoint.
y Magnitudeofreflectionisdefinedbythe"ReturnLoss"
y
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OpticalFiberCouplers
y Couplersareoneofthemostcommondevicesinopticalfiber
systems.
y Usedtosplit,combineandroutesignalswithinsystems.
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ClassificationofFiberCouplers
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CouplerSplitRatio
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CouplerInsertionLoss
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CouplerExcessLoss
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CouplerCrosstalkorDirectivity
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Exercise
y AfourportmultimodeFBTcouplerhas60Wofopticalpower
launchedintoport1.Themeasuredpowersattheotherports
are:
y Port2:
0.004W
y Port3:
26.0W
y Port4:
27.5W
Determinetheexcessloss,insertionloss,directivity,andsplit
ratioforthiscoupler.
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