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Wireless
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PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this PowerPoint slide may be displayed, reproduced or
distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and educators
permitted by McGraw-Hill for their individual course preparation. If you are a student using this PowerPoint slide, you are using it without permission.
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Wireless Communications
Principles of
Cellular
Communication
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cellular system.
It is also called a footprint.
A cell is the radio area covered by a cellsite that is located at its center
A large geographical area is divided into
a number of contiguous smaller
geographical coverage areas called cells
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Cell Structure
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A Cellular Cluster
A group of cells that use a different set of
frequencies in each cell
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Technical Issues
Technical issues for proper design and
planning of a cellular network:
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where J N
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Co-channel Cells
Cells which use the same set of
frequencies are referred to as
cochannel cells.
The interference between
cochannel cells is referred to as
cochannel interference.
The space between adjacent
cochannel cells are filled with cells
using different frequencies.
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d = 3 R
Let D be the
distance between
two cochannel cells.
D = {3R2(i2+j2+ixj)}
D2/(3R2) = i2+j2+i x j
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Cluster Size, K = i2 + j2 + i x j
Asmall hex = (33/2)xR2
Alarge hex = (33/2)xD2
Number of cells in large
hexagon, L = D2R2
Number of cells enclosed
by large hexagon,
L = K+6x[(1 3)xK] = 3 x K
K = D2 (3 x R2)
K = i2 + j2 + i x j
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C1
D
q=D R
The frequency reuse ratio, q is also referred as
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the cochannel reuse ratio
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the cochannel reuse factor
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cochannel interference reduction factor
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q = D/R Ratio
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Effects of Interference
On Control Channels
Interference leads to missed calls and blocked
calls due to error in the digital signaling.
On Voice Channels
Causes cross talk where the subscriber hears
interference in the background due to an
undesirable transmission.
Interference is more pronounced in urban areas
due to greater RF noise floor and the large number
of base stations and mobiles.
Capacity cannot be increased.
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Summary
The essential principles of cellular
communication include frequency reuse,
cochannel cells, and cochannel interference
Various cell parameters based on regular
hexagonal cellular pattern include cluster,
frequency reuse distance, reuse factor
Cochannel interference reduction methods
aim at maintaining desired signal quality and
cell capacity
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