Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Processos de Mdia
Mdia Temporal - apropriada para turbulncia estacionria,
isto as propriedades mdias no variam com o tempo
(escoamento numa tubulao impulsionado por uma bomba
de rotao constante)
1 t +T
f (x, t )dt
T
t
T
FT (x ) = lim
{l
1
f (x, t )dV
V
V
V
FV (x ) = lim
{
Processos de Mdia
Mdia
1 N
fn (x, t )
N
n
=1
N
FE (x ) = lim
{
Decomposio de Reynolds
Mdia temporal p/ turbulncia estacionria
u(x,t)
U(x,t)
Tu
T
t
A
Decomposio de Reynolds
A
1 t +T
ui (x, t )dt ,
T t
Tu << T
Ui (x ) =
1 t +T
Ui (x )dt = Ui (x )
T t
ui' (x ) =
1 t +T
[ui (x, t ) Ui (x )]dt =
T t
= Ui (x ) Ui (x ) = 0
O processo de mdia de
Reynolds sobre
operaes envolvendo as
variveis instantneas
decorrente das definies
da mdia:
f{
valo r
instantne o
f{
valor
medio
f{'
valor
flutuante
f =f
f' = 0
f g = f + f' g = f g
f'g = 0
( )
f (f + f ') f
=
=
f + g = f + f ' (g + g') = f + g
x
Correlaes (I)
A mdia do produto de duas variveis, e tem a forma:
= ( + ') ( + ') = +
' +
' + ' ' = + ' '
{
{
=0
=0
Correlaes (I)
Correlaes (II)
Correlaes (II)
Representao instantnea das ocorrncias de u e
v num grfico (x,y)
(a) v
u' v ' = 0
(b)
(c) v
Ruv =
u' v '
2
u' v '
1 Ruv +1
Instantnea
Mdia
Flutuante
Velocidade
ui
Ui
ui
Presso
Temperatura
Energia Cintica
Deformao
Tensor Tenses
u'
Ui
= i =0
xi
xi
(ui )
+
t
(u jui )
x j
2 (ui )
(p)
=
+
xi
x jx j
6444
474444
8
u'j u'i
(
)
U
U
(Ui )
(P) 2 (Ui )
j i
+
+
=
+
t
x j
x j
xi x jx j
u' u'
' '
T
Ti, j = uiu j = u' v '
w ' u'
v ' u'
v ' v '
w ' v '
w ' u'
w ' v '
w ' w '
k=
1 ' ' 1 2
u i u i = u ' + v'2 + w '2
2
2
] kgJ
TiT, j
ui'u'j
123
Tenses
Campo Flut uaes
+
=
+
t
x j
x i x j
' '
2S i, j u j u i
[(
Ui + ui'
t
(Ui )
t
( )
ui'
=
t
x j
x j
[(
2 Ui + ui'
[P + p']
+
x i
x j x j
( ) ( ) ( )
Uiu 'j + U jui' + u 'jui' u 'jui'
+
=
x j
(P )
x i
(p')
+
x i
)]
2 (Ui )
x j x j
()
2 ui'
x j x j
( ) (t )
ui'
N ui' =
( ) ( ) ( )
Uiu 'j + U jui' + u 'jui' u 'jui'
2 ui'
(p')
-
+
=0
+
x j
x i
x j x j
()
( )
ui' N u 'k
( )
+ uk' N u 'i = 0
( )
( )
i ,k
u 'k
u i'
u i' u 'k
+ u 'k
=
=
t
t
t
t
z O termo convectivo:
i
x j
x j
U j ui'uk'
ui'uk' u 'j
Ui
Uk
+
u 'juk'
+
ui'u 'j
+
=
x j
x j
x j
x j
uk'
U j i,k
x j
j,k
Ui
x j
i, j
Uk
x j
ui'uk' u 'j
x j
(
)
(
)
'
'
p
p
+
- p's '
i +
k -p'
i -p'
k =
=
+ uk'
ui'
i,k
x i
x k
x i
x k
x i
x k
x k
x i
( ) ( )
z O termo viscoso:
ui'
2
2 ' '
u ' u '
2uk'
2ui'
u iu k
u ' u '
i,k
2 i k
+ uk'
=
2 i k =
x j x j
x j x j
x j x j
x j x j
x j x j
x j x j
U j i,k
x j
1
424
3
=+
Transporte
Tensor pelo
Campo Mdio
Ui
Uk
i,k
+
k ,i
Ci,k , j k , j
+
x j x j x j
x j
x j
244
14
4
3 14243 144424443
Difuso
Molecular
Difuso
Turbulenta
ProduoTe nsor
pelo Camp o mdio
i,k
{
Dissipao
(destruio)
Ten sor
i,k
{
Correlao:
Presso
Deformao
i,k = ui'uk'
i,k
u i' u 'k
= 2
x j x j
p'
C i ,k , j = u i' u 'k u 'j + u 'k j,k + u i' j,i
i,k =
x k x i
= 2 p's i' ,k
u i'
u i' u k'
6 incgnitas
x j x j
(p ' )
(p ' )
+ u k'
6 incgnitas
x k
x i
+
+
+
U j 1,1
x j
U j 2, 2
x j
U j 3,3
x j
1,1
C1,1, j
+
x
xj
U 1
U 1
1, j
+ 1,1 1,1
x j
x j
=+
x j
U 2
U 2
2, 2
2, j
+ 2 , 2 2, 2
C 2 , 2, j 2 , j
+
x j x j x j
x j
x j
=+
x j
1, j
3,3
U 3
U 3
3, j
+ 3, 3 3, 3
C 3, 3, j 3, j
+
x j
x j
x j x j
k (U j k )
+
t
x j
123
Transporte K
campo mdio
U i
= i, j
x j
1
424
3
Produo
{
Dissipao
x j
x j 2
14444
4244444
3
(1) Difuso :Molecular
(2) Transp orte Turbu lento
(3) Difus o da Press o
()
ui' N ui' = 0
k
I=
K
ui' ui'
x j x j
s i', j =
'
1 ui' u j
+
2 x j x i
'
2 ui'u 'j
' u j
= d
d
x j
x i
x j x i
na
apostila
Forma
Diferencial
das
Equaes de Transporte
= d
2 ui'u 'j
x j x i
1
424
3
=0
u' u'
= d = 15
x x
Veja Warsi
k
k
Ui
k 1 ' ' ' 1 ' '
ui u ju j u i p
+ Ui
= u'j u'j
+
t
xi
xj
xi xi 2
1 U i U j
+ Ui
= u 'j u ' j
+
+
t
xi
xi
2 x j xi
x 2 u i u ju j u i p
i
ui' ui'
=
x j x j
Equao da Dissipao,
z A equao para obtida
ui'
[N(ui' )] = 0
2
tomando-se a mdia
x j x j
temporal do operador:
onde N(ui) o operador Navier-Stokes para as flutuaes de
velocidade.
z Existe uma considervel lgebra para se chegar a forma final
da equao de e. As passagens algbricas para alguns termos
so mostradas:
u ' ui' 1 ui' ui' 1
=
transiente : i
=
x j x j t 2 t x j x j 2 t
u '
ui' ui' 1
ui' 1
convectivo : i Uk
= Uk
= 2 Uk x
x j
x
x
k
j
k
j
j
k
u ' 1 p '
=
presso : i
x x x x
j
j
i
i
p ' u i'
x j x j
u
+
+ Uj
=
+
j x x x x
t
xj xj xj
m
m
m
m
j
i
k
k
u
2
x x
k x x x
xi x j
k
k
j
j
k
2 u'
u 'i u 'i u 'k
2 u 'i
i
2
2 2
x k x m x k x m
xk xm xm
Ui
xj
(T )
+
t
[(U
+ u 'j (T + t ')
x j
6447448
'
(U jT ) u j t '
+
x j
x j
( )
(T + t ')
x j x j
2 (T )
x j x j
(U jT)
(T)
+
t
x j
( )
1 T
'
k
C
u
t
'
p
j
Cp x j x j
[(
'
[(T + t ')] U j + u j (T + t ')
+
t
x j
(T )
t
[(
U j T + u 'j t '
)]
x j
( ) + [(U t ) + (Tu ) + (u t ) (u t
t'
'
'
j
2 [(T + t ')]
x j x j
' '
j
' '
j
)]
x j
2 (T )
x j x j
( )
2 t'
x j x j
( ) + [(U t ) + (Tu ) + (u t ) (u
t'
'
'
j
' '
j
' '
j
x j
)]
( )
2 t'
x j x j
=0
N u i' =
'
i
'
j
'
i
'
j
'
i
'
j
'
i
'
i
( )
( )
[ ( )]
u i' t '
U j u i' t ' =
+
x j
t
x j
' t '
u i'
1
+ t '
+ u i' u 'j t ' + p ' t ' i , j
u i
x j
x j
( )
( )
'
'
u i' t
T
1 t
( + )
+ p'
u t
uu
x j
x j
x j x j x i
' '
j
U j
'
j
'
i
U
U
1 P
1 U
1 U
+ V
=
+
x u u + y y u v
x
y
x
x 1
442 4 4
442 4 4
3
1
3
xx
yx
V
V
1 P
1 V
1 V
+ V
=
+
x v u + y y v v
x
y
y
x 1
442 4 4
442 4 4
3
1
3
xy
yy
1
1 2
k = u '2 + v '2 + w '2 ; k ' =
u ' + v '2 + w '2
1 42442 4 4 43
1 42442 4 4 4
3
valor i nstantneo de k
pu' k 1 '
k
k k
pv'
+ v k'
+ V = u ' k'
x
y x x
y y 2
44444444
2444444444
14
3
difusaoturbulenta
U
U
V
V
u' u'
+ u' v'
+ v' u'
+ v' v' 12
3
x
y
x
y dissipaao
144
4444424444444
3
produaopelo grad.vel.media (P)
isotrpicas, dw/dx=dw/dy=dw/dz
2
2
2
v
v
v
+
y
x
z
2
2
2
w
w
w
+
+
y
x
z
u
+
u
+
0=
1 P 1 U
uv
+
x y y
0=
1 P vv
y
y
kv
d y d y
1444
42 4 4 44
3
d ifu sa o tu r b u le n ta
dU
uv dy
42 4
1
3
p r o d u a o (P )
u i
x j
14
24
3
d issip a a o ( )
kv
d y d y
1444
42 4 4 44
3
d ifu sa o tu r b u le n ta
dU
uv dy
42 4
1
3
p r o d u a o (P )
u i
x j
14
24
3
d issip a a o ( )
dU 0
U
U
1 U
+ V
= U0
+
uv
dx
x
y
y y
1 442 4 4
3
yx
0 =
1 P vv
y
y
k
k
k
pv
U + V + kv
x
y
y y
1444
424444
3
difusao turbulenta
ui
U
uv y x
424
j
1
3
1
4
24
3
produao (P)
dissipaao ( )