Study Guide 3,

Part I: Chapters 11, 12, 13, 15, 16

Gender: Identity. One's innermost concept of self as male or female or both or
neitherhow individuals perceive themselves and what they call themselves. One's
gender identity can be the same or different than the sex assigned at birth
Sex: either of the two main categories (male and female) into which humans and many other

living things are divided on the basis of their reproductive functions.

Sexual dimorphism: the differences in appearance between males and females of
the same species, such as in color, shape, size, and structure, that are caused by
the inheritance of one or the other sexual pattern in the genetic material.
Gender Identity: a personal conception of oneself as male or female (or rarely, both
or neither). This concept is intimately related to the concept of gender role, which
is defined as the outward manifestations of personality that reflect the gender
identity.
Gender Role: is a set of societal norms dictating what types of behaviors are
generally considered acceptable, appropriate, or desirable for a person based on
their actual or perceived sex.
Gender and Body Modification
Age Grade: an organized category of people based on age; every individual passes
through a series of such categories over his or her lifetime.
Age Set: a formally established group of people born during a certain time span who
move together through the series of age-grade categories; sometimes called age
class.
Common Interest Associations: an association that results from an act of joining
based on shoring particular activities, objectives, values, or beliefs, sometimes
rooted in common ethnic, religious, or regional background.
The Jewish Eruv: Once a week, on the 7 th day religiously reserved for worship and
obligatory rest, the area enclosed by the boundaries becomes a single shared
symbolic domain. Eruv means combination of public and private space. one big
communal household.
Womens and Mens Associations: mens: military combat duties Women: social
clubs, economic opportunities offer mutual support and give spiritual counseling,
Weaving Cooperative in Peru: established in Andean highland village this co-op is
committed to spinning, dying and weaving wool from llamas and alpacas as women
here have done for many generations completely by hand using only natural
materials and dyes most of the men in Ccaccaccollo Peru work as carriers for
tourists hiking the Inca trail.

Stratified Society: societies in which people are hierarchically divided and ranked
into social strata or layers and do not share equally in the basic resource the
support income, status and power
Egalitarian Society: societies in which people have about the same rank and share
equally in the basic resources that support income, status, and power.
Social Class: a category of individuals in a stratified society who enjoy equal or
nearly equal prestige according to the hierarchical system of evaluation
Caste: a closed social class in a stratified society in which membership is
determined by birth and fixed for life.
Traditional Caste system in India: encompasses a complex ranking of social groups
on the basis of ritual purity.
Social Impact Assessment: collecting data about a community or neighborhood for
planners of development project. Seeks to determine a projects effect by
determining how and upon whom its impact will fall and whether the impact is likely
to be positive or negative.
Apartheid (segregation or separation) in South Africa: a pluralistic country with
social stratification based on the notion of race. A minority of 4.5 million people of
European descent sought to protect its power and racial purity by means of a
repressive regime of racial segregation and discrimination against 25 million
indigenous black Africans. This whit superiority ideology officially relegated
indigenous dark skinned Africans to a low-ranking stratum.
Social Mobility: an upward or downward changes in ones social class position in a
stratified society.
Open class societies: societies that permit a great deal of upward and
downward mobility societies are those with the easiest social mobility. Degree of
mobility is related to education or type of family organization that prevails in a
society. Where the extended family is the norm, mobility tends to be severely
limited.
Closed class societies: caste societies: of their severe institutionalized limits on
social mobility. societies are stratified or egalitarian
Gulabi Gang: pink vigilantes, these poor rural women are part of a movement
challenging their countrys repressive status quo. Most of them are Dalits
(untouchables) dressed in pink saris they demand justice by shaming and
intimidating abusive men as well as corrupt officials who deny them equal access to
water farming supplies and other resources.
Slavery: in America began when the first African slaves were brought to the North
American colony of Jamestown, Virginia, in 1619, to aid in the production of such
lucrative crops as tobacco.

Politics: The process determining who gets what, when, and how
Power: The ability of individuals or groups to impose their will upon others and make
them do things even against their own wants or wishes.
Authority: claiming and exercising power as justified by law or custom of tradition

Elman Service: defined four classifications of the stages of social evolution which are also the
four levels of political organizations: band, tribe, chiefdom, and state.
Political Organization: the way power as the capacity to do something is
accumulated arranged executed and structurally embedded in society the means
through which a society creates and maintains social order and reduces social
disorder.
Define, compare and contrast political organization forms identified by Elman
Service
Band: a relatively small and that may split periodically into smaller inhabits a
specific territory and that may split periodically into smaller extended family groups
that are politically and economically independent.
Tribe: in anthropology the term for a range of kin-ordered groups that are politically
integrated by some unifying factor and whose members share a common ancestry
identify culture language and territory
Chiefdom: a politically organized society in which several neighboring communities
inhabiting a territory are united under a single ruler.
State: a political institution established to manage and defend a complex socially
stratified society occupying a defined territory.
Max Weber: mixed socioeconomic effects of industrialization English income tripled
prosperity was uneven
State Functions: a political institution established to manage and defend a complex,
socially stratified society occupying a defined territory. Organized and directed by
government that has the capacity and authority to manage and tax its subjects,
makes laws and maintain order, and use military force to defend or expand its
territories.
Subordinate: Placed in or occupying a lower class, rank, or position
Superordinate: Greater in degree, rank or position
Types of collective action to influence policy: refers to action taken together by a
group of people whose goal is to enhance their status and achieve a common
objective. It is enacted by a representative of the group. Example: strikes

Big Man and Pig feasts: Pig breeding and trading. Ceremonial Pig Feasts. Slaughter
Pigs and Distribute Meat. Increase prestige through display of wealth. Determines
dates of feasts and markets
Big Man: Elaborate Version of Village Head. Big Man has supporters in several
villages. Regulator of regional politics. With each other, identify 5-10 key factors.
Hard Work. Amassing Wealth in the form of pigs or other native wealth, Show
generosity, Eloquence, Physical Fitness, Bravery, Supernatural Powers
Laura Nader: first woman faculty member in anthropology department at university
of California Berkeley, becoming a scholar activist she called upon colleagues to
study up and do research on the worlds power elite. the study of man cultural
+ economic factors that link to worlds systems.
Cultural Control: control through beliefs and values deeply internalized in the minds
of individuals.
Social Control: a persons capacity to manage her or his spontaneous feelings
restarting impulsive behavior.
Mediation: the settlement of a dispute through negotiation assisted by an unbiased
third party.
Genocide: the physical extermination of one people by another either as a
deliberate act or as the accidental outcome of activities carried out by one people
with little regard for their impact on others.
Ritual: a culturally prescribed symbolic act or procedure designed to guide members
of a community in an orderly way through personal and collective transitions.
Religion: an organized system of ideas about the spiritual sphere or the
supernatural along with associated ceremonial practices by which people try to
interpret and or influence aspects of the universe otherwise beyond their control
Worldview: the collective body of ideas that members of culture generally share
concerning the ultimate shape and substance of their reality.

Core dimensions of religious systems: Ritual: Forms and orders of ceremonies (private
and/or public) (often regarded as revealed) Narrative and Mythic: stories (often regarded as
revealed) that work on several levels. Sometimes narratives fit together into a fairly complete
and systematic interpretation of the universe and human's place in it. Experiential and emotional:
dread, guilt, awe, mystery, devotion, liberation, ecstasy, inner peace, bliss (private) Social and
Institutional: belief system is shared and attitudes practiced by a group. Often rules for
identifying community membership and participation (public) Ethical and legal: Rules about
human behavior (often regarded as revealed from supernatural realm) Doctrinal and
philosophical: systematic formulation of religious teachings in an intellectually coherent form
Material: ordinary objects or places that symbolize or manifest the sacred or supernatural

Katchinas: Hopi: is a spirit being in western Pueblo religious beliefs.

E. B. Tylor: the founder of cultural anthropology. Tylor is representative of cultural
evolutionism.
Animism: the belief that nature is enlivened or energized by distinct personalized
spirit beings separable from bodies.
Polytheism: the belief in multiple gods and or goddesses as contrasted with
monotheism the belief in one god or goddess.
Monotheism: the belief in only one supremely powerful divinity as creator and
master of the universe.
Animatism: the belief that nature is enlivened or energized by an impersonal
spiritual force or supernatural energy which may make itself manifest in any special
place thing or living creature.
Manitou: among Algonquian-speaking peoples of North America, the spiritual power
inherent in the world generally. Manitous are also believed to be present in natural
phenomena (animals, plants, geographic features, weather); they are personified as
spirit-beings that interact with humans and each other and are led by the Great
Manitou (Kitchi-Manitou). The word was frequently used by 19th-century and early
20th-century anthropologists in their theories of animism, a religious system
characteristic of many indigenous peoples
5 Pillars of Islam: The believer's duties are summed up in five simple rules, the socalled Five Pillars of Islam: Belief, Worship, Fasting, Almsgiving, and Pilgrimage.
Spirituality: Concern with the sacred as distinguished from material matters. In
contrast to religion spirituality is often individual rather than collective and does not
require a distinctive format or traditional organization.
Myth: a sacred narrative that explains that fundamentals of human existence where
we and everything in our world came from why we are here and where we are
going.
Pantheon: all the gods and goddesses of a people
Ritual Specialist: A religious specialist is a person in possession of ritual authority,
esoteric knowledge, or spiritual gifts who is recognized as competent in the solution
of religious needs.
Priest, Priestess: a full-time religious specialist formally recognized for his or her role
in guiding the religious practices of others and for contacting and influencing
supernatural powers.
Shaman: a person who at will enters an altered state of consciousness to contact
and utilize an ordinarily hidden reality in order to acquire knowledge power and to
help others.

Karma: (in Hinduism and Buddhism) the sum of a person's actions in this and previous states of

existence, viewed as deciding their fate in future existences. destiny or fate, following as effect
from cause.
Reincarnation: is the philosophical or religious concept that the soul or spirit, after
biological death, can begin a new life in a new body. This doctrine is a central tenet
of the Hindu religion.
Spiritual Lineage: a principle of leadership in which divine authority is passed down
from a spiritual founding figure such as a prophet or saint to a chain of successors.
Altered States of Consciousness: also called altered state of mind or mind
alteration, is any condition which is significantly different from a normal waking beta
wave state.

Australia, Dreamtime: The Dreaming, or 'Tjukurrpa', also means to 'see and understand the
law' as it is translated from the Arrernte language (Frank Gillen with Baldwin Spencer,
translating an Arrernte word Altyerrenge). Dreaming stories pass on important knowledge,
cultural values and belief systems to later generations. Through song, dance, painting and
storytelling which express the dreaming stories, Aborigines have maintained a link with the
Dreaming from ancient times to today, creating a rich cultural heritage.
Michael Harner: educator and author. He founded The Foundation for Shamanic
Studies and the New Age practice of "Core Shamanism.
Ju/hoansi: Juhoan, or Southeastern Xuun, is the southern variety of the !Kung
dialect continuum spoken by about 30,000 people in the northeast of Namibia and
by another 5,000 in the Northwest District of Botswana.
Trance dance: is a ritual where shamans dance as women clap the rhythm and sing
special medicine songs. The San believe that these medicine songs are full of a
supernatural potency. This potency comes from god himself, but it is also in the
stomachs of shamans (medicine people).
Shamanic healing: spiritual go-between who acts on behalf of some human client,
often to bring about healing or to foretell a future event. Shaman needs to be
convinced of the effectiveness of his/her spiritual powers and techniques. Shamanic
complex: Interrelationship of the shaman, the patient and the community to which
both belong.
Taboo: Culturally prescribed avoidances involving ritual prohibitions which if not
observed lead to supernatural punishment.
Rites of Purification: a symbolic act carried out by an individual or a group to
establish or restore purity when someone has violated a taboo or is otherwise
unclear.

Rites of Passage: a ritual that marks an important ceremonial moment when

members of a society move form on distinctive social stage in life to another such
as birth marriage and death. It features 3 phases separation transition and
incorporation.
Rites of Intensification: a ritual that takes place during a crisis in the life of the
group and serves to bind individuals together.
Magic: specific formulas and actions used to compel supernatural powers to act in
certain ways for good or evil purposes.
Imitative Magic: magic based on the principle that like produces like; sometimes
called sympathetic magic.
Contagious Magic: magic based on the principle that things or persons once in
contact can influence each other after the contact is broken.
Divination: a magical procedure or spiritual ritual designed to discern what is not
knowable by ordinary means such as foretelling the future by interpreting omens.
Witchcraft: magical rituals intended to cause misfortune or inflict harm
Pilgrimage: devotion in motion. Traveling often on foot to a sacred or holy site to
reach for enlightenment prove devotion and or experience a miracle.
Desecration: ideologically inspired violation of a sacred site intended to inflict harm
if only symbolically on people judged to have impure false or even evil beliefs and
ritual practices.
Syncretism: the creative blending of indigenous and foreign beliefs and practices
into new cultural forms.
Revitalization Movements: social movements for radical cultural reform in response
to widespread social disruption and collective feelings of great stress and despair.
Secularization: a process of cultural changes in which a population tends toward a
nonreligious worldview ignoring or rejecting institutionalized spiritual beliefs and
rituals.

Define, compare and contrast political organization forms identified by Elman

Service
Band: a relatively small and that may split periodically into smaller inhabits a
specific territory and that may split periodically into smaller extended family groups
that are politically and economically independent.

Tribe: in anthropology the term for a range of kin-ordered groups that are politically
integrated by some unifying factor and whose members share a common ancestry
identify culture language and territory
Chiefdom: a politically organized society in which several neighboring communities
inhabiting a territory are united under a single ruler.
State: a political institution established to manage and defend a complex socially
stratified society occupying a defined territory.
Member: Bands, tribes and chiefdoms have kin and 1 ethnicities/languages. State
have class and residence with 1or more ethnicities/ languages.
Government: band and tribe are egalitarian with no hierarchy of settlement in
bureaucracy. Chiefdoms and state are centralized. States has many levels of
bureaucracy and have a capital. Chiefdoms may have none or 1-2 bureaucracy with
no hierarchy of settlement.
Elman Service: defined four classifications of the stages of social evolution which are also the four
levels of political organizations: band, tribe, chiefdom, and state.
Max Weber: mixed socioeconomic effects of industrialization English income tripled prosperity was
uneven
Laura Nader: first woman faculty member in anthropology department at university of California
Berkeley, becoming a scholar activist she called upon colleagues to study up and do research on the
worlds power elite. the study of man cultural + economic factors that link to worlds systems.
E. B. Tylor: the founder of cultural anthropology. Tylor is representative of cultural evolutionism.
Michael Harner: educator and author. He founded The Foundation for Shamanic Studies and the New
Age practice of "Core Shamanism.
Eric Wolf: known for pioneering research on peasant societies. Peasant wars of the Twentieth century
and award winning Europe and the people without history.
Ann Dunham: Exploding mountain of fire hundreds of thousands of people feel form homes and farms
of rural people of Indonesia most popular island. Barack Obamas mother.
Arjun Appadurai: he discusses the importance of the modernity of nation states and globalization. For
him the new global cultural economy has to be seen as a complex, overlapping, disjunctive order.
'Disjuncture and Difference in the Global Cultural Economy meta theory of disjuncture