L.

Syam Sundar1
Centre for Mechanical Technology
and Automation (TEMA),
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
University of Aveiro,
Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
e-mail: sslingala@gmail.com

Antonio C. M. Sousa
Centre for Mechanical Technology
and Automation (TEMA),
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
University of Aveiro,
Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
e-mail: antoniosousa@ua.pt

Manoj Kumar Singh1

Centre for Mechanical Technology
and Automation (TEMA),
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
University of Aveiro,
Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
e-mail: mksingh@ua.pt

Heat Transfer Enhancement of

Low Volume Concentration of
Carbon Nanotube-Fe3O4/Water
Hybrid Nanofluids in a Tube
With Twisted Tape Inserts
Under Turbulent Flow
In this paper, it is estimated the heat transfer coefficient and friction factor for fully
developed turbulent flow of carbon nanotube (CNT)-Fe3O4/water hybrid nanofluids flow
through a tube with twisted tape inserts at constant heat flux conditions. The nanocomposite of CNT-Fe3O4 was prepared by in situ method; which contains dispersion of
carboxylated-CNTs in distilled water followed by mixing of ferrous chloride and ferric
chloride in the molar ratio of 2:1. Sodium hydroxide was used as reducing agent to form
CNT-Fe3O4 nanocomposite. The detailed surface morphology and magnetic properties
were performed by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and
vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The stable hybrid nanofluids were prepared by
dispersing nanocomposite in distilled water, and the heat transfer and friction factor
experiments were conducted for particle volume concentrations of 0.1% and 0.3%. The
results indicate that a maximum of 31.10% enhancement in Nusselt number with a penalty of 1.18-times increase of pumping power was observed for particle concentration of
0.3% at a Reynolds number of 22,000 as compared to base fluid data. The Nusselt number is further enhanced to 42.51% for 0.3% nanofluid flow through a tube with twisted
tape of H/D 5 at a Reynolds number of 22,000 compared to base fluid data. The empirical correlations were proposed for the estimation of Nusselt number and friction factor
to match well with the experimental data. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4029622]
Keywords: CNT-Fe3O4 hybrid nanofluids, heat transfer, friction factor, twisted tape,
enhancements

Introduction
Conventional heat transfer fluids such as oils, water, ethylene
glycol, and propylene glycol are mainly used in mechanical equipment including a wide variety of heat exchange devices. The thermal effectiveness of this heat exchange devices is primarily
dependent on the thermal conductivity of the working fluid in its
contribution to the heat transfer augmentation. Therefore, there is
an enormous interest in finding fluids with high thermal conductivity that lead to substantial savings in capital costs, primarily
associated with the reduction of usage of materials, in operating
costs such as pumping costs, and overall substantial savings in
energy consumption. In fact, a great number of researchers
for several decades have been aiming their efforts toward these
objectives. Earlier research work considered the suspension and
dispersion of millimeter/micrometer-sized particles in the base
fluids; however, this practice has presented numerous drawbacks,
such as, among others, erosion of the components due to the abrasion caused by the particles, clogging of narrow passages, settling
of the particles and increased pressure drop. Nanofluids are a new
1
Corresponding author.
Contributed by the Heat Transfer Division of ASME for publication in the
JOURNAL OF THERMAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS. Manuscript received
August 7, 2014; final manuscript received December 12, 2014; published online
March 3, 2015. Assoc. Editor: Samuel Sami.

class of working fluids with the capability of improved suspension

stability and enhanced thermal conductivity under different industrial settings. The pioneering work of Choi [1], who successfully
dispersed nanometer sized particles in fluids, commonly known as
nanofluids observed higher thermal conductivity enhancement,
led to a wide range of opportunity in heat transfer design.
In the thermal design of heat exchangers an important factor to
be considered is the heat transfer coefficient-for a fixed heat rate,
an increasing heat transfer of fluids yields decrease in heat transfer
areas and, consequently, a reduction in capital costs. Researchers
have used different type of nanoparticles for the preparation of
nanofluids and achieved better heat transfer rates, while flow in a
tube. Some heat transfer works are related to nonmagnetic
nanoparticles (Al2O3, CNTs, CuO, Cu, nanodiamond, TiO2, SiO2,
Silver, SiC, and Zirconia) and some works related to magnetic
nanoparticles (Fe2O3, Fe3O4, and nickel). Examples for nonmagnetic nanofluids and their heat transfers are given below: Pak and
Cho [2] used Al2O3 and TiO2 nanofluids, Wen and Ding [3] also
used Al2O3 nanofluids, Kim et al. [4] and Heris et al. [5] also
used Al2O3 nanofluids and obtained better heat transfer rates.
Amrollahi et al. [6], Wang et al. [7], and Ding et al. [8] used CNT
nanofluids and observed better heat transfer enhancements.
Duangthongsuk and Wongwises [9]; Sajadi and Kazemi [10] have
obtained better heat transfer rates for TiO2 nanofluid with
less penalty in friction factor. Ghazvini et al. [11] used

Journal of Thermal Science and Engineering Applications

C 2015 by ASME
Copyright V

JUNE 2015, Vol. 7 / 021015-1

Downloaded From: http://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 12/05/2015 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use

diamond/engine oil nanofluid, Xuan and Li [12] used Cu/water

nanofluid and Ferrouillat et al. [13] used SiO2/water nanofluids
flow in a tube and obtained high heat transfer rates. Examples for
magnetic nanofluids and their heat transfers and friction factor are
given below: Guo et al. [14] used Fe2O3/water nanofluid; Sundar
et al. [15] used Fe3O4/water nanofluid and Sundar et al. [16] used
nickel/water nanofluid in a tube and obtained better heat transfer
rates.
The heat transfer enhancement of nanofluids is depending on
thermal conductivity of nanoparticles, volume concentrations and
mass flow rates. Earlier research works on heat transfer of nanofluids is related to single nanoparticles (Al2O3, CuO, Fe3O4,
nickel, nanodiamond, etc). Under constant volume concentrations
and mass flow rates, heat transfer of nanofluid is depends on
thermal conductivity of the particles. It is possible to achieve
better heat transfer rates by altering the thermal conductivity of
nanoparticles. Nanocomposites are better thermal conductivity
materials. Generally composites are of two different materials
with particles are of nanometer size is called as nanocomposite,
which is also a part of nanotechnology and fastest growing area in
material science and engineering. Suresh et al. [17] synthesized
Al2O3Cu nanocomposite nanofluids and obtained heat transfer
enhancement of 13.56% at a Reynolds number of 1730. Madhesh
et al. [18] synthesized CuTiO2 hybrid nanofluids and obtained
52% heat transfer enhancement. Jia et al. [19] synthesized Fe3O4
magnetic beads along the sidewalls of CNTs via a hydrothermal
method and discussed the formation processes of the magnetic
composites. Zhang et al. [20] and Shi et al. [21] measured the saturation magnetization of CNT-Fe3O4 nanocomposite materials.
Sundar et al. [22] have explained the synthesis of ND-Ni
nanocomposite nanofluids and estimated thermal conductivity and
viscosity. Sundar et al. [23] prepared multiwall carbon nanotube
(MWCNT)-Fe3O4 nanofluids and achieved 31.10% heat transfer
enhancement and penalty of 1.18-times in friction factor at
0.3 vol. % at a Reynolds number of 22,000.
Nanofluids flowing in a tube with different kind of turbulent
promoters can cause the further heat transfer enhancement. Sundar and Sharma [24], first time observed further heat transfer and
friction factor enhancement for Al2O3 nanofluid in a tube with
twisted tape inserts. They obtained 33.51% heat transfer enhancement for twist ratio of H/D 5 at 0.5 vol. %. Sundar and Sharma
[25] also observed further heat transfer and friction factor
enhancements with Al2O3 nanofluid in a tube with longitudinal
strip inserts. Sundar et al. [26] used Fe3O4 nanofluid with twisted
tape inserts, Wongcharee and Eiamsa-ard [27] used CuO/water
nanofluid with alternative twisted tape inserts, Suresh et al. [28]
used Al2O3/water nanofluid and CuO/water nanofluid with helical
screw tape inserts, Naik et al. [29] used water/propylene glycolbased CuO nanofluids with twisted tape inserts, Azmi et al. [30]
used TiO2/water nanofluid with twisted tape inserts and Naik
et al. [31] used CuO nanofluid in a tube with both twisted tape and
wire coil inserts and obtained better heat transfer rates.
Nanocomposite based nanofluids flow in a tube with turbulent
promoters experimental analysis is not available in the literature.
It is very essential to understand the heat transfer rates of nanocomposite nanofluids with inserts under various particle concentrations and flow rates. In this regard, the present study focus on
the preparation of stable CNT-Fe3O4 nanocomposite nanofluids
and estimation of heat transfer and friction factor characteristics
while flow in a tube with twisted tape inserts under turbulent
flow conditions. The nanocomposite used in this study was prepared by considered by high thermal conductivity material of
CNTs and high magnetic material of magnetite (Fe3O4), which
is synthesized by in situ method. After that CNT-Fe3O4 hybrid
nanofluids were prepared by dispersing the synthesized nanocomposite powder in distilled water. The basic thermal properties such as thermal conductivity and viscosity required heat
transfer calculations are also estimated experimentally. Nusselt
number and friction factor correlation are proposed based on the
experimental data.
021015-2 / Vol. 7, JUNE 2015

Preparation of Nanofluids and Thermal Properties

Chemicals Required. CNTs (purity 95% outer diameter of
1030 nm and length of 0.5500 lm) were purchased from
Nanocyl, Belgium [32] and the other chemicals such as FeCl3
6H2O (ferric chloride), FeCl2 4H2O (ferrous chloride) and NaOH
(sodium hydroxide), HCL (hydrochloric acid), and HNO3 (nitric
acid) were purchased from SigmaAldrich Chemicals, St. Louis,
MO [33] and used without purification.
Synthesis of CNT-Fe3O4 Nanocomposite. As-received CNTs
were dispersed in strong acidic medium (1:3 molar ratios of
hydrochloric acid and nitric acid) [22] over 72 hr under magnetic
stirring at a temperature of 60  C. After that the CNT were washed
several times with acetone and distilled water and dried in an
oven at a temperature of 80  C for up to 24 hr. This method helps
the formation of carboxyl groups on the surface of the CNTs. The
carboxyl groups help to attach the magnetite particle (Fe3O4) on
the surface of the CNTs.
The CNT-Fe3O4 nanocomposite material was synthesized by an
in situ method, which includes (i) 0.35 g of carboxylated-CNT dispersed in 50 ml of distilled water under magnetic stirring for 1 hr,
after that (ii) added FeCl3/FeCl2 salts in the molar ratio of 2:1
and stirred the solution, (iii) after full dispersion of iron chlorides
in the distilled water, then added an aqueous sodium hydroxide
solution gradually and maintained the solution pH is equal to 12
and stirred the solution continuously up to 30 min. The color of
the solution was turns into black, which means the reaction was
completed. In order to remove the impurities, the precipitate was
washed several times with distilled water and acetone and dried at
80  C for 24 hr. The characterization and surface morphology of
dried nanocomposite powder was studied by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), SEM, and VSM measurements. The same procedure
is adopted for the synthesis of bulk quantity of CNT-Fe3O4
nanocomposite. For comparison purpose, Fe3O4 nanoparticles
were synthesized based on the similar procedure without using
carboxylated-CNT in distilled water. The synthesized CNT-Fe3O4
nanocomposite was characterized by powder X-ray diffractometer
RD (Siemens D-500, 45 kV, and 40 mA) and (SEM, Hitachi;
SU-70). The saturation magnetization of nanocomposite was
analysed by (VSM, Cryogenic, UK).
Preparation of CNT-Fe3O4 Hybrid Nanofluid. The
CNT-Fe3O4 hybrid nanofluids were prepared by dispersing them
into distilled water. Based on the magnetization analysis (VSM),
each 1 g of CNT-Fe3O4 nanocomposite contains 0.26 g of CNT
and 0.74 g of Fe3O4. So, the density of CNT-Fe3O4 nanocomposite material was estimated from Eq. (1) and obtained as
4845.4 kg/m3 by substituting the density of CNT as 2100 kg/m3
and the density of Fe3O4 as 5810 kg/m3. The specific heat of
CNT-Fe3O4 nanocomposite material was estimated from Eq. (2)
and obtained as 680.66 J/kg K by substituting the specific heat
of CNT as 711 J/kg K [34] and the specific heat of Fe3O4 as
670 J/kg K [34]. The amount of nanocomposite powder required
for the preparation of known percentage of volume concentrations of 0.1% and 0.3% can be estimated from Eq. (3) and
obtained as 0.4857 g and 1.46 g for 100 ml of distilled water.
For each 100 ml of nanofluids an amount of 2 ml surfactant
(NanoSperse AQ [35]) was used, and the solution was kept in
ultrasonication bath for 1 hr; no particle sedimentation was
observed up to 60 days.


 q  wCNT qFe3 O4  wFe3 O4

qCNTFe3 O4 p CNT
wCNT wFe3 O4

(1)

CCNT  wCNT CFe3 O4  wFe3 O4

wCNT wFe3 O4

(2)

CCNTFe3 O4 p

Transactions of the ASME

Downloaded From: http://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 12/05/2015 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use


WCNTFe3 O4
qCNTFe3 O4
 

volume concentration; /  100 
WCNTFe3 O4
Wwater

qCNTFe3 O4
qwater
(3)
where / is the percentage of volume concentration, qCNTFe3 O4
4845.4 kg/m3, Wwater 100 g, WCNTFe3 O4 is the weight of nanocomposite, and qwater 998.5 kg/m3. The density and specific heat
of CNT-Fe3O4 hybrid nanofluids was estimated based on the Pak
and Cho [2] equations, which are given below:
qnf 1  /qbf /  qp

(4)

Cpnf 1  /qpbf /  qpp

(5)

Thermal Conductivity of Nanofluids. The KD-2 pro instrument (Decagon Devices, Pullman, WA) is used to measure the
thermal conductivity of nanofluids. KS-1 sensor needle was used,
which is made from stainless steel material with a length of
60 mm and diameter of 1.3 mm. The sensor needle measures the
thermal conductivity with an accuracy of 62.5% in the range of
0.22 W/m K. The thermal conductivity of nanofluids with 0.1%
and 0.3% volume concentrations were measured in the temperatures range from 20  C to 60  C.

Viscosity of Nanofluids. The A&D Vibro-viscometer (SV-10,

Japan) was used to measure the viscosity of nanofluids. It consists
of fluid filling cup, two gold coated plates, and PT-100 sensor
with an accuracy of 0.1  C. The temperature of the fluid filling
cup is controlled by Julabo temperature controller bath, Germany.
Nanofluids with an amount of 40 ml are filled in the fluid filling
cup, the cup is placed on the table and the height is adjusted up to
mark given on the vibrating plates. The viscometer measures the
viscosity in the range of 0.3 mpa s10,000 mpa s with an accuracy
of 60.01 mPa s. The viscosity of nanofluids with 0.1% and 0.3%
volume concentrations were measured in the temperatures range
from 20  C to 60  C.

Experimental Analysis and Procedure

The schematic representation of an experimental setup was
shown in Fig. 1(a), and it consists of copper tube with a length of
1.75 m, inner diameter of 0.014 m, and outer diameter of 0.016 m.
The other parts of an experimental setup contain chiller, collecting
tank, storage tank, variable pump, and by-pass valve arrangement.
The entire copper test section was maintained as constant heatflux boundary condition by wounding nichrome heater of 20 mm
gauge, resistance of 53.3 X=m and 1000 W maximum capacity.
The test section was placed in a straight square channel in order to
guarantee horizontality. The gap between the test tube and square
duct is filled with rock wool insulation to reduce the heat loss to
atmosphere. Seven PT-100 thermocouples were provided, in

Fig. 1 (a) Schematic diagram of an experimental setup. (b) Photograph of twisted

tape insert.

Journal of Thermal Science and Engineering Applications

JUNE 2015, Vol. 7 / 021015-3

Downloaded From: http://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 12/05/2015 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use

which two are used to record the inlet, outlet temperatures, five
are brazed to the outer surface of the test tube at distances of 0.1875,
0.375, 0.75, 1.125, and 1.312 m from entry to measure the wall temperatures of the tube. All the thermocouples are having 60.1  C resolution and are calibrated before fixing at the specified locations.
The nanofluids are circulated through the test section with the aid of
pump, the suction side connected to a storage tank. In order to measure the mass flow rate of the nanofluids, flow meter was used and it
is connected between the pump and the test tube. The storage tank is
made up of stainless steel with a capacity of 30 l. In order to maintain a close loop of the nanofluids, the test tube is connected to storage tank through chiller. The purpose of chiller is to bring back the
outlet temperature of nanofluid is nearly equal to inlet temperature
and which is also helpful to achieve steady state condition faster.
The friction factor of nanofluids was measured in terms of pressure drop across the test tube. For this purpose, the pressure drop
was measured by placing the U-tube manometer between two ends
of the test tube. To achieve this, two 4 mm holes were drilled at two
ends of the test tube and U-tube manometer was connected with
flexible tube. The certain level of the manometer is filled with carbon tetrachloride and its equivalent height was recorded for different
mass flow rates of nanofluids. Initial experiments are conducted
with water for calibration purpose, after that CNT-Fe3O4 nanofluids
was introduced. The flow rate of the water/nanofluid was measured
by calibrated high precision flow meter with an accuracy of 60.1 l/
s. Bulk quantity of nanofluids, i.e., 13 l with various percentages of
volume concentrations (0.1 and 0.3) were prepared for heat transfer
and friction factor study in the Reynolds range from 3000 to 22,000.
The uncertainties of various parameters involved in the experimental
analysis are shown in the Appendix.
The further heat transfer and friction factor characteristics of
hybrid nanofluid flow in a tube with twisted tape inserts are also
studied. The photographic representation of twisted tape inserts
used in this analysis was shown in Fig. 1(b). The twisted tape
inserts were made in the laboratory from 1 mm thick and 13 mm
width of aluminum strip. The clearance of 1 mm was considered
between inner diameter of the tube and the width of the tape for
smooth insertion of inserts into a test section. The two ends of the
aluminum strip were inserted into lathe; one end at the headstock
and the other end at the tail stock, by rotating the head stock manually, the helix lengths of 65, 130, and 195 mm were achieved for
H/D 5, H/D 10, and H/D 15. The twisted tapes are snug fit
into the test tube and the tube fin effect is neglected. The convective heat transfer between twisted tape material and the adjacent
fluid was neglected. The mass flow rate of nanofluid flowing
through a tube with twisted tape inserts were estimated based on
the inner diameter of the tube. The hydraulic diameter of tube
with twisted tape inserts was considered as inner diameter of the
tube, because the twisted tape has very negligible thickness i.e.,
1 mm. The inlet, outlet, wall temperature, and mass flow rate of
nanofluids were recorded, once the system reaches to steady state
conditions. For achieving steady state conditions, each experiment
takes 2 hr duration. The nanofluid properties such as thermal conductivity, viscosity, density, and specific heat were estimated at
bulk mean temperature. The Newtons law of cooling equation
was used to estimate the heat transfer coefficient for nanofluids.

From the Newtons law of cooling, the experimental heat transfer

coefficient and Nusselt number for water/nanofluid is estimated
and the equations are given below:
hExp
P
where A pDL, Tw

Q
ATw  Tb
Tout Tin
2
hExp  D

(8)

, Tb

NuExp

(9)

Experimental Friction Factor. The experimental friction factor of water/nanofluids was estimated based on the pressure drop
across the test tube and the expression is given below:
DP
fExp   2 
L
q
D
2

(10)

Results and Discussion

Characterization of CNT-Fe3O4 Nanocomposite. The
carboxylated-CNT, Fe3O4, and CNT-Fe3O4 nanocomposite XRD
patterns were shown in Fig. 2. The diffraction peak, 2h is equal to
26 deg could be (0 0 2) reflects to CNT, similarly the diffraction
peak, 2h is equal to 34.5 deg could be (3 1 1) reflects to magnetite
(Fe3O4) nanoparticles. The analysis shows, the final samples
consists of two phases such as cubic Fe3O4 and CNT. The other
peaks with relatively high peak intensity could be indexed as
face-centered cubic Fe3O4, and no obvious peaks from other
phases were observed. The main peaks of Fe3O4 in the XRD
pattern are broadened, indicating the crystalline sizes of Fe3O4
nanoparticles are very small. The average size of Fe3O4 crystalline calculated using the Scherrers formula [36] was found as
13 nm. The SEM results for synthesized Fe3O4 and CNT-Fe3O4
nanocomposite is shown in Fig. 3. It is observed that, the shape of
the particles is in cubic shape and also clearly indicates that Fe3O4
nanoparticles were attached to the surface of CNT.
The magnetic properties of pure Fe3O4 and CNT-Fe3O4
nanocomposite were investigated by measuring their magnetizationmagnetic field (MH) hysteresis loops with VSM.
Figure 4(a) reports the ferromagnetic behavior with saturated
magnetic hysteresis loops for Fe3O4 and CNT-Fe3O4 samples
with a coercivity of 26.5 Oe and 30 Oe, respectively. The saturation magnetization for Fe3O4 nanoparticles is 47 emu/g, and the

Data Deduction
Experimental Nusselt Number. The experimental setup was
initially calibrated with water as a working fluid. The amount of
heat supplied to the test tube (Eq. (6)) and the amount of heat
absorbed by the working fluid (Eq. (7)) are found a maximum
deviation of 62.5%. This observes, a negligible amount of heat
loss takes place between the test tube and the atmosphere.
P V  I heat supplied

(6)

Q m_  C  Tout  Tin heat absorbed

(7)

021015-4 / Vol. 7, JUNE 2015

Fig. 2 XRD patterns of CNT, Fe3O4, and CNT-Fe3O4 nanocomposite materials

Transactions of the ASME

Downloaded From: http://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 12/05/2015 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use

Fig. 4 (a) Magnetic hysteresis loop of Fe3O4, CNT-Fe3O4 nanocomposite, (b) CNT-Fe3O4/water nanofluid, and (c) CNT-Fe3O4
nanocomposite showing magnetic behavior while dispersed
in water

Fig. 3 SEM results (a) Fe3O4 nanoparticles and (b) CNT-Fe3O4

nanocomposite

saturation magnetization for CNT-Fe3O4 nanocomposite is

34.5 emu/g, which is less compared to Fe3O4 nanoparticles. This
decrease in bulk magnetization is due to the large nonmagnetic
CNT in the matrix of CNT-Fe3O4 nanocomposite. In the presence
of magnetic field, the nonmagnetic particles act as voids and break
the magnetic circuits resulting in the reduction of bulk magnetization with the increase of void concentration. According to the sum
rule of composites total magnetization is a sum of weight concentration of individual magnetizations. According to this rule, the
total magnetization value of 34.5 emu/g for CNT-Fe3O4 nanocomposite corresponds to a weight concentration of approximately
26%. From this analysis, the CNT-Fe3O4 nanocomposite consists
of 74% of Fe3O4 and 26% of CNT. The uniform dispersion of
CNT-Fe3O4 nanocomposite in distilled water and the magnetic
behavior of nanocomposite by placing the magnet near to the
glass (even they are dispersed in water) were represented in
Figs. 4(b) and 4(c).

Fig. 5 Thermal conductivity of different volume concentrations of CNT-Fe3O4 nanofluids

Thermal Properties of CNT-Fe3O4 Nanofluids. The obtained

experimental thermal conductivity of nanofluids was represented
in Fig. 5 and it is observed that thermal conductivity of nanofluids
increases with increasing of particle concentrations and temperatures. The thermal conductivity of 0.3% nanofluid was obtained as
0.6856 W/m K at a temperature of 20  C, which is 13.88% higher
compared to thermal conductivity of water (0.602 W/m K). Similarly, the thermal conductivity of 0.3% nanofluid was obtained as
0.8389 W/m K at a temperature of 60  C, which is 28.46% higher
compared to thermal conductivity of water (0.653 W/m K). The
reason for enhancement in thermal conductivity is due to microconvection and the Brownian motion of the particles in water

[27]. The obtained experimental viscosities of nanofluids were

represented in Fig. 6 and it is observed that the viscosity of nanofluid increases with increase of volume concentrations, but
decreases with increase of temperatures. The enhancement in viscosity for 0.3% nanofluid is 1.27-times and 1.5-times compared to
water in the temperatures range from 20  C to 60  C. This is
caused due to the hydrodynamic interactions between particles
becomes important as the disturbance of the fluid around one particle interacts with that around other particles at higher volume
concentrations. The thermal conductivity, viscosity estimated
from experimental analysis, density and specific heat estimated
from Eqs. (4) and (5) were summarized in Table 1.

Journal of Thermal Science and Engineering Applications

JUNE 2015, Vol. 7 / 021015-5

Downloaded From: http://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 12/05/2015 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use

Fig. 6 Viscosity of different volume concentrations of CNTFe3O4 nanofluids

Fig. 7 Experimental Nusselt number of water data is compared

with the data of Gnielinski [37] and Notter and Rouse [38]

Nusselt Number of Nanofluid in a Tube. To validate an

experimental setup, initial experiments were conducted with water
as working fluid and its experimental Nusselt number estimated
from Eq. (9) is represented in Fig. 7 along with the data obtained
from Eq. (11) of Gnielinski [37] and Eq. (12) of Notter and Rouse
[38]. A maximum of 63.0% deviation was observed between
experimental values and those obtained with the correlations for
the Nusselt number. The available Nusselt number correlations
for single-phase fluids are given below:
Gnielinski [37] correlation
 
f
Re  1000 Pr
2
Nu
 0:5
f
1:07 12:7
Pr2=3 1
2
f 1:58 ln Re  3:822 ; 2300 < Re < 106 ; 0:5 < Pr < 2000
(11)
Fig. 8 Experimental Nusselt number of CNT-Fe3O4 nanofluids
data is compared with the data of Pak and Cho [2] for Al2O3 and
TiO2 nanofluid; Duangthongsuk and Wongwises [9] for TiO2
nanofluid

Notter and Rouse [38] correlation

Nu 5 0:015 Re0:856 Pr0:347

(12)

After this benchmarking of the experimental setup, different

volume concentrations of CNT-Fe3O4 nanofluids were tested in it.
The experimental Nusselt number of nanofluids was estimated
from Eq. (9), and it is reported in Fig. 8 along with the base fluid
data. It is observed, the Nusselt number increases with increase of
particle concentrations in the base fluid and it also increases with
increase of Reynolds number. As nanofluid contains suspended
nanoparticles, they take less heat to attain a particular temperature

Table 1

when compared to water. The Nusselt number enhancement for

CNT-Fe3O4 nanofluid is also attributed to particle Brownian
motion, thermophysical properties of the nanoparticles and large
surface area and hence the heat transport capability of CNTFe3O4 nanofluid will increase further. The enhancement in Nusselt
number may be attributed to attractive properties of nanofluid in
terms of high thermal conductivity and lower specific heat compared to distilled water. The enhancement in Nusselt number for
0.1% nanofluid is 9.35% and 20.62%, for 0.3% nanofluid is

Thermophysical properties of MWCNT-Fe3O4 hybrid nanofluids

Temperature ( C)

(q) kg/m 3

(k) W/m K

(l) mpa s

/ 0.0 (base fluid)

20
40

998.5
992.0

0.602
0.631

0.79
0.54

4182
4179

5.50
3.61

/ 0.1

20
40

1002.34
995.85

0.6734
0.72

0.91
0.61

4182.66
4179.66

5.64
3.56

/ 0.3

20
40

1010.04
1003.56

0.6856
0.7656

1.01
0.76

4183.99
4180.99

6.10
4.14

Volume con. /, (%)

021015-6 / Vol. 7, JUNE 2015

(Cp) J/kg K

Prandtl number (Pr)

Transactions of the ASME

Downloaded From: http://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 12/05/2015 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use

14.81% and 31.10%, in the Reynolds numbers of 3000 and

22,000, respectively. The applicability of Nusselt number correlations for single-phase fluid, i.e., Eq. (11) of Gnielinski [37] and
Eq. (12) of Notter and Rouse [38] are verified for the present
experimental data of CNT-Fe3O4 nanofluid; Eqs. (11) and (12)
under predicts by 21.4% and 24.4%, respectively, the experimental values, for 0.3% nanofluid at Reynolds number of 22,000.
These observations allow the conclusion these correlations are
not adequate to predict the Nusselt number for nanofluids. The
Nusselt number correlations available in the literature for different
kind of nanofluids were used for the sake of comparison of the
present data. The correlations were given below:
(i)

Pak and Cho [2] equation for Al2O3 and TiO2 nanofluids
Nu 0=021 Re0:8 Pr0:5
104 < Re < 105 ; 6:54 < Pr < 12:33; 0 < / < 3:0%
(13)

(ii) Duangthongsuk and Wongwises [9] equation for TiO2

nanofluid
Nu 0:074 Re0:707 Pr0:385 /0:074
3000 < Re < 18; 000; 0 < / < 2:0%

Fig. 9 Experimental Nusselt number of CNT-Fe3O4 nanofluids

data is compared with the data of Sundar et al. [15] for Fe3O4
nanofluid

(14)

(iii) Sundar et al. [15] equation for Fe3O4 nanofluid

Nu 0:02172 Re0:8 Pr0:5 1:0 /0:5181
3000 < Re > 22; 000; 3:72 < Pr < 6:50; 0 < / < 0:6%
(15)
The developed Nusselt number correlation, i.e., Eq. (13) of Pak
and Cho [2] for Al2O3 and TiO2 nanofluid and Eq. (14) of
Duangthongsuk and Wongwises [9] is used for analyzing the present data. Equation (13) is under predicts by 25% for 0.3% nanofluid in the Reynolds number of 22,000, which is clearly observed
in Fig. 8. This happens because of the enhanced thermal properties for the case of nanocomposite based nanofluid. Equation (14)
of Duangthongsuk and Wongwises [13] in the turbulent flow
region is also used for comparison. It is shown that the Eq. (14) is
under predicts by 32% at 0.3% nanofluid in the Reynolds number
of 22,000. A similar trend of enhanced Nusselt number with
increase of particle loading and Reynolds number was observed
by Sundar et al. [15] by considering Fe3O4 nanofluid. They
observed Nusselt number enhancement for 0.3% nanofluid is
21.10% and for 0.6% nanofluid is 31.10% at a Reynolds number
of 22,000. In the present analysis nanofluid was prepared by dispersing CNT-Fe3O4 nanocomposite in water, in which 26% of
CNT and 74% of Fe3O4. Under the same particle concentrations
of 0.3% and the Reynolds number of 22,000, the CNT-Fe3O4
hybrid nanofluid Nusselt number is enhanced up to 31.10% and
Fe3O4 nanofluid Nusselt number is enhanced up to 21.10% [15].
With the addition of CNT in Fe3O4 matrix, there is 47.39%
enhancement in Nusselt number. The influence of CNT is clearly
observed in the composite matrix of CNT-Fe3O4. Hence the present analysis states that, the heat transfer rate of composite based
nanofluid is more compared to single nanoparticles based nanofluid. The nanocomposite based nanofluid properties such as thermal conductivity is also high compared to single phase nanofluids.
The applicability of Eq. (15) of Sundar et al. [15] is verified by
substituting Reynolds number, Prandtl number and particle concentration of the present data shown in Fig. 9 and it is observed
that the Eq. (15) is under predicts by 6.10% at 0.3% and at a
Reynolds number 22,000. The enhancement for nanocomposite
based hybrid nanofluids are caused, because of the higher thermal
properties such as thermal conductivity and viscosity.
Journal of Thermal Science and Engineering Applications

Nusselt Number of Nanofluid in a Tube With Twisted Tape

Inserts. Further heat transfer experiments were conducted with
different concentrations of CNT-Fe3O4 hybrid nanofluids flowing
in a tube with twisted tape insert. The experimental data is
compared with the available Nusselt number correlations for
nanofluids flow in a tube with twisted tape inserts. The correlations were given below:
(i) Naik et al. [29] correlation
Nu 0:1251 Re0:8 Pr0:4 1 /0:3772 1 H=D0:05351
1000 < Re < 10; 000; 0 < / < 0:5%;
4:5 < Pr < 5:5; 0 < H=D < 83
(16)
(ii) Sundar et al. [26] correlation
Nu 0:0223 Re0:8 Pr0:5 1 /0:54 1 H=D0:028
3000 < Re < 22; 000; 0 < / < 0:6%;
3:19 < Pr < 6:5; 0 < H=D < 15

(17)

The same Eq. (9) is used to estimate the experimental Nusselt

number for nanofluid in a tube with twisted tape inserts and the
data was represented in Fig. 10. It is observed that Nusselt number
increases with increase of volume concentrations and Reynolds
numbers, but decrease of twist ratio. Nanofluid of 0.3% volume
concentration in a tube with twist tape insert of H/D 15, the
Nusselt number enhanced by 18.39% and 34.01% at a Reynolds
numbers of 3000 and 22,000 compared to water in a tube. Similarly, nanofluid of 0.3 vol. % concentration in a tube with twisted
tape insert of H/D 5, the Nusselt number enhanced by 23.88%
and 42.51% in the Reynolds number of 3000 and 22,000 compared to water in a tube. The nanofluid in a tube with twisted tape
inserts are exhibiting higher Nusselt numbers compared to water
in a tube, the reason is twisted tape inserts generates swirl flow
inside the fluid passage resulting better fluid mixing and thinner
thermal boundary layer along the tube wall. The experimental
data of 0.3% CNT-Fe3O4 nanofluid with twisted tape inserts of
H/D 15, 10, and 5 is shown in Fig. 11 in comparison with the
data of Sundar et al. [26] for Fe3O4 nanofluid in a tube with
twisted tape inserts and Naik et al. [29] for CuO nanofluid in a
tube with twisted tape inserts. It is observed that, the data of
Sundar et al. [26] under predict at the same concentration,
Reynolds number, and twist insert. This happens because of the
JUNE 2015, Vol. 7 / 021015-7

Downloaded From: http://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 12/05/2015 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use

Fig. 10 Experimental Nusselt number of different volume concentrations of CNT-Fe3O4 nanofluid flow in a tube and with
twisted tape inserts

Fig. 12 Experimental Nusselt number of CNT-Fe3O4 nanofluid

flow in a tube and with twisted tape inserts data is compared
with the proposed Nusselt number correlation

Fig. 11 Experimental Nusselt number of CNT-Fe3O4 nanofluid

flow in a tube and with twisted tape inserts data is compared
with the data of Naik et al. [29] and Sundar et al. [26]

Fig. 13 Experimental friction factor of water data is compared

with the data from Eq. (19) of Blasius [39] and Eq. (20) of
Petukov [40]

CNT present in the CNT-Fe3O4 nanocomposite and it also knowing that nanocomposite materials heat transfer is better than single
nanoparticles heat transfer while they flow in a tube with inserts.
From the experimental data of water, different concentrations of
CNT-Fe3O4 nanofluids in a tube with twisted tape inserts, Nusselt
number correlation has been proposed and the expression is given
below:

obtained as 63.0% between the measured data and theoretical

data.

Nu 0:0223 Re0:8 Pr0:5 1 /0:58 1 H=D0:036

3000 < Re < 22; 000; 0 < / < 0:3%;
3:75 < Pr < 6:23; 0 < H=D < 15

(i) Blasius [39] equation for turbulent region

f 0:3164 Re0:25
3000 < Re < 105
(ii) Petukhov [40] equation for turbulent region

(18)

f 0:790 ln Re  1:642
2300 < Re < 5  106

The data obtained from Eq. (18) are shown in Fig. 12 along with
the experimental data.
Friction Factor of Nanofluid in a Tube. The experimental
friction factor of water estimated from Eq. (10) and the data were
shown in Fig. 13 along with the data from Eq. (19) of Blasius [39]
and Eq. (20) of Petukhov [40]. The maximum deviation was
021015-8 / Vol. 7, JUNE 2015

(19)

(20)

Experimental friction factor of different volume concentrations of

CNT-Fe3O4 nanofluids estimated from the same Eq. (10) and the
data were indicated in Fig. 14 along with base fluid. The enhancement in friction factor for 0.3% volume concentration of CNTFe3O4 nanofluid is 1.11-times and 1.18-times in the Reynolds
number of 3000 and 22,000, respectively. Because of dispersion
Transactions of the ASME

Downloaded From: http://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 12/05/2015 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use

Fig. 14 Experimental friction factor of CNT-Fe3O4 nanofluids

data is compared with the data of Sundar et al. [15] for Fe3O4
nanofluid

Fig. 16 Experimental friction factor of CNT-Fe3O4 nanofluid

flow in a tube with twisted tape inserts data is compared with
Sundar et al. [26]

Fig. 15 Experimental friction factor of CNT-Fe3O4 nanofluid

flow in a tube and with twisted tape inserts

Fig. 17 Experimental friction factor of CNT-Fe3O4 nanofluid

flow in a tube and with twisted tape inserts data is compared
with the proposed friction factor correlation

of CNT-Fe3O4 nanoparticles in the base fluid, little bit enhancement in friction factor takes place, but that is not a much more
high, compared to heat transfer augmentation, friction factor augmentation is negligible. Comparison of the present experimental
friction factor was made with the predictions using Eq. (21) of
Sundar et al. [15] is shown in Fig. 13. The results indicates the
Fe3O4 nanofluid (Sundar et al. [15]) has lower friction factor than
that of 0.3% volume concentration of CNT-Fe3O4 hybrid nanofluid; the difference is 1.02-times and 1.14-times for the Reynolds
numbers of 3000 and 22,000, respectively.
Sundar et al. [15] equation for Fe3O4 nanofluid
f 0:3491 Re0:25 1 /0:1517
(21)
3000 < Re < 22; 000; 3:75 < Pr < 6:50; 0 < / < 0:6%
Friction Factor of Nanofluid in a Tube With Twisted Tape
Inserts. Experimental friction factor of different volume concentrations of CNT-Fe3O4 nanofluid in a tube with different twisted
tape inserts were calculated based on Eq. (10) and the data were
presented in Fig. 15. It observed that friction factor increases with
increase of Reynolds number, volume concentration, and
decreases with decrease of twist ratio. It is clear that the use of
Journal of Thermal Science and Engineering Applications

twisted tape inserts results in a very high friction factor than that
of plain tube. The friction factor of 0.3% CNT-Fe3O4 nanofluid
flowing in a tube with H/D 15 enhances 1.14-times at a
Reynolds number of 3000 and 1.19-times at a Reynolds number
of 22,000 compared to water in a tube without twisted tape insert.
The friction factor of 0.3% CNT-Fe3O4 nanofluid flowing in a
tube with H/D 5 enhances 1.19-times at a Reynolds number of
3000 and 1.23-times at a Reynolds number of 22,000 compared to
water in a tube without twisted tape insert. The experimental data
of 0.3% CNT-Fe3O4 nanofluid with twisted tape inserts of
H/D 15, 10, and 5 is shown in Fig. 16 in comparison with the
data of Sundar et al. [26] for Fe3O4 nanofluid in a tube with
twisted tape inserts. The friction factor enhancement is very small
CNT-Fe3O4 when compared with Fe3O4 nanofluid under same
concentration, Reynolds number, and twist insert.
(i) Naik et al. [29] correlation
f 0:2086 Re0:1946 1 /0:2507 1 H=D0:01251
1000 < Re < 10; 000; 0 < / < 0:5%;
4:5 < Pr < 5:5; 0 < H=D < 83

(22)

JUNE 2015, Vol. 7 / 021015-9

Downloaded From: http://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 12/05/2015 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use

PTDC/EME-MFE/105031/2008 (ACMS). One of the authors

(L.S.S.) would like to thank FCT for his post-doctoral research
grant (SFRH/BPD/79104/2011).

(ii) Sundar et al. [26] correlation

f 0:3490 Re0:25 1 /0:21 1 H=D0:017
3000 < Re < 22; 000; 0 < / < 0:6%;

(23)

3:19 < Pr < 6:5; 0 < H=D < 15

Based on the experimental data of water and different concentrations of CNT-Fe3O4 nanofluid friction factor correlation has
been proposed and the equation is presented below:
fReg 0:31 Re0:245 1 /0:473 1 H=D0:013
3000 < Re < 22; 000; 0 < / < 0:3%; 0 < H=D < 15

(24)

The data obtained from Eq. (24) are shown in Fig. 17 along with
experimental data.

Conclusions
The nanocomposite is synthesized by using CNT, which is high
thermal conductivity material, and Fe3O4, which is high magnetic
material, by in situ method. Based on the XRD, SEM, and VSM
analyses, the composite consists of both CNT and Fe3O4 materials. Different volume concentrations of CNT-Fe3O4 hybrid nanofluids were prepared by dispersing them into distilled water.
Experimental results indicate that, thermal conductivity enhanced
by 29% and viscosity enhanced by 1.5-times with 0.3% particle
concentration in base fluid at a temperature of 60  C.
The enhancement in Nusselt number for 0.1% of CNT-Fe3O4
hybrid nanofluid is 9.35% and 20.62%, for 0.3% of CNT-Fe3O4
hybrid nanofluid is 14.81% and 31.10% in the Reynolds numbers
of 3000 and 22,000, respectively, when compared to base fluid.
The thermal performance of composite based hybrid nanofluids is
superior compared to single-particle based nanofluids such as
Al2O3, TiO2, and Fe3O4. Nanofluid of 0.3% volume concentration
in a tube with twist tape insert of H/D 15, the Nusselt number
enhanced by 18.39% and 34.01% at a Reynolds numbers of 3000
and 22,000 compared to water in a tube. Similarly, nanofluid of
0.3% volume concentration in a tube with twisted tape insert of
H/D 5, the Nusselt number enhanced by 23.88% and 42.51% in
the Reynolds number of 3000 and 22,000 compared to water in a
tube.
The enhancement in friction factor for 0.3% of CNT-Fe3O4
hybrid nanofluid is 1.11-times and 1.18-times in the Reynolds
number of 3000 and 22,000, respectively, compared to water. The
friction factor of 0.3% CNT-Fe3O4 nanofluid flowing in a tube
with H/D 15 enhances 1.14-times at a Reynolds number of 3000
and 1.19-times at a Reynolds number of 22,000 compared to water
in a tube without twisted tape insert. The friction factor of 0.3%
MWCNT-Fe3O4 nanofluid flowing in a tube with H/D 5 enhances 1.19-times at a Reynolds number of 3000 and 1.23-times at a
Reynolds number of 22,000 compared to water in a tube without
twisted tape insert. For a particular Reynolds number and temperature, the pressure drop due to the increase of friction factor is
relatively negligible, when compared to the benefits arising from
heat transfer enhancement. The developed Nusselt number and
friction factor correlations are
NuReg 0:0223 Re0:8 Pr0:5 1 /0:58 1 H=D0:036
fReg 0:31 Re0:245 1 /0:473 1 H=D0:013

Acknowledgment
The authors would like to acknowledge the Portuguese
Foundation of Science and Technology (FCT) for the
funding of the present research work through the Grant No.
021015-10 / Vol. 7, JUNE 2015

Nomenclature
A
C
D
f
h
H
I
k
l
m_
Nu
P
Pr
q
Q
Re
T
v
V

area, m2
specific heat, J/ kg K
inner diameter of the tube, m
friction factor
heat transfer coefficient,W/m2 K
helix, m
current, A
thermal conductivity, W/m K
length of the tube, m
mass flow rate, kg/s
Nusselt number, hD=k
power, W
Prandtl number, lC=k
heat flux, W/m2
heat flow, W
Reynolds number, 4m=pDl
_
temperature,  C
velocity, m/s
voltage, V

Greek Symbols
d
Dp
l
q
/

uncertainty
pressure drop
viscosity, kg=m2 s
density, kg=m3
volume concentration of nanoparticles, %

Subscripts
b
Exp
i
o
Reg
w

bulk temperature
experimental
inlet
outlet
regression
wall temperature

Appendix
The uncertainties of various parameters involved in the experimental data were estimated from Kline and McClintock [41]. The
equations for the estimation of uncertainties of heat flux, heat
transfer coefficient, Reynolds number, Nusselt number, and friction factor are given below:
(a) Heat flux
P
V1
)
A
pDL
"
2 
2 
2
Dq 1
@
@
@

qDV
qDI
qDD
q
q @V
@I
@V
q

0:5
@

qDL
@L
(        )0:5
Dq
DV 2
DI 2
DD 2
DL 2

q
V
I
D
L
Dq

(

)0:5
  2
1 2
0:1
2
2

0:1 0:1
067%
220
20
(A1)
Transactions of the ASME

Downloaded From: http://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 12/05/2015 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use

(e) Friction factor

(b) Heat transfer coefficient

DP
f   2 
L
qv
D
2
"
2 
2
Df 1
@
@

f DDP
f DL
f
f
@DP
@L

q
h
Tw  Tb
"
2
2 
Dh 1
@
@

hDq
hDTw
h
h @q
@Tw


@
hDTb
@Tb

Dh

h
Dh

(

Df
f

 
 
 )0:5
Dq 2
DTw 2
DTb 2

q
Tw
Tb

0:1
0:0067
65:32
2

2 
 )0:5
0:1 2

1:149%
10:85
(A2)

(c) Nusselt number

Nu

hD
k
"

2 
2
@
@
NuDh
NuDD
@h
@D

NuDk
@k

2 #0:5

(      )0:5
Dh 2
DD 2
Dk 2

h
D
k

DNu
f0:011492 0:0012 0:0012 g0:5 1:58%
Nu
(A3)

(d) Reynolds number

Re

4m_
pDl

DRe
1

Re
Re

"

@
ReDm_
@ m_

@
ReDl

@l
DRe

Re
DRe

Re

Df
f

References

DNu
1

Nu
Nu

DNu

Nu

2 
2 
2 #0:5
@
@
@

f DD
f Dq 2 f Dv
@D
@q
@v
(
2  2  2  2
DDP
DL
DD
Dq

DP
L
D
q
)

 0:5
2Dv 2

v
(

1 2

0:0012 0:0012 0:0012

36:3

 )0:5
2x0:1 2

3:202%
(A5)
13


2 #0:5

(

(

2 
2
@
ReDD

@D

2 #0:5

2  2  2 )0:5
DD
Dl

D
l

Dm_
m_
1
13

2

)0:5
2

0:001 0:001

7:705%
(A4)

Journal of Thermal Science and Engineering Applications

[1] Choi, S. U. S., 1995, Enhancing Thermal Conductivity of Fluids With Nanoparticles, ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, San Francisco, CA.
[2] Pak, B. C., and Cho, Y. I., 1998, Hydrodynamic and Heat Transfer Study of
Dispersed Fluids With Submicron Metallic Oxide Particles, Exp. Heat Transfer, 11(2), pp. 151170.
[3] Wen, D., and Ding, Y., 2004, Experimental Investigation Into Convective
Heat Transfer of Nanofluids at the Entrance Region Under Laminar Flow Conditions, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 47(24), pp. 51815188.
[4] Kim, D., Kwon, Y., Cho, Y., Li, C., Cheong, S., Hwang, Y., Lee, J., Hong, D.,
and Moon, S., 2009, Convective Heat Transfer Characteristics of Nanofluids
Under Laminar and Turbulent Flow Conditions, Curr. Appl. Phys., 9,
pp. 119123.
[5] Heris, S. Z., Esfahany, M. N., and Etemad, S. Gh., 2007, Experimental Investigation of Convective Heat Transfer of Al2O3/Water Nanofluid in Circular
Tube, Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow, 28(2), pp. 203210.
[6] Amrollahi, A., Rashidi, A. M., Lotfi, R., Meibodi, M. E., and Kashefi, K., 2010,
Convection Heat Transfer of Functionalized MWNT in Aqueous Fluids in
Laminar and Turbulent Flow at the Entrance Region, Int. Commun. Heat Mass
Transfer, 37(6), pp. 717723.
[7] Wang, J., Zhu, J., Zhang, X., and Chen, Y., 2013, Heat Transfer and Pressure
Drop of Nanofluids Containing Carbon Nanotubes in Laminar Flows, Exp.
Therm. Fluid Sci., 44, pp. 716721.
[8] Ding, Y., Alias, H., Wen, D., and Williams, R. A., 2006, Heat Transfer of
Aqueous Suspensions of Carbon Nanotubes (CNT Nanofluids), Int. J. Heat
Mass Transfer, 49(12), pp. 240250.
[9] Duangthongsuk, W., and Wongwises, S., 2010, An Experimental Study on the Heat
Transfer Performance and Pressure Drop of TiO2Water Nanofluids Flowing Under
a Turbulent Flow Regime, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 53(13), pp. 334344.
[10] Sajadi, A. R., and Kazemi, M. H., 2011, Investigation of Turbulent Convective
Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop of TiO2/Water Nanofluid in Circular Tube,
Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transfer, 38(10), pp. 14741478.
[11] Ghazvini, M., Behabadi, M. A. A., Rasouli, E., and Raisee, M., 2012, Heat
Transfer Properties of Nanodiamond-Engine Oil Nanofluid in Laminar Flow,
Heat Transfer Eng., 33(6), pp. 525532.
[12] Xuan, Y., and Li, Q., 2003, Investigation on Convective Heat Transfer and
Flow Features of Nanofluids, ASME J. Heat Transfer, 125(1), pp. 151155.
[13] Ferrouillat, S., Bontemps, A., Ribeiro, J. P., Gruss, J. A., and Soriano, O., 2011,
Hydraulic and Heat Transfer Study of SiO2/Water Nanofluids in Horizontal
Tubes With Imposed Wall Temperature Boundary Conditions, Int. J. Heat
Fluid Flow, 32(2), pp. 424439.
[14] Guo, S. Z., Li, Y., Jiang, J. S., and Xie, H. Q., 2010, Nanofluids Containing
a-Fe2O3 Nanoparticles and Their Heat Transfer Enhancements, Nanoscale
Res. Lett., 5(7), pp. 12221227.
[15] Sundar, L. S., Naik, M. T., Sharma, K. V., Singh, M. K., and Siva Reddy,
T. Ch., 2012, Experimental Investigation of Forced Convection Heat Transfer
and Friction Factor in a Tube With Fe3O4 Magnetic Nanofluid, Exp. Therm.
Fluid Sci., 37, pp. 6571.
[16] Sundar, L. S., Singh, M. K., Bidkin, I., and Sousa, A. C. M., 2014,
Experimental Investigations in Heat Transfer and Friction Factor of Magnetic
Ni Nanofluid Flowing in a Tube, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 70, pp. 224234.

JUNE 2015, Vol. 7 / 021015-11

Downloaded From: http://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 12/05/2015 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use

[17] Suresh, S., Venkitaraj, K. P., Selvakumar, P., and Chandrasekar, M., 2012,
Effect of Al2O3Cu/Water Hybrid Nanofluid in Heat Transfer, Exp. Therm.
Fluid Sci., 38, pp. 5460.
[18] Madhesh, D., Parameshwaran, R., and Kalaiselvam, S., 2014, Experimental
Investigation on Convective Heat Transfer and Rheological Characteristics of
CuTiO2 Hybrid Nanofluids, Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci., 52, pp. 104115.
[19] Jia, B. P., Gao, L., and Sun, J., 2007, Self-Assembly of Magnetite Beads Along
Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Via a Simple Hydrothermal Process, Carbon,
45(7), pp. 14761481.
[20] Zhang, Q., Zhu, M., Zhang, Q., Li, Y., and Wang, H., 2009, The Formation of
Magnetite Nanoparticles on the Sidewalls of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes,
Compos. Sci. Technol., 69(5), pp. 633638.
[21] Shi, D., Cheng, J. P., Liu, F., and Zhang, X. B., 2010, Controlling the Size and
Size Distribution of Magnetite Nanoparticles on Carbon Nanotubes, J. Alloys
Compounds, 502(2), pp. 365370.
[22] Sundar, L. S., Singh, M. K., Ramana, E. V., Singh, B. K., Gracio, J., and
Sousa, A. C. M., 2014, Enhanced Thermal Conductivity and Viscosity of
Nanodiamond-Nickel Nanocomposite Based Nanofluids, Sci. Rep., 4(4039),
pp. 113.
[23] Sundar, L. S., Singh, M. K., and Sousa, A. C. M., 2014, Enhanced Heat Transfer and Friction Factor of MWCNTFe3O4/Water Hybrid Nanofluids, Int.
Commun. Heat Mass Transfer, 52, pp. 7383.
[24] Sundar, L. S., and Sharma, K. V., 2010, Turbulent Heat Transfer and Friction
Factor of Al2O3 Nanofluid in Circular Tube With Twisted Tape Inserts, Int. J.
Heat Mass Transfer, 53, pp. 14091416.
[25] Sundar, L. S., and Sharma, K. V., 2010, Heat Transfer Enhancements of Low
Volume Concentration Al2O3 Nanofluid and With Longitudinal Strip Inserts in
a Circular Tube, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 53(1920), pp. 42804286.
[26] Sundar, L. S., Ravi Kumar, N. T., Naik, M. T., and Sharma, K. V., 2012,
Effect of Full Length Twisted Tape Inserts on Heat Transfer and Friction
Factor Enhancement With Fe3O4 Magnetic Nanofluid Inside a Plain Tube:
An Experimental Study, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 55(1112), pp.
27612768.
[27] Wongcharee, K., and Eiamsa-ard, S., 2012, Heat Transfer Enhancement by
Using CuO/Water Nanofluid in Corrugated Tube Equipped With Twisted
Tape, Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transfer, 39(2), pp. 251257.

021015-12 / Vol. 7, JUNE 2015

[28] Suresh, S., Venkitaraj, K. P., Selvakumar, P., and Chandrasekar, M., 2012, A
Comparison of Thermal Characteristics of Al2O3/Water and CuO/Water Nanofluids in Transition Flow Through a Straight Circular Duct Fitted With Helical
Screw Tape Inserts, Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci., 39, pp. 3744.
[29] Naik, M. T., Janardana, G. R., and Sundar, L. S., 2013, Experimental Investigation of Heat Transfer and Friction Factor With Water-Propylene Glycol
Based CuO Nanofluid in a Tube With Twisted Tape Inserts, Int. Commun.
Heat Mass Transfer, 46, pp. 1321.
[30] Azmi, W. H., Sharma, K. V., Sarma, P. K., Mamat, R., and Anuar, S., 2014,
Comparison of Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient and Friction Factor of
TiO2 Nanofluid Flow in a Tube With Twisted Tape Inserts, Int. J. Therm. Sci.,
81, pp. 8493.
[31] Naik, M. T., Fahad, S. S., Sundar, L. S., and Singh, M. K., 2014, Comparative
Study on Thermal Performance of Twisted Tape and Wire Coil Inserts in Turbulent
Flow Using CuO/Water Nanofluid, Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci., 57, pp. 6576.
[32] Nanocyl, http://www.nanocyl.com
[33] SigmaAldrich, http://www.sigma-aldrich.com
[34] The Engineering ToolBox, http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/specificheat-solids-d_154.html
[35] Nano-Lab, http://www.nano-lab.com/dispersant-suspensions.html
[36] Sundar, L. S., Ramana, E. V., Singh, M. K., and Sousa, A. C. M., 2012,
Viscosity of Low Volume Concentrations of Magnetic Fe3O4 Nanoparticles
Dispersed in Ethylene Glycol and Water Mixture, Chem. Phys. Lett., 554, pp.
236242.
[37] Gnielinski, V., 1976, New Equations for Heat and Mass Transfer in Turbulent
Pipe and Channel Flow, Int. Chem. Eng., 16, pp. 359368.
[38] Notter, R. H., and Sleicher, C. A., 1972, A Solution to the Graetz Problem
III. Fully Developed Region Heat Transfer Rates, Chem. Eng. Sci., 27(11),
pp. 20732093.
[39] Blasius, H., 1908, The Boundary Layers in Fluids With Little Friction, Z.
Math. Phys. 56(1), pp. 137.
[40] Petukhov, B. S., 1970, Heat Transfer and Friction in Turbulent Pipe Flow
With Variable Physical Properties, Advances in Heat Transfer, J. P. Hartnett
and T. F. Irvine, eds., Academic, New York, pp. 504564.
[41] Kline, S. J., and McClintock, F. A., 1953, Describing Uncertainties in Single
Sample Experiments, Mech. Eng., 75(1), pp. 38.

Transactions of the ASME

Downloaded From: http://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 12/05/2015 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use