Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
The issue of leadership styles is a major and basic concern for all
organizations and institutions in various countries. Different
countries around the world have been attempting to highlight and
stress the concept of efficient leadership styles in various ways in
their organizational daily activities, programs, and performance, for
example, England and Nigeria. There is rapid and increasing
awareness in various sectors and fields in line with a sharp
increase in the number of teachers, including the educational
institutions such as universities, colleges, schools and others which
are indirectly related to the educational domain (MoE, 2011). The
Education and Training Policy set aims and objectives, which was
2
to: produce skilled man power with the necessary quality and
quantity
to
meet
the
national
socio-economic
development
and
transformational
leadership
(Mosadeghrad
2003).
The main reason for the wide variety of leadership styles is the
changing nature of leadership. Changes in social values, culture,
technology and political system are impacting the leadership
process in all industry sectors. It is important to realize that,
leadership styles which were considered effective in certain time or
situation can lose their effectiveness once social value, time or
cultures changes. One the best example for this fact is Fredric
Taylor's scientific management theory which was considered very
to
motivate
subordinates
to
achieve
the
objectives
of
the
stress,
making
external
controls
and
people s
schools
resources
used
them
resulted
in
positive
of
employeesperformance
in
their
schools.
As such, (Ibukun, 1997) argued that the main task of the principal
is to create a conducive atmosphere for the teachers to be able to
achieve
desired
changes
in
students.
He
noted
that
10
problem
implementation
leadership
solving,
mechanism,
quality
that
set
and
takes
appropriate
possess
an
responsibility
curriculum
instructional
for
students
11
12
2-
3-
Research Question
In addressing this problem, the following research questions were
raised:
1-
13
2-
3-
satisfaction
by
14
16
17
school
originally
developed
and
run
by
Christian
used
in
the
colonial
era
for
the
purposes
of
18
CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter provides a theoretical review of the leadership theories
focusing on the impacts of participative and transformational
leadership on motivation, job satisfaction and innovations. The
literature review starts with defining the concept of leadership
21
achievement
in
given
23
25
leadership
behaviors
and
democratic
leadership
is
2.2.2
27
theories was presented by Avery (2004) who has classified the most
used leadership styles into four paradigms (Avery, 2004; Jing and
Avery, 2008): classical, transactional, visionary/ transformational
and organic/ participative.
to
discuss
the
characteristics,
advantages
and
28
29
30
32
motivational
theories
together
with
problems
with
influence:
Transformational
idealized
influence
by
improving
Leaders
their
manifest
performance,
pay
34
immoral
and
unethical
dimension
it
could
have
36
immoral
or
even
trivial,
they
may
rebel
or
simply
cease
participation.
(Spreitzer,
2005).
Participative
leaders
involve
their
leaders
and
followers.
Participative
leader
can
be
38
39
to
samples
companies,
of
individuals
student
in
leaders
the
and
military,
college
40
employee
orientation
and
production
orientation.
industry
and
participative
models
are
replacing
the
41
may
correlate
with
productivity
and
organizational
1980
various
scholars
have
studied
the
concept
of
42
43
The main reasons for the need for participative leaders are the
changes in cultures, environment and politics. An interesting study
done by Hay group (2011) claims because of factors such as
globalization,
climate
change,
demographic
change,
44
45
46
strategic
financial
planning,
analyses,
management
quantitative
by
objectives,
techniques
and
and
other
countries
witnessing
accelerated
47
or
descriptive
(Mintzberg,
1975).
The
analysis
of
and
Estafen,
1965)
or
systematic
observation
48
Stoner, 1978, Haynes, Massie and Wallace, 1975) have classified the
various contributions into schools of thought. Haynes, Massie and
Wallance (1975) regarded the early management writers who
attempted to establish a set of organizational principles that
appeared to them as universal in application as the classical school.
The Social Scientists who questioned the assumptions of the
classical school between 1930 and 1960 on the basis of empirical
research and considered human elements as the most important
factor in the work place are known as the organic Scholl (Stoner
1978). With lines drawn between the conflicting theories, studies
led by Burns and Stalkers (1961).
(1995)
extended
the
approach
to
management
of
49
are
forcing
management
to
rethink
traditional
50
Culture
and
Multi-Culturalism.
Recognizing
the
various
Khandwallas
(1979)
study
of
103
Canadian
companies
researchers also
indicated
that
participative
style
is
influence
performance
irrespective
of
national
culture
and
Edward
(1988)
carried
out
meta-analysis
of
53
The
participants
had
minimum
educational
qualification of N.C.E and their age range was between 23 and 54.
INSTRUMENT
A 13-item questionnaire designed to identify the impact of
participative leadership on motivation of employees was used. The
items were prepared by the researchers.
54
0.45. The calculated value was compared with the r-critical value of
0.36 at P<.05 which yielded a significant outcome.
PROCEDURE
A total of 120 copies of the questionnaire were distributed
within a period of three weeks to select participants for this study.
The researcher approached the participants in their houses and
offices. Simple random sampling was used to select houses and
offices used for the study.
However, the researcher approached the participants, introduced
himself and his purpose. After which, rapport and confidentiality
were generated and questionnaire administered.
With this exercise, out of the 120 copies that were administered,
only 100 copies were correctly filled and returned were used for
data analysis.
55
DESIGN/STATISTICS
A survey research design was adopted and the sample selected
from the targeted population was given copies of the questionnaire
to measure their response.
Chi-square was used to analyze the data to test the observed
Impact Of Participative Leadership On Motivation Of Employees.
56
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS
TABLE 1.
Summary table of chi-square on the difference between observed and expected
frequencies on marital infidelity as a factor.
ITEM I: Problems imposed by marital infidelity among couples can lead to
divorce.
Yes
97
Responses
No
3
DF
X2
88.36
<.001
From the table one above chi-square calculated value of 88.36 is greater than
chi critical value of 10.83 at p less than <.001 indicating a significant outcome.
Hence hypothesis one which stated that There will be no significant
influence of marital infidelity as a factor in divorce is hereby rejected. This
means that marital infidelity play a remarkable role as a factor in divorce.
57
TABLE II:
Summary table of chi-square on the difference between observed and expected
frequencies on family income as a factor.
ITEM II
Quarrels over the amount of family income can influence divorce among couple.
Yes
98
Responses
No
2
DF
X2
92.16
<.001
From the table two above chi calculated value of 92.16 is greater than chi
critical value of 10.83 at p less than <.001 indicating a significant outcome.
Hence hypothesis two which stated that There will be a significant
influence of income as a factor in divorce is hereby rejected. This means that
income play a remarkable role as a factor in divorce.
TABLE III
58
Responses
No
2
DF
X2
92.16
<.001
From the table three above chi calculated value of 92.16 is greater than the
chi critical value of 10.83 at p less <.001 indicating a significant outcome.
Hence hypothesis three which stated that There will be no significant
influence of polygamy as a factor in divorce is hereby rejected. This means that
polygamy play a remarkable role as a factor in divorce.
59
S/NO
ITEM
(2)
Misunderstanding between a young partner and an
old partner over cultural norms can influence
divorce
(3)
Where there is lack of understanding and love
among couples can easily influence divorce
(4)
Misunderstanding based on different religious
practices or belief held by each couple can easily
influence divorce
(7)
Age at the time of marriage, most especially where
the husband is much older than the wife can
influence divorce
(8)
Quarrels arising from inability of the couple to
produce children can influence divorce
(9)
Differences in knowledge based on level of
education can influence divorce
(10) Lack of paid employment of one partner in a
marriage as a factor influences divorce
X2
P
84.64 <.001
77.44 <.001
12.96 <.001
81
<.001
70.56 <.001
81
<.001
5.76
<.001
The calculated chi value is greater than the critical value of 10.3 showing that all
the factors play remarkable role to divorce.
CHAPTER FIVE
DISCUSSION
The findings of this study revealed that the first hypothesis tested which
stated that There will be no significant influence of marital infidelity as a factor in
60
divorce was not accepted. This means that marital infidelity was found to yield a
significant outcome, indicating that marital infidelity plays a remarkable role in
divorce among couple.
This finding is in line with the views of Otite and Ogiowo (1979), where
they postulated that some causes of divorce ranges from childlessness, cruelty,
undue interference from mother In-law, marital infidelity and poverty. They also
asserted that sexual deprivation is among the factors that can influence divorce.
From all these investigations, one may observe that marital infidelity is an
important factor in divorce.
The second hypothesis tested in this study, which stated that There will be
no significant influence of income as a factor in divorce, is also rejected. This
mans that income was found to yield a significant outcome, indicating that income
play a remarkable role in divorce among couple.
This is also in line with the views of (Haralambos, 1990) who posited that
the higher a womans individual income, the greater here chances of divorce,
perhaps because with greater income, women are not economically dependent on
their husbands because conflict over inequitable work and family role increases
marital tension.
61
The findings of this study have shown that marital infidelity, income and
polygamy are the major causes of divorce.
So from the findings, it is obvious that when marital infidelity, quarrels over
income, polygamy and other numerous factors are present in a marriage, that
divorce becomes inevitable.
In addition, the study will be an eye opener to married couples, marriage
counselors, and religious leaders on factors that promote divorce. It will also serve
as an empirical work for similar study. Above all, with the findings of this study,
married couples having known what could cause divorce will desist from them
now they are aware of it.
LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
Major constraint of this study was finance. Due to lack of money, only few
samples were used. In addition, the study fails to use a true sample Enugu South
due to time factor and other constraints.
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY
Further researchers should look at other factors that can cause divorce such
as personality factors, hereditary factors and so on. In addition to that, they should
increase their sample to have a full representation of the population.
Furthermore, experts should also look at ways to curb high rate of divorce in our
society today by working with these factors that have been revealed ad mediators.
63
SUMMARY
The findings of this study are summarized thus:
A significant influence of marital infidelity among couple as a factor in
divorce was observed.
A significant influence of income as a factor in divorce among couple was
observed.
A significant influence of polygamy as a factor in divorce among couple was
also observed.
CONCLUSION
Based on the findings of this study, the researcher hereby concludes that
divorce can be influenced by marital infidelity, income and polygamy.
CHAPTER THREE
Method
This chapter discussed the participants, instruments procedure,
and design and statistics, used in the study.
64
Participants
The population of this study comprised of married women, trading
in Eke Awka, Anambra state, Nigeria. Convenient sampling
technique was used t select (294) married women out of (339)
women the researcher met during the administration of the
questionnaire. Their ages ranged from 28 years to 63 years. The
mea and standard deviation of their ages were 39.24 years and 4.67
years respectively.
INSTRUMENTS
Three instruments utilized in this study were.
Life satisfaction scale (LSs): by Diener, Larsen and Griffin (195). A
5item designed to measure global cognitive judgments of ones life
satisfaction
(measure
of
either
positive
or
negative
affect).
community
secondary
school
Ebonyi
state
and
copies
of
administered
questionnaire
were
collected
67
CHATER FOUR
Result
The result of the statistical analysis of the data obtained in the
study is presented in tables 1 and2. Table 1 shows the summary of
correlation between satisfaction with life and violence against
women.
Table1: summary table of correlation between satisfaction with life
and violence against women.
Factor
Mean
Std.
R. cat
P. value
Satisfactio
131
Deviation
0.47
.18
0.4
122
n with life
Violence
72.65
11.05
against
women
The result obtained (table1) indicated that satisfaction with life had
a significant relationship r (N=122) = 18** p= 0.05 with violence
against women. This implies that satisfaction with life (high or low)
has a role to play in the violence against women among married
female traders: accordingly the hypothesis is confirmed.
Table2: summary of correlation between self-esteem and violence
against women.
Factor
Mean
Std.
R. cat
P. value
Self-
1.17
deviation
0.38
.224
0.01
122
esteem
Violence
72.65
11.05
against
women
variables
(satisfaction
with
life
and
self-esteem)
were
70
Conclusion
It is pertinent to adapt to recommendations of previous studies and
work on the factory observed to be causing domestic violence
among partners and encourage the behaviors that are observed to
reduce violence among couples.
research
consequencial
should
factors
be
of
carried
violence
out
to
against
services
unveil
other
women
than
of
qualified
72
74