104

Isoperimetric problems

 104

2015

1.
2.

A, B, C l L l AB L
A, B AC, BC L

a
C

L
b

AB l L C A, C b L
B, C CAB AB, AC L
O 2 l L O

()

O 3 3 l L

O l L

eogebraWolframAlpha

A, B, C l L l AB L
A, B AC, BC L

AB, L
ABC

lemma1

l
AB P PA PB APB PA PB

pf

1. P A, B l

l P
2

lx

L1 1

l
2

L1 2

2. PA PB APB
3

lemma2 AB P1 , P2 AP1 P1 P2 P3 B l AP1 P2 B

AP1 P1P2 P2 B
pf

P2

P1

A
1.

BA

L3 1

P1

P2

P1

L3 2

BA

P2

L3 3

P1 AP1 a1 x lemma1 P1 P2 P2 B b1

L3 2
2. P2 P1 lemma1 AP1 P2 AP1 P1 P2 a2 L3 3
3. 1.2.

1
ai 2 ai 1 2 1 bi 1
,i 2

b 1 2 1 a b
i
i 1
i 2

4.

ai bi

1
ai1 ai
2

1
1
1

ai1 ai1 bi1

2
2
2

1
ai1 bi1
4
i 2

1
2
2

i 1

a1 b1

lim an bn 0
n

AP1 P2 B AP1 P1P2 P2 B

5.

1
am am 1 t 1 bm 1

a1 x

1
lx
b t 1 a b
b1
m
m
m 1
lim (a b ) 0
t
t
m m m

lemma3
pf

1
am t am 1 t 1 bm 1

b 1 t 1 a b
m
m 1
m t

1
am t am 1 t 1 bm 1

bm 1 t 1 am 1 t 1 t bm 1

t t
t

1
a

tam 1 t 2 t bm 1
m
2

1
2
b

m t 2 t 1 am 1 t t 1 bm 1

am bm

1
am 1 bm 1
t2

1
2
t

m 1

1
2
t

m 1

a1 b1
(t 1) x l

lim (am bm ) 0
m

lemma4

ABCD a b c d A BAD C BCD

1
a b c d
2

s a s b s c s d abcd cos 2

AC

2 A C 180

ABCD
pf ( P66P67)
5

S ABD
S

1
1
ad sin A S BCD bc sin C
2
2

1
1
ad sin A bc sin C
2
2

4 S 2 ad sin A bc sin C

2
2
2
2
BD a d 2ad cos A b c 2bc cos C

ad cos A bc cos C

4S 2

1 2
b c2 a 2 d 2
2

1 2
b c2 a2 d 2
4

ad sin A bc sin C (ad cos A bc cos C ) 2

2

a 2 d 2 b 2 c 2 2abc 2abcd cos A C

AC
a 2 d 2 b 2 c 2 2abc 2abcd 2 cos 2
1
2

AC

ad bc 4abcd cos 2
2

AC

16 S 2 4 ad bc b 2 c 2 a 2 d 2 16abcd cos 2
2

AC

16 s a s b s c s d 16abcd cos 2
S

AC

s a s b s c s d abcd cos 2

lemma5 AB P1 P2 P3 Pn1 AP1 P1 P2 Pn2 Pn1 Pn1 B

AP1 P2 P3 Pn2 Pn1 B

AB

pf

P3

Pk

P2
P1

A
L4 1

Pn3
Pn2
Pn1


1.
2.

AP1 P2 P3 Pn2 Pn1B

P1 P2 P3 Pn2 Pn1

AP1 Pn1 B

P2
P1

Pn3
Pn2
Pn1

AP1 Pn1 B A B
( )

Pk

P3

Pn3

P2

Pn2

P1

B A

L4 2
Pn1

L 4 1

lemma4

P3

A P1

AP1 P1 P2 Pn2 Pn1 Pn1 B

Pk

AP1 Pn1 B

Pn1
B

L4 3

AP1 Pn1 B

L 4 2
3.

P1 P2 Pn2 Pn1

P2 P3 P4 Pn3 Pn2

AP1 Pn1 B

L 4 3

4. AB

Lemma6

AP1 P1P 2 Pn 1B

O
OA OP1 OP2 OB

AP1 P1P 2 Pn 1B

AP P B
OA OP1 OPn 1 OB
1. 1 n 1 O
OAP1 O OA OB
S
2.
OBP1 '

Pi
P1

P2

Pn 1

Pn 2 B

P1

P P Pn1BP1 '
3. P1P1 ' AB ( SAS ) AP1 BP1 ' 1 2

AP1P2 Pn 1B

P P Pn 1BP1 '
4. lemma5 1 2
P1P1 '
P1P2 P1 ' Pn 1 S P1P1 '
PP P P '
AP P B
1 2 n1 1 1 n 1 O'
5.
OA OP1 OB O' O

AB l L AB A B L n

S l AB

P2

P3

P4

Pn1

P1

1
AB

P1 , P2 , P3 Pn 1
8

AP1 P1 P2 Pn 2 Pn 1 Pn 1 B

AP1P2 P3 Pn 1B

1. n 2 lemma1
2. n 3
1 AP1 P1 P2 , P2 B P1 P2 B
AP1 S P1 , P2 , B ( P1 P2 P2 B )

2 P2 B AP1 , P1 P2
3 lemma2
3. n k k k 1
1 n 2 3 n k n k 1
AP1

P1 P2 , P2 P3 ......, Pn1 B

Pn1 B

a1 x

lx
b1

k 1
2 n k , k , k 1

1
a

a n 1 k 2 bn 1
n

k 1

b 1 k 2 a b
n
n 1
lim (am bm ) 0
n k 1
lemma3 m

AP1 P2 Pn 1 B

AP1 P1 P2 Pn 2 Pn 1 Pn 1 B

n3
1.

1 lemma4
9

 AC

2 s a s b s c s d abcd cos 2

A C 180 ABCD
2

AP1 P1 P2 P2 B

l
3 ABCD

2. n

AP1 P2 Pn 1 B

AP1 P1 P2 Pn 2 Pn 1 Pn 1 B

lemma6 OA OP1 OP2 OB A P1

P2 Pn 2

Pn 1

AP1 P1 P2 Pn 2 Pn 1 Pn 1 B

AP1 P2 P1 P2 P3 P2 P3 P4 Pn 2 Pn 1 B

P3

P2

P4

P1

P5

lp

l
1
p
l n

1. AB p OABr AOB
10

aaa an 1
2. BA n 1 2 3

l
a1a
2 a2 a
3 a3 a4 an 2 an 1 , n l
p 2 2r 2 2r 2 cos 2r 2 (1 cos )

2
2
2
2
2 2
l n (2r 2r cos( )) 2r n (1 cos( ))
n
n

1 cos( )
l
n
f ( ) n
p
1

cos

3.

k (1,
) (0,2 )f k

2
1

lim f n

lim 1 cos( )
n

lim 1 cos

2 0

1 cos( )
n
lim f n lim
0
0 1 cos

d 1 cos( )
n

d
n lim
()
0 d 1 cos
d

d 1 cos( ) d cos( ) d
n

n n

d
d cos( )
d
n
n
n lim
0
d 1 cos d cos

d cos
d
n lim

1
sin( )
n n

1 sin

1
n n n n 2 1

n
) (0,2 )f k
f k (1,

A (0,2 ) f A (1, )
11

<>

AB l L AB A B L n

S n l AB

n n S n
S n 1 S n n N n 2
L n 1 n
1 S 3 S 2 3 () 2 (
)

P1

3a

3a

2a

P1

P2

2a

2a

B A

2b

2b

AB 2b l 6a

1
2
2b 3a b 2 b 3a b 3a b S 2
2

1
2a 2b
2

2a

2b 2a

a b

3a b a b

S 3 S 2 a b 3a b a b b 2 3a b 3a b
2

3a b a

3a b a 3 b 3 3a 2b 3ab 2 3ab 2 b 3
3

3a 2b 0

(l AB)

3 2 S 3 S 2
n 1 n ( S n 1 S n )
12

S3

 n 1 S n

P3

Pk
Pn 2

P2
P1 "
P1

Pn 1

P1 '

Sn
AP1 ' P1 " P2 AP1 P2 n 1

S n 1

n 1 S n

<>

<> AB 0 l n
n n

<> AB 0 l n 1 n
n 1 n

AB l L C A, C b L
B, C CAB AB, AC L
13

 AB, AC L

A, B, C , L

CAB

1
L
2 (L

L )
O 2 l L O

O n R1 R2 R3 Rn
n R1 R2 A1 A2 A3 An

R1 R2 1 2 3 n M

A1 A2 A3 An a1 a 2 a3 a n

xt
y0

L1

t Rt 0

xt
t Rt 0
y 0 mt
m 1 r 1

L2

14

R2

R1
A1 A2 O a, b ABCD

sin 1 b 2
1

cos 1 b

cos 2

ab

a b 2

sin 2 1

OAB

1
b sin 1 b 1 b 2
2

a b 2 a b
1 ab
2
sin 2
2
2
2
OCD
OAB

r2

21
r 21 1 cos 1 b
2

r2

a b
2 2

r 2 2 2 cos 1

2
2

OCD

a1 OAB OCD OAB OCD

A1

a b 2 a b
b 1 b

2
2

a b

cos b cos
1

1
1
1
r2
2 2
2
15

 wolfram
Plot[cos^-1(y)+cos^-1(|x-y|/(2^1/2))-y(1-y^2)^1/2-(|x-y|(2-(x-y)^2)^1/2)/2
- Pi/2,{x,,}]

x, y A1

1
A1 2 0

16

A
O r 1 2 0

O 3 3 l L

( )
R1 R2 R2 R3 R1 ' R2 ' A1 ' A2 '
a1 ' a 2 ' a1 ': a 2 ' 1 : 2

1
n n 1
n
n
AB l L C A, C b L

B, C

CAB

1
L
2 ( L L )

http://www.mathdb.org/competition/essay/0506/articles/S2.pdf

http://activity.ntsec.gov.tw/activity/race-1/51/pdf/040411.pdf
3 O O
17

http://activity.ntsec.gov.tw/activity/race-2/2007/pdf/010018.pdf
86

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