Professional Documents
Culture Documents
WHAT IS RESEARCH?
A systematic inquiry that uses disciplined methods to answer questions or
solve problems; the ultimate goal is to develop, refine and expand a body of
knowledge (Polit & Beck, 2004)
Is the continuing discovery and exploration of the unknown (Sanchez, 2002)
The root meaning of research is to search again and again- a diligent,
systematic inquiry or investigation to validate and refine existing knowledge
and/ or generate new knowledge (Burns & Grove, 1997)
In nursing, is a systematic search for and validation of knowledge about
different issues important to the nursing profession / practice (Polit &
Hungler, 1999)
2. EVALUATIVE
3. ACTION
4. CREATIVE
5. APPLIED
B. QUALITATIVE
o Focus is on the subjective
meaning of an experience to an
individual
o
o
o
o
o
Research Question
1. Does the type of wrapper
on gauze sponges affect the
incidence of strike-through
contamination?
2. What is the effect of two
alternative enteral feeding
schedules on overall
nutritional status of an animal
model?
3. Is tactile stimulation
associated with greater
physiologic and behavioral
arousal in infants with
congenital heart disease than
verbal stimulation?
Independent Variable
Type of wrapper
(coated v/s uncoated)
Dependent Variable
Bacterial contaminatio
Nutritional status
Mode of stimulation
B. Internal Criteria
1. Novelty
1. Experience/ qualifications
2.Motivation/
3. Administrative support
3. Time factor
5.
Hazards,
penalties
CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Purpose:
Essential elements:
1. Introduction
2. Background of the Study
&
EXAMPLE 1. TITLE:
Mothers Caring Practices for Children with Acute Respiratory Tract Infection of a
Selected Village in West Java,Indonesia: Basis for Community Health Program
Introduction
Acute respiratory tract infections in most instances initially begins from a minor
symptom like colds which can progressed to serious illness. Acute respiratory tract
infections are caused by virus. This type of infections is a major cause of morbidity and
mortality worldwide. They are responsible for one in five deaths in children under the
age of five years (Harisson, 2009).
According to WHO (2009), acute respiratory tract infections continue to be the
leading cause of acute illnesses worldwide and remain the most important cause of
infants and young children mortality, accounting for about two million deaths each year
and the first rank among the causes of disability adjusted life years lost in developing
countries 94.6 million, 6.3% of total. The most risky populations of developing a fatal
respiratory disease are the very young, the elderly, and the immune compromised.
The incidents of acute respiratory tract infections in children are estimated to be
25% per child per year in industrialized countries. Most cases occur in India (43
millions), China (21 millions), Pakistan (10 millions), Indonesia and Nigeria (56 millions
each). Pneumonia is responsible for about 21% of all deaths in children, leading to
estimate that for every 1000 children born alive, 12-20 die from pneumonia before their
fifth birthday (WHO, 2012).
Background of the Study
The prevalence of acute respiratory tract infections especially among children in
Dayeuhkolot, Bandung Regency in the province of West Java, Indonesia is very high
due to poor sanitation caused by poor people living in the slums areas and in the nearby
industrial areas. According to the Central Bureau of Statistics in Bandung (2012), the
percentage of children suffering from acute respiratory tract infections in Bandung
Regency was 80.49%; Cangkuang Village, subdistrict,has recorded 75% of children
afflicted by various acute respiratory ailments.
Public health center data (2012) found out that Cangkuang Village had the
highest number of cases of children with acute respiratory tract infections. On the record
of the Ministry of Health in Indonesia (2012), children under five years old died due to
acute respiratory tract infections, and ranked as the third cause of death among infants
and under five year old children.
Based on the survey done (2013) in Bandung, Indonesia, the leading causes of
acute respiratory infections were poor environmental sanitation and poor hygienic
practices of mothers in the care of their children. The researcher, who is a community
health nurse instructor, is constantly exposed to this type of health problem in the
community she served. Hence, she is challenged to conduct a study to investigate the
mothers practices in caring for their children with acute respiratory tract infections in
Cangkuang Village, Bandung Regency, West Java, Indonesia. The results of the study
would be the basis in developing a community- based health program.
RESEARCH LOCALE
o Description of the research venue without mentioning the name of the
facility/ hospital/ school
o
o
The
HYPOTHESIS
o
o
o
o
differences or relationships
Two types:
1) Alternative (Ha) - positively stated.
Example: 1. There is significant relationship between teaching strategies and
student performance.
2. Women who exercise postpartum have lower weight retention than
women who do not.
2) Null (Ho) or statistical hypothesis expressed in negative statement, subjected to
testing in which decision is either to accept or reject it.
Example: 1. There is no significant relationship between the profile variables of
the participants and their level of competencies.
2. There is no significant differences between the ratings of the studentnurses themselves and their clinical instructors on the students level of
competencies.
presents the scope and coverage of the study with regards to specific variables,
population/ participants (selection technique, no. of participants), research locale,
instrumentations, methodology
indicate what will be excluded and limit of the study
Example:
The main focus of the study was the determination of mothers practices in
caring for children with acute respiratory tract infections in Cangkuang village,
Bandung
Regency. The
personal
hygiene,
DEFINITION OF TERMS
o technical terms with words or phrases with special meanings should be defined
o focus on terminologies, on variables or concepts that are used in the study
o key words or terminologies are taken from the thesis title and from the statement
of the problems, and are arranged in alphabetical order.
o operational definition is required; if conceptual definition is used, cite the source/s
then formulate the operational definition
OPERATIONAL DEFINITION defining terms/ concepts/ variables as used in the
study. Use researchers own words to simply define the term/s for clarity and
better understanding of the study
Example:
1. Fatigue is a mood marked by weariness, inertia, listlessness or low
energy level as assessed by factor F on the Profile of Mood States scale
(Wright, 1991).
2. Normothermia is the core temperature of 98.4 oF as measured
rectally (Howell, et al, 1990).
3. Organizational Commitment refers to the strength of the feeling
of responsibility that a staff nurse has toward the mission of the
company he/ she works (Soria, 2012)
4. Mothers practices are the day-to-day activities of the mother in
caring for children with acute respiratory tract infection, which include
the following:
Personal Hygiene refers to the individual practices and
activities of mothers to promote and maintain the physical
cleanliness of their children such as hands/ nails, oral/ mouth,
hair, ears and skin.
Environmental Sanitation pertains to cleanliness of the
familys surroundings which includes ventilation, air pollution,
water management, waste management, industrial waste
management in the community
Treatment refers to the intervention or home remedies
performed by the mothers in caring for their children with acute
respiratory tract infections (Deasy, 2013)