LECTURE 4.2 DI Area-Volume Center Mass Triple Integrals S2 2015-2016

IIUM, Faculty of Engineering, Engineering Mathematics 2, MATH 1320
Department of Science in Engineering Chapter II.2. Multiple Integrals (Area, Vol. & Center Mass.)
III. MULTIPLE INTEGRALS
3.4 Area. Volume and Center of mass
3.5 Double integral in Polar coordinates. Surface area. Triple integrals
3.4 Area. Volume and Center of mass
3.5 Double integral in Polar coordinates. Surface area. Triple integrals
Application of double integral
 Area: A  R    dA R
R
 Volume: V  R    f  x, y  dA , where f is z  f  x, y 
R
nonhomogeneous on R .
R
 Total Mass: The total mass of the lamina (tine plate) with
variable (nonhomogeneous) density   x, y  , where the function  is
continuous on R : m     x, y  dA .   constant , m   A  R  .
R
 Total Charge Q : if an electric charge is distributed over a region R and the
charge density (unit of charge per unit area) is given by   x, y  at a point
 x, y  in R , then the total charge Q is given

Q     x, y  dA .
R
Area and Volume
To use double integrals to solve problems, it is very important to recognize what
each component of the integral presents. For this reason, we focus briefly to set up a
double iterated integral as a double sum. Consider the case of a continuous function
f  x, y   0 on some region R  R2 . If R has the form
R   x, y  a  x  b, and g1  x   y  g 2  x 
as indicated in the following Figure 1
Figure 1
then we have from our previous section that the volume V lying beneath the surface
z  f  x, y  and above the region R is given by

b b g2  x 
V   A  x  dx    f  x, y  dydx (1)
a a g1  x 
Here, for each fixed x , A x  is the area of the cross section of the solid corresponding
to the particular value of x . Our aim is to write the volume integral in (1) in a slightly
different way from our derivation in the section of multiple integrals.
Notice that, by the definition of definite integral, we have that:
b n
 A  x  dx  Plim
0
 A  ci  xi (2)
a 1 i 1
where P1 represents a partition of the interval  a, b , ci is some point in the ith

subinterval  xi 1 , xi  (the width of the ith subinterval). For each fixed x   a, b  , since
A x  is the area of the cross section, we have that

g2  x 
A  x    f  x, y  dy  lim  f  x, j   y j
m
(3)
g1  x  P 0 2 j 1
where P2 represents a partition of the interval  g1 ( x), g 2 ( x) ,  j is some point in the
j th subinterval  y j 1 , y j  of the partition P2 and y j  y j  y j 1 (the width of the
j th subinterval). Putting equations (1), (2) and (3) together, we get:

b n
V   A  x  dx  lim  A  ci  xi
a P 0 1 i 1
 
 lim   lim  f  ci ,  j   y j  xi
n m
1

P  0 i 1 P  0 j 1
2
 (4)
 lim lim   f  ci ,  j   y j xi

n m
P1  0 P2  0 i 1 j 1
The double summation in equation (4) is called a double Riemann sum. Notice that each
term corresponds to the volume of a box of length xi , width y j and height
f  ci , j  (see the Figure 2).
Figure 2
Observe that by superimposing the two partitions, we have produced an inner partition
of the region R . If we represent this inner partition of R by P and the norm of the
partition P by P , the length of the longest diagonal of any rectangle in the partition,
we can write equation (4) with only one limit, as
V  lim   f  ci , j   y j xi
n m
(5)
P 0 i 1 j 1
When we write the iterated integral representing volume, we can use (5) to help
identify each of the components as follows:
V  lim   f  ci , j  y j xi
n m
P  0 i 1 j 1
height width length
b g2  x  (6)
   f  x, y  dy dx .
a g1  x  width length
height
Similarly as we did above, for the region of form,
R   x, y  c  y  d , and h1  y   x  h2  y  ,
we get the corresponding interpretation of the iterated integral:
V  lim   f  ci , j  xi y j
m n
P  0 j 1 i 1
height length width
d h2  y  (7)
   f  x, y  dx dy .
c h1  y  length width
height
observe that for any bounded region R  R2 (set of two dimension space),  1dA ,
R
which we sometimes write simply as  dA , gives the volume under the surface z  1
R
and above the region R in the xy  plane. Since all of the cross sections parallel to the
xy  plane are the same, the solid is a cylinder and so, its volume is the product of its
height (1) and its cross-sectional area. That is
  dA  1 Area of R   Area of R (8)
So, we now have the option of using a double integral to find the area of a plane region.
Example 1 (Using Double integral to find Area):

2
Find the area of the plane region bounded by the graph of x = y ,
y  x = 3 , y = 3 and y = 2 (see Figure 3).
Figure 3
Solution:
Note that, there is in the figure a small rectangle with sides dx and dy , respectively.
This helps to indicate the limits for the iterated integral. From (8) we have
2
2 y 2
A   dA    dxdy    x x  y 3 dy
x y2
R 3 y 3 3
2
2  y3 y 2  175
   y   y  3  dy   
2
 3y  .
3 3 2  3 6

Find the volume V of the tetrahedron bounded by the plane 2 x  y  z  2 and
the three coordinate planes.
Solution:
We start with sketching the solid. Since the plane 2 x  y  z  2 intersects the
coordinate axes at the points 1,0,0  ,  0,2,0  and  0,0,2  , a sketch is easy to draw.
Simply connect the three points of intersection with the coordinate axes and we will get
the graph of tetrahedron (a four – sided object with all triangular sides) as in the Figure
4, below
Figure 4
In order to use the volume formula, though, we will first need to visualize the
tetrahedron as a solid lying below a surface of the form z  f  x, y  and lying above
some region R in the xy  plane.
Notice that, the solid lies below the plane z  2  2 x  y and above the triangular
region R in the xy  plane as in the figure above.

You can see that R is the triangular region bounded by the x  and y  axes
and the trace of the plane 2 x  y  z  2 in the xy  plane (see the Figure 5, below)
Figure 5
From equation (6) the volume is then:
1 22x
V    2  2 x  y  dy dx
0 0 width length
height
y 22x
1
y2 
   2 y  2 xy   dx
0 2  y 0
1
 2  2x 
2
  2  2  2 x   2 x  2  2 x    dx
0 2 
1
   4  4 x  4 x  4 x 2  2  4 x  2 x 2  dx
0
1
1  x2 x3 
   2  4 x  2 x  dx   2 x  4  2 
2
0  2 3 0
1
 x3   2 2
 2 x  2 x  2   2  2    .
2
 3 0  3 3

Find the volume V of the solid lying in the first octant and bounded by the
graphs of z  4  x2 , x  y  2 , x  0 , y  0 and z  0 .
Solution:
The sketch of the graph is:
In the equation z  4  x there is no y term so we must conclude that it is a cylinder,

2
x  y  2 is a plane and x  0 , y  0 and z  0 are the coordinate planes.

Notice that, the solid lies below the surface z  4  x and above the triangular region
2
R in the xy  plane formed by the x  and y  axes and the trace of the plane
x  y  2 in the xy  plane(i.e., the line x  y  2 . This is shown in the following
graph
Now we can integrate with respect either x or y first, we integrate with respect to x
first so:
x 2 y
2 2 y  x3 
 
2
V    4  x dx dy    4 x  
2
dy
0 0 length width 0 3  x 0
height
  2  y 
2 3
20
  4  2  y    dy  .
0 3  3

Find the volume V of the solid bounded by the graphs of z  2 , z  x 2  1,
y  0 and x  y  2 .
Solution:
The graph of z  x2  1 is a parabolic cylinder with axis parallel to the y 

axis. It intersects the plane z  2 where x2  1  2 or x  1 . This forms along
through, which is cut off by the planes y  0 (the xz  plane) and x  y  2 . A
sketch of the solid is shown in the Figure 6 below:
Figure 6
The solid lies below z  2 and above the cylinder z  x2  1. Drawing a vertical line
from the xy  plane through the solid in the figure above shows that the height of the
solid is the difference between

2
 
2 and x 2  1 , so that f  x, y   2  x  1  1  x .
2
In the first figure notice that the solid lies above the region R in xy  plane bounded
by y  0 , x  y  2 , x  1 and x  1 (see the Figure 7, below).
Figure 7
It’s easy to see from this figure that we should integrate with respect to y first. For
 
each fixed x in the interval 1,1 , y runs from 0 to 2  x . The volume is then:
1 2 x
   
1 y 2 x
V    1  x dydx    1  x 2 y 
2
dx
y 0
1 0 1
 
1
8
  1  x 2  2  x  dx  .
1 3

Find the area of the region by y  0 and y  x 2 in the first quadrant.
Solution: y y  x2
We sketch the region such as in Figure 8. Noting yx
where the two curves intersect and calculate the area as 1,1
1 x 1 yx
A    dydx    y  y  x dx
yx
2
2
0x 0
y  x2
1
 x 2 x3  x
 
1
1 0
  x  x dx      .
2
1
0  2 3 0 6
Figure 8
Notice that, the single integral   x  x 2  dx , obtained

1
from evaluating the inside iterated integral, is the integral for the area between these two
curves using the method of above section.
Moments and Center of Mass

There are many physical applications of double integrals. Consider a thin, flat
plate (a lamina) in the shape of the region R  R2 (set of two dimension space) whose
density (mass per unit area) varies throughout the plate (i.e., some areas of the plate are
more dense than others). From an engineering standpoint, it’s often important to
determine where you could place a support to balance the plate. We call this point the
center of mass of the lamina. We will first need to find the total mass of the plate.
Suppose the lamina has the shape of the region R shown in the Figure 9, below
Figure 9
And has mass density (mass per unit area) given by the function P  x, y  . Construct an
inner partition of R , as in the following Figure 10:
Figure 10
Notice that, if the norm of the partition P is small, then the density will be nearly
constant on each rectangle of the inner partition.
So, for each i  1, 2, 3, , n , pick some point  ui ,i   Ri . Then, the mass mi of the
portion of the lamina corresponding to the rectangle Ri is given approximately by
mi    ui , i  Ai
mass / unit area area
Where Ai denotes the area of Ri . The total mass m of the lamina is then given
approximately by
n
m     ui ,i  Ai
i 1
Notice that, if P is small, then this should be a reasonable approximation of the total
mass.
To get the mass exactly, we take the limit as P tends to zero, which can be recognized
as a double integral:
n
m  lim    ui ,i  Ai     x, y  dA (9)
P 0 i 1 R
Notice that, if you want to balance a lamina like the one in first figure, you need to
balance it both from left to right and from top to bottom.
To find the center of mass the first we will need to find the first moments: both
left to right (we call this the moment with respect to the y  axis) and
top to bottom (the moment with respect to the x  axis).
First, we approximate the moment M y with respect to the y  axis. Assuming
that the mass in the ith rectangle of the partition is concentrated at the point  ui ,i  ,
we have
n
M y   ui   ui ,i Ai
i 1
(i.e. the sum of the products of the masses and their directed distances from the y 
axis). Taking the limit as P tends to zero, we get
n
M y  lim  ui   ui ,i Ai   x   x, y  dA (10)
P 0 i 1 R
Similarly, looking at the sum of the products of the masses and their directed distances
from the x  axis, we get the moment M x with respect to the x  axis,
n
M x  lim  i   ui ,i  Ai   y   x, y  dA (11)
P 0 i 1 R
 
The center of mass is the point x, y defined by
My Mx
x and y  (12)
m m
Example 6 (Using Double integral to find the center mass of Lamina):
Find the center of mass of the lamina in the shape of the region bounded by the
graphs of y  x 2 and y  4 , having mass density given by   x, y   1  2 y  6 x 2 .
Solution:
The first we sketch the region in the following Figure 11:
Figure 11
We have that the total mass of the lamina is given by:
 
2 4
m     x, y  dA    1  2 y  6 x 2 dydx
R 2 x 2
y 4
2 2 y2 
  y   6 x2 y  dx
2  2  yx 2
   
2
   4  16  24 x 2  x 2  x 4  6 x 4  dx
2
1696
  113.1
15
We compute the moment M y , from equation (10):
 
2 4
M y   x   x, y  dA    x 1  2 y  6 x 2 dydx
R 2 x 2
 
2 4 2 y 4
   x  2 xy  6 x dydx    xy  xy 2  6 x 3 y 
3
dx
yx 2
2 x 2 2
   
2
   4 x  16 x  24 x3  x3  x5  6 x5  dx
2
 
2
   20 x  23x3  7 x 6  dx  0
2
Note that, from Equation (12), this says that the x-coordinate of the center of mass is
My 0
x   0.
m 113.1
This is clear since both the region and the mass density are symmetric with respect to
the y-axis. [Note that    x, y     x, y  ]. Next, from Equation (11), we have
 
2 4
M x   y   x, y  dA    y 1  2 y  6 x 2 dydx
R 2 x 2
y 4
 y 2 2 y3 
 
2 4 2
   y  2 y  6 x y dydx    
2 2
 3x 2 y 2  dx
2 x 2
2  2 3  yx 2
2 128 2 x
4
2 x6 
   8   48 x      3 x 6   dx
2  3   2 3 
11.136
  318.2
35
M x 318.2
And so, from equation (12) we have y    2.8 . The center of mass is then
m 113.1
located at approximately:
 x, y    0, 2.8 .
In this example we computed the first moment M x and M y to find the balance point
(center of mass) of the lamina in the last Figure 10. Further physical properties of this
lamina can be determined using the second moments I x and I y . Much as we defined
the first moment in equations (10) and (11), the second moment about the y axis
(often called the moment of inertia about the y axis) of a lamina in the shape of the
region R , with density function   x, y  is defined by:
I y   x 2   x, y  dA
R
Similarly, the second moment about the x axis (also called the moment of inertia
about the x axis) of a lamina in the shape of the region R , with density function
  x, y  is defined by
I x   y 2   x, y  dA
R
Physics tells us that the larger I y is, the more difficult it is to rotate the lamina about
the y axis. Similarly, the larger I x is, the more difficult it is to rotate the lamina
about the x  axis.
Example 7 (Using Double integral to find the center mass of Lamina):

Find the moments of inertia I y and I x for the lamina in the previous example.
Solution:
The region R is the same as in the past example, so that the limits of integration
are the same. We have
 
2 4
I y    x 2 1  2 y  6 x 2 dydx
2 x 2
 
2 4 2 y 4
   x  2 x y  6 x dydx    x 2 y  x 2 y 2  6 x 4 y 
2 2 4
dx
yx 2
2 x 2 2
 
2
   4 x 2  16 x 2  24 x 4  x 4  x 6  6 x 6  dx
2
 
2
2176
   20 x 2  23 x 4  7 x 6  dx   145.07 .
2 15
and
 
2 4
I x    y 2 1  2 y  6 x 2 dydx
2 x 2
y 4
 y3 y 4 
 
2 4 2
   y  2 y  6 x y dydx    
2 3 2 2
 6 x2 y3  dx
2 x 2
2  3 2  yx 2
2  64 x 6 x8 
    128  128 x    6 x8   dx
2
2  3 3 2 
2  448 x 6 5 x8   61.952
    128 x  
2
  dx   983.37 .
2  3 3 2  63
Some information about of mass, first and second mass and center of mass
Using multiple integrals we can extend the calculations to a great variety of

shapes with varying density.
A material’s density function, denoted by   x, y  , is the mass per unit area.

The mass of a plate is obtained by integrating the density function over the
region R forming the plate.
The first moment about an axis is calculated by integrating over R the distance
from the axis times the density.
The center of mass is found from the first moments. Table 1 gives the double
integral formulas for mass, first moment and center of mass.
TABLE 1 Mass and first moment formulas for thin plates covering a region in the
xy  plane
Mass: m     x, y  dA   x, y  is the density at  x, y 
R
First moment: M x   y   x, y  dA , M y   x   x, y  dA
R R
Center of mass: My Mx
x , y
m m
Computations of moment of inertia for thin plates in the plane lead to double
integral formulas, which are summarized in Table 2. A small thin piece of mass m is
equal to its small area A multiplied by the density of a point in the piece.
The mathematical difference between the first moments M x and M y and the
moments of inertia, or second moments I x and I y is that the second moments use the
squares of the “lever–arm” distances x and y .
The moment I 0 is also called the polar moment of inertia about the origin. It is
calculated by integrating the density   x, y  (mass per unit area) times r 2  x 2  y 2 ,
the square of the distance from a representative point  x, y  to the origin.
TABLE 2 Second moment formulas for thin plates in the xy  plane

Moments of inertia (second moments):
About the x  axis: I x   y 2   x, y  dA
About the y  axis: I y   x 2   x, y  dA
About a line L : I L   r 2  x, y    x, y  dA
where r  x, y  =distance from  x, y  to L
About the origin:
(polar moment)
 
I 0   x 2  y 2   x, y  dA  I x I y
Radius of gyration: About the x  axis: Rx  I x m ,
About the y  axis: Ry  I y m ,
About the origin: R0  I 0 m .

Triple Integrals
We pattern our development of the triple integral of a function of three variables
after our development of the double integral of a function of two variables. We first
consider the relatively simple case of function f  x, y, z  defined on a rectangular box
Q in three dimensional space defined by
Q   x, y, z  a  x  b, c  y  d and r  z  s
We begin by partitioning the region Q by slicing it by planes parallel to the xy 
plane, planes parallel to the xz  plane and planes parallel to the yz  plane. Notice
that this divides Q into a number of smaller boxes (see the Figure 36 below)
Figure 36
Number the smaller boxes in any order: Q1 , Q2 , , Qn . For each box Qi  i  1, 2, , n  ,
call the x, y and z dimensions of the box xi , yi , and zi , respectively (see the
Figure 37).
Qijk
z
y
z x
Figure 37
The volume of the box Q is then Vi  xi yi zi . As we did in both one and
two dimensions, we pick any point  ui , i , wi  in the box Qi and form the Riemann
sum.
n
 f ui , i , wi  Vi .
i 1
In this three dimensional case, we define the norm of the partition P to be the longest
diagonal of any of these boxes Qi  i  1, 2, , n  . We can now define the triple integral
of f  x, y , z  over Q .
Definition 1 (Triple integral):

For any function f  x, y, z  defined on a bounded region Q , we define the
triple integral of f over Q by
n
 f  x, y, z  dV  lim
P 0
 f  ui ,i , wi  Vi (20)
Q i 1
provided the limit exists and is the same for every choice of the evaluation points
 ui ,i , wi  in Qi , for i  1, 2, 3, , n . In this case, we say that f is integrable
over Q .
Note that, we have defined a triple integral, how can we calculate the value of one? Just
as a double integral can be written as two iterated integrals, a triple integral
turns out to be equivalent to three iterated integrals.
Theorem 1 (Fubini’s theorem for triple integral):

Suppose that f  x, y, z  is continuous on the box Q defined by
Q   x, y, z  a  x  b, c  y  d and r  z  S  .
Then, we can write the triple integral over Q as a triple iterated integral
bd s
 f  x, y, z  dV     f  x, y, z  dz dy dx (21)
Q acr
As was the case for double integrals, the three iterated in equation (21) are evaluated
from the inside out, using partial integrations. That is, in the innermost integral, we hold
y and z fixed and integrate with respect to x and in the second integration, we hold
z fixed and integrate with respect to y . Notice also that in this simple case (where Q
is a rectangular box) the order of the iterations in (21) is irrelevant, so that we might just
as easily write the triple integral as
bd s
 f  x, y, z  dV     f  x, y, z  dz dy dx
Q acr
or in any of the five remaining orders.
Example 17 (Triple Integral over a Rectangular Box, CRST&RBM, p.947):

 2 xe sin z dV , where Q
y
Evaluate the triple integral is the rectangle defined
Q
by: Q   x, y, z  1  x  2, 0  y  1 and 0  z   
Solution:
From Equation (21) we have
 12
 2 xe sin z dV     2 xe sin z dx dy dz
y y
Q 001
x2
 1 
2 x2 y
  e sin z  dy dz
00 2  x 1
1
    4  1 e y sin z  dy dz
00
 y 1 
 3 e sin z  dz  3   e  1 sin z dz
y
y 0
0 0
 3  e  1   cos z z 0
z 
 3  e  1  cos   cos 0   6  e  1 .

In the same manner you pick any of the other orders of integration and show that
they get the same result.
As we did for double integrals, we can define triple integrals for more general
regions in three dimensions by using an inner partition of the region. For any bounded
solid Q in three dimensions, we partition Q by slicing it with planes parallel to the
three coordinate planes. As in the case where Q was a box, these planes form a number
of boxes (see the Figure 38.a) and Figure 38.b)).
Figure 38.a) Figure 38.b)
In this case, we consider only these boxes Q1 , Q2 , , Qn , that lie entirely in Q and call
this an inner partition of the solid Q . For each i  1, 2, , n , we pick any point
n
 ui ,i , wi   Qi and form the Riemann sum  f ui , i , wi  Vi , where
i 1
Vi  xi yi zi , represents the volume of Qi . We can then define a triple integral
over a general region Q as the limit of Riemann sums, as follows
Definition 2 (Triple integral):

For a function f  x, y, z  defined on a (bounded) solid Q , we define the triple
integral of f  x, y, z  over Q by
n
 f  x, y, z  dV  lim
P 0
 f  ui ,i , wi  Vi (22)
Q i 1
provided the limit exists and is the same for every choice of the evaluation points
 ui ,i , wi  in Qi , for i  1, 2, 3, , n . When this hapens, we say that f is
integrable over Q .
Observe that Equation (22) is identical to Equation (20), except that in (22) , we
are summing over an inner partition of Q .
Now the question is how to evaluate triple integrals over more general regions.
The fact that there are six different orders of integration possible in a triple iterated
integral makes it difficult to write down a single result that will allow us to evaluate all
triple integrals. So, rather than write down an exhaustive list, we will indicate the
general idea by looking at several specific cases. For instance, if the region Q can be
written in the form:
Q   x, y, z   x, y, z   R, and g1  x, y   z  g 2  x, y  ,
where R is some region in the xy  plane and where g1  x, y   z  g 2  x, y  for
all  x, y  in R (see the Figure 39).
Figure 39
Then it can be shown that
g1  x , y 
 f  x, y, z  dV    f  x, y, z  dz dA (23)
Q R g1  x , y 
The innermost in Equation (23) is a partial integration , where we hold x and y fixed
and integrate with respect to z, and the outer double integral is evaluated using the
methods we have already developed previously.
Example 18 (using Different orders of Integration, TC, p.1104):

Each of the following integral gives the volume of the solid shown in Figure 40.
1 1 z 2 1 1 y 2
z
a)    dx dy dz b)    dx dz dy
0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 2 1 z 2 1 2 z
y  z 1
c)    dy dx dz d)    dy dz dx
0 0 0 0 0 0
1
y
2 we work out integrals in part b) and c):
x
Figure 40
In case b):
1 1 y 2 1 1 y
   dx dz dy    2dz dy
0 0 0 0 0
1 1
   2 z z 0 dy   2 1  y  dy
z 1 y
0 0
y 1
 2 y2 
 2y     2  1  1 .
 2  y 0
In case c):
1 2 1 z 1 2 1 2
   dy dx dz     y  y 0 dx dz    1  z  dx dz
y 1 z
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1
  1  z   x x  0 dz    2  2 z  dz
x2
0 0
z 1
 2z2 
  2z     2  1  1 .
 2  z 0

LECTURE 4.2 DI Area-Volume Center Mass Triple Integrals S2 2015-2016

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

LECTURE 4.2 DI Area-Volume Center Mass Triple Integrals S2 2015-2016

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

IIUM, Faculty of Engineering, Engineering Mathematics 2, MATH 1320

3.4 Area. Volume and Center of mass

3.5 Double integral in Polar coordinates. Surface area. Triple integrals

Application of double integral

variable (nonhomogeneous) density   x, y  , where the function  is

 Total Charge Q : if an electric charge is distributed over a region R and the

charge density (unit of charge per unit area) is given by   x, y  at a point

 x, y  in R , then the total charge Q is given

f  x, y   0 on some region R  R2 . If R has the form

z  f  x, y  and above the region R is given by

where P1 represents a partition of the interval  a, b , ci is some point in the ith

A x  is the area of the cross section, we have that

j th subinterval  y j 1 , y j  of the partition P2 and y j  y j  y j 1 (the width of the

j th subinterval). Putting equations (1), (2) and (3) together, we get:

 lim lim   f  ci ,  j   y j xi

f  ci , j  (see the Figure 2).

Similarly as we did above, for the region of form,

  dA  1 Area of R   Area of R (8)

Example 1 (Using Double integral to find Area):

Example 2 (Using Double integral to find Area):

region R in the xy  plane as in the figure above.

Example 3 (Using Double integral to find Area):

In the equation z  4  x there is no y term so we must conclude that it is a cylinder,

x  y  2 is a plane and x  0 , y  0 and z  0 are the coordinate planes.

Example 4 (Using Double integral to find Area):

The graph of z  x2  1 is a parabolic cylinder with axis parallel to the y 

solid is the difference between

Example 5 (Using Double integral to find Area):

We sketch the region such as in Figure 8. Noting yx

Notice that, the single integral   x  x 2  dx , obtained

Moments and Center of Mass

Example 6 (Using Double integral to find the center mass of Lamina):

graphs of y  x 2 and y  4 , having mass density given by   x, y   1  2 y  6 x 2 .

We have that the total mass of the lamina is given by:

the y-axis. [Note that    x, y     x, y  ]. Next, from Equation (11), we have

region R , with density function   x, y  is defined by:

Example 7 (Using Double integral to find the center mass of Lamina):

Using multiple integrals we can extend the calculations to a great variety of

A material’s density function, denoted by   x, y  , is the mass per unit area.

squares of the “lever–arm” distances x and y .

calculated by integrating the density   x, y  (mass per unit area) times r 2  x 2  y 2 ,

the square of the distance from a representative point  x, y  to the origin.

TABLE 2 Second moment formulas for thin plates in the xy  plane

Radius of gyration: About the x  axis: Rx  I x m ,

About the y  axis: Ry  I y m ,

About the origin: R0  I 0 m .

Q in three dimensional space defined by

Definition 1 (Triple integral):

Theorem 1 (Fubini’s theorem for triple integral):

or in any of the five remaining orders.

Example 17 (Triple Integral over a Rectangular Box, CRST&RBM, p.947):

 3  e  1  cos   cos 0   6  e  1 .

Figure 38.a) Figure 38.b)

Definition 2 (Triple integral):

where R is some region in the xy  plane and where g1  x, y   z  g 2  x, y  for

all  x, y  in R (see the Figure 39).

Example 18 (using Different orders of Integration, TC, p.1104):

You might also like