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PeertoPeerGovernance,ProductionAndProperty:P2PAsAWayOfLivingPart1

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Robin Good

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Curatedby:LuigiCanaliDeRossi

Saturday,October20,2007
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PeertoPeerGovernance,ProductionAndProperty:
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Marketsmaybechangingfromalogicofpurecapitalism(makingcommoditiesforexchange,soastoincrease
capital),tologicswherethelogicofexchangeissubsumedtothelogicofpartnership.

Photocredit:MaximMalevich
Thereisnowathrivingfieldofsocialcooperation,whichsomecalltheadventureeconomy,emergingforthe
sharingofphysicalgoods.
Today,theInternetoffersaremarkablesocialdynamiccompletelybasedonvoluntaryparticipationinthe
creationofcommongoodsmadeuniversallyavailabletoall.
Imyself,hereatMasterNewMedia,basemyownpresentbusinessandsustainabilitymodelonthefreesharing
ofhighvalueinformationandcontent(intheformofarticles,reviewsandvideos)thatIopenlyandfreely
publishonline.
Peerproduction,governanceandpropertyaremoreproductiveeconomically,politically,andintermsof
distribution,thantheirgovernmentalandforprofitcounterparts,becausetheyfilteroutallthelessproductive
formsofmotivationandcooperation,andretainonlypassionateproductionandintrinsicmotivation.
Thesocialmediasharingplatformsyouseetodaybloomingallaroundyousurvivefromsellingtheyourreader's
attentionspan,NOTtheusevalueyouhavecreatedyourself.
"Therealizationthatcontemporaryworkersaremovingnotjustfromjobtojob,butalsofromjobs
tononjobs,andthatinfact,whatismostusefulandmeaningfulforthem(andthemarket,and
society)arenotthepaidjobsforthemarket,buttheepisodesofpassionateproduction."
Areformsofnonreciprocalpeerproductionbecomingdominant?Willpeerinformedmodesofproductionfind
theirwayineconomicconditionsofscarcity?Arepeertopeermodelsanoption?
MichelBauwensintroducesherethefoundationalconceptsofpeergovernance,productionandproperty,
analyzingtheirtraitsandcharacteristics.
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Peertopeergovernance,ifsupportedbynewsocioeconomicregulations,includingauniversalsubsidytoall
couldbethemeansbywhichindividualswouldbeabletogovernthemselveswhileengaginginthepursuitof
theirbestinterestsandpassions.
IntrobyRobinGood

ThePoliticalImplicationsofthePeertoPeerRevolution
byMichelBauwens

P2PandtheCommonsGeneralintroduction

Photocredit:Hightech.Blogosfere
Peertopeersocialprocessesarebottomupprocesseswherebyagentsinadistributednetworkcanfreelyengage
incommonpursuits,withoutexternalcoercion.
Itisimportanttorealizethatdistributedsystemsdifferfromdecentralizedsystems,essentiallybecauseinthe
latter,thehubsareobligatory,whileintheformer,theyaretheresultofvoluntarychoices.
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Distributednetworksdohaveconstraints,internalcoercion,thataretheconditionsforthegrouptooperate,and
theymaybeembeddedinthetechnicalinfrastructure,thesocialnorms,orlegalrules.
Despitethesecaveats,wehaveherearemarkablesocialdynamic,whichisbasedbothonvoluntaryparticipation
inthecreationofcommongoods,whicharemadeuniversallyavailabletoall.
Peertopeerprocessesareemerginginliterallyeverycrannyofsociallife,andhavebeenextensively
documentationinthe5,000+pagesofdocumentationattheFoundationforPeertoPeerAlternatives,andmany
otherplacesontheWeb.
P2Psocialprocessesmorepreciselyengender:
1. peerproduction:whereveragroupofpeersdecidedtoengageintheproductionofacommonresource
2.

peergovernance:themeanstheychoosetogovernthemselveswhiletheyengageinsuchpursuit

3. peerproperty:theinstitutionalandlegalframeworktheychoosetoguardagainsttheprivateappropriation
ofthiscommonworkthisusuallytakestheformofnonexclusionaryformsofuniversalcommon
property,asdefinedthroughtheGeneralPublicLicense,someformsoftheCreativeCommonslicenses,or
similarderivatives
Thesenewpropertyformshaveatleastthreecharacteristics:
1.

theyareaimedagainsttheprivateappropriationofthecommonlycreatedvalue

2.

theyareaimedatcreatingthewidestpossibleusage,i.e.theyareuniversalcommonpropertyregimes

3.

theykeepthesovereigntywiththeindividual

Thethirdaspectiswhypeerpropertyfundamentallydiffersbothfromprivatepropertyandcollectiveproperty.
Privatepropertyisindividualbutisexclusionary,itsays,whatismineisnotyours.
Butstate,thatiscollectiveproperty,isalsoexclusionary,butinanothersense:itsays,itisours,butitmeansthat
younolongerhavethesovereignty.It'sfromus,regulatedbyabureaucracyorrepresentativedemocracy,butitis
notreallyyours.
Thecollectivehastakenoverfromtheindividual,andmoreoftenthannot,coercionisinvolved.
ButtheGeneralPublicLicense,ortheCreativeCommonslicensesaredifferent.
Commonpropertyisnotcollectiveproperty.
Usingthem,theindividualgetsfullattribution,i.e.therecognitionofhispersonalproperty.Youarefreely
sharingyoursovereigntywithothers.
ThisisespeciallyclearintheCreativeCommonslicensingschemes,wheretheindividualgetsawholegamutof
optionsforsharing.Youremainfullyincontrol,i.e."sovereign",andthereisnocoercioninvolved.
Itisimportanttonotethatpeerproductionisaformof"generalized",onnonreciprocal,exchange.Itisnotagift
economy,basedondirectexchangeorobligation.Sopeerproductionisnottobeequatedbycooperative
productionforthemarket:participationhastobevoluntary,thereisnodirectreward(butmanyindirectrewards)
intheformofmonetarycompensation.
Theprocessitselfisparticipative.
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Andtheoutcomeissimilarlyfree,inthesensethatanyonecanaccessandusethecommonresource.Inreality,
mostpeerproductionprojectsareintertwinedwithasmallercoreofpeoplewhomaygetpaid,andusefinances
tocreateaninfrastructuresothatthepeerproductionmayoccur.
Theconditionsforpeerproductiontoemergeareessentially:abundanceanddistribution.
Abundancereferstotheabundanceofintellectorsurpluscreativity,tothecapacitytoownmeansofproduction
withsimilarexcesscapacity.Distributionistheaccessibilityofsuchabundantresourcesinfinegrained
implements,YochaiBenklerhascalledmodularityorgranularity.Againwecouldtalkaboutthedistributionof
intellect,oftheproductioninfrastructure,offinancialcapital.
Itisimportanttodistinguishtwospheres.
Inonesphere,ourdigitallyenabledcooperation,reproductionofnonrivalknowledgegoods,suchassoftware,
content,opendesigns,takesplaceatmarginalcosts,andnotonlythereisnolossbysharing,butthereisactually
again,throughnetworkeffects.
Suchfreecooperationcanonlybehindered'artificially',througheitherlegalmeans(intellectualproperty
regimes)orthroughtechnicalrestrictionssuchasDigitalRightsManagement,whichessentiallyhinderthesocial
innovationthatcantakeplace.Inthissphere,anonreciprocalmodeofproductionbecomesdominant,since
resourcesarenotrival,andyou'renotlosing,butgaining,throughgiving.
Inthesphereofmaterialproduction,wherethecostsofproductionarehigher,andwehaverivalgoods,westill
requireregimesofexchange,orregimesofreciprocity.Noticethatinasphereofvirtualabundance,where
copyingistrivial,thereisnotensionbetweensupplyanddemand,andhencenomarket.
Peerproduction,thoughembeddedinthecurrentpoliticaleconomyandessentialforthesurvivalofthecognitive
formsofcapitalism,isthereforeessentiallypostcapitalist.Essentiallybecauseitisoutsidewagedependency,
outsidethecontrolofacorporatehierarchy,anddoesnotallocateresourcesaccordingtoanypricingormarket
mechanism.
Peergovernanceispostdemocratic,becauseitisaformofgovernancethatdoesnotrelyonrepresentation,but
whereparticipantsdirectlycodecideandbecauseitisnotlimitedtothepoliticalfield,butcanbeusedinany
socialfield.Peergovernanceisnonrepresentational,andthisisessentiallysobecausewhatthenetworked
communicationaffordsus,istheglobalcoordinationofsmallgroups,andtherefore,thepeertopeerlogicof
smallgroupscanoperateonaglobalscope.
Hierarchies,themarket,andevenrepresentativedemocracy,areallbutmeanstoallocatescarceresources,and
donotapplyinthecontextwhereabundantresourcesareallocatedirectlythroughthesocialprocessof
cooperation.However,sincethepurepeertopeerlogiconlyfullyfunctionsinthesphereofabundance,itwill
alwayshavetoinsertitselfintheformsthatareresponsiblefortheallocationofresourcesinthesphereof
materialscarcity.
Peergovernancebasedleadershipseemsacombinationofinvitationalleadership,i.e.thecapacitytoinspire
voluntarycooperation,andaposterioriarbitragebasedonthereputationalcapitalthusobtained.However,the
processofproductionitselfisanemergentpropertyofthecooperatingnetworks.
Peerpropertyisapostcapitalistformofpropertybecauseitisnonexclusionary,anditcreatesacommonswith
marginalreproductioncosts.
Therearetwomainformsofpeerproperty.
Oneisbasedontheindividualsharingofcreativeexpression,andisdominatedbytheCreativeCommonsoption
whichallowsanindividualtodeterminethelevelofsharing.
Theotherisappliedtocommonsbasedpeerproduction,andtakestheformoftheGeneralPublicLicenseorits
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derivativesoralternatives,andrequiresthatanychangetothecommon,alsobelongstothecommon.

2.TheConditionsfortheExpansionofPeerProduction

Photocredit:JennySolomon
Peerproductionnaturallyoccursinthesphereofimmaterialproduction.Inthissphere,theaccesstodistributed
resourcesisrelativelyeasy.
LargesectionsofthepopulationintheWesterncountriesareeducated,andcanhaveacomputerattheirdisposal.
Andthecostsofreproductionaremarginal.
Theexpansionofpeerproductionisdependentoncultural/legalconditions.Itrequires
openandfreerawculturalmaterialtouse
participativestructurestoprocessit
andcommonsbasedpropertyformstoprotecttheresultsfromprivateappropriation.
Henceisacirculationofthecommonobtained(theconceptisfromNickDyerWhiteford),throughwhichpeer
productionvirallyexpands.
However,peerproductionisnotlimitedtothesphereofimmaterialproduction.
Physicalresourcescanbeshared,iftheyareavailableinadistributedformat.
Forexample:computersandtheirfilesandprocessingpower.Carscanbepooled.Moneycanbepooledasinthe
P2PfinancialexchangessuchasZopaorProsper.Desktopmanufacturingandpersonalfabricatorsmaylowerthe
thresholdofparticipation,creatingmoremodularityandgranularityinnewerfields.Infact,wemayobservethat
thesametendencytominiaturization,whichledtothenetworkedcomputer,istakingplaceinthedomainof
physicialmachinery.Coupledwiththeenergycrisisandadwindlingnaturalresourcebase,thiswillmostlikely
lead,inthecomingdecades,toanewequilibriumthatfavorsrelocalizedproduction.
Forprocesseswherephysicalproductionrequiresaccesstocentralizedfinancialcapital,forexamplethe
productionofcars,itisentirelyconceivabletosplittheimmaterialdesignphasefromthephysicalproduction
space.Thisisalreadybeingappliedbyforprofitentities.Innocentiveisanearlyexampleofthis.Infact,in
referencetotheabove,itisentirelypossibletoconceiveofthegrowthofacombinationofgloballocalopen
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designcommunities,withabuiltonlycapitalismintermsofphysicalproduction.
Finally,therelationshipbetweenphysicalobjects,logicalspace,anddigitalidentifiersmaybechanged,soasto
promotecommonsbasedapproaches.ThewhitebicyleexperimentinAmsterdamfailed,becausethescarce
physicalresource,thebikes,couldnotbetrackedandprotected.Butcommonsownedbicyclescanbetracked
throughRFID.
Infact,thereisnowathrivingfieldofsocialcooperation,whichsomecalltheadventureeconomy,emergingfor
thesharingofphysicalgoods.
Suchexpansionisnotjustanaturalextensionoftechnicalevolution,buthasstructuralandthereforepolitical
impediments.Thecentralizedcapitalformatsofcontemporaryneoliberalantimarketsobviouslyimpedesuch
expansion.Butevenwithsuchconstraints,thescopefortheexpansionofpeerproductionissignificant.
Again,wewillmakethefollowingcaveat.Intheimmaterialsphere,nonreciprocalpeerproductionislikelyto
becomedominant.Inthefieldofscarcity,wewillseetheriseofpeerinformedmodesofproduction.
Thismeansthatmarketsformsarestartingtochange,changingfromalogicofpurecapitalism(making
commoditiesforexchange,soastoincreasecapital),tologicswherethelogicofexchangeissubsumedtothe
logicofpartnership.
Thinkaboutfairtrade(amarketsubjectedtopeerarbitrage),socialentrepreneurship(profitusedtosustainsocial
goals),thebaseofthepyramidofinclusionalcapitalism,andthemanypoliticalsocialmovementsthataimto
divorcemarketforms,fromtheinfinitegrowthlogicofcapitalism,suchasthenaturalcapitalismmovementin
theU.S.

3.AdaptationofCognitiveCapitalismtoPeertoPeer

Photocredit:Vacuum3d
Peerproduction,governanceandpropertyaremoreproductiveeconomically,politically,andintermsof
distribution,thantheirgovernmentalandforprofitcounterparts,becausetheyfilteroutallthelessproductive
formsofmotivationandcooperation,andretainonlypassionateproductionandintrinsicmotivation.
Inmostcases,distributionbeatsdecentralizationandcentralizationasthebestwaytodealwithcomplexity.In
manycases,distributedsystemswilladaptcentralizedanddecentralizedfeaturesthatwillmakeparticipation
moreefficient.
Thiscreatesthelawofasymmetriccompetition,whichsaysthatanyforprofitentity,usingclosedproprietary
formatsandnoparticipation,willtendtoloseouttoforbenefitinstitutionsthatcandrawoncommunities.
ThinkExplorervs.Firefox.Asacorollary,anyforprofitentity(andanynationinitspublicpolicies),which
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adaptsopen/free,participatory,andcommonsorientedelements(asdotheopensourcesoftwarecompanies),will
havekeyadvantagesaswell.Thisensuresthesocialadoptionofpeertopeerlogicsinthecoreofoureconomy.
Sofar,empiricalevidencesuggeststhreeemergingformsofadaptionbetweenthesphereofpeertopeer
cooperation,andtheinstitutionalandmarketfields.
Thesphereofindividualsharing,thinkYouTube,wheresharershaverelativelyweaklinkstoeachother,
createstheWeb2.0businessmodel.Inthismodel,anethicaleconomyofsharing,coexistswith
proprietaryplatformswhichenableandempowersuchsharing,inexchangeforthesellingofthe
aggregatedattention
Thesphereofcommonsorientedpeerproduction,basedonstrongerlinksbetweencooperators,think
LinuxorWikipedia,usuallycombinesaselfgoverningcommunity,withforbenefitinstitutions(Apache
Foundation,WikimediaFoundation,etc...),whichmanagetheinfrastructureofcollaboration,anda
ecologyofbusinesseswhichcreatescarcitiesaroundthecommons,andinreturnsupportthecommons
fromwhichtheyderivetheirvalue.
Finally,crowdsourcingoccurswhenitistheinstitutionsthemselveswhichattempttocreateaframework,
whereparticipationcanbeintegratedintheirvaluechain,andthiscantakeawidevarietyofforms.Thisis
generallythefieldofcocreation.
Wemustnotethatmonetaryvaluethatisbeingrealizedbythecapitalplayers,isinmanyifnotmostofthe
cases,notofthesameorderasthevaluecreatedbythesocialinnovationprocesses.
Theuserproducersparticipantsarecreatingdirectusevalue,videosinYouTube,knowledgeandsoftwareinthe
caseofcommonsorientedprojects.Thisusevalueisputincommonpool,freelyusable,andtherefore,doesnot
consistofscarceproductsforwhichpricingcanbedemanded.
Thesharingplatformslivefromsellingthederivativeattentioncreated,NOTtheusevalueitself.Inthe
commonsmodel,theabundantcommonscanalsonotbedirectlymarketed,withoutthecreationofadditional
'scarcities'.
Whatdoesallofthismeanforthemarketsphere?
Itisnowpossibletocreateallkindsofusevaluewithout,orwithonlyaminimal,interventionofcapital.
a)Wearedealingwithpostmonetary,postcapitalistmodesofvaluecreationandexchange,thatareboth
immanent,i.e.embedded,tothemarket,butalsotranscendenttoit,i.e.operatingoutsideitsboundaries.
b)Capitalisincreasinglydependent,andprofitinginallkindsofways,fromthepositiveexternalitiesofsuch
socialinnovation.
c)Thefull,partial,orhybridpeerproductionmodelsthatwediscussabove,maybecollectivelysustainable
asvaluecreationprocesses,butdonotofferadirectsolutionfortheincomeandsurvivabilityoftheparticipants.
Sothechallengecanbedescribedasfollows:
1.

wehaveaprocessofsocialinnovationwhichcreatesmostlynonmonetaryvaluefortheparticipants

2.

wemayhaveanincreasinglyhugegapbetweenthepossibilityofcreatingpostmonetaryvalue,andthe
derivativeexchangevaluesthatarerealizedbyenterprise

3.

theparticipantsengagedinsuchpassionateproductionandinnovation,mostlycannotfindinsuch
processesananswertotheirownsustainability.

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Hence,theimpossibilitytorealizemorethanjustasmallpartialmonetaryvalue,fromthepointofviewofmost
commercialplayers.Increasingprecarityfortheparticipantsofsocialinnovation.Inotherwords,thecurrent
marketmodeldoesnotseemtohaveyetareverseprocessofredistributionforthevaluethatisbeingcreated.
Thismightofcoursebeatemporarycrisis,butIdonotbelieveitis.
Thereasonisthatthemarketcanonlyindirectlyandpartiallyprovidemonetarycompensationforprocesses
whicharenotmotivatedbysuchcompensation.Whatweneedthereforearemoregeneralredistributive
processesthatallowsocietyandthemarkettogivebackpartofthevaluethatisbeingsocreated.
Onepossibilityisthefurtherdevelopmentoftransitionallabourmarketmeasures(protecttheworker,notthe
job),whichrecognizetheflexibilityandmobilityofcontemporarycareers.Butthisneedsanimportantaddon
development:therealizationthatcontemporaryworkersaremovingnotjustfromjobtojob,butalsofromjobsto
nonjobs,andthatinfact,whatismostusefulandmeaningfulforthem(andthemarket,andsociety)arenotthe
paidjobsforthemarket,buttheepisodesofpassionateproduction.
Itseemstomethereforethatamoregeneralmeasure,notlinkedtothejob,butconceivedasarepaymentfor,and
enablerof,socialinnovation,isneeded.Thenameofthatgeneralmeasureismostprobablysomeformofbasic
income.

4.TheConditionsfortheExpansionofPeerGovernance

Photocredit:MaximMalevich
Peergovernancefunctionsbecausepeerproductionisthemacroscalecoordinationofalargenumberofmicro
productionteams.
Withintheteams,decisionmakingisparticipativeandconsensual,andtheglobalcoordinationisvoluntarily
acceptedandtodaytechnicallyfeasible.Smalltribes,thevictimsofcivilizationalhierarchies,arereenabledin
thenewformatofaffinitybasedcybercollectives.
Positively,peergovernanceexpandsthesphereofautonomyincooperationtoallsocialfields.Itspromiseisthat
productionbecomesanonhierarchicalprocess.ButasIsaidearlier,peergovernanceis'postdemocratic'
becauseitisnonrepresentational.
Thenegativeconstraintisthefollowing:peergovernancerequiresaprioriconsensusonthecommonobject.
Butsocietyasawholelackssuchconsensusbydefinition:itisadecentralizedcollectionofcompetinginterests
andworldviews,ratherthanadistributednetworkoffreeagents.Therefore,forsocietyatlarge,thereisno
alternativetoarevitalizeddemocraticpoliticalscenariobasedonrepresentation.
However,justasthemarketcaninspireitselfandbereformedbyP2Porpartnershipbasedprinciples(asinthe
fairtradethatissubjectedtopeerarbitrage),sowecanhavepeerinformedformatsofmultistakeholderbased
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globalgovernance.Andinanycase,thesphereofautonomy,i.e.ofpuregovernance,cansubstantiallyexpand
evenwithinthestructuresofdemocraticgovernment.
EndofPart1
Part2:PeertoPeerGovernance,DemocracyAndEconomicVision:P2PAsAWayOfLiving

OriginallywrittenbyMichelBauwensandfirstpublishedbyMasterNewMediaas"PeertoPeerGovernance,
ProductionAndProperty:P2PAsAWayOfLivingPart1"

Abouttheauthor

MichelBauwens(1958)isaBelgianintegralphilosopherandPeertoPeertheorist.Hehasworkedasaninternet
consultant,informationanalystfortheUnitedStatesInformationAgency,informationmanagerforBritish
Petroleum(wherehecreatedoneofthefirstvirtualinformationcenters),andisformereditorinchiefofthefirst
Europeandigitalconvergencemagazine,theDutchlanguageWave.WithFrankTheys,heisthecocreatorofa3
hourdocumentaryTechnoCalyps,anexaminationofthe'metaphysicsoftechnology'.Hetaughtandeditedtwo
FrenchlanguageanthologiesontheAnthropologyofDigitalSociety.
AlthoughastudentofKenWilber'sintegraltheoryformanyyears,hehasrecentlybecomecriticalofaspectsof
theWilberBeckmovement,andisapowerfulvoiceforanonauthoritarianpeertopeerbasedintegralsociety.
Michelistheauthorofanumberofonlineessays,includingaseminalthesisPeertoPeerandHumanEvolution,
andiseditorofP2PNews
HenowlivesinChiangMai,Thailand,wherehecreatedtheFoundationforP2PAlternativesandmaintainsa
blog.
HehastaughtcoursesontheanthropologyofdigitalsocietytopostgraduatestudentsatICHEC/St.Louisin
Brussels,BelgiumandrelatedcoursesatPayapUniversityandChiangMaiUniversityinThailand.
MichelBauwens[Readmore]

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