Definition

Larynx: a tube-shaped organ in the neck that contains the vocal chords (located btw the pharynx and the trachea)
Vocal chords: 2 small brands of elastic tissue (2 flat strips or rubber, opposite each other across air passage in larynx)
Pharynx: the pace behind tongue, immediate above the larynx, reaching up towards the nasal cavity
Palate: Forms roof of mouth. Separates mouth/oral cavity from nose/nasal cavity. Font part: hard, back part: soft
Lips: Consists upper, lower lip.
Teeth: lower front teeth not important in speech, upper front teeth: more frequently used
Tongue: greatest variety of movement. 5 parts: tip, blade, front, back (root)
Oral sounds (m mi): production of which soft palate is raised, block off nasal cavity => airstream through mouth only
Nasal sounds (m mig): production of which soft palate is lowered, block off oral cavity => Airstream through nose only
Consonants: 2 articulators come tgther, obstruct airstream (airstream not get out) => stricture or closure of airstream
Vowels: no obstruction to flow or air, passes from larynx to lips (air not get out) => produced with open articulation
Voiced sounds: airstream through vc chords. Vc chords come tgther, obstruct airstream, airstrm not get out => vibrate
Voiceless sounds: airstream through vc chords. Vc chords come apart, theyre open. Airstrm get out freely => not vibrate
Consonants: 2 types: the place and the manner of articulation
Identifying: bng trag 27 (Voicing => Place of articulation => Manner of articulation)
Ex: /s/: voiceless alveolar fricative
Vowels:
Classification: bg trog slide (tongue height => part of tongue raised => Degree of lip rounding)
Identifying: long/short => high/mid/low => front/central/back => rounded/unrounded
Ex: /e/ => short mid-central unrounded vowel, /u:/ => long high-back rounded vowel
*Diphthongs: a glide from 1 vowel to another, the long simple vowels. 1st part stronger-longer, 2nd part shorter-quieter
Classification: Centring: ending in / /, Closing: ending in / / and / /
Phonemes: the smallest segment of sound distinguishing 2 words
44 phonemes: 24 consonants, 20 vowels
Substituting 1 phoneme for another => different-meaning words (phonemes: meaning-distinguishing sounds)
Substituting allophones => different pronun of same words
Phonemic symbols: symbols for phonemes, phonetic symbols: symbols for allophones
*Phonemic/broad transcription: in which each phoneme is represented by 1 phonemic symbol
Ex: /
/
Phonetic/narrow transcription: contains information about exact quality of the sounds
Ex: [
]
*Minimal pairs: Pair of words which differ by only 1 phoneme in identical environment (Ex: zip-zap, sheep-ship)
Syllable: Onset, nucleus, coda (initial consonant, nuclear, prefinal, final, post final)
Stress: an extra force exerted on a particular syllable or a particular word (word stress: particular syllable, usually fixed;
sentence stress: particular word, not fixed)
Function: distinguish different parts of speech (noun-verb), a word from a phrase (idiom), function and content words, ,
new and given info, contrastive emphasis
Intonation: patterns of pitch variation in a sentence (affect meaning, indicate attitude, show contextual features)
Morphemes: smallest meaningful unit (a class of forms or an abstraction from concrete forms)
*Grammatical morphemes: (function words: pronouns, prepositions, auxiliary verbs, conjunctions, determiners;
inflectional affix: singular/plural, comparison er-est, participle)
*Lexical morphemes: (content word: N, V, adj, adv; derivational affix: prefix, suffix)
Morphs: concrete realization of a morpheme (classification based on form)
Free morph: a root morpheme
Examples: Undressed
Un-dress-ed
(Un-prefix-bound, dress-root-free, ed-suffix-bound)