SOCY215

Midterm Guideline
Cluster marketing--identifying neighborhoods on the basis of a whole set of shared
sociodemographic characteristics and using that information to market goods and services to
people in the identified geographic areas
Demographics--the application of demographic science to practical problems; any applied
use of population statistics
Demography--the scientific study of human populations
Geodemography--When we add this spatial element we are talking about
Geodemographics, geodemography, or spatial demography, which is the analysis of
demographic data that takes into account the location of the people being studied.
Investment demographics--basing investment decisions at least partly on the analysis of
projected population changesmarketing demographics the use of demographic information
to improve the marketing of a product or service
Population (or demographic) characteristics--those demographic traits or qualities that
differentiate one individual or group from another, including age, sex, race, ethnicity, marital
status, occupation, education, income, wealth, and urban-rural residence
Population distribution-- where people are located and why
Population growth or decline-- how the number of people in a particular place is changing
over time
Population processes-- fertility, mortality, and migration; the dynamic elements of
demographic analysis
Population size-- how many people are in a given place
Population structure-- how many males and females there are of each age
Site selection demographics-- using demographic information to help decide where to locate
a business
Targeting-- a marketing technique of picking out particular sociodemographic characteristics
and appealing to differences in consumer tastes and behavior reflected in those particular
characteristics
Globalization-- can be thought of as an increasing level of connectedness among and
between people and places all over the world.
Youth bulge-- The presence of idle and unemployed young people in the developing world
Violence in Sub-Saharan Africa
Impact on the environment
Agricultural Revolution-- change that took place roughly 10,000 years ago when humans
first began to domesticate plants and animals, thereby making it easier to live in permanent
settlements
Industrial Revolution-- the totality of the changes in economic and social organization that
began about 1750 in England and later in other countries; characterized chiefly by the
replacement of hand tools with power-driven machines and by the concentration of industry
in large establishments
Natural increase-- the excess of births over deaths; the difference between the crude birth
rate and the crude death rate is the rate of natural increase
Capitalism-- an economic system in which the means of production, distribution, and
exchange of wealth are maintained chiefly by private individuals or corporations, as
contrasted to government ownership
Demographic transition-- the process whereby a country moves from high birth and high
death rates to low birth and low death rates with an interstitial spurt in population growth,
accompanied by a set of other transitions, including the migration transition, age transition,
urban transition, and family and household transition
Mercantilism-- the view that a nations wealth depended on its store of precious metals and

that generating this kind of wealth was facilitated by population growth

Malthusian-- pertaining to the theories of Malthus, which state that population tends to
increase at a geometric rate, while the means of subsistence increase at an arithmetic rate,
resulting in an inadequate supply of the goods supporting life, unless a catastrophe occurs to
reduce (check) the population or the increase of population is checked by sexual restraint
Marxian-- pertaining to the theories of Karl Marx, which reject Malthusian theory and argue
instead that each society at each point in history has its own law of population that determines
the consequences of population growth
Malthus-- was an English cleric and scholar, influential in the fields of political
economy and demography.
Marx-- was a philosopher, economist, sociologist, journalist, and revolutionary socialist.
Born in Trier to a middle-class family, he later studied political economy and Hegelian
philosophy.
J.S. Mill-- was an English philosopher, political economist and civil servant. One of the most
influential thinkers in the history of liberalism, he contributed widely to social
theory, political theory and political economy.
Dumont-- such ambitions were not possible in every society.
Durkheim-- was a French sociologist, social psychologist and philosopher. He formally
established the academic discipline andwith Karl Marx and Max Weberis commonly
cited as the principal architect of modern social science and father of sociology.
Modernization-- the process of societal development involving urbanization,
industrialization, rising standards of living, better education, and improved health that is
typically associated with a Western lifestyle and world view and was the basis for early
explanations of the demographic transition
Moral restraint-- according to Malthus, the avoidance of sexual intercourse prior to marriage
and the delay of marriage until a man can afford all the children his wife might bear; a
desirable preventive check on population growth
Social capillarity-- Arsene Dumonts term for the desire of a person to rise on the social scale
to increase ones individuality as well as ones personal wealth
Socialism-- an economic system whereby the community as a whole (i.e., the government)
owns the means of production; a social system that minimizes social stratification
Theory-- a system of assumptions, accepted principles, and rules of procedure devised to
analyze, predict, or otherwise explain a set of phenomena
Administrative data-- demographic information derived from administrative records,
including tax returns, utility records, school enrollment, and participation in government
programs
Vital statistics-- data referring to the so-called vital events of life, especially birth and death,
but usually also including marriage, divorce, and sometimes abortion
De facto population-- the people actually in a given territory on the census day
De jure population-- the people who legally belong in a given area whether or not they are
there on census day
Census of population-- an official enumeration of an entire population, usually with details
as to age, sex, occupation, and other population characteristics; defined by the United Nations
as the total process of collecting, compiling and publishing demographic, economic and
social data pertaining, at a specified time or times, to all persons in a country or delimited
territory
Demographic change and response-- the theory that the response made by individuals to
population pressures is determined by the means available to them
Accidental of unintentional death
Alzheimers disease-- a disease involving a change in the brains neurons, producing

behavioral shifts; a major cause of organic brain disorder among older persons
Cardiovascular disease-- a disease of the heart or blood vessels
Communicable disease-- (also called infectious disease) a disease capable of being
communicated or transmitted from person to person
Degeneration-- the biological deterioration of a body
Infant mortality-- death during the first year of life
Infant mortality rate-- the number of deaths to infants under one year of age divided by the
number of live births in that year (and usually multiplied by 1,000)
Infectious diseases
Life expectancy-- the average duration of life beyond a specific age, of people who have
attained that age, calculated from a life table
Life span-- the oldest age to which an organism or species may live
Longevity-- the ability to resist death, measured as the average age at death
Maternal mortality-- the death of a woman as a result of pregnancy or childbearing
Morbidity-- the prevalence of disease in a population
Mortality transition-- the shift from deaths at younger ages due to communicable diseases to
deaths at older ages due to degenerative diseases
Noncommunicable disease-- disease that continues for a long time or recurs frequently (as
opposed to acute) often associated with degeneration
Nutrition transition-- a predictable shift in diet that accompanies the stages of the health and
mortality transition
Oral rehydration therapy-- an inexpensive glucose and electrolyte solution that is very
effective in controlling diarrhea, especially among young children
Rectangularization-- refers to the process whereby the continuing decline in death rates at
older ages means that the proportion of people surviving to any given age begins to square off
at the oldest ages, rather than dropping off smoothly over all ages
Proximate determinants of fertility-- a renaming of the intermediate variables (defined
previously) with an emphasis on age at entry into marriage and proportions married, use of
contraception, use of abortion, and prevalence of breast-feeding
Marital fertility decisions
Menopause-- the time when menstruation ceases permanently, usually between the ages of 45
and 50
Natural fertility-- fertility levels that exist in the absence of deliberate, or at least modern,
fertility control

Orphanage-- the practice of abandoning children in such a way that they are likely to be
cared for by strangers
Fosterage-- the practice of placing an excess child in someone elses home
Abortion-- the induced or spontaneous premature expulsion of a fetus