Page 1 of 10

Chapter 1 introduction:
1.1
1.2
1.3

why we select this project?

Objective
Work plan of project

Chapter 2 Need of study

2.1 literature review
2.2 outcome of literature review
Chapter 3 ammonia
Chapter4 pharmasuitical industry
Chapter 5 control technique
5.1 modification in operatig parameter
5.2 in design
5.3...in modification in operating parameters in existing
control equipment

Chapter 6 result analyses

6.1 simulation

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CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
1.1

WHY WE SELECTED THIS PROJECT?

In environment there are various types of air pollutants are present which are
generated in various industries and during the process of burning of coal,automobile etc. These
pollutants are CO,CO2,Sox,Nox,particulate matter etc. we visited the industry and find out the
problem related to ammonia from working plant in that industry.
In these all pollutants , Ammonia is an issue for pharmaceutical industry which is situated here
in ankleshwer. So we decided to find out the solution of that issue by the scope of our project.

1.2

OBJECTIVE
In pharmaceutical industry , there are several problems about emission
of pollutant like carbon monoxide ,nitrogen dioxides ,ammonia ,
particulate matter . The main objective of our project is to control of
emission of ammonia by using control techniques which is effective &
also cheaper for the industry.

1.3 Work done in7TH Semester:

Study of basic fundamentals regarding scrubber
Study and review of Literature based on ammonia control technique .
20 numbers of patents searched and reviewed by team.

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Prepared 16 PPRs, each reported and approved by guide.

Visit the industry while need the data regarding project.
Prepared 4 Canvas:
AEIOU Summary
The Ideanaut: IDEATION Canvas
EMPATHY Canvas
Product Development Canvas

1.3

WORK PLAN OF OUR PROJECT

GET THE BEST SOLUTION FOR THE

INDUSTRY

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CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

SR NO
1

TOPIC
Remov
al of ammonia
and
particulate
matter using
a
modified
Turbulent
wet
scrubbing
system

AUTHOR
Seung-Hyeok
Byeon ,
Byeong-Kyu
Lee
B. Raj Mohan

JOURNAL
ELSEVIER

FINDING

Modified
turbulence wet
scrubber
for
ammonia
gas
removal
pressure drop
are 150 mm
H2O
for
a
maximum
gas
flow rate
of 4.5 m3/min
operated in the
system, which is
considered to be
nominal for the
efficiency
achieve

2
3
4
5

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CHAPTER 3 AMMONIA
Impacts of Ammonia
Ammonia impacts both the environment and human health.

Environmental Impacts

Human Health Impacts

Environmental Impacts

When in gaseous form, ammonia has a short atmospheric lifetime of about 24 hours and usually
deposits near its source .. In particulate form ammonia can travel much further impacting a larger
area. Both gaseous and particulate ammonia contribute to eutrophication of surface waters, soil
acidification, fertilization of vegetation, changes in ecosystems ,and smog and decreased
visibility in cities and pristine areas.
Since ammonia is one of the only basic species in the atmosphere, it readily reacts with strong
acidic species in the atmosphere such as nitric and sulfuric acids, which are byproducts of
combustion process including vehicle and industrial sources, to form ammonium salts, also
known as fine particulate matter or PM2.5.
Due to their small diameter (less than 2.5 microns (m)) and increased atmospheric lifetime of
15 days, these particulates are able to travel long distances before being dry or wet deposited to
the ground surface. This allows them to travel from rural areas to urban locations where they mix

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and build up in the atmosphere leading to smog or transportation to other areas. In Colorado
transport of these particulates from urban areas to pristine mountain regions, such as Rocky
Mountain National Park, has been documented. Deposition of these N rich particulates in the
Park has caused changes in the Park's vegetation, lakes, and natural ecosystems.

Eutrophication
Eutrophication is a result of nutrient pollution (from deposition or run-off) into natural waters
(creeks, rivers, ponds, or lakes). Eutrophication generally promotes excessive plant growth and
decay, favors certain weedy species over others, and is likely to cause severe reductions in water
quality. In aquatic environments, enhanced growth of choking aquatic vegetation or algal blooms
disrupt normal functioning of the ecosystem, causing problems such as a lack of oxygen in the
water, needed for fish
and other aquatic life to
survive. The water then
becomes cloudy, colored a
shade of green, yellow,
brown, or red.

Eutrophication
Soil Acidification
When ammonia reaches the soil surface, it usually reacts with water in the soil and is converted
into its ionic form, ammonium (NH4+) and absorbes to the soil. The ammonium in the soil
eventually disassociates or is nitrified into nitrite (NO2-) or nitrate (NO3-) by nitrifying bacteria,
releasing H+ ions into the soil (3, 4). If not taken up by biomass and converted to methane, the
surplus H+ ions eventually lead to the formation of an acidic soil environment. The nitrogen left
over in the soil will either be taken up by plants, stored in the soil, returned to the atmosphere, or
will be removed from the soil in runoff or leaching .

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Soil Acidification

Fertilization of Vegetation
Fertilization of vegetation by ammonia occurs in much the same way as applying fertilizer to the
soil; however, in this case ammonia gas from the air deposits on the leaf or soil surface at the
base of the plant and is taken up by the plant. Changes in plant growth can then occur, similar to
those resulting from fertilization. In a grass plains environment, changes may be subtle; however,
in natural or mountain areas, changes in plant species may be more obvious, promoting weedy
plants while choking out native plants and wild flowers or promoting grasses and sages.

Fertilization of Vegetation
Changes in Ecosystems
An ecosystem is a natural system consisting of plants, animal, and other microorganisms
functioning together in a balanced relationship. Changes in ecosystems due to ammonia
deposition occur through a combination of all the above mentioned processes. When changes in
ecosystems occur, the natural balance of a system is disrupted and fragile plant and animal
species can be replaced by non-native or N-responsive species. The disruption of an ecosystem
can cause it to adapt by changing (positive or negative outcome), or a disruption may lead to the
extinction of the ecosystem.

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Smog and Decreased Visibility

When ammonia combines with NOx and SOx
emissions from industrial and vehicle combustion
processes it forms fine particulates. These fine
particulates (also known as PM2.5) are a contributor
to haze/smog in cites and decreased visibility (haze)
in pristine areas. Smog is also a human health issue
leading to an increased rate of respiratory and heart
diseases.

Human Health Impacts

Ammonia effects human and animal health both as a gas and as a particulate. The particulate
form of ammonia has broader implications for the general public, where as the gaseous form is a
localized concern for the health of animals and
agricultural workers.
When in fine particulate (PM2.5) form, ammonium
particles pose a risk to human health. Such small
diameter particles are able to be respired and travel deep
into lung tissue to the alveoli causing a variety of
respiratory ailments such as bronchitis, asthma, coughing,
and farmers lung. The particulate form of ammonia
(PM2.5) is usually found in urban or suburban areas
where ammonia gas from agriculture (and other sources)
has undergone chemical reaction with urban emissions
such as NOx and SOx and formed PM2.5 leading to
smog formation.
Ammonia gas is a highly hydrophilic base that has irritant properties when inhaled which, when
combined with water, can injure and burn the respiratory tract (42). The base form of ammonia,
ammonium hydroxide, dissolves in the water of mucus membranes, hydrolyzes, and rapidly
irritates tissues due to the high pH that results (43). Ammonia can also alter the uptake of oxygen

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by hemoglobin due to the increase of pH within the blood (42), which leads to decreased
oxygenation of tissues, and decreased metabolic function.
Due to the side effects of ammonia gas exposure over 25 ppm, the American Conference of
Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has recommended an 8 hour maximum exposure
limit of 25 ppm to protect against the chronic effects of ammonia exposure. A 15 min short-term
exposure limit of 35 ppm has been established by ACGIH and also adopted by OSHA to reduce
irritant effects of ammonia exposure (i.e. eye and upper respiratory tract irritation). However, due
to possible cumulative health effects over time, the recommended daily long-term occupational
exposure limit of ammonia for agricultural workers is 7 ppm (44) , and 300 parts per billion
(ppb) for community exposure (community exposure must be stricter because communities
contain very susceptible people such as the elderly and children) (45). At moderate
concentrations (50 to 150 ppm), ammonia exposure can lead to eye, throat and skin irritation as
well as cough and mucus buildup. Prolonged exposure at this level can result in the transfusion
of ammonia from the alveoli into the bloodstream and a subsequent disruption of oxygen uptake
by hemoglobin. At high concentrations (>150 ppm) ammonia can scar lung tissue, cause lower
lung inflammation and pulmonary edema. Exposure to high concentrations of ammonia (500 to
5000 ppm) will cause death in a relatively short time period from prevention of oxygen uptake
by hemoglobin . These levels are rarely found near livestock operations, but may occur in closed
manure storage facilities and poorly ventilated buildings where ammonia concentrations can
accumulate.

CHAPTER 4 CONTROL TECHNIQUES

A review of various industries emitting ammonia has identified several techniques used to
control ammonia emissions.these includes two types of solution :1) control euipment
2)pollution prevention techniques
1) control equipment
Wetscrubber
The most common add-on control device used to control ammonia emissions is the wet scrubber
which employs the method of absorption. Through absorption, gaseous material is collected
through direct contact with a scrubbing liquid, which is usually water. The success of the
scrubber is dependent on the solubility of a gas in the scrubbing liquor. Since ammonia is highly
soluble in water, the wet scrubber is effective in controlling ammonia emissions. Control
efficiencies up to 99% have been demonstrated in actual applications.
Ammonia gases are most effectively treated by packed column or cross-flow scrubbers, with a
crossflow scrubber merely being a packed column scrubber in which the gas flow is horizontal.
Packed column scrubbers are continuous operating vertical columns filled with packing material
having a large surface area.
The countercurrent packed column is the most common unit employed for gaseous removal. In
this unit,the gas stream ascends through the packing material in the column, while the scrubbing
liquid moves downward, resulting in the highest efficiency possible. This high efficiency results
from the decreasing solute concentration in the gas stream as it rises, thereby providing fresher
solvent for contact. The crossflow

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scrubber is a horizontal unit in which the gas stream moves horizontally through the packing
material and the scrubbing liquor moves downward through the unit. Such units have a low water
consumption and a high airflow capacity at a low pressure drop.
The advantages associated with using a wet scrubber include relatively small space requirements,
ability to collect gases, ability to handle high-temperature and high-humidity gas streams, and a
low capital cost if wastewater treatment is not required. Facilities may or may not be required to
treat their scrubber effluent, depending on the locality. Some areas allow the discharge of such
effluents directly to the wastewater treatment plant without requiring prior treatment of the water
by the facility. Other areas on the otherhand require the facility to treat its own process water.