Smart Leaders Ias: #9, Plot No.2163, 12

SMART LEADERS IAS
TEST 5 EXPLANATION
GENERAL STUDIES MAINS
1. We have no right to seize Sind, yet we shall do so and a very advantageous, useful, humane
piece of rascality it will be. Comment.
Importance of Sindh for British
1) The conquest of Sindh occurred as a result of the growing Anglo-Russian rivalry and the
consequent British fears that Russia might attack India through North West region.
a. To counter Russia, the British Government decided to increase its influence in
Afghanistan and Persia, to use Afghanistan as a buffer region.
b. It further felt that this policy could be successfully pursued only if Sindh was brought
under British control.
2) The commercial possibilities of the river Sindh were an additional attraction.
Sindh was annexed in 1843 after a brief campaign by Sir Charles Napier.
The annexation of Sindh was totally unjustified because of the following reasons
(1) Sindh was annexed despite the fact that Amirs who ruled Sindh had just signed an agreement in
1839, highly favourable to British. Amirs had done no wrong and annexation was nothing but brutal
imperialism.
(2) Sindh was annexed in spite of previous assurances that its territorial integrity would be respected.
Annexation was open violation of the existing treaty.
(3) Charge against Amirs was that they could not possibly be genuinely devoted to the Company.
Napier and Ellenborough held certain vague charges of disaffection in Amirs based on evidences
which were unsatisfactory. They accused Amirs for complicity with Afghans during the First Afghan
War.
(4) One of the major reasons for the annexation of Sindh was the debacle of British in the First AngloAfghan War (1839-42). The British had felt the need for a conquest to compensate the loss of prestige
after their debacle in the First Anglo-Afghan War, which is rightly called the Afghan misadventure.
(5) This was the only war in the annals of British Raj which cannot be regarded in some sense or in
some degree defensive. This war also shattered the myth of British invincibility.
(6) Napier was an ambitious soldier who saw opportunity in making a name for himself. Napier
provoked the Sindhis into attacking British Residency in Hyderabad and war ensued.
(7) The annexation of Sindh was morally indefensible. Amirs had faithfully carried out the terms of
the treaties and have been loyal to British. The annexation was universally condemned. The Company
Directors disapproved of Napiers Sindh policy though they had no courage to restore Sindh to Amirs.
Sir Charles Napier had written in his diary before the fighting began: We have no right to seize Sind,
yet we shall do so, and a very advantageous, useful humane piece of rascality it will be.
For his policy of annexation, Napier was awarded 70,000 Pound and governorship of Sindh.
2. It is wrong to criticize Germany as solely responsible for World War I and World War II.
Discuss critically.
The foreign policy of Kaiser William II antagonized all the European powers. He reversed the
calibrated foreign policy of Bismarck. He was over ambitious, as he wanted Germany to play an
important role not just in Europe but in the entire world. This created suspicion in the minds of the
European powers. His blind support to Austria in the Balkan wars antagonized Russia. His emphasis
on strengthening the navy was a direct challenge to Britain.
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Further during the first and second Moroccan crises, Germany adopted an aggressive attitude. Due to
these reasons, Germany was held responsible for causing the First World War.
Similarly, rise of Nazism in Germany, was a major event leading to the Second World War. Germany
wanted to create a Greater German Reich of all the German speaking people. They also rejected the
provisions of the Treaty of Versailles, and started re-militarization. German annexation of Austria and
Czechoslovakia in 1938, were major events leading to the Second World War. However, it would be
wrong to blame only Germany for the two World Wars.
Other European powers were equally responsible for it.
1) Rise of extreme nationalism, in Europe after French revolution, was one of the reasons for
increased conflicts. This led to rise of militarism in Europe.
2) Crisis of Serbian nationalism was another reason.
3) European powers adopted conscription system.
4) Deteriorating diplomatic relations between countries further accelerated the militarization.
Colonial rivalry among the European powers, created a charged atmosphere of suspicion and
distrust.
5) Formation of secret alliances, paved the path for the World wars.
6) Similarly, the unjust Treaty of Versailles sowed the seeds for the Second World War.
7) Policy of Appeasement, followed by the European powers, was the major reason for the rise of
Fascism and Nazism.
8) Ideological conflict between Capitalists, Nazis, and Socialists, was another factor determining
the foreign policy of countries.
9) Economic and political crisis in Germany.
So, not only Germany, but all the European powers were responsible for the two World Wars.
3. Highlight elements of continuity of culture from the time of IVC to modern times.
1) Use of jewellery use of gold, bronze, shells.
2) City planning and closed drainage system.
3) Social inequality which prevailed at that time and present day (Citadel, the raised platform of
the city, where the affluent lived and the lower part of the city, where the commoners lived )
4) Present day Foreign Trade Policy can be traced back to Indus peoples trade with Mesopotamia
and Egypt.
5) Dancing Girl statue is an evidence for a similarity towards present day art and entertainment
industries.
6) Pottery structure and vessel structure.
7) Burial customs- Cemetery outside the city
8) Dressing pattern that can be identified from the dancing doll, priest doll.
9) Use of Talisman which shows their belief in evil power.
10)Drum, tambourine, castanets are the musical instruments that have been found.
4. Suggest solution as to how the agriculture practice should be modified between the states of
the Tamil Nadu and Karnataka in the background of Cauvery river issue.
Geographical reason:
1) River Cauverys upper catchment area lies in Karnataka and Kerala, while lower parts lie in the
plains of Tamil Nadu and Puducherry. But, major use of the river is by Tamil Nadu and the river
flows through a larger area in Tamil Nadu.
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2) The river is dependent on South West monsoon in Karnataka and Kerala so they receive good
rainfall and plenty of water but the river is dependent on North East monsoon in Tamil Nadu
which receives only little rainfall, so water is scarce.
Solution:
1. Smart Agriculture practices: Going by agro climatic regional plans, water intensive crops like
high yield paddy and sugarcane should be replaced by millets which are nutritious and less
water intensive.
2. Proper usage of land
3. Creating additional reservoirs to store overflows from a healthy monsoon year.
4. Afforestation: Planting trees which are not water intensive on the banks can help retain water
levels, recharge aquifers, reduce erosion and also provide livelihood to indigenous
communities.
5. Promotion of sprinklers and drip irrigation to save water, increase productivity, prevent soil
erosion.
6. Go for water harvesting, construction of small dams, preserving rain water on land to save
water.
7. Farmers should go for less water intensive crops and save virtual water, since India is the
largest exporter of virtual water. Adding to this, from 2025 we will have to face water
crisis.
8. Going for inter-state collective farming groups.
9. Wells near the basin should be recharged and a check on sand contractors must be made and
desilting of lakes and dams must be carried out.
10. Scientists, to find ways to recharge water, also go for international exposure, like the one
recently carried out with Japan and Israel.
11. Ad hoc approach to judiciary.
12. Politicization of issue.
5. Highlight the changing scenario in the world order after the disintegration of USSR.
The collapse of communism in Eastern Europe in 1989 led to better relations between the
superpowers and, in December of that year, Gorbachev and President Bush Senior agreed that the
Cold War was over at a meeting on a warship off the coast of Malta.
The effects of the collapse of the USSR on Russia:
In 1991, most of the republics that had made up the USSR formed the CIS or Commonwealth of
Independent States. The Baltic States, however, chose total independence. Of the states that made up
the CIS, the Russian Federation was the largest and it had many problems facing it:
Economic problems continued under Yeltsin (1990 1999)
o Low production, unemployment, inflation, collapse of wages
o Introduced reforms such as privatization (selling of government services to
individuals), which were unsuccessful and led to a large gap between the rich and poor
High levels of corruption and crime became prevalent
o Emergence of the Russian Mafia
People missed the aspects of a controlled economy:
o No longer had state-funded healthcare, assured employment, controlled prices/wages
o Had wanted freedom but not expected problems of capitalism
Mikhail Gorbachevs policies
Problems of Communism
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Corruption centralized administration
Socialist pattern of economy
Absence of competition
No private property
Cold war politics
Nationalistic aspirations of the republics like Slovakia, Estonia, etc.
Effects of collapse of USSR on world communism:
Communism had collapsed in the USSR and Eastern Europe, but had not suffered a complete global
collapse. China, Cuba, Vietnam and North Korea remained communist states. In the 1980s, economic
reforms similar to perestroika were introduced in China. This resulted in an economic boom, and
worked because the Communist Party maintained strict control and did not introduce a policy of
openness. This meant that China replaced the USSR as the dominant communist power in the world.
Cuba, Vietnam and North Korea, however, were all affected by their loss of Soviet support:
Cuba remained communist and suffered economic problems
Vietnam called itself communist but was becoming capitalist and profited from war tourism
North Korea remained strictly communist and isolated itself and was of great international
concern
Effects of collapse of USSR on the power of the USA:
The collapse of the USSR meant that the United States was in the dominant position as the only
superpower and it no longer needed to worry about Soviet reactions to its foreign policies. For
example:
US-led invasion of Kuwait during the Gulf War in 1991
o Iraq had invaded Kuwait and US led an invasion to liberate Kuwait
o US could throw its weight around without worrying about the consequences (and still
does)
The West treated the collapse of the USSR as a victory for the following reasons:
The triumph of capitalism over communism
The triumph of democracy over totalitarianism
The US was now in the dominant position ideologically, economically and militarily
NATO was expanded to include many former Warsaw Pact countries after Warsaw Pact
collapsed
American-style capitalism became the dominant feature of the global economy
The world order shifted from bipolar to unipolar
The world was rid of the threat of nuclear war between the two powers
The collapse of communism led to the increase in the popularity of American democracy as the
way forward
World organizations like UNO and NAM became increasingly relevant
The disintegration of USSR marked the end of the cold war
No rival to US domination:
The CIS was ineffectual Russia was weakened by her internal problems
Britain and France never fully recovered after World War II
o Lost colonial empires
o Economic problems
Severe problems in reunified Germany
o Economically, East Germany was far behind West Germany, who then had to support
the East
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SMART LEADERS IAS

o Rise of Neo-Nazism, racism and xenophobia, often directed against Turks
Formation of European Union (EU) that included most countries in West and Eastern Europe:
o Formed in 1993
o Common citizenship, currency
o EU was a potential economic force, but suffered from (and continues to suffer from)
severe economic problems
China was now the main communist power in the world
o Had successfully liberalized the economy in the 1980s
o Reduced government control and allowed some capitalist policies
o Maintained strict control crushed Tiananmen Square protests in 1989
o The 1990s brought massive economic growth in China
The New World Order:
After the end of the Cold War, the world was in a state of complication and unpredictability. It was no
longer a bipolar world. There were many civil and regional wars, and the threat of nuclear war had
not disappeared many countries still possessed nuclear weapons (Israel, Iran and North Korea) and
there are fears that they may be used in regional conflicts, such as the India-Pakistan conflict.
The world was not more united, but only more uncertain. The division between East and West had
been replaced by a division between the North (developed countries) and the South (developing
countries)
Some of our IAS Toppers with Mr.U.Sagayam IAS, Mr.S.Bharath, Former Civil Judge and our
Founder-Directors Mr.S.Sivarajavel & Mr.M.A.Sadik.
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SMART LEADERS IAS

6. How viable is the inter linkages of Rivers in India?
Pros
Irrigation of millions of hectares of land previously not irrigated is a plus.
Complete use of existing and current irrigation projects is another bonus
These projects will generate power up to 34,000 MW
Flood control and better management of natural resources.
A major plus is water balance, diverting water from areas where flooding is more likely to areas
which constantly experience drought
For peninsular India, the National Water Development Agency has considered 16 links in major river
basins; feasibility studies of seven of the links indicate interlinking is viable
Interlinking will prevent floods in north and east, droughts in the south and west
It will lessen dependency on monsoon for irrigation
It will ensure water supply to farmers throughout the year
Interlinking rivers will promote national integration
SOCIOLOGY OPTIONAL OVERWHELMS IN

IAS 2015 16 FINAL RESULT
NAME
Ms.Saranya ARI
Dr.Vaithinathan R
Mr.Ram Krishnan R
Mr.Karthikeyan G
Ms.Sruti Vijayakumar
Mr.Pavankumar G Giriyappanavar
Mr.Sarveshwaran
Mr.Balachandar D
Mr.Prakash B
ALL INDIA RANK

7
37
268
301
381
420
655
701
906
OPTIONAL
Sociology
Sociology
Sociology
Sociology
Sociology
Sociology
Sociology
Sociology
Sociology
ALL THE ABOVE SUCCESSFUL CANDIDATES WERE MENTORED BY
MR.S.SIVARAJAVEL
Cons
Cost of the project is a hefty INR 5,60,000 crore and it is time consuming
Interlinking may cause flooding and water-logging leading to salinity of soil
Natural habitats, flora and fauna will be negatively impacted by the interlinking and may lead
to ecological imbalance
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SMART LEADERS IAS
Massive drought during summer months is easily rectified through water conservation;
interlinking is not the solution
Change in water depth and temperature can open way for invasive species into natural habitats
Change in flooding patterns will impact lifecycle of species, affect soil quality and damage and
erode areas
Interlinking rivers will impact allied industries such as fishing, negatively
People will be dislocated
Interlinking the rivers is tampering with nature. It results in encroachment of tribal areas
leading to loss of livelihood for the tribals
There could be extensive ecological and demographical damage from interlinking
Water grid may be a more economically viable solution than interlinking of rivers. Ex: KenBetwa initial focus on interlinking regional rivers
No successful model has been proposed for the interlinking of rivers yet
7. Access the developments leading to the Indo-China war of 1962 and discuss its impact.
Aksai Chin
In 195657, China constructed a road through Aksai Chin, connecting Xinjiang and Tibet, which
ran south of the Johnson Line in many places.
The McMahon Line
Months after the Simla agreement, China set up boundary markers south of the McMahon Line.
Tibet Giving asylum to Dalai Lama
The Forward Policy
The aim of this policy was to create outposts behind advancing Chinese troops to interdict their
supplies, forcing them north of the disputed line
Mutual under current was the boundary issue
Confrontation at Thag La
IMPACT:
China
According to the China's official military history, the war achieved China's policy objectives of
securing borders in its western sector, as China retained de facto control of the Aksai Chin.
After the war, India abandoned the Forward Policy, and the de facto borders stabilized along
the Line of Actual Control.
India
The aftermath of the war saw sweeping changes in the Indian military to prepare it for similar
conflicts in the future, and placed pressure on Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, who
was seen as responsible for failing to anticipate the Chinese attack on India. Efforts were taken
to strengthen the intelligence agencies. Military schools were established.
Indians reacted with a surge in patriotism and memorials were erected for many of the Indian
troops who died in the war.
Arguably, the main lesson India learnt from the war was the need to strengthen its own
defences and a shift from Nehru's foreign policy with China based on his stated concept of
"brotherhood".
The unpreparedness of the army was blamed on Defence Minister Menon, who resigned his
government post to allow for someone who might modernize India's military further.
India's policy of weaponisation via indigenous sources and self-sufficiency was thus cemented
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SMART LEADERS IAS

8. In future, wars would be fought on the issue of water .Critically analyze.
In 2015, NASAs satellite data revealed that 21 of the worlds 37 large aquifers are severely waterstressed. With growing populations, and increased demands from agriculture and industry,
researchers indicated that this crisis is only likely to worsen.
The world is rapidly running out of clean water. Some of the largest lakes and rivers on the globe are
depleting at a very frightening pace. Approximately 40 per cent of the entire population of the planet
has little or no access to clean water and it is being projected that by 2025 two-thirds of humanity will
live in water-stressed areas.
India's overall water availability is running dry. The country's water crisis is often attributed to lack of
government planning, increased corporate privatization, industrial and human waste and government
corruption.
A case study:
The current Syrian tragedy provides an important case study of what happens to a society under
severe water stress. Between 2007 and 2010, Syria experienced one of the worst droughts in recorded
history, the effect of which was to decimate rural communities and drive hundreds of thousands off
their land and into Syrias cities, where they were marginalized.
When the "Arab Spring" began in 2011, Syria therefore was an especially vulnerable society. The
effects of the drought combined with the long-standing grievances against the Assad regime to create
conditions for violence. Once conflict began, rebel groups found willing recruits from those regions
most affected by drought. Since the onset of civil war, moreover, combatants have "weaponized"
water, meaning they have turned water into an instrument of war. The Islamic State has been the
most egregious offender, alternatively flooding areas or deliberately withholding water in order to
punish civilians or prosecute their conflict against other combatants.
The Syrian case provides one reason why the water-security nexus has been receiving attention from
the foreign and security policy communities.
ALL INDIA SOCIOLOGY TOPPERS

MENTORED BY S.SIVARAJAVEL
2015
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Ms. SHARANYA ARI IAS (256/500) AIR-7

Dr. R.VAITHINATHAN IAS (262/500) AIR-37
2014
Mr.V.ATUL KULKARNI IPS (286/500)
2013
Mr.SELVANAGARATHINAM IPS (240/500)
2012
Mr.BASKARAN IPS (197/300)
2011
Mr. RAMKUMAR IFS (198/300)
SMART LEADERS IAS

9. Analyze the developments of Dravida style of architecture from the times of Pallavas,
Cholas and Vijayanagara empires.
Pallavas:
It was a great age of temple building.
The tradition of direct patronization of the temples began with the Pallavas.
The Pallavas introduced the art of excavating temples from the rock.
In fact, the Dravidian style of temple architecture began with the Pallava rule.
It was a gradual evolution starting from the cave temples to monolithic rathas and culminated
in structural temples.
Our Student, Ms. Sharanya Ari (AIR-7, Tamil Nadu Rank-1)

Felicitated by Mr.U.Sagayam IAS
The development of temple architecture under the Pallavas can be seen in four stages.
1) Mahendravarman I introduced the rock-cut temples. This style of Pallava temples
are seen at places like Mandagappattu, Mahendravadi, Mamandur, Dalavanur,
Tiruchirappalli, Vallam, Siyamangalam and Tirukalukkunram.
2) The second stage: the monolithic rathas and Mandapas found at Mamallapuram.
Narasimhavarman I took the credit for these wonderful architectural
monuments.
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The five rathas, popularly called as the Panchapandava rathas, signify five
different styles of temple architecture. The mandapas contain beautiful
sculptures on its walls.
3) In the next stage, Rajasimha introduced the structural temples.
These temples were built by using the soft sand rocks.
o Kailasanatha temple at Kanchi and the Shore temple at Mamallapuram
remain the finest examples of the early structural temples of the Pallavas.
4) The last stage is also represented by the structural temples built by the later Pallavas.
The Vaikundaperumal temple, Muktheeswara temple and Matagenswara temples at
Kanchipuram belong to this stage of architecture.
Cholas
They were famous for developing Tamil literature along with art and architecture. They built
temples not only for religious activities but also economic purposes.
They built enormous temples. The chief feature of the Chola temple is the vimana.
The Cholas followed the Pallava style of architecture, for example, the Brihadeeshwara temple at
Thanjavur and Gangaikondacholapuram temple.
Inner side of the external walls and the sanctum were beautified.
Chola temples are noted for the sculptures and ornamental works.
Gopurams of these temples were meaningful.
Many temples are having pillared mandapams namely arthamandapa, mahamandapa and
nandi mandpa.
The Bronze statue of Nataraja at the Chidambaram Nataraja Temple, that was made by the Lost
wax method is a feature of Chola architecture.
The Madurai Meenakshi Amman temple and Tiruvananamalai temple are examples of
Dravidian style of architecture.
Vijayanagara Empire
The temple building activity further gained momentum during the Vijayanagar rule.
The chief characteristics of the Vijayanagara architecture were the construction of tall Raya
Gopurams or gateways and the Kalyana mandapam with carved pillars in the temple premises.
The sculptures on the pillars were carved with distinctive features.
The horse was the most common animal found in these pillars.
Large mandapams contain one hundred pillars as well as one thousand pillars in some big
temples. These mandapams were used for seating the deity on festival occasions.
Also, many Amman shrines were added to the already existing temples during this period.
Example, Virupaksha temple Hampi
10. Compare the elements of similarities and dissimilarities between the French and Russian
revolutions.
Forces leading to the revolution
1) Both regimes were burdened by heavy debts incurred from wars.
a. In Frances case, this was the debt incurred by its support of the American Revolution.
b. For Russia, this was the even higher cost in lives and money suffered during the first
three years of World War I.
2) In each country, there was a growing gap between economic progress and social and political
stagnation.
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a. For the French this was the continued prominence and privileges of the noble class as
opposed to the more liberal ideas and progressive economic practices of the middle
class.
b. For Russia, this largely came from the peasantry, whose economic progress from Peter
Stolypins agrarian reforms contrasted with the repressive rights and privileges of the
nobles.
3) In each case new political ideas aggravated these frustrations.
a. In France these were the ideas of enlightening philosophers such as Rousseau and
Voltaire.
b. In Russia it was Marxism.
Both violent revolutions
4) Both countries had weak leaders who let events get quickly out of control.
a. In France and Russia respectively, these were Louis XVI and Nicholas II.
5) Both revolutions started out with moderate regimes that kept one or more of the old regimes
policies to maintain the look of continuity and legitimacy.
a. In France, that government was the National Assembly, which kept the king as a
figurehead and honored the royal debt.
b. In Russia, it was the Duma, which kept Russia in World War I
Both revolutions made tremendous global impacts
What is the difference between French Revolution and Russian Revolution?
Period:
The French revolution lasted from 1789 to 1799.
The Russian revolution took place in 1917.
Pre-Revolution:
There was no pre-revolution before the French revolution.
There was a pre-revolution before the Russian revolution. This pre-revolution took place in
1905. This was only done to show the king the societys displeasure.
Resulting Political System:
French revolution laid the way for democracy.
Russian revolution laid the way for communism.
11. Discuss the elements of planning and spontaneity in the revolt of 1857.
Planning:
The revolt is considered to have burst in a largely spontaneous and unplanned manner. But
certain theories of English historians say that the revolt was planned with the messages of rebellion
being passed around by chappattis and with lotus petals inside bread slices.
Though such theories are being put forth, the elements of spontaneity dominate the
circumstances under which the revolt erupted. The failure of the revolt was largely attributed to the
unplanned nature of the revolt.
Causes of the Failure:
(a) The revolt was highly localized and restricted to North India. Regions beyond the river Narmada in
the south remained largely undisturbed.
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(b) The revolt failed to embrace all the sections of the society. Many of the native rulers and the big
zamindars refused to join the revolt against the British. They extended an active support to the British
to suppress the revolt. Modern educated Indians were suspicious of the rebels. They feared the
opposition of the rebels in bringing about social reforms.
(c) The revolt spread rapidly in an unprecedented manner.
(d) The revolt was poorly organized and lacked coordinated planning amongst the leaders.
(e) The rebels lacked a common cause and had different goals. At most places the rebels were
encouraged to revolt against the local zamindars and money-lenders and did not have a larger goal to
pursue. They lacked a spirit of nationalism.
(f) The introduction of greased cartridges caught the Indian soldiers by surprise, and the revolt that
burst forth, rebelling against the cartridges, was a completely unplanned one.
The above points go on to demonstrate the unplanned and spontaneous nature of the revolt of
1857.
12. Discuss the achievements of Bhakthi and Sufi saints of medieval India.
Some of the Sufi saints of Medieval India were Ramananda, Ramdas, Kabir, Mirabai, etc.
1) The first and the foremost result was that it minimized the differences and distinctions
between the Hindus and the Muslims. The people of one religion tried to understand the people
of other religion.
2) The caste system gradually lost its previous importance as the Bhakti preachers disregarded it.
They were also against superstitious practices.
3) The spiritual life of the people became very simple and more developed than before.
4) The movement had a tremendous impact on the literature and language of the country. It
helped in spread of the regional languages.
5) Many rulers patronized it and brought secular state policy. Harmony between the ruler and
ruled developed.
6) The preachers also spread the principles of non-violence and noble philosophy.
7) They did everything to establish brotherhood, love and friendship between the Hindus and
Muslims.
8) They also promoted the empowerment of women.
13. What are the parameters the meteorologists use in the prediction of the Indian monsoon?
Eastern jet stream intensity and the withdrawal pattern of western Jet Stream is considered
SOI (Southern Oscillation Index) and the behavior of Indian Ocean dipole
The occurrence of El Nino and La Nina around the South American coast
Abnormal heating of Tibetan plateau and the eventual temperature rise and fall in pressure
over Tibet
The observations and values obtained from the MONEX experiments
The high pressure region created around the Madagascar region
14. Discuss the elements of similarities and dissimilarities between Buddhism and Jainism.
Similarities:
Both the religions emerged around the Indo-Gangetic doab
The source of both the religion is Vedic religion and both are indebted to Upanishads
Both Gautam Buddha and Mahavir belonged to princely families and not to priestly families.
Both deny the existence of God.
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Both denied the authority of the Vedas and the necessity of performing sacrifices and rituals.
Both have accepted the theories of Karma, rebirth and Moksha.
Both taught in the language of the common people i.e. Buddha in Pali language and Mahavir in
Ardhamagadhi, and not in Sanskrit which was the language of the priests.
Both of them were opposed to animal sacrifices.
Both of them admitted disciples from all the castes and from both sexes.
Ahimsa is the prominent principle of both the religions.
Both Buddhism and Jainism put stress on right conduct and right knowledge and not on
religious ceremonial and ritual as the way to obtain salvation.
Both the religions came as a sort of reform of Hindu religion.
Both the religions were later on divided into two sects. Buddhism was divided into Mahayana
and Hinayana. Jainism was divided into Svetambara and Digambara.
Both had their own three gems or 'Tri Ratna'. Tri Ratna of Jainism were Right philosophy, Right
knowledge and Right character. The Tri-Ratna of Buddhism were Budhha, Dhamma and
Sangha.
Both had three main religious texts. Tripitaka, i.e. Vinayapitaka, Suttapitaka and Abhidhamma
pitaka were the three religious texts of Buddhism, whereas Anga, Upanga and Mulgrajitha were
those of the Jainism.
Our Student, N.L. Beno Zephine, India's 1st visually challenged IFS Officer
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SMART LEADERS IAS

Dis-similarities:
(1) Difference regarding the concept of Moksha :
According to Buddhism, a man attains Moksha when he ends all the desires and can attain it while
living in the world. But according to Jainism, Moksha is freedom from miseries and can be attained
only after death.
(2) Means of attainment of Moksha:
According to Buddhists, Sangha is proper for attainment of Moksha and they hate self-mortification
and severe penance. Jainism believes in fasts and severest penance.
(3) Ahimsa:
Though both emphasize the principle of Ahimsa, Jainism is stricter in this connection.
(4) Soul:
Buddhists do not believe in the existence of soul whereas Jains believe in the existence of soul in every
living being.
(5) Regarding Conduct:
Buddhism emphasizes the eightfold noble path whereas Jainism emphasises Tri Ratna or 5 vows
(6) Language of Religious texts:
Most of the Jain texts are in Sanskrit and Prakrit whereas Buddhist texts are in Pali.
(7)Their connection with Hinduism:
Jain religion is nearer to Hinduism whereas Buddhism followed the policy of keeping away from
Hinduism.
(8) Caste system:
Jains opposed it but Buddhism opposed and attacked vehemently.
(9) Royal support and patronage:
Buddhism received the royal support and patronage of kings like Ashoka and Kanishka. But Jainism
could never receive strong royal support and patronage.
(10) Propagation:
Buddhism spread to foreign countries whereas Jainism did not travel outside the boundaries of India.
15. Discuss the new deal policy of Franklin D. Roosevelt.
The New Deal
The American Depression years
After the calamitous Wall Street Crash in 1929, America plunged into a severe economic crisis. The
1930s would come to be referred to as the Great Depression.
Industries and businesses faced low demand for their products as people tried to save what little
money they had. Banks collapsed as loan repayments went unpaid and unemployment reached
unprecedented levels. All over America people were living in poverty.
The laissez-faire politics of the Republican Party that had helped create the economic boom of the
1920s no longer seemed relevant. In 1932, the American people elected the Democrat, Franklin D.
Roosevelt, because he promised to tackle America's many problems.
What was Roosevelt trying to achieve?
Roosevelt had three basic aims which directed his actions: Relief, Recovery, Reform.
Help the victims of the Depression. Millions of ordinary Americans faced unemployment, hunger,
and poverty. Roosevelt was determined to help them.
Encourage economic recovery. The Depression was a disaster for America. Roosevelt knew that he
had to take action to encourage recovery, to get the nation back to work.
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Reform the economic system. The whole economic system would have to be altered so that there
would never again be a Depression as bad as the 1930s.
To achieve these objectives, Roosevelt decided that direct action and intervention by the federal
government would be necessary. The days of laissez-faire, of the government doing as little as
possible, were over.
New government departments set up to implement Roosevelt's policies. For example:
Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA): This helped the poor in a number of basic
ways, such as giving clothing grants and setting up soup kitchens for the poor.
Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA): This tried to help farmers by controlling farm production
and stabilizing prices. It was an attempt to end the over-production and falling agricultural prices
that had crippled American farmers.
National Recovery Administration (NRA): This tried to help industry and factory workers by
increasing wages and improving hours and conditions.
Public Works Administration (PWA): This created jobs by paying unemployed people to build
schools, bridges and dams. This was replaced by the Works Progress Administration in 1935.
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC): Similar to the PWA, this department provided jobs to large
numbers of young men in conservation schemes in the countryside.
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA): This scheme brought hydro-electric power to seven states in
the Tennessee Valley, one of the worst affected areas of the country. Dams and power-plants were
built, creating many jobs.
In addition to this, Roosevelt's administration carried out major reforms to the American Stock
Exchange and the banking system. There were two key elements in Roosevelt's plans to repair the
economic damage caused by the Wall Street Crash. These were, ending the practices of cheap credit
from banks and irresponsible share trading on the Stock Exchange.
Effectiveness of the New Deal
It could be said that Roosevelt's New Deal helped restore confidence to American companies and
citizens. The New Deal identified problems such as banking irregularities, and tried to address them.
Roosevelt's public work schemes also helped to ease the burden of unemployment.
Although the actual amount of success of the New Deal can be argued over, Roosevelt's measures had
at least held together the economy of the USA and provided relief to the victims of the Depression.
Also, while some European nations turned to extreme totalitarian political systems as a response to
the Depression, Roosevelt had preserved the democratic tradition of America.
Realistically, the economy of the USA only fully recovered with the outbreak of World War II. With
European industry and agriculture shattered by the conflict, American factories and farmers reaped
the benefits. The need to raise a US army also solved the unemployment crisis.
16. How did nationalism in the 1800s work as a force both for disunity and for unity?
Nationalist movements were capable of tearing apart long-established empires. They could
also create new, unified nation-states.
Those who wanted to restore the old order from before the French Revolution saw nationalism
as a force for disunity. The kingdoms and empires of the old order often ruled over a variety of
ethnic groups. Conservatives of the old order reasoned that if each ethnic group wanted its
own state, empires would split and crumble.
Gradually, however, rulers began to see that nationalism could also unify masses of people.
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Unity:
Authoritarian rulers soon began to use nationalist feelings for their own purposes. They built
nation-states in areas where they remained firmly in control.
Nationalism worked as a force for disunity, shaking centuries-old empires. But it also worked
as a force for unity. It gave rise to the nation-state that is basic to our world today. Serbian
nationalism
o Unification of Italy
o Unification of Germany
Our Student, Dr.R.Vaithinathan (AIR-37, Tamil Nadu Rank-2)

Felicitated by Mr.U.Sagayam IAS
Disunity:
Three aging empiresthe Austro-Hungarian Empire of the Hapsburgs, the Russian Empire of
the Romanovs, and the Ottoman Empire of the Turkswere a jumble of ethnic groups.
All these territory and people had for centuries been pawns in a political chess game for these
empires.
Land and ethnic groups moved back and forth, depending on victories or defeats in war and on
royal marriages.
When nationalism emerged in the 19th century, ethnic unrest threatened and eventually
toppled these empires.
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17. Discuss any three problems that India confronted on 15th august 1947.
1) Communal violence
2) Partition of India
3) Poverty
4) Formation of new government
5) Unresolved boundary issue
6) Integration of princely states
7) Conduction of election
8) Problems of the society
9) Refugee problem
10)Official language
11)Constitution-making
18. Discuss the origin and emergence of communalism in India.
Communalism refers to an ideology on which communal politics rests. In the late 19th and early 20th
centuries communalism grew rampant and that led at last to the partition of India in 1947.
The following factors contributed for its rise:
Phase I: People who follow the same religion have same economic, social and political interests
The early apathetic policy of the British:
Conquest of India by the British ended the glorious rule of the Mughals. During the Great Revolt of
1857, the revolutionaries proclaimed Bahadur Shah II as the Emperor of India. With the suppression
of the Revolt, the British authority considered the Muslims, their traditional enemy.
The Government tried to deal with the Muslims with scorn and contempt. So, communalism emerged
among them for their self-protection and survival.
Phase II: Socio-economic and political interest of followers of one religion dissimilar and divergent
from others.
Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan and Aligarh Movement:
In order to bring awakening among the Muslims, Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan started the Aligarh
Movement. To educate the Muslims, he established Anglo-Mohammedan Oriental College at Aligarh
which was later on converted to the Aligarh Muslim University. He envisaged that to be safe, the
Muslims should back the British rule. That is why he wanted to unite the Muslims which made
communalism strong.
Phase III: Interests of followers of different religions seen as mutually incompatible, antagonistic and
hostile and cannot co-exist at all.
Policy of William Hunter and Mr. Beck:
William Hunter, a British administrator in his book, The Indian Musalman appealed the British to
bring a change in their attitude towards the Indian Muslims.
On the other hand, Mr. Beck, the principal of the Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College at Aligarh,
advised the Muslims to support the British Government for their safety. He also generated anti-Hindu
feelings in the minds of the Muslims and told them to oppose the Indian National Congress. Thus, the
British and the Indian Muslims came closer and it contributed to the growth of communalism.
British policy of 'Divide and Rule':
The British policy of 'Divide and Rule' was largely responsible for the growth of communalism in
India. For gaining the favour of the Muslims, Lord Curzon partitioned Bengal in 1905 and created a
Muslim-dominated Province. This policy of Lord Curzon continued with vigor in the forthcoming
years in several ways by the British Government and made the Muslim communalism strong.
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Hindu communalism:
Communalism among the Hindus also served as a background for the growth of Muslim
communalism. In 1870s, the Hindu landlords, money-lenders and middle-class professionals
generated anti-Muslim sentiments. They demanded that seats should be reserved for the Hindus in
the Legislature and government services. This brought the Muslims closer to the British Government
and made communalism strong.
Communal electorate: In 1906 Sir Agha Khan headed a Muslim delegation and met Viceroy Lord
Minto. He convinced the Viceroy that the Muslim minority should be given separate electorate. In the
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forthcoming elections separate electorate was granted to the Muslims. The Morley-Minto reforms and
the Montague Chelmsford reforms gave vent to this communalism.
Activities of the Muslim League:
Nawaz Salimulah Khan established the Indian Muslim League in 1906. It aimed at generating better
opportunities for the educated Muslims in politics and to put a check to the growing influence of the
Indian National Congress. With the gradual march of time, the Muslim League demanded separate
electorate and other facilities from time to time and the British Government fulfilled them. The League
was instrumental in spreading communalism among the Muslims.
Mohammad Ali Jinnah and extreme communalism:
Mohammed Ali Jinnah was an educated Muslim leader who preached that Congress was the Hindudominated organization and it would fail to protect the interest of the Muslims. So, he wanted the
partition of the country and gave a clarion call to the Muslims on 16th August, 1946 by saying 'larker
lunge Pakistan' (We will take Pakistan by force) and that day was famous as the 'Direct Action Day'.
Thus communalism reached its zenith with the demand for Pakistan.
19. Evaluate the role of revolutionary terrorists in the Indian freedom struggle.
The revolutionary terrorist movement was largely the outcome of the same set of causes which
gave rise to the extremist wing in the national politics.
Only the revolutionaries wanted quicker results and discounted the value of moderates and
low-grade pressure.
The revolutionaries believed that the British rule was destructive of all that is worthwhile in
national life- political liberties, religious freedom, morality and Indian culture. Though it is
difficult to pinpoint the political philosophy of the revolutionary terrorists in different parts of
India, their one common aim was freedom from the British rule.
Impact:
1)
2)
3)
4)
Spread the idea of patriotism and nationalism.

Took the revolutionary spirit to the commoners.
Embedded a fear among the British through their bomb culture.
The revolutionary movement was not confined to any particular part of the country, but
flourished in different parts of India as well as foreign lands.
5) Through sheer courage and self-sacrifice the young revolutionaries were able to inspire a large
number of people.
6) They organized a number of secret societies to fulfill their objectives. They therefore tried to
create a revolutionary spirit among the people of the country and impart necessary training to
prepare them for any strike.
7) The revolutionary terrorists succeeded in arriving at the basic elements of a socialist
understanding of society. The state, nationalism, imperialism and revolution.
20. Mahatma Gandhi and B. R. Ambedkar had divergent approaches and strategies for the
amelioration of the downtrodden. Discuss.
Both Mahatma Gandhi and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar were visionary leaders, who envisaged
amelioration of downtrodden. However they had divergent approaches and strategies for
achieving this common goal. On Varna system, they had different views. Dr. B.R.Ambedkar saw
Varna system as discriminatory. He opposed it, as according to him, it was the root cause for
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the emergence of caste system. However, Mahatma Gandhi supported Varna system, as he
interpreted it in terms of Duty. For him, everyone is performing their duty and there should
not be any status attached to it.
On caste system also they had different views. Dr. B.R.Ambedkar wanted to remove caste
discrimination by eliminating the caste system itself. He has expressed this view in his book
Annihilation of Caste. For him, discrimination will persist till there is caste system. While
Mahatma Gandhi wanted to eliminate caste discrimination, but retain caste system.
Their strategies for eliminating caste discrimination also differed considerably. Dr.
B.R.Ambedkar prescribed socio-political method for this. He suggested inter-caste marriage,
inter-caste dining, education etc. He also favoured economic and political empowerment of
downtrodden. However, Mahatma Gandhi prescribed moral spiritual method for this. For him,
everyone performs their duties. We must respect everyone as no duty is superior or inferior.
He gave the concept of bread labour. We should focus on changing the hearts of people to
eliminate this discrimination.
While, Dr. B.R.Ambedkar adopted a revolutionary approach for annihilating caste system,
Mahatma Gandhi adopted a reformative approach towards caste system.
So, though, both Dr. B.R.Ambedkar and Mahatma Gandhi had the same goal of ameliorating the
downtrodden people, they differed considerably in their approaches and strategies.
Page 21 of 21

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